387 lines
55 KiB
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387 lines
55 KiB
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<document id="AE905F9B154D3CABA01D56FEB1E9AF97" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.195299" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3c76192d-75dc-49ac-9c6e-e89499941b2d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="195299" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460225517307" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shelley, Rowland M." docDate="2010" docId="5E2B325AFFE67C7F4E84604D246EA4DF" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02475p047.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2475" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Mitocybe Cook and Loomis 1928" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="A2124A22FFE77C794E13632A2621A20B" masterDocTitle="Rediscovery, redescription, and illustrations of the milliped, Mitocybe auriportae Cook and Loomis, 1928 (Colobognatha: Platydesmida: Andrognathidae)" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1698238223807" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="ADACFDAE763F261672695A1EADD8C300">Rediscovery, redescription, and illustrations of the milliped, Mitocybe auriportae Cook and Loomis, 1928 (Colobognatha: Platydesmida: Andrognathidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D7EBA48806545CFA02A17A7BFC571F6B">Shelley, Rowland M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="EA21CD58B76A9DBA22741F57321B83D7">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2B2520E7F8919D794F8F7FBE4FBF921E">2475</mods:number>
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<treatment id="5E2B325AFFE67C7F4E84604D246EA4DF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6196603" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119386177" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6196603" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E2B325AFFE67C7F4E84604D246EA4DF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E2B325AFFE67C7F4E84604D246EA4DF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection id="9E98D0C7FFE67C784E84604D24ABA18A" box="[151,650,871,897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE67C784E84604D24ABA18A" blockId="1.[151,650,871,897]" box="[151,650,871,897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<heading id="8D753420FFE67C784E84604D24ABA18A" bold="true" box="[151,650,871,897]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE67C784E84604D24ABA18A" bold="true" box="[151,650,871,897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE67C784EFD604D24ABA18A" ID-CoL="7PJZ4" authority="Cook and Loomis, 1928" authorityName="Cook and Loomis" authorityYear="1928" box="[238,650,871,897]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE67C784EFD604D277CA18A" bold="true" box="[238,349,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Mitocybe</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE67C784F77604D24ABA18A" author="Cook" box="[356,650,871,897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" refString="Cook, O. F. & Loomis, H. F. (1928) Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 72, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1928">Cook and Loomis, 1928</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E98D0C7FFE67C784E84609A22D4A624" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE67C784E84609A2516A1EC" blockId="1.[151,1436,944,999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="F692A462FFE67C784E84609A2516A1EC" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE67C784E84609A2409A1CC" ID-CoL="7PJZ4" authority="Cook and Loomis, 1928:19" authorityName="Cook and Loomis" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1928" box="[151,552,944,967]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE67C784E84609A26DBA1CC" box="[151,250,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Mitocybe</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="5723A55DFFE67C784F12609A2409A1CC" author="Cook" box="[257,552,944,967]" page="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" year="1928">
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<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE67C784F12609A2428A1CC" author="Cook" box="[257,521,944,967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" refString="Cook, O. F. & Loomis, H. F. (1928) Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 72, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1928">Cook and Loomis, 1928</bibRefCitation>
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:19
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Chamberlin and Hoffman, 1958:184.
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<treatmentCitation id="5723A55DFFE67C784DD7609A22A1A1CC" author="Buckett" box="[964,1152,944,967]" page="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" year="1964">
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<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE67C784DD7609A227EA1CC" author="Buckett" box="[964,1119,944,967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" refString="Buckett, J. S. (1964) Annotated list of the Diplopoda of California. Simmons Publishing Co., Davis, California. 34 pp. Chamberlin, R. V. & Hoffman, R. L. (1958) Checklist of the millipeds of North America. United States National Museum Bulletin, 212, 1 - 236." type="book chapter" year="1964">Buckett, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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:28
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="5723A55DFFE67C784A99609A2314A1CC" author="Jeekel" box="[1162,1333,944,967]" page="40" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" year="1971">
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<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE67C784A99609A2333A1CC" author="Jeekel" box="[1162,1298,944,967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" refString="Jeekel, C. A. W. (1971) Nomenclator generum et familiarum Diplopodorum: A list of the genus and family-group names in the class Diplopoda from the 10 th edition of Linnaeus, 1758, to the end of 1957. Monografieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging, 5, 1 - 412 + i - xii." type="journal article" year="1971">Jeekel, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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:40
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="5723A55DFFE67C784B2C609A2700A1EC" author="Gardner" page="17" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" year="1975">
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<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE67C784B2C609A2722A1EC" author="Gardner" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" refString="Gardner, M. R. (1975 [1974]) Revision of the millipede family Andrognathidae in the Nearctic region. Memoirs of the Pacific Coast Entomological Society, 5, 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="1975">Gardner, 1975</bibRefCitation>
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:17
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="5723A55DFFE67C784F3F60FA27DEA1EC" author="Hoffman" box="[300,511,976,999]" page="118" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" year="1980">
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<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE67C784F3F60FA27F2A1EC" author="Hoffman" box="[300,467,976,999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1980 [1979]) Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Suisse, 237 pp." type="book" year="1980">Hoffman, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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:118
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1999:188.
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<treatmentCitation id="5723A55DFFE67C784C6F60FA2512A1EC" author="Shelley" box="[636,819,976,999]" page="93" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" year="2002">
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<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE67C784C6F60FA2535A1EC" author="Shelley" box="[636,788,976,999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" refString="Shelley, R. M. (2002) Annotated checklist of the millipeds of California (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist, 1, 90 - 115." type="journal article" year="2002">Shelley, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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:93
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE67C784E84673F22D4A624" blockId="1.[151,1437,1045,2010]" box="[151,1269,1045,1071]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE67C784E84673F2423A624" bold="true" box="[151,514,1045,1071]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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Component and
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<typeStatus id="09393DEEFFE67C784F74673F27BCA624" box="[359,413,1045,1071]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE67C784C1A673F25F2A624" ID-CoL="6RLG6" authority="Cook and Loomis, 1928" authorityName="Cook and Loomis" authorityYear="1928" box="[521,979,1045,1071]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auriportae">
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<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE67C784C1A673F248CA625" box="[521,685,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">M. auriportae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE67C784CA6673F25F2A624" author="Cook" box="[693,979,1045,1071]" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" refString="Cook, O. F. & Loomis, H. F. (1928) Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 72, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1928">Cook and Loomis, 1928</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, by original designation.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="9E98D0C7FFE67C784ED7671027E3A73F" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE67C784ED7671027E3A73F" blockId="1.[151,1437,1045,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE67C784ED767102762A65F" bold="true" box="[196,323,1082,1108]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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(for simplicity, podomeres are numbered proximal to distal as A/P1-6). A genus of long, thread-like
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<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE67C784F3B674A27D0A671" box="[296,497,1120,1146]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Andrognathidae</taxonomicName>
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18-25 times as long as wide. Head not pyriform, labrum broadly rounded. Dorsum without exoskeletal ornamentations, head and metaterga with dense, velveteen pubescence. Paranota short and blade-like, anterior and posterior margins continuous with those of metaterga; ozopores inconspicuous, not elevated on porosteles. Anterior gonopods with large, lobate, medially divided sternum; A6 moderately long and gently falcate, lying across anterior face of A5 and directed ventrolaterad, arising subterminally from latter.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="9E98D0C7FFE67C7B4ED7661524DBA34C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="1" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE67C784ED7661527C0A54E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1045,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE67C784ED766152740A752" bold="true" box="[196,353,1343,1369]" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Description.</emphasis>
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Body dorsoventrally flattened; middorsal groove distinct. Prozona narrow and glabrous, head and metaterga covered with short pubescence; dorsal surface devoid of lobes, tubercles, pustules, or pimples (
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<figureCitation id="4EB99FC9FFE67C784F1566A02752A7AF" box="[262,371,1418,1444]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStart-1="FIGURES 5 – 8" captionStartId-0="2.[151,270,1803,1827]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,273,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox-0="[306,1281,460,1778]" captionTargetBox-1="[294,1281,381,1879]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[306,1281,458,1780]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[281,1298,381,1899]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 4. Female of M. auriportae from Santa Cruz Co., California. 1, lateral view of entire specimen. 2, lateral view of anterior end. 3, lateral view of caudal end backlit to show pubescence. 4, sublateral view of caudal end." captionText-1="FIGURES 5 – 8. Mitocybe autiportae, somatic features of female paratype, pubesence omitted. 5, left side of head, collum, and segments 2 – 5, dorsal view. 6, left side of midbody segments, dorsal view. 7, epiproct and right side of caudalmost segments, dorsal view. 8, head, anterior view. C, collum; 2 – 5, segment numbers. Scale line = 0.5 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/195300/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/195301/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Figs. 1-7</figureCitation>
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). Paranota short and thin (
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<figureCitation id="4EB99FC9FFE67C784CA266A0253EA7AF" box="[689,799,1418,1444]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,273,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[294,1281,381,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[281,1298,381,1899]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 8. Mitocybe autiportae, somatic features of female paratype, pubesence omitted. 5, left side of head, collum, and segments 2 – 5, dorsal view. 6, left side of midbody segments, dorsal view. 7, epiproct and right side of caudalmost segments, dorsal view. 8, head, anterior view. C, collum; 2 – 5, segment numbers. Scale line = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195301/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Figs. 5-7</figureCitation>
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), extending slightly beyond pleural margins, apically truncate, angled, or gently rounded; 4th paranota angling anteriad; 5th with suggestion of anterior lobe, caudolateral margin extending slightly laterad; caudolateral corners of caudalmost paranota prolonged, apically subacuminate. Head broad, ocelli absent (
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<figureCitation id="4EB99FC9FFE67C784D1466D72572A41C" box="[775,851,1533,1559]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,273,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[294,1281,381,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[281,1298,381,1899]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 8. Mitocybe autiportae, somatic features of female paratype, pubesence omitted. 5, left side of head, collum, and segments 2 – 5, dorsal view. 6, left side of midbody segments, dorsal view. 7, epiproct and right side of caudalmost segments, dorsal view. 8, head, anterior view. C, collum; 2 – 5, segment numbers. Scale line = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195301/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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); antennae widely separated, short and densely pilose, extending caudad just beyond 3rd metatergite, 6th antennomere widest. Anterior end of body expanding through about segment 10; collum with anterior margin gently convex, not overhanging epicranium. Sterna narrow, with conspicuous longitudinal lobes in midline separating opposing coxae. Legs short and slender, absent from last two segments, not extending beyond sides of body, with moderately long hairs becoming longer distad, coxae expanding caudad into subrounded lobes; epiproct and preceding segment legless. Epiproct long and prominent (
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<figureCitation id="4EB99FC9FFE67C784FE465CA241FA4F1" box="[503,574,1760,1786]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 8" captionStartId="3.[151,273,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[294,1281,381,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[281,1298,381,1899]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 8. Mitocybe autiportae, somatic features of female paratype, pubesence omitted. 5, left side of head, collum, and segments 2 – 5, dorsal view. 6, left side of midbody segments, dorsal view. 7, epiproct and right side of caudalmost segments, dorsal view. 8, head, anterior view. C, collum; 2 – 5, segment numbers. Scale line = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195301/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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), overhanging and obscuring paraprocts in dorsal view, moderately pilose dorsad with noticeably longer hairs (
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<figureCitation id="4EB99FC9FFE67C784C43642C24B8A52B" box="[592,665,1798,1824]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 4" captionStartId="2.[151,270,1803,1827]" captionTargetBox="[306,1281,460,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[306,1281,458,1780]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 4. Female of M. auriportae from Santa Cruz Co., California. 1, lateral view of entire specimen. 2, lateral view of anterior end. 3, lateral view of caudal end backlit to show pubescence. 4, sublateral view of caudal end." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195300/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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), margin broadly rounded; margins of paraprocts not thickened, appearing slightly reentrant.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE67C7B4ED7647A24DBA34C" blockId="1.[151,1437,1045,2010]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,152,402]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">
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Gonopods (
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<figureCitation id="4EB99FC9FFE67C784F5F647A27E9A561" box="[332,456,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 11" captionStartId="4.[151,272,1919,1943]" captionTargetBox="[235,1364,841,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[217,1369,829,1898]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 11. Mitocybe auriportae, gonopodal features of male paratype. 9, left gonopods, anterior view. 10, the same, lateral view. 11, right gonopods, caudal view. A 1 - 6, podomeres of anterior gonopod; P 1 - 6, podomeres of posterior gonopod; S, sternum. Scale line = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195302/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">Figs. 9–11</figureCitation>
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) minute and inconspicuous, upright
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<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE67C784D61647A259BA562" box="[882,954,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="40">in situ</emphasis>
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. Anterior gonopods dominated by broad, laminate, subtriangular, and lobate sternum, deeply but incompletely and narrowly divided in midline, extending ventrad to just beyond origin of A6. Latter arising subterminally on A5, moderately long and gently falcate, lying across anterior face of A5 and directed ventrolaterad, extending well beyond lateral gonopodal margin, tapering smoothly and continuously to acuminate tip; A5 apically excavated with detached, laminate, medial lobe; A3 largest podomere. Posterior gonopod bent sharply ventromediad at articulation of P1/2, latter largest podomere; P2–5 becoming progressively narrower; P6 long and acicular, arising from caudal side of P5, extending between anterior gonopods, curving ventrolaterad, and narrowing smoothly and continuously to acuminate tip, terminating around same level as A6.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E98D0C7FFE57C7B4ED56278256DA399" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE57C7B4ED56278256DA399" blockId="2.[151,1436,152,402]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE57C7B4ED562782774A360" box="[198,341,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. The San Francisco and Monterey Bay areas of coastal California from Marin to Santa Cruz cos. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4EB99FC9FFE57C7B4EC66252270DA399" box="[213,300,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1640,1664]" captionText="FIGURE 12. Distributions of Mitocybe and M. auriportae." pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), a distance of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="117A2EA9FFE57C7B4C9E625224F0A399" box="[653,721,376,402]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0460736" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="mi" value="65.0">65 mi</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="117A2EA9FFE57C7B4CF262522561A399" box="[737,832,376,402]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="km" value="104.0">104 km</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="82FDD3C4FFE57C7B4E846421231CA548" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195300/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" targetBox="[306,1281,460,1778]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE57C7B4E846421231CA548" blockId="2.[151,1436,1803,1859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE57C7B4E8464212765A528" bold="true" box="[151,324,1803,1827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">FIGURES 1–4.</emphasis>
|
||
Female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE57C7B4FAC64262476A528" box="[447,599,1804,1827]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auriportae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE57C7B4FAC64262476A528" box="[447,599,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">M. auriportae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Santa Cruz Co., California. 1, lateral view of entire specimen. 2, lateral view of anterior end. 3, lateral view of caudal end backlit to show pubescence. 4, sublateral view of caudal end.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E98D0C7FFE57C7F4ED56446246EA4DF" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE57C7A4ED564462595A34C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1900,2038]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,327]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE57C7B4ED564462761A58D" bold="true" box="[198,320,1900,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE57C7B4F5464462426A58D" author="Hoffman" box="[327,519,1900,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1980 [1979]) Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Suisse, 237 pp." type="book" year="1980">Hoffman (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cited two species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE57C7B4CEC6446254DA58E" box="[767,876,1900,1925]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE57C7B4CEC6446254DA58E" box="[767,876,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Mitocybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the other undescribed from Guerrero,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE95C3DCFFE57C7B4B28644623B9A58D" box="[1339,1432,1900,1926]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Thirty years later, this species is still undescribed, and the substantial distance between Guerrero and Santa Cruz Co., ~
|
||
<quantity id="117A2EA9FFE57C7B4F31649D27AFA5DA" box="[290,398,1975,2001]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1382208" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="mi" value="1.95">1,950 mi</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="117A2EA9FFE57C7B4F8C649D2437A5DA" box="[415,534,1975,2001]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.12" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="km" value="3.12">3,120 km</quantity>
|
||
), suggests that the Mexican form is not congeneric. Considerably closer to Guerrero is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="09393DEEFFE57C7B4F4464F627AAA5FD" box="[343,395,2012,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE57C7B4C0A64F62241A5FD" authority="Shear and Marek, 2009" authorityName="Shear and Marek" authorityYear="2009" box="[537,1120,2012,2038]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Andrognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hoffmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE57C7B4C0A64F62519A5FE" box="[537,824,2012,2037]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Andrognathus hoffmani</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE57C7B4D5364F62241A5FD" author="Shear" box="[832,1120,2012,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Shear, W. A. & Marek, P. E. (2009) Andrognathus hoffmani, n. sp., A second species in the genus and the first species of Andrognathidae from Mexico (Diplopoda, Platydesmida, Andrognathidae). pp. 149 - 158, In: Roble, S. M., and Mitchell, J. C., eds., A Lifetime of Contributions to Myriapodology and the Natural History of Virginia: A Festschrift in Honor of Richard L. Hoffman's 80 th Birthday. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 16, 1 - 458 + i - xvi." type="journal article" year="2009">Shear and Marek, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in southern Nuevo León, ~
|
||
<quantity id="117A2EA9FFE47C7A4EB563B226DDA2B9" box="[166,252,152,178]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mi" value="500.0">500 mi</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="117A2EA9FFE47C7A4F1E63B2274DA2B9" box="[269,364,152,178]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="km" value="800.0">800 km</quantity>
|
||
) to the north, so assignment of the Guerrero form to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE47C7A4DE763B22314A2B9" authority="Cope, 1869" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" box="[1012,1333,152,178]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Andrognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE47C7A4DE763B222BFA2BA" box="[1012,1182,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Andrognathus</emphasis>
|
||
Cope, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is more plausible geographically.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE47C7A4FD8639724C4A2DD" box="[459,741,189,214]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Andrognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hoffmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE47C7A4FD8639724C4A2DD" box="[459,741,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Andrognathus hoffmani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is dorsally pilose without ornamentations and the head is also broadly rounded, thereby differing from the subpyriform condition in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="09393DEEFFE47C7A4A4263C822A4A2F7" box="[1105,1157,226,252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE47C7A4AE663C8273FA329" authority="Cope, 1869" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1869" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Andrognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corticarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE47C7A4AE663C823BCA2F0" box="[1269,1437,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">A. corticarius</emphasis>
|
||
Cope, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE47C7A4F3E622224E1A329" author="Shear" box="[301,704,264,290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="47" refString="Shear, W. A. & Marek, P. E. (2009) Andrognathus hoffmani, n. sp., A second species in the genus and the first species of Andrognathidae from Mexico (Diplopoda, Platydesmida, Andrognathidae). pp. 149 - 158, In: Roble, S. M., and Mitchell, J. C., eds., A Lifetime of Contributions to Myriapodology and the Natural History of Virginia: A Festschrift in Honor of Richard L. Hoffman's 80 th Birthday. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 16, 1 - 458 + i - xvi." type="journal article" year="2009">Shear and Marek 2009, figs. 3, 12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE95C3DCFFE47C7A4CC7622224D4A329" box="[724,757,264,290]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
the bodies of species of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE47C7A4A42622222D7A32A" box="[1105,1270,264,289]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Andrognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE47C7A4A42622222D7A32A" box="[1105,1270,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Andrognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE47C7A4B3C622223BDA32A" box="[1327,1436,264,289]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE47C7A4B3C622223BDA32A" box="[1327,1436,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Mitocybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are hairy and lack dorsal ornamentations, I contrast them in
|
||
<tableCitation id="9B00B6F7FFE47C7A4D456207258FA34C" box="[854,942,301,327]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of somatic features of Mitocybe and Andrognathus." pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="82FDD3C4FFE47C7A4E8464AC2374A5D5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195301/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" targetBox="[294,1281,381,1879]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE47C7A4E8464AC2374A5D5" blockId="3.[151,1436,1926,2014]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE47C7A4E8464AC2768A595" bold="true" box="[151,329,1926,1950]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">FIGURES 5–8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE47C7A4F4264AD2415A595" box="[337,564,1927,1950]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="autiportae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE47C7A4F4264AD2415A595" box="[337,564,1927,1950]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Mitocybe autiportae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, somatic features of female paratype, pubesence omitted. 5, left side of head, collum, and segments 2–5, dorsal view. 6, left side of midbody segments, dorsal view. 7, epiproct and right side of caudalmost segments, dorsal view. 8, head, anterior view. C, collum; 2–5, segment numbers. Scale line = 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="82FDD3C4FFE37C7D4E8463BD259DA2A4" box="[151,956,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4E8463BD259DA2A4" blockId="4.[151,1430,151,751]" box="[151,956,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE37C7D4E8463BD2729A2A4" bold="true" box="[151,264,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of somatic features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE37C7D4C9B63B224CAA2A4" box="[648,747,152,175]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE37C7D4C9B63B224CAA2A4" box="[648,747,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Mitocybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE37C7D4D0C63B22594A2A4" box="[799,949,152,175]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Andrognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE37C7D4D0C63B22594A2A4" box="[799,949,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Andrognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4E8C63E025E6A2EA" blockId="4.[151,1430,151,751]" box="[159,967,202,225]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE37C7D4E8C63E025E6A2EA" box="[159,967,202,225]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE37C7D4E8C63E02723A2EA" box="[159,258,202,225]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mitocybe</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE37C7D4D2263E025E6A2EA" box="[817,967,202,225]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Andrognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andrognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4E8C63DF23B7A33C" blockId="4.[151,1430,151,751]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Head and metaterga covered with dense pubescence. Head and metaterga pilose, decidedly less hairy. Metaterga thin, coplanar with paranota. Metaterga thick and swollen dorsad, elevated above</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4D22626A25B5A35C" blockId="4.[151,1430,151,751]" box="[817,916,320,343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">paranota.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4E8C624023B7A3AA" blockId="4.[151,1430,151,751]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Metaterga not swollen or expanding caudad; caudal margins Metaterga swollen and expanding caudad; caudal continuous with those of paranota. margins discontinuous with, and caudal to, those of</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4D22628025B5A3CA" blockId="4.[151,1430,151,751]" box="[817,916,426,449]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">paranota.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4E8C62F225E7A024" blockId="4.[151,1430,151,751]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">5th paranota with only slight anteriolateral expansions and 5th paranota angling anteriolaterad into distinct rounded suggestions of anterior lobes, caudolateral corners lobes, caudolateral corners flat or extending laterad into extending slightly laterad. distinct lobes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4E8C616823B4A052" blockId="4.[151,1430,151,751]" box="[159,1429,578,601]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Legs short, not extending beyond lateral margins of pleurae. Legs long, clearly extending beyond lateral margins of</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4D226148226CA072" blockId="4.[151,1430,151,751]" box="[817,1101,610,633]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">both pleurae and paranota.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4E8C61A72292A0E4" blockId="4.[151,1430,151,751]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Ozopores inconspicuous, not elevated on porosteles. Ozopores conspicuous, elevated on porosteles. Epiproct broad and prominent, overhanging and obscuring Epiproct small and inconspicuous, not overhanging or paraprocts in dorsal view. obscuring paraprocts in dorsal view.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="82FDD3C4FFE37C7D4E846455244CA5DD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195302/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[235,1364,841,1897]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE37C7D4E846455244CA5DD" blockId="4.[151,1436,1919,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE37C7D4E8464552772A59C" bold="true" box="[151,339,1919,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">FIGURES 9–11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE37C7D4F486455241FA59D" box="[347,574,1919,1942]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auriportae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE37C7D4F486455241FA59D" box="[347,574,1919,1942]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Mitocybe auriportae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, gonopodal features of male paratype. 9, left gonopods, anterior view. 10, the same, lateral view. 11, right gonopods, caudal view. A1-6, podomeres of anterior gonopod; P1-6, podomeres of posterior gonopod; S, sternum. Scale line = 0.05 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="82FDD3C4FFE27C7C4E846542252EA474" box="[151,783,1640,1664]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE27C7C4E846542252EA474" blockId="5.[151,783,1640,1664]" box="[151,783,1640,1664]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE27C7C4E8465422707A48B" bold="true" box="[151,294,1640,1664]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE27C7C4FCF6543241EA48B" box="[476,575,1641,1664]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE27C7C4FCF6543241EA48B" box="[476,575,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Mitocybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE27C7C4C6065432529A48B" box="[627,776,1641,1664]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auriportae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE27C7C4C6065432529A48B" box="[627,776,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">M. auriportae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE27C7C4ED5659B27AEA58D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1713,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE27C7C4ED5659B27A4A4C0" author="Hoffman" box="[198,389,1713,1739]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1980 [1979]) Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Suisse, 237 pp." type="book" year="1980">Hoffman (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a tentative classification of the order and family, assigning
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE27C7C4ABD659B233AA4C1" box="[1198,1307,1713,1738]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE27C7C4ABD659B233AA4C1" box="[1198,1307,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Mitocybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the new tribe, Mitocybeini, in the subfamily Dolisteninae, while suggesting in commentary that the latter category could be abolished. Nineteen years later, he (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE27C7C4CD965D625A3A51D" author="Hoffman" box="[714,898,1788,1814]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1999) Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 8, 1 - 584." type="journal article" year="1999">Hoffman 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) listed andrognathid genera alphabetically, omitting both subfamilies and tribes because of the "unsatisfactory condition of the existing classification." While concurring with this statement, I cite all categories to record the full existing taxonomy that may require modification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE27C7F4ED564BB2799A09C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1713,2038]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,1748]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
A definitive study of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE27C7C4FD664BB2442A5A0" box="[453,611,1937,1963]" class="Diplopoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Platydesmida</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on gonopodal details has never been conducted and is much to be desired. The two component families differ in the breadths of the sterna – broad with widely separated opposing coxae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE27C7C4F6064F6243FA5FD" box="[371,542,2012,2038]" class="Diplopoda" family="Platydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and narrow with nearly contiguous coxae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE27C7C4A3D64F622CFA5FD" box="[1070,1262,2012,2038]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Andrognathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The nominate family, endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE95C3DCFFE17C7F4F6A63B227F2A2B9" box="[377,467,152,178]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE95C3DCFFE17C7F4C7963B224F3A2B9" box="[618,722,152,178]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, includes only broad-bodied forms with long, alate paranota, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4ED6639727A4A2DC" box="[197,389,189,215]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Andrognathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
presently encompasses this morphology plus species that are long and thread-like with short paranota. The two andrognathid forms, shown together for comparison by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE17C7F4A5863C826C4A329" author="Shear" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Shear, W. A. & Marek, P. E. (2009) Andrognathus hoffmani, n. sp., A second species in the genus and the first species of Andrognathidae from Mexico (Diplopoda, Platydesmida, Andrognathidae). pp. 149 - 158, In: Roble, S. M., and Mitchell, J. C., eds., A Lifetime of Contributions to Myriapodology and the Natural History of Virginia: A Festschrift in Honor of Richard L. Hoffman's 80 th Birthday. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 16, 1 - 458 + i - xvi." type="journal article" year="2009">Shear and Marek (2009:150, fig. 1)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, occur sympatrically in North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE95C3DCFFE17C7F4C73622224E8A329" box="[608,713,264,290]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE95C3DCFFE17C7F4D1562222558A329" box="[774,889,264,290]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">east Asia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but only long, slender ones occupy parts of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE17C7F4C8C620725B0A34C" box="[671,913,301,327]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Shelley, R. M., McAllister, C. T. & Tanabe, T. (2005) A synopsis of the milliped genus Brachycybe Wood, 1864 (Platydesmida: Andrognathidae). Fragmenta Faunistica, 48 (2), 137 - 166." type="journal article">
|
||
Shelley
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4CEC6207251AA34D" box="[767,827,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested restricting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4A8762072370A34C" box="[1172,1361,301,327]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Andrognathidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the latter components and elevating Bazillozoniinae Verhoeff, 1935, to family status for the broad ones. However, the American and east Asian genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4C46625224C7A39A" box="[597,742,376,401]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Brachycybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4C46625224C7A39A" box="[597,742,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Brachycybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with its broad body, alate paranota, and narrow sterna, bridges the anatomical gap between platydesmids and narrow-bodied andrognathids; except for the sternal difference, species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4F8562E82400A3D0" box="[406,545,450,475]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Brachycybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4F8562E82400A3D0" box="[406,545,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Brachycybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
more closely resemble platydesmids than andrognathids. Gonopodal factors will resolve the taxonomy, but from somatic features, two resolutions are evident: (1) formally elevate Bazillozoniinae to accommodate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4C5F612724C5A02D" box="[588,740,525,550]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Brachycybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4C5F612724C5A02D" box="[588,740,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Brachycybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4D3661272280A02C" authority="Pocock, 1887" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1887" box="[805,1185,525,551]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Pseudodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4D36612725C3A02D" box="[805,994,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Pseudodesmus</emphasis>
|
||
Pocock, 1887
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or (2) combine all platydesmidans into a single family. Such a determination is beyond the scope of the present contribution, but a critical review of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4F6C6172243CA079" box="[383,541,600,626]" class="Diplopoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Platydesmida</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on gonopods and addressing this question would constitute a worthy graduate student project.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D63D834CFFE17C7F4ED56188246EA4DF" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,1748]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Dissecting small gonopods, as in the subterclass Colobognatha (orders
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4A406188277EA0E9" authority="Polyzoniida, Siphonocryptida" authorityName="Polyzoniida, Siphonocryptida" class="Diplopoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Platydesmida, Polyzoniida, Siphonocryptida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4F7F61E224CFA0E9" authority="Shelley 2003" authorityName="Shelley" authorityYear="2003" box="[364,750,712,738]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
|
||
Siphonophorida
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE17C7F4C2061E224CFA0E9" author="Shelley" box="[563,750,712,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Shelley, R. M. (2003 [2002]) A revised, annotated, family-level classification of the Diplopoda. Arthropoda Selecta, 11 (3), 187 - 207." type="journal article" year="2003">(Shelley 2003))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and separating the anterior and posterior ones from each other is difficult and requires patience and a steady hand. A much easier course is to mount segments 7–8 upside down on a stub, examine the undissected gonopods
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4D6C603825EEA120" box="[895,975,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
under SEM, and take photos at high magnifications that show more detail of the readily visible parts than light microscopy can possibly reveal. Recent SEM works on colobognaths by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE17C7F4C7E607725A8A17C" author="Marek" box="[621,905,861,887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Marek, P. E. & Bond, J. E. (2006) Rediscovery of the world's leggiest animal. Nature, 441 (7094), 707." type="journal article" year="2006">Marek and Bond (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4DA9607723BDA17C" authority="Cook and Loomis, 1928" authorityName="Cook and Loomis" authorityYear="1928" box="[954,1436,861,887]" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4DA96077225AA17D" box="[954,1147,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Illacme plenipes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE17C7F4A92607723BDA17C" author="Cook" box="[1153,1436,861,887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="46" refString="Cook, O. F. & Loomis, H. F. (1928) Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 72, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1928">Cook and Loomis, 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4E8C60A82749A197" box="[159,360,898,924]" class="Diplopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Siphonophorida</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4F6760A82463A197" box="[372,578,898,924]" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Siphonorhinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE17C7F4C9860A82598A197" author="Shear" box="[651,953,898,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Shear, W. A. & Marek, P. E. (2009) Andrognathus hoffmani, n. sp., A second species in the genus and the first species of Andrognathidae from Mexico (Diplopoda, Platydesmida, Andrognathidae). pp. 149 - 158, In: Roble, S. M., and Mitchell, J. C., eds., A Lifetime of Contributions to Myriapodology and the Natural History of Virginia: A Festschrift in Honor of Richard L. Hoffman's 80 th Birthday. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication, 16, 1 - 458 + i - xvi." type="journal article" year="2009">Shear and Marek (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4DFE60A822B9A190" box="[1005,1176,898,923]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Andrognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4DFE60A822B9A190" box="[1005,1176,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Andrognathus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., contain elegant SEM
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4ECC6082270EA1CA" box="[223,303,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
gonopod photos (those of the former are provided in supplemental information at http:// www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7094/suppinfo/441707a.html), but a significant drawback to this practice is that details of the anterior gonopod sternum are not shown. Since gonopods represent modified legs that are joined by a sclerotized sternum, the structure is a fundamental part of the "gonopod complex" whose presence, absence, size, and configuration may hold taxonomic utility at generic and supra-generic levels. Just as gonopods can be modified, enlarged, and reduced, so can the sternum that connects them; it can even be vestigial or lost altogether, as in the tribes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4C9967A22513A6A9" box="[650,818,1160,1186]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Rhysodesmini">Rhysodesmini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4D7867A225D4A6A9" box="[875,1013,1160,1186]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Apheloriini">Apheloriini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4AF467A22763A6CC" authority="(Polydesmida)" baseAuthorityName="Polydesmida" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xystodesmidae (Polydesmida)</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE17C7F4F4267872421A6CC" author="Hoffman" box="[337,512,1197,1223]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1960) Revision of the milliped genus Cherokia (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112, 227 - 264." type="journal article" year="1960">Hoffman 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B213FEBDFFE17C7F4C1F67872540A6CC" author="Shelley" box="[524,865,1197,1223]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Shelley, R. M. & Whitehead, D. R. (1986) A reconsideration of the milliped genus Sigmoria, with a revision of Deltotaria and an analysis of the genera in the tribe Apheloriini (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 35, 1 - 223." type="journal article" year="1986">Shelley and Whitehead 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The condition of the sternum is thus important, but it is situated in the minute gap between the anterior gonopods and 8th legs in colobognaths and is invisible
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4E8467D126C1A71F" box="[151,224,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
. Marek and Bond provided 27 SEM gonopod photos of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4D6D67D125D8A71F" box="[894,1017,1275,1300]" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4D6D67D125D8A71F" box="[894,1017,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">I. plenipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but while a sclerotized connection between the anterior gonopods appears to exist, I could not perceive details even when enlarging them to near blurriness at 400%. In describing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4C39666C25B1A754" authority="Shear and Marek" authorityName="Shear and Marek" box="[554,912,1349,1375]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Andrognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hoffmani">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4C39666C2494A754" box="[554,693,1350,1375]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">A. hoffmani</emphasis>
|
||
, Shear and Marek
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
characterized the sternum verbally, but it is not evident in the gonopod photos (figs. 18–19); additionally, the distal halves of the apophyses of A2 are shown, but the manner in which they arise is not. All gonopodal structures cannot be shown in any photo or drawing, but a complete view of colobognath sterna seems essential and can only come from dissected gonopods that are removed from the body. Having now studied
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1182F8CFFFE17C7F4D8D66F12266A7FF" box="[926,1095,1499,1524]" class="Diplopoda" family="Andrognathidae" genus="Mitocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Platydesmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auriportae">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4D8D66F12266A7FF" box="[926,1095,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">M. auriportae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, I cannot imagine an
|
||
<emphasis id="E4F65F5EFFE17C7F4B4266F123BCA7FF" box="[1361,1437,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
SEM photo of its gonopods showing any part of the sternum, and such would therefore misrepresent the appendages despite the greater detail it would provide of other features. Though tedious, dissecting and mounting the "gonopod complex" for SEM examinations seems advisable because the platform with the stub can be rotated to show details of the sternum and basal podomeres. Phylogenetically significant traits likely involve the sternum; omitting this structure from illustrations and ignoring its features could result in flawed taxonomies within the Colobognatha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |