treatments-xml/data/B4/4B/87/B44B87FDFFCE4872E3AEB6DAFAA92AFF.xml

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<mods:title id="625BF0A3E939ECC7A460EED67C76EF6C">Revision of the genus Stenogephyra Lyneborg (Diptera: Therevidae: Phycinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="68BE0119D82BCC6559360C9FCD41A3AA">Webb, Donald W.</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="67158187FFCE4877E3AEB6DAFE532FC9" bold="true" box="[151,444,1152,1179]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCE4877E3AEB6DAFE532FC9" ID-CoL="9G2SG" authority="Lyneborg" authorityName="Lyneborg" box="[151,444,1152,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCE4877E3AEB6DAFE532FC9" bold="true" box="[151,444,1152,1179]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCE4877E3AEB6DAFED32FC8" bold="true" box="[151,316,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
Lyneborg
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCE4877E3AEB69AFAE72F84" blockId="1.[151,1288,1217,1239]" box="[151,1288,1217,1239]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
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<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCE4877E3AEB69AFE1B2F84" ID-CoL="9G2SG" authority="Lyneborg 1987: 470" authorityName="Lyneborg" authorityPageNumber="470" authorityYear="1987" box="[151,500,1217,1239]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCE4877E3AEB69AFECE2F84" box="[151,289,1217,1239]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="BD4310FAFFCE4877E21EB69AFE1B2F84" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8380529" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8380529" author="Lyneborg" box="[295,500,1217,1239]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F3AA4A084EFFF0FC95FAE52D69C8DC" page="470" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" year="1987">
<bibRefCitation id="58734B1AFFCE4877E21EB69AFE2B2F84" author="Lyneborg" box="[295,452,1217,1239]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1987) Notes on the Phycini of southern Africa with the description of a new genus and two new species (Diptera: Therevidae: Phycinae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 28 (2), 467 - 474." type="journal article" year="1987">
Lyneborg 
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: 
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</taxonomicName>
(diag.). 
<typeStatus id="E3598849FFCE4877E173B699FD932F84" box="[586,636,1218,1239]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Type</typeStatus>
species 
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<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCE4877E1EBB69AFC442F84" box="[722,939,1217,1239]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Stenogephyra torrida</emphasis>
Lyneborg
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by original designation.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="74F86560FFCE4874E3AEB6A6FDC72C16" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCE4877E3AEB6A6FEF32EA3" blockId="1.[151,1437,1277,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCE4877E3AEB6A6FEE52E45" bold="true" box="[151,266,1277,1302]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Individuals are some of the smallest sized stiletto flies (
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), overall black with silver-white facial markings and blue eyes. Antenna twice as long as head, composed of two flagellomeres, first one very long, second one small, quadrate without apical spine. Eyes dichoptic in both sexes. Maxillary palpus one segmented. Thorax black with grey pattern, abdomen black, without markings. Costa ending at M 
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. Femora without stiff setae. Male genitalia without hypandrium, ventral apodeme Y-shaped, gonocoxites not fused, tergite eight (T 
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) nearly square and apical corners have spiracles embedded. Female genitalia with well developed A 
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acanthophorite spines only.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCE4877E3FEB7A7FA732CBB" blockId="1.[151,1437,1277,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
Redescription. Adult. Small sized flies (
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Fig. 
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), male body length 
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, 
<quantity id="FB1A9B0EFFCE4877E735B7A7FB8D2D47" box="[1036,1122,1532,1556]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="3.9">3.9 mm</quantity>
(n= 
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), female 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCE4877E62EB7A7FA812D47" box="[1303,1390,1532,1556]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" value="4.85" valueMax="6.1" valueMin="3.6">3.6–6.1</number>
, 
<quantity id="FB1A9B0EFFCE4877E640B7A7FF2D2D6B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
(n= 
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). 
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCE4877E21DB47BFE8E2D6B" box="[292,353,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Head</emphasis>
. Ocellar tubercle dark reddish-brown to black, glossy; setae dark brown to black, elongate. Eyes widely separated, greater than width of ocellar tubercle, ommatidia of equal size. Face strongly protruding with black, glossy callus ventral to antennal bases. Frons glossy with variable species-specific pattern of silver pubescence (
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCE4877E3DEB4D7FDFC2DF7" box="[231,531,1676,1700]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 15" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1899,1922]" captionTargetBox="[181,1405,367,1875]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[181,1405,367,1887]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 15. Stenogephyra sp. nov. 2 – 3. S. dianeae spec. nov.. 2. Head frontal view. 3. Head lateral view. 4 – 5. S. janiceae spec. nov.. 4. Head frontal view. 5. Head lateral view. 6 – 7. S. minuta. 6. Head frontal view. 7. Head lateral view. 8 – 9. S. namibiensis spec. nov.. 8. Head frontal view. 9. Head lateral view. 10 – 11. S. parkeri spec. nov. 10. Head frontal view. 11. Head lateral view. 12 – 13. S. schlingeri spec. nov. 12. Head frontal view. 13. Head lateral view. 14 – 15. S. torrida. 14. Head frontal view. 15. Head lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201695/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
Figs. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 
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). Antenna about two times as long as head length, male antenna slightly longer than female antenna; scape cylindrical, longer than wide, longer than pedicel, subequal to width of flagellum, setae absent on medial surface, macrosetae dark brown; pedicel globular, wider than long, setae absent on medial surface; flagellum with two flagellomeres, first flagellomere cylindrical, elongate, second flagellomere short, quadrate or tapered to apex, apical spine not discernible, flagellum over five times longer than wide, over six times length of scape. Parafacial setose. Maxillary palpus one-segmented, cylindrical, apex rounded. Postocular macrosetae in single row or narrow band. Occiput concave, macrosetae absent. 
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCE4877E06BB53FFC4C2C2F" box="[850,931,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Thorax</emphasis>
. Macrosetae 
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np, 
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sa, 
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pa, 
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dc, 
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sc. Postpronotal lobe concolorous with mesonotum. Setae present on cervical sclerite, propleuron, anepisternum, katepisternum, laterotergite, and scutellum; absent on prosternum, proepimeron, anepimeron, meron, metanepisternum, and metakatepisternum; cervical sclerite lacking macrosetae. 
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCE4877E086B58AFBEE2CBB" box="[959,1025,2001,2024]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Wing.</emphasis>
Membrane hyaline. Veins brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCD4874E3AEB2CCFC4228D6" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1549]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
Pterostigma brown. Costa ending at M 
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. R 
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lacking setulae. Cell r 
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+ 
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narrow, encloses apex of wing; M 
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and M 
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variable in their origin from apex of discal cell; M 
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may
</date>
or may not reach wing margin; cells m 
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and cup closed, petiolate; anal angle broadly rounded; alula rounded. 
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E1F5B2BCFCE72BAD" box="[716,776,231,254]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Legs.</emphasis>
Coxae yellow to dark reddish brown, pubescence silver; midcoxa lacking setae on posterior half; hindcoxa with papillate anterior knob; apical macrosetae dark reddish brown, hind coxa lacking posterolateral macroseta. Femora lacking lanceolate, appressed setae on dorsal surface. 
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3AEB30AFEEE2A3A" box="[151,257,337,361]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Tergites black, glossy; setae short. 
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Male 
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</emphasis>
. Tergite 
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(
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCD4874E0E1B30AFBC52A3A" box="[984,1066,337,361]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[172,1402,217,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 21. Stenogephyra dianeae spec. nov. 16. Male tergite 8, epandrium, cerci, hypoproct. 17. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 18. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus, lateral view. 20. Female sternite 8. 21. Female internal reproductive organs. FIGURES 22 – 27. S. janiceae spec. nov. 22. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 23. Gonocoxite, dorsal view. 24. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 25. Aedeagus, lateral view. 26. Female sternite 8. 27. Female furca. FIGURES 28 – 31. Stenogephyra namibiensis spec. nov. 28. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 29. Aedeagus, lateral view. 30. Female sternite 8. 31. Female furca. Scale = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
Fig. 
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) more than 
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times broader than long, with setae only at the apical corners and sternite 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E03FB32EFCFB2ADE" box="[774,788,373,397]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="8.0">8</number>
nearly quadrate, less than 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E77FB32EFBBB2ADE" box="[1094,1108,373,397]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="2.0">2</number>
times as broad as long, with setae on the whole apical margin (
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCD4874E121B3C2FD992AE2" box="[536,630,409,433]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[172,1402,217,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 21. Stenogephyra dianeae spec. nov. 16. Male tergite 8, epandrium, cerci, hypoproct. 17. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 18. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus, lateral view. 20. Female sternite 8. 21. Female internal reproductive organs. FIGURES 22 – 27. S. janiceae spec. nov. 22. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 23. Gonocoxite, dorsal view. 24. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 25. Aedeagus, lateral view. 26. Female sternite 8. 27. Female furca. FIGURES 28 – 31. Stenogephyra namibiensis spec. nov. 28. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 29. Aedeagus, lateral view. 30. Female sternite 8. 31. Female furca. Scale = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Figs. 17</figureCitation>
, 22, 28, 32, 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E038B3C2FCCE2AE2" box="[769,801,409,433]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="36.0">36</number>
). Epandrium (
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCD4874E0F8B3C2FBFC2AE2" box="[961,1043,409,433]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[172,1402,217,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 21. Stenogephyra dianeae spec. nov. 16. Male tergite 8, epandrium, cerci, hypoproct. 17. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 18. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus, lateral view. 20. Female sternite 8. 21. Female internal reproductive organs. FIGURES 22 – 27. S. janiceae spec. nov. 22. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 23. Gonocoxite, dorsal view. 24. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 25. Aedeagus, lateral view. 26. Female sternite 8. 27. Female furca. FIGURES 28 – 31. Stenogephyra namibiensis spec. nov. 28. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 29. Aedeagus, lateral view. 30. Female sternite 8. 31. Female furca. Scale = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
Fig. 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E0CFB3C2FBFC2AE2" box="[1014,1043,409,433]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="16.0">16</number>
</figureCitation>
) quadrate, median length subequal to width, posterolateral margins short, broadly pointed. Cerci (
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCD4874E077B3E6FC702A86" box="[846,927,445,469]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[172,1402,217,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 21. Stenogephyra dianeae spec. nov. 16. Male tergite 8, epandrium, cerci, hypoproct. 17. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 18. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus, lateral view. 20. Female sternite 8. 21. Female internal reproductive organs. FIGURES 22 – 27. S. janiceae spec. nov. 22. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 23. Gonocoxite, dorsal view. 24. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 25. Aedeagus, lateral view. 26. Female sternite 8. 27. Female furca. FIGURES 28 – 31. Stenogephyra namibiensis spec. nov. 28. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 29. Aedeagus, lateral view. 30. Female sternite 8. 31. Female furca. Scale = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
Fig. 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E0BBB3E6FC702A86" box="[898,927,445,469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="16.0">16</number>
</figureCitation>
) wedge-shaped, not fused basally. Hypoproct (
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCD4874E3A6B3BAFF1E2AAA" box="[159,241,481,505]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[172,1402,217,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 21. Stenogephyra dianeae spec. nov. 16. Male tergite 8, epandrium, cerci, hypoproct. 17. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 18. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus, lateral view. 20. Female sternite 8. 21. Female internal reproductive organs. FIGURES 22 – 27. S. janiceae spec. nov. 22. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 23. Gonocoxite, dorsal view. 24. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 25. Aedeagus, lateral view. 26. Female sternite 8. 27. Female furca. FIGURES 28 – 31. Stenogephyra namibiensis spec. nov. 28. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 29. Aedeagus, lateral view. 30. Female sternite 8. 31. Female furca. Scale = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
Fig. 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E3EDB3BAFF1E2AAA" box="[212,241,481,505]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="16.0">16</number>
</figureCitation>
) ending distal to posterolateral margin of epandrium. Hypandrium absent. Gonocoxite ventral view (
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCD4874E65AB3BAFF5A294E" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[172,1402,217,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 21. Stenogephyra dianeae spec. nov. 16. Male tergite 8, epandrium, cerci, hypoproct. 17. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 18. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus, lateral view. 20. Female sternite 8. 21. Female internal reproductive organs. FIGURES 22 – 27. S. janiceae spec. nov. 22. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 23. Gonocoxite, dorsal view. 24. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 25. Aedeagus, lateral view. 26. Female sternite 8. 27. Female furca. FIGURES 28 – 31. Stenogephyra namibiensis spec. nov. 28. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 29. Aedeagus, lateral view. 30. Female sternite 8. 31. Female furca. Scale = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Figs. 17</figureCitation>
, 22, 28, 32, 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E27AB05EFE8F294E" box="[323,352,517,541]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="36.0">36</number>
) separated medially, inner gonocoxal process absent; dorsal view (Fig. 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E7B4B05EFB45294E" box="[1165,1194,517,541]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="23.0">23</number>
) gonocoxal apodeme narrow, not extending anteriorly beyond anterior margin of gonocoxite. Gonostylus (
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCD4874E768B072FB402912" box="[1105,1199,553,577]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[172,1402,217,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 21. Stenogephyra dianeae spec. nov. 16. Male tergite 8, epandrium, cerci, hypoproct. 17. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 18. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus, lateral view. 20. Female sternite 8. 21. Female internal reproductive organs. FIGURES 22 – 27. S. janiceae spec. nov. 22. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 23. Gonocoxite, dorsal view. 24. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 25. Aedeagus, lateral view. 26. Female sternite 8. 27. Female furca. FIGURES 28 – 31. Stenogephyra namibiensis spec. nov. 28. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 29. Aedeagus, lateral view. 30. Female sternite 8. 31. Female furca. Scale = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Figs. 17</figureCitation>
, 22, 28, 32, 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E605B072FAB42912" box="[1340,1371,553,577]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="36.0">36</number>
), narrow, flattened dorsoventrally, sinuate. Aedeagus with dorsal apodeme (Fig. 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E0CFB016FBFC2936" box="[1014,1043,589,613]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="23.0">23</number>
) forming broad gonocoxal bridge; distiphallus dorsal (Fig. 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E29CB02AFE2B29DA" box="[421,452,625,649]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="23.0">23</number>
), tapered posteriorly; ejaculatory apodeme lateral view (
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCD4874E70EB02AFB7B29DA" box="[1079,1172,625,649]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[172,1402,217,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 21. Stenogephyra dianeae spec. nov. 16. Male tergite 8, epandrium, cerci, hypoproct. 17. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 18. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus, lateral view. 20. Female sternite 8. 21. Female internal reproductive organs. FIGURES 22 – 27. S. janiceae spec. nov. 22. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 23. Gonocoxite, dorsal view. 24. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 25. Aedeagus, lateral view. 26. Female sternite 8. 27. Female furca. FIGURES 28 – 31. Stenogephyra namibiensis spec. nov. 28. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 29. Aedeagus, lateral view. 30. Female sternite 8. 31. Female furca. Scale = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Figs. 19</figureCitation>
, 25, 29, 33, 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E622B02AFAD729DA" box="[1307,1336,625,649]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="37.0">37</number>
) broadly enlarged anteriorly, extending beyond anterior margin of dorsal apodeme. 
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E0EDB0CDFB4629FD" box="[980,1193,662,686]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
Female 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E716B0CDFB4629FD" box="[1071,1193,662,686]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Terminalia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(Fig. 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E7D5B0CEFAE629FE" box="[1260,1289,661,685]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="40.0">40</number>
). Tergite 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E64DB0CEFA6D29FE" box="[1396,1410,661,685]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="8.0">8</number>
is nearly square with a pair of spiracles in the anterior corners. Sternite 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E08CB0E2FC2C2982" box="[949,963,697,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="8.0">8</number>
(
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCD4874E0EDB0E2FBDC2982" box="[980,1075,697,721]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[172,1402,217,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 21. Stenogephyra dianeae spec. nov. 16. Male tergite 8, epandrium, cerci, hypoproct. 17. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 18. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus, lateral view. 20. Female sternite 8. 21. Female internal reproductive organs. FIGURES 22 – 27. S. janiceae spec. nov. 22. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 23. Gonocoxite, dorsal view. 24. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 25. Aedeagus, lateral view. 26. Female sternite 8. 27. Female furca. FIGURES 28 – 31. Stenogephyra namibiensis spec. nov. 28. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 29. Aedeagus, lateral view. 30. Female sternite 8. 31. Female furca. Scale = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Figs. 20</figureCitation>
, 26, 30, 34, 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E7FCB0E2FB0D2982" box="[1221,1250,697,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="38.0">38</number>
) generally oval, sides rounded, anterior margin variable; aedeagal guide sclerotized. Tergite 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E73AB086FBF029A6" box="[1027,1055,733,757]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="10.0">10</number>
(acanthophorite) with one set of spines, which are well developed. Sternite 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E146B15AFD74284A" box="[639,667,769,793]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="10.0">10</number>
rectangular nearly longer than broad, with posterior rounded emargination. Furca (
<figureCitation id="A4D92A6EFFCD4874E26BB17EFE5F286E" box="[338,432,805,829]" captionStart="FIGURES 16 – 21" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1790,1813]" captionTargetBox="[172,1402,217,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1769]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 16 – 21. Stenogephyra dianeae spec. nov. 16. Male tergite 8, epandrium, cerci, hypoproct. 17. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 18. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 19. Aedeagus, lateral view. 20. Female sternite 8. 21. Female internal reproductive organs. FIGURES 22 – 27. S. janiceae spec. nov. 22. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 23. Gonocoxite, dorsal view. 24. Gonocoxite, lateral view. 25. Aedeagus, lateral view. 26. Female sternite 8. 27. Female furca. FIGURES 28 – 31. Stenogephyra namibiensis spec. nov. 28. Male sternite 8, gonocoxite ventral view. 29. Aedeagus, lateral view. 30. Female sternite 8. 31. Female furca. Scale = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/201696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Figs. 21</figureCitation>
, 27, 31, 35, 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E107B17EFDB4286E" box="[574,603,805,829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="39.0">39</number>
) closed anteriorly and posteriorly, with two unsclerotized areas, the anterior one is often roundish and smaller. Common spermathecal duct shorter than length of furca, entering in the anterior furcal opening. Three spermathecae. Spermathecal sac absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCD4874E3FCB1C9FC692F46" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1549]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FCB1C9FE6128F9" bold="true" box="[197,398,914,938]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Immature stages</emphasis>
. From one species (
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E141B1C9FD0A28FA" box="[632,741,913,937]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrida">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E141B1C9FD0A28FA" box="[632,741,913,937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">S. torrida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) we were able to rear several specimens from the last larval stage to adult. The larvae were sieved from loose sand and kept individually in small containers with sand. The larvae were provided 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E24CB182FE7028A2" box="[373,415,985,1009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3</number>
times weekly with a flower beetle larvae (
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E0ADB182FBEC28A2" box="[916,1027,985,1009]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Tribolium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E0ADB182FBEC28A2" box="[916,1027,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Tribolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.) and a drop of water. The time between pupation and eclosion was on average 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E192B1A5FD562F46" box="[683,697,1022,1045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="7.0">7</number>
days (
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E03AB1A6FCDF2F46" box="[771,816,1021,1045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="7.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="6.0">6–9</number>
, n= 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E064B1A6FC952F46" box="[861,890,1021,1045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="10.0">10</number>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCD4874E3FCB679FDC22E0A" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1549]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FCB679FEEC2F69" bold="true" box="[197,259,1058,1082]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Pupa</emphasis>
(Figs. 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E26DB67AFE702F6A" box="[340,415,1057,1081]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="42.0" valueMax="43.0" valueMin="41.0">41–43</number>
). On the top of the head is a pair of bumps, which we describe here for the first time with the name occipital sheath. The antennal sheath is long and in a 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E066B61EFC912F0E" box="[863,894,1093,1117]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="45.0">45</number>
˚ angle with the body axis. The labral sheath has at its apex a small incision. The alar process is absent. The abdominal segments have at least 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E784B632FB242FD2" box="[1213,1227,1129,1153]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="1.0">1</number>
pair of abdominal spines on segments 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E240B6D6FE682FF6" box="[377,391,1165,1189]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="2.0">2</number>
and 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E2F9B6D6FE3F2FF6" box="[448,464,1165,1189]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="3.0">3</number>
, while segments 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E1ADB6D6FD512FF6" box="[660,702,1165,1189]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7</number>
often have an additional pair of shorter spines. The female pupa has no spines on segment 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E284B6EAFE222F9A" box="[445,461,1201,1225]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="8.0">8</number>
, while male pupa possess a pair of short ventral spines. This sexual dimorphism could be found in 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E21AB68EFE652FBE" box="[291,394,1237,1261]" class="Actinopteri" family="Phycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycinae">Phycinae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E2FDB68EFDAD2FBE" box="[452,578,1237,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Therevinae">Therevinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="58734B1AFFCD4874E16AB68EFCA12FBE" author="Hauser" box="[595,846,1237,1261]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refString="Hauser, M. &amp; Irwin, M. E. (2003) The Nearctic genus Ammonaios Irwin and Lyneborg 1981 (Diptera: Therevidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96, 738 - 765." type="journal article" year="2003">
Hauser &amp; Irwin 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E028B68EFCA12FBE" box="[785,846,1237,1261]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="2003.0">2003</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). The other sexual dimorphism is manifested in the length of the antennal sheath, which is longer in males of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E015B6A2FC2A2E42" box="[812,965,1273,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E015B6A2FC2A2E42" box="[812,965,1273,1297]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in females. In females the tip of the antennal sheath is at the height of the base of the labral sheath, while in males the tip of the antennal sheath is at the height of the tip of the labral sheath.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCD4874E3FEB73EFDE72D5E" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1549]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
The pupa exhibits several characteristics typical for a 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E00EB73EFC4D2E2E" box="[823,930,1381,1405]" class="Actinopteri" family="Phycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycinae">Phycinae</taxonomicName>
: the antennal sheath is at a 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E7DCB73EFAEB2E2E" box="[1253,1284,1381,1405]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="45.0">45</number>
˚ angle to the body axis (in 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E20EB7D2FE5A2EF2" box="[311,437,1417,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Therevinae">Therevinae</taxonomicName>
the antennal sheath is at a right angle to the body axis); the lateral antennal process is shorter than the antennal sheath pore (in 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E15CB7F6FD0C2E96" box="[613,739,1453,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Therevinae">Therevinae</taxonomicName>
the lateral antennal sheath process is significantly longer that the antennal sheath pore); and the alar process is absent (present in 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E0AFB78AFBF52EBA" box="[918,1050,1489,1513]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Therevinae">Therevinae</taxonomicName>
). For comparison with a therevine pupa see 
<bibRefCitation id="58734B1AFFCD4874E3C6B7ADFDEB2D5E" author="Hauser" box="[255,516,1525,1549]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refString="Hauser, M. &amp; Irwin, M. E. (2003) The Nearctic genus Ammonaios Irwin and Lyneborg 1981 (Diptera: Therevidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96, 738 - 765." type="journal article" year="2003">
Hauser &amp; Irwin (
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E287B7AEFE142D5E" box="[446,507,1525,1549]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="2003.0">2003</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCD4874E3FEB46DFE7A2D1C" blockId="2.[199,614,1590,1861]" box="[199,405,1590,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FEB46DFE7A2D1C" bold="true" box="[199,405,1590,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Species included:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCD4874E3FEB401FDC72C16" blockId="2.[199,614,1590,1861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E3FEB401FE2F2D21" box="[199,448,1626,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dianeae" status="spec. nov.">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FEB401FE2F2D21" box="[199,448,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra dianeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E2FFB401FDD62D21" bold="true" box="[454,569,1626,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="15A55782FFCD4874E2FFB401FDD62D21" box="[454,569,1626,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" rank="species">spec. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E3FEB426FE292DC6" box="[199,454,1661,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janiceae" status="spec. nov.">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FEB426FE292DC6" box="[199,454,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra janiceae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E2F5B426FDD02DC6" bold="true" box="[460,575,1661,1685]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="15A55782FFCD4874E2F5B426FDD02DC6" box="[460,575,1661,1685]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" rank="species">spec. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E3FEB4FBFDC82DEB" authority="Lyneborg" authorityName="Lyneborg" box="[199,551,1696,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FEB4FBFE5A2DEB" box="[199,437,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra minuta</emphasis>
Lyneborg
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E3FEB49FFE022D8F" box="[199,493,1732,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="namibiensis" status="spec. nov.">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FEB49FFE022D8F" box="[199,493,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra namibiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E2CDB49FFD892D8F" bold="true" box="[500,614,1732,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="15A55782FFCD4874E2CDB49FFD892D8F" box="[500,614,1732,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" rank="species">spec. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E3FEB4BCFE552DAC" box="[199,442,1767,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parkeri" status="spec. nov.">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FEB4BCFE552DAC" box="[199,442,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra parkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E2F9B4BCFDDD2DAC" bold="true" box="[448,562,1767,1791]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="15A55782FFCD4874E2F9B4BCFDDD2DAC" box="[448,562,1767,1791]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" rank="species">spec. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E3FEB551FE382C71" box="[199,471,1802,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schlingeri" status="spec. nov.">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FEB551FE382C71" box="[199,471,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra schlingeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E2E7B551FDBF2C71" bold="true" box="[478,592,1802,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="15A55782FFCD4874E2E7B551FDBF2C71" box="[478,592,1802,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" rank="species">spec. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E3FEB576FDC72C16" authority="Lyneborg" authorityName="Lyneborg" box="[199,552,1837,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torrida">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FEB576FE592C16" box="[199,438,1837,1861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra torrida</emphasis>
Lyneborg
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="74F86560FFCD4872E3FEB536FAA92AFF" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCD4874E3FEB536FBB42CA2" blockId="2.[151,1435,1901,2034]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E3FEB536FD922CD5" bold="true" box="[199,637,1901,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Comments on Lyneborg’s characters</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="58734B1AFFCD4874E1B3B535FCA92CD5" author="Lyneborg" box="[650,838,1902,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1987) Notes on the Phycini of southern Africa with the description of a new genus and two new species (Diptera: Therevidae: Phycinae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 28 (2), 467 - 474." type="journal article" year="1987">
Lyneborg (
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCD4874E03AB535FCD22CD5" box="[771,829,1902,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" value="1987.0">1987</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
indicated that 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E0D3B535FB6C2CD5" box="[1002,1155,1902,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E0D3B535FB6C2CD5" box="[1002,1155,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E781B535FAB02CD5" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[1208,1375,1902,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E781B535FAE62CD5" box="[1208,1289,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Phycus</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
form a monophyletic group and considered them sister taxa. Below, we discuss the characters (three synapomorphies and four sympleisiomorphies) he originally used to place 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E024B5EDFC592C9D" box="[797,950,1974,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E024B5EDFC592C9D" box="[797,950,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
together with 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E760B5EDFB452C9D" box="[1113,1194,1974,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E760B5EDFB452C9D" box="[1113,1194,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and then present our ideas about the genera related to 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCD4874E13EB581FD4F2CA1" box="[519,672,2010,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCD4874E13EB581FD4F2CA1" box="[519,672,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and their biogeographical significance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3AEB2C3FD8D2BE3" blockId="3.[151,610,152,176]" box="[151,610,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E3AEB2C3FEBD2BE3" box="[151,338,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Synapomorphies</emphasis>
sensu 
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E2A7B2C3FD8D2BE3" box="[414,610,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<bibRefCitation id="58734B1AFFCC4875E2A7B2C3FDB42BE3" author="Lyneborg" box="[414,603,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1987) Notes on the Phycini of southern Africa with the description of a new genus and two new species (Diptera: Therevidae: Phycinae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 28 (2), 467 - 474." type="journal article" year="1987">
Lyneborg (
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E12FB2C3FDBC2BE3" box="[534,595,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="1987.0">1987</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
:
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB286FDC02BA6" blockId="3.[151,1436,221,315]" box="[199,559,221,245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E3FEB286FF392BA6" box="[199,214,221,245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="1.0">1</number>
. &quot;First flagellomere elongate.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB2A4FCD12A69" blockId="3.[151,1436,221,315]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
This character is clearly shared between 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E1ABB35BFD0C2A4B" box="[658,739,256,280]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E1ABB35BFD0C2A4B" box="[658,739,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E022B35BFC5B2A4B" box="[795,948,256,280]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E022B35BFC5B2A4B" box="[795,948,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it is also found in the South American phycine genus 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E206B378FCD52A69" authority="Krober (Hauser and Webb 2007)" authorityName="Krober (Hauser and Webb" authorityYear="2007" box="[319,826,290,315]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Ataenogera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E206B378FE2D2A68" box="[319,450,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Ataenogera</emphasis>
Kröber (
<bibRefCitation id="58734B1AFFCC4875E11FB379FCDD2A69" author="Hauser" box="[550,818,290,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refString="Hauser, M. &amp; Webb, D. W. (2007) A revision of the New World stiletto fly genus Ataenogera Krober (Diptera: Therevidae: Phycinae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 1530, 41 - 67." type="journal article" year="2007">
Hauser and Webb 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E1CCB379FCDD2A69" box="[757,818,290,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="2007.0">2007</number>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB339FE1E2A29" blockId="3.[151,1436,354,552]" box="[199,497,354,378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E3FEB339FF372A29" box="[199,216,354,378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="2.0">2</number>
. &quot;Femora without setae.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB3DEFCEF2974" blockId="3.[151,1436,354,552]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
The femora of all examined 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E12DB3DEFD8A2ACE" box="[532,613,389,413]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E12DB3DEFD8A2ACE" box="[532,613,389,413]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and most specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E0E7B3DEFB982ACE" box="[990,1143,389,413]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E0E7B3DEFB982ACE" box="[990,1143,389,413]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not possess stiff dark setae, which are common in most other 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E16EB3FCFD3A2AEC" box="[599,725,423,447]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Therevidae</taxonomicName>
genera. Although species like 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E716B3F3FB4B2A93" box="[1071,1188,424,448]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dianeae" status="spec. nov.">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E716B3F3FB4B2A93" box="[1071,1188,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">S. dianeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E792B3F3FAF12A93" bold="true" box="[1195,1310,424,448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="15A55782FFCC4875E792B3F3FAF12A93" box="[1195,1310,424,448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" rank="species">spec. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
have some stiff black or white setae at the apex of the hind femur, it is not clear if those are homologous to the stiff black setae on the hind femora of other 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E2EAB3B6FDD22956" box="[467,573,493,517]" class="Actinopteri" family="Phycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycinae">Phycinae</taxonomicName>
. The New World genera 
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E06FB3B6FBB32956" box="[854,1116,493,517]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E06FB3B6FC342956" box="[854,987,493,517]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Ataenogera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ataenogera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E0DEB3B6FBB32956" authority="Cole" authorityName="Cole" box="[999,1116,493,517]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Pherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pherocera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
Cole, 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E79EB3B6FA782956" authority="Irwin" authorityName="Irwin" box="[1191,1431,493,517]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Parapherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E79EB3B6FABE2956" box="[1191,1361,493,517]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Parapherocera</emphasis>
Irwin
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E3FFB04BFE642974" authority="Irwin" authorityName="Irwin" box="[198,395,527,552]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Schlingeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E3FFB04BFEA8297B" box="[198,327,528,552]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Schlingeria</emphasis>
Irwin
</taxonomicName>
do not possess these setae either.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB014FD8E2934" blockId="3.[151,1436,591,685]" box="[199,609,591,615]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E3FEB014FF382934" box="[199,215,591,615]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="3.0">3</number>
. &quot;Hypandrium vestigial or absent.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB028FA7929FE" blockId="3.[151,1436,591,685]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
In all species of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E2B8B028FDF529D8" box="[385,538,627,651]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E2B8B028FDF529D8" box="[385,538,627,651]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and most species of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E031B028FCB629D8" box="[776,857,627,651]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E031B028FCB629D8" box="[776,857,627,651]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the hypandrium is absent. This character state can also be found in 
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E268B0CEFD9229FE" box="[337,637,661,685]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E268B0CEFE2629FE" box="[337,457,661,685]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Pherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pherocera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E2EAB0CEFD9229FE" box="[467,637,661,685]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Parapherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parapherocera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E18DB0CEFCDA29FE" box="[692,821,661,685]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Schlingeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E18DB0CEFCDA29FE" box="[692,821,661,685]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Schlingeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E0B3B0CEFBE229FE" box="[906,1037,661,685]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Ataenogera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E0B3B0CEFBE229FE" box="[906,1037,661,685]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Ataenogera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the hypandrium is well developed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3AEB08EFD6829BE" blockId="3.[151,1436,725,854]" box="[151,647,725,749]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E3AEB08EFE9629BE" box="[151,377,725,749]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Sympleisiomorphies</emphasis>
sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="58734B1AFFCC4875E2FDB08EFD9029BE" author="Lyneborg" box="[452,639,725,749]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1987) Notes on the Phycini of southern Africa with the description of a new genus and two new species (Diptera: Therevidae: Phycinae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 28 (2), 467 - 474." type="journal article" year="1987">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E2FDB08EFD9029BE" box="[452,639,725,749]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
Lyneborg (
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E104B08EFD9829BE" box="[573,631,725,749]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="1987.0">1987</number>
)
</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB0ACFDAF285C" blockId="3.[151,1436,725,854]" box="[199,576,759,784]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E3FEB0ACFF39285C" box="[199,214,759,783]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="1.0">1</number>
. &quot;Male eyes broadly separated.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB140FC542806" blockId="3.[151,1436,725,854]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E3FEB140FEA52860" box="[199,330,795,819]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Ataenogera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E3FEB140FEA52860" box="[199,330,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Ataenogera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E2ABB140FDD32860" box="[402,572,795,819]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Parapherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E2ABB140FDD32860" box="[402,572,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Parapherocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have dichoptic males, while several 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E737B140FBB02860" box="[1038,1119,795,819]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E737B140FBB02860" box="[1038,1119,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E789B140FEEB2806" authority="Lyneborg" authorityName="Lyneborg" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustifrons">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E789B140FA732860" box="[1200,1436,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phycus angustifrons</emphasis>
Lyneborg
</taxonomicName>
) have eyes only separated by the width of the median ocellus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB126FD9E28C6" blockId="3.[151,1436,893,1021]" box="[199,625,893,917]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E3FEB126FF3728C6" box="[199,216,893,917]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="2.0">2</number>
. &quot;Maxillary palpus two-segmented.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB1FBFC2728AE" blockId="3.[151,1436,893,1021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
Among the phycine genera only 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E105B1FBFD6228EB" box="[572,653,928,952]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E105B1FBFD6228EB" box="[572,653,928,952]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a two-segmented maxillary palpus. In the case of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E7C5B1FBFEED2889" authority="Lyneborg" authorityName="Lyneborg" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E7C5B1FBFA7328EB" box="[1276,1436,928,952]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra,</emphasis>
Lyneborg
</taxonomicName>
was clearly wrong, which might be attributed to the small size of these flies and the difficulty to discern such structures. The maxillary palpus of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E166B1BEFD1728AE" box="[607,760,997,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E166B1BEFD1728AE" box="[607,760,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one segmented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB67EFE562F6E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1061,1155]" box="[199,441,1061,1085]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E3FEB67EFF382F6E" box="[199,215,1061,1085]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="3.0">3</number>
. &quot;Prosternum bare.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB613FEAD2FD0" blockId="3.[151,1436,1061,1155]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Most phycine genera lack setae in the prosternal depression and this character is sometimes not consistent within a genus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB6F1FD0D2F91" blockId="3.[151,1436,1194,1287]" box="[199,738,1194,1218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E3FEB6F1FF372F91" box="[199,216,1194,1218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="4.0">4</number>
. &quot;Ventral epandrial sclerite (hypoproct) large.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB696FF2F2E54" blockId="3.[151,1436,1194,1287]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">This character was not thoroughly investigated by the authors, but is known to be present in several other genera.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FEB76BFBB42D69" blockId="3.[151,1437,1327,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E3FEB76BFE8F2E1B" box="[199,352,1328,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E3FEB76BFE8F2E1B" box="[199,352,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a set of unique characters (synapomorphies) that define it as a monophyletic group: The tergite 
<quantity id="FB1A9B0EFFCC4875E383B709FF0A2E39" box="[186,229,1362,1386]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
females being nearly square with spiracles in each anterior corner, while all other 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E7BBB709FB072E39" box="[1154,1256,1362,1386]" class="Actinopteri" family="Phycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycinae">Phycinae</taxonomicName>
have the tergite 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E3AEB72EFF4A2EDE" box="[151,165,1397,1421]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="8.0">8</number>
broader than long and without spiracles. The tergite 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E1C4B72EFCF62EDE" box="[765,793,1397,1421]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="10.0">10</number>
(acanthophorite) in females has one set of spines, which are exceptionally well developed for a member of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E1FFB7CCFCDF2EFC" box="[710,816,1431,1455]" class="Actinopteri" family="Phycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycinae">Phycinae</taxonomicName>
; most 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E041B7CCFC302EFC" box="[888,991,1431,1455]" class="Actinopteri" family="Phycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycinae">Phycinae</taxonomicName>
have much shorter and less pronounced spines. The sternite 
<quantity id="FB1A9B0EFFCC4875E24FB7E1FE412E81" box="[374,430,1466,1490]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
females is rectangular and nearly longer than broad, with posterior rounded emargination. While all examined 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E241B786FE312EA6" box="[376,478,1501,1525]" class="Actinopteri" family="Phycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycinae">Phycinae</taxonomicName>
also have a more or less distinct posterior emargination, sternite 
<quantity id="FB1A9B0EFFCC4875E78BB786FB052EA6" box="[1202,1258,1501,1525]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
all other 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E66AB786FF512D4B" class="Actinopteri" family="Phycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycinae">Phycinae</taxonomicName>
genera is much broader than long. In higher 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E182B7A4FCD62D44" box="[699,825,1535,1559]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Therevidae</taxonomicName>
the sternite 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E0FCB7A4FC0E2D44" box="[965,993,1535,1559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="10.0">10</number>
has a medioapical extension, while the Xestomyzinae have an oval shaped sternite 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E1B8B479FD722D69" box="[641,669,1570,1594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="10.0">10</number>
with a long and thin anterior extension.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCC4875E3FCB41EFCC62C89" blockId="3.[151,1437,1327,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
Despite the fact that some of Lyneborg's characters which linked 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E095B41EFC122D0E" box="[940,1021,1605,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E095B41EFC122D0E" box="[940,1021,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E706B41EFB372D0E" box="[1087,1240,1605,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E706B41EFB372D0E" box="[1087,1240,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not hold anymore, there are still several characters which both genera share. In a combined morphological and molecular dataset (
<bibRefCitation id="58734B1AFFCC4875E3FFB4D1FEB32DF1" author="Hauser" box="[198,348,1674,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refString="Hauser, M. (2005) Systematics and evolution of the basal lineages of Therevidae (Insecta: Diptera). Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL. 1 - 317." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Hauser 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E219B4D1FEB32DF1" box="[288,348,1674,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="2005.0">2005</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E248B4D0FDE52DF0" box="[369,522,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E248B4D0FDE52DF0" box="[369,522,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the sister–genus to the Nearctic 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E0A4B4D0FBFD2DF0" box="[925,1042,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Pherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E0A4B4D0FBFD2DF0" box="[925,1042,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Pherocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–clade (
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E754B4D0FA732DF0" box="[1133,1436,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E754B4D0FB0A2DF0" box="[1133,1253,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Pherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pherocera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E7CBB4D0FA732DF0" box="[1266,1436,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Parapherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parapherocera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E3FFB4F6FEA82D96" box="[198,327,1709,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Schlingeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E3FFB4F6FEA82D96" box="[198,327,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Schlingeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and together they form the sister-group to 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E00AB4F6FC6B2D96" box="[819,900,1709,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E00AB4F6FC6B2D96" box="[819,900,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This result was very surprising, because of the external morphological differences and the geographical distances between the Nearctic 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E7BEB48BFB132DBB" box="[1159,1276,1744,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Pherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E7BEB48BFB132DBB" box="[1159,1276,1744,1768]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Pherocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade and the South African 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E204B4A8FE392C58" box="[317,470,1779,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E204B4A8FE392C58" box="[317,470,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Still, the morphological data show some interesting shared characters, which make a close relationship between these groups more plausible. For example, all 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E0E5B54EFB9A2C7E" box="[988,1141,1813,1837]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E0E5B54EFB9A2C7E" box="[988,1141,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E7BDB54EFB162C7E" box="[1156,1273,1813,1837]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Pherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E7BDB54EFB162C7E" box="[1156,1273,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Pherocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–clade species and 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E3F0B563FEF52C03" box="[201,282,1848,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E3F0B563FEF52C03" box="[201,282,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a Y-shaped ventral apodeme, lack a hypandrium, do not have the gonocoxites fused, and lack setae on the femora. 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E2B1B500FDDD2C20" box="[392,562,1883,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Parapherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E2B1B500FDDD2C20" box="[392,562,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Parapherocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E154B500FCE92C20" box="[621,774,1883,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E154B500FCE92C20" box="[621,774,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have holoptic males with a protruding face. Tergite eight (T 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E38AB526FF2F2CC6" box="[179,192,1917,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="8.0">8</number>
) in 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E3CAB526FE632CC6" box="[243,396,1917,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E3CAB526FE632CC6" box="[243,396,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is nearly square and the apical corners have the spiracles imbedded, while in most other examined 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E233B5FBFE9B2CEB" box="[266,372,1952,1976]" class="Actinopteri" family="Phycidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gadiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycinae">Phycinae</taxonomicName>
, T 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E2A8B5FBFE712CEB" box="[401,414,1952,1976]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="8.0">8</number>
is much wider than long and without spiracles. The notable exceptions are 
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E7DFB5FBFEF82C88" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E7DFB5FBFAB12CEB" box="[1254,1374,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Pherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pherocera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E650B5FAFEF82C88" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Parapherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parapherocera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCC4875E274B598FE212C88" box="[333,462,1987,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Schlingeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCC4875E274B598FE212C88" box="[333,462,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Schlingeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which have T 
<number id="8A2A24CCFFCC4875E14FB599FD6D2C89" box="[630,642,1986,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="8.0">8</number>
more squared.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C5D36EBFFCB4872E3FEB2C3FAA92AFF" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,428]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCB4872E3FEB2C3FEF72BE3" box="[199,280,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCB4872E3FEB2C3FEF72BE3" box="[199,280,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed throughout Africa, the Mediterranean region, and east through Asia and into western North 
<collectingCountry id="44F5767BFFCB4872E3E6B2E7FEAC2B87" box="[223,323,188,212]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">America</collectingCountry>
. It is very likely that the genus originated in Africa, where most species are found, and spread to the New World through Asia and never colonized South 
<collectingCountry id="44F5767BFFCB4872E1D6B284FCBC2BA4" box="[751,851,223,247]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">America</collectingCountry>
. We could hypothesize a similar distribution for the common ancestor of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCB4872E2BEB35FFDCF2A4F" box="[391,544,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCB4872E2BEB35FFDCF2A4F" box="[391,544,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCB4872E1BCB35FFD152A4F" box="[645,762,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Pherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCB4872E1BCB35FFD152A4F" box="[645,762,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Pherocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-clade, and suggest extinction in most parts of the distribution. Also, this dispersal event should be older than the spread of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCB4872E0BCB373FC392A13" box="[901,982,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCB4872E0BCB373FC392A13" box="[901,982,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as in the case of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCB4872E79EB373FAAF2A13" box="[1191,1344,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Stenogephyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCB4872E79EB373FAAF2A13" box="[1191,1344,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Stenogephyra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCB4872E3AEB317FEE32A37" box="[151,268,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Pherocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCB4872E3AEB317FEE32A37" box="[151,268,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Pherocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-clade, the morphological differences are much greater and on a generic level, while the North American species of 
<taxonomicName id="FBE24D68FFCB4872E235B32BFEB22ADB" box="[268,349,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Phycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E96EAF9FFCB4872E235B32BFEB22ADB" box="[268,349,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Phycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are still clearly congeneric with their African and Asian counterparts. Hopefully, a more detailed phylogenetic analysis will shed some light in future on the relationships and the biogeographical scenarios.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>