192 lines
21 KiB
XML
192 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9477" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6a7b06d9-7ded-475c-b38a-fa7281843e2d" ID-PMC="PMC4525033" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-515-27" ID-PubMed="26261438" ID-ZBK="56B35C30E575402C8480E73A7E463137" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-515-27" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 515" ModsDocTitle="The terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea, Oniscidea) of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), with descriptions of two new species" checkinTime="1451244104338" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Taiti, Stefano & Wynne, J. Judson" docDate="2015" docId="9863BB1EBEEF215A6DB0CC2E24A1572D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 515: 27-49" docOrigin="ZooKeys 515" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9477" docTitle="Styloniscus manuvaka Taiti & Wynne, 2015, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="00706DDB-9E9C-4DEF-AEA5-E9289287B7AB" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="FFCB491465200253FFCBFF8DFFF46043" masterDocTitle="The terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea, Oniscidea) of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), with descriptions of two new species" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1668160546989" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>The terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea, Oniscidea) of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), with descriptions of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Taiti, Stefano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wynne, J. Judson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>515</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>27</mods:start>
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<mods:end>49</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9477</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9477</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-515-27</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">56B35C30E575402C8480E73A7E463137</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">56B35C30E575402C8480E73A7E463137</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152060771" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:00706DDB-9E9C-4DEF-AEA5-E9289287B7AB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9863BB1EBEEF215A6DB0CC2E24A1572D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="30" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Taxon classification Animalia Isopoda Styloniscidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/00706DDB-9E9C-4DEF-AEA5-E9289287B7AB" class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus manuvaka" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuvaka">Styloniscus manuvaka</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="30">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1A, 2, 3, 4
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus" order="Isopoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Styloniscus</taxonomicName>
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sp.;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wynne, JJ" journalOrPublisher="BioScience" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" pagination="711 - 718" title="Disturbance relicts in a rapidly changing world: the Rapa Nui (Easter Island) factor." url="10.1093/biosci/biu090" volume="64" year="2014">Wynne et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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: 713, 714, fig. 2b.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="30" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Type material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Chile, Rapa Nui: 1 ♂ holotype, 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 1 juv. paratypes (MNHN), Mahunga Hiva Hiva, Cave Q15-070, fern-moss garden (entrance zone), direct intuitive search, 10.VII.2009, leg. J.J. Wynne; 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 2 juvs. paratypes (MZUF), same location, 50 m from entrance, direct intuitive search (on decomposing tree branches; twilight zone), 6.VIII.2011, leg. J.J. Wynne; 1 ♀ paratype (MNHN), same data; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ paratypes (BPBM), Mahunga Hiva Hiva, Cave Q15-074, skylight entrance (1st entrance NE of main entrance; entrance zone), 3.VII.2009, leg. J.J. Wynne; 1 ♀ paratype (BPBM), Mahunga Hiva Hiva, Cave Q15-119, timed search at trap 4A, 5.VII.2009, leg. J.J. Wynne; 1 ♂ paratype (BPBM), same location, Zone 2 (approx. cave deep zone), trap, fish entrails 1, 6.VIII.2011, leg. J.J. Wynne; 1 ♀ paratype (BPBM), Mahunga Hiva Hiva, Cave Q15-071, Zone 2 (approx. cave deep zone), bait trap, fish entrails 1, 7.VIII.2011, leg. J.J. Wynne; 1 ♀ paratype (BPBM), Cave Q15-067, fern-moss garden (entrance zone), direct intuitive search, 4.XII.2008, leg J.J. Wynne.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
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French Polynesia, Bass Islands (Austral Islands), Rapa Iti Island: 4 ♂♂ (YPM), Pumarua-Maurua Ridge, Pumarua and some west, 500-620 m, from dead leaves of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="bird’s">bird's</normalizedToken>
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nest fern,
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Aspleniaceae" genus="Asplenium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Asplenium nidus" order="Polypodiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nidus">Asplenium nidus</taxonomicName>
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, 9.I.1980, leg. G. Paulay.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="30">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
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Maximum length: ♂ 4 mm, ♀ 4.2 mm. Dorsum brown with the usual yellow muscle spots (Fig. 1A). Body ovoid with pleon narrower than pereon (Figs 1A, 2A). Vertex and pereon distinctly granulated with granulations arranged on three rows on pereonite 1 and two rows on pereonites 2-7; pleon and telson smooth. Dorsal surface with scale-setae as in Fig. 2B. Cephalon (Fig. 2C, D) with obtuse middle lobe slightly protruding frontwards compared with rounded lateral lobes; eye consisting of three ommatidia in a triangle. Pleonites 3-5 reduced with small posterior points. Telson (Fig. 2E) with concave sides and truncate apex. Antennula (Fig. 2F) with second article shorter than first and third; third article with 6 long aesthetascs at apex. Antenna (Fig. 2G) with flagellum as long as fifth article of peduncle; flagellum
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="31" start="start">cone-shaped</pageBreakToken>
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, consisting of 5 articles with the second, third and fourth article bearing two aesthetascs each. Left mandible (Fig. 3A) with 2 penicils; right mandible (Fig. 3B) with 1 penicil. Maxillula (Fig. 3C) outer branch with 10 simple teeth and 2 long stalks; inner branch with 3 penicils. Maxilla (Fig. 3D) apically bilobate, inner lobe wider than outer lobe and bearing strong setae on its margin. Maxilliped (Fig. 3E) endite with a stout apical penicil; basal article of the palp with 2 setae. Pereopods 6 and 7 with a distinct water conducting system (Fig. 4B,C) on merus, carpus and propodus, and on basis, ischium and merus, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus manuvaka" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuvaka">Styloniscus manuvaka</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.: A ♀ paratype in dorsal view.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Philosciidae" genus="Hawaiioscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hawaiioscia rapui" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rapui">Hawaiioscia rapui</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.: B ♀ paratype in dorsal view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus manuvaka" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuvaka">Styloniscus manuvaka</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., ♀ paratype: A adult specimen in dorsal view B dorsal scale-seta C cephalon in dorsal view D cephalon in frontal view E pleonite 5, telson and uropods F antennula G antenna.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus manuvaka" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuvaka">Styloniscus manuvaka</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., ♀ paratype: A left mandible B right mandible C maxillula D maxilla E maxilliped.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Male. Pereopod 1 (Fig. 4A) merus and carpus with a line of short scales on sternal margin. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 4C) ischium enlarged in the distal part, forming a flat rounded lobe with two short and stout setae on tergal margin, sternal margin almost straight; propodus with numerous long and thin setae on tergal margin. Genital papilla (Fig. 4D) with rounded and enlarged distal part. Pleopod 1 (Fig. 4D) exopodite triangular, as wide as long, with rounded posterior margin; endopodite with flagelliform distal segment, about twice as long as basal one and slightly enlarged at apex. Pleopod 2 (Fig. 4E) exopodite very short, rectangular, about twice wider than long; endopodite with distal segment about seven times longer than basal one, with tapering apical part slightly bent outwards, acute apex.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus manuvaka" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuvaka">Styloniscus manuvaka</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., ♂ paratype: A pereopod 1 B pereopod 6 C pereopod 7 D genital papilla and pleopod 1 E pleopod 2.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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The species name is a combination of two Rapanui terms, manu and vaka. Manu is
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“bug”">"bug"</normalizedToken>
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and vaka is
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“canoe”">"canoe"</normalizedToken>
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or
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“boat”">"boat"</normalizedToken>
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; when combined this translates to "canoe bug." Based upon the identification of this species, and a collembolan (
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<taxonomicName class="Collembola" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Lepidocyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepidocyrtus olena" order="Entomobryomorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olena">Lepidocyrtus olena</taxonomicName>
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Christiansen & Bellinger, 1992) previously known from the Hawaiian Islands only,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wynne, JJ" journalOrPublisher="BioScience" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" pagination="711 - 718" title="Disturbance relicts in a rapidly changing world: the Rapa Nui (Easter Island) factor." url="10.1093/biosci/biu090" volume="64" year="2014">Wynne et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested both of these animals may have been dispersed by the ancient Polynesians as they transported and transplanted cultivars (called "canoe plants"), such as banana, taro and sugar cane, throughout the South Pacific islands.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
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At present the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Styloniscus</taxonomicName>
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includes about 45 species distributed in the tropics and the southern hemisphere (
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmalfuss, H" journalOrPublisher="Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde (A)" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 341" title="World catalog of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea)." volume="654" year="2003">Schmalfuss 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Nunomura, N" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Toyama Science Museum" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" pagination="17 - 36" title="Terrestrial isopod crustaceans from Hachijo Island, middle Japan." volume="30" year="2007">Nunomura 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Taiti, S" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Zoology" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" pagination="9 - 33" title="The terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea, Oniscidea) of the Maldives." url="10.1080/03946975.2014.894397" volume="27" year="2014">Taiti 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). The new species is characterized by the male pereopod 7 ischium enlarged in the distal part with a flat rounded lobe. A similar character is present also in a species from Omaio, North Island, New Zealand, identified by
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<bibRefCitation author="Vandel, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (A)" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 116" title="Les trichoniscides (Crustaces - Isopodes) de l'hemisphere austral. Leur place systematique leur interet biogeographique." volume="6" year="1952">Vandel (1952)</bibRefCitation>
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as
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus otakensis" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="otakensis">Styloniscus otakensis</taxonomicName>
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(Chilton, 1901). The specimens redescribed and illustrated by Vandel certainly do not belong to
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus otakensis" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="otakensis">Styloniscus otakensis</taxonomicName>
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according to the redescription of this species provided by
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<bibRefCitation author="Green, AJA" journalOrPublisher="Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" pagination="59 - 74" title="Styloniscidae (Isopoda, Oniscoidea) from Tasmania and New Zealand." volume="105" year="1971">Green (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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on the basis of the type material studied by
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<bibRefCitation author="Chilton, C" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" pagination="99 - 152" title="The terrestrial Isopoda of New Zealand." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1901.tb00502.x" volume="8" year="1901">Chilton (1901)</bibRefCitation>
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and on topotypic material (Dunedin, South Island). In fact, the male pereopod 7 ischium does not show any distinct lobe (compare fig. 31 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Green, AJA" journalOrPublisher="Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" pagination="59 - 74" title="Styloniscidae (Isopoda, Oniscoidea) from Tasmania and New Zealand." volume="105" year="1971">Green 1971</bibRefCitation>
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with fig. 37 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Vandel, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (A)" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 116" title="Les trichoniscides (Crustaces - Isopodes) de l'hemisphere austral. Leur place systematique leur interet biogeographique." volume="6" year="1952">Vandel 1952</bibRefCitation>
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), and the shapes of the male pleopod 1 exopodite and pleopod 2 endopodite are significantly different (compare figs 29 and 30 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Green, AJA" journalOrPublisher="Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" pagination="59 - 74" title="Styloniscidae (Isopoda, Oniscoidea) from Tasmania and New Zealand." volume="105" year="1971">Green 1971</bibRefCitation>
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with figs 38 and 39A in
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<bibRefCitation author="Vandel, A" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (A)" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 116" title="Les trichoniscides (Crustaces - Isopodes) de l'hemisphere austral. Leur place systematique leur interet biogeographique." volume="6" year="1952">Vandel 1952</bibRefCitation>
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). Thus, the specimens from Omaio must belong to a distinct species yet to be named.
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus manuvaka" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuvaka">Styloniscus manuvaka</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus otakensis" order="Isopoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="otakensis">Styloniscus otakensis</taxonomicName>
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sensu Vandel nec Chilton in having 6 instead of 5 aesthetascs at the apex of the antennula, 5 instead of 4 flagellar articles of the antenna, the male pereopod 7 ischium with two, instead of one, stout setae on the tergal margin, and the male pleopod 2 endopodite with a thicker distal part.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="32">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="32" start="start">On</pageBreakToken>
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Rapa Nui,
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<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Styloniscidae" genus="Styloniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Styloniscus manuvaka" order="Isopoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manuvaka">Styloniscus manuvaka</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. is presently restricted to the cave environment, but is not troglomorphic (cave-adapted). This animal was detected within the fern-moss gardens (entrance zone) of three caves, but also occurred within the
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="33" start="start">twilight</pageBreakToken>
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and cave deep zones. This species was not detected during the surface sampling work conducted in 2009, nor has it been identified during previous invertebrate inventory work (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Fuentes, F" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Museo Nacional de Chile" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" pagination="285 - 318" title="Contribucion al estudio de la fauna de la Isla de Pascua." volume="7" year="1914">Fuentes 1914</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Olalquiaga, FG" journalOrPublisher="Agricultura Tecnica" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" pagination="231 - 233" title="Anotaciones entomologicas: Insectos y otros artropodos colectados en Isla de Pascua." volume="7" year="1946">Olalquiaga 1946</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Kuschel, G" journalOrPublisher="California Academy of Sciences, Occasional Papers" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" pagination="79 - 95" title="Composition and relationship of the terrestrial faunas of Easter, Juan Fernandez, Desventuradas, and Galapagos Islands." volume="44" year="1963">Kuschel 1963</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Campos, SL" journalOrPublisher="Revista Chilena de Entomologia" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" pagination="217 - 229" title="Los insectos de isla de Pascua (Resultados de une prospeccion entomologica)." volume="7" year="1973">
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Campos and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Peña">Pena</normalizedToken>
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1973
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The species also occurs on Rapa Iti, Bass Islands, where it is not restricted to the cave environment. This species is considered a Polynesian endemic and it might be present also on other Pacific islands.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Presently known from Rapa Nui and Rapa Iti.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |