230 lines
33 KiB
XML
230 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="731246F54CA6C8C5CA447D70A9B6113C" ID-CLB-Dataset="3587" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a20" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8e41f2cf-1620-45db-847c-54fc788f51ad" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5679113" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:04F82471-9F26-4935-97CE-1A286E08C958" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1636557091778" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Luján, Àngel H., Čerňanský, Andrej, Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac, Březina, Jakub & Ivanov, Martin" docDate="2021" docId="523F87B8FF9DDC54FE95F8EEE74CFAB2" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.43.20.691-707.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 43 (20)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Testudinidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="698" masterDocId="AE06FFC0FF94DC5EFFA7FFFCE63EFF9C" masterDocTitle="Fossil turtles from the early Miocene localities of Mokrá-Quarry (Burdigalian, MN 4), South Moravian Region, Czech Republic" masterLastPageNumber="707" masterPageNumber="691" pageNumber="698" updateTime="1699469340771" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="01322A41FEC96C8FE18706EC0F0271BC">
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<mods:title id="9F5565F39FBCE1B29B4BC45EA9BF32A0">Fossil turtles from the early Miocene localities of Mokrá-Quarry (Burdigalian, MN 4), South Moravian Region, Czech Republic</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8F1BBA37563BF71D3C27122840625B72" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="4D017279C3D984E0B8C1866C52D12AA6">Luján, Àngel H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8B618F04F43E5B1751AAF603DFAEAB5E">Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geological Sciences, 611 37 Brno (Czechia) and Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Ecology, 842 15 Bratislava (Slovakia) and Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Spain)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B5F107028B1302C1D8D09D1F9966C1F5" type="email">angel.lujan@icp.cat</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="EE0042563F868953FB87E375948392D7">Čerňanský, Andrej</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="365350D57BD93E7E89EBCAEA5B9D4ED9">Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Ecology, 842 15 Bratislava (Slovakia)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5CD96CA5EB0CD2EB37FA6E43EECF21E6" type="email">cernansky.paleontology@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="1F4053F2B968E5950E0E16B4D6B3D4E7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1EB20FA5CD394BE94F3C0FF9A0B802B0">Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9B74D55B4F641F2897291BA23EB73C1E">Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova, 842 15 Bratislava (Slovakia)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B37C1869E90347DD391EA972F5469D6B" type="email">salomon1@uniba.sk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="C22370C9935FFB88C5CCF105DBE15A19">Březina, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="931F09C8148E0074E29BDEA6E4211483">Moravian Museum, Department of Geology and Paleontology, 659 37 Brno (Czechia)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A5421D8B01481B49ABCE0B23392DCDFE" type="email">jbrezina@mzm.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="640C0E6F85AA3589021204E7E7A9645A">Ivanov, Martin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="84445BDCBA03257E42FE7AB220129D30">Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geological Sciences, 611 37 Brno (Czechia)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="71738D018A6425DA859F8F49485D8919" type="email">mivanov@sci.muni.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="B90FDD07386B56E9347784D258E9E748">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="609CBF1BBEA95F467E85F2070203EC16">
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<mods:date id="6C14C02BC6F11A03FE2EFBEA835AD6B5">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="311C553FC6970FDF962BFE57289C92C4">2021-10-26</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="A3890D77B7320455695FEA7505E318A7" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="29F09EF86083A74C4ED3266EC077D588">43</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="885DDD3C95FC1B1828923817E24B8680" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="92DA813B1526359E3B70F0B3C279F7F4">20</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="BEBFA8EBFDE4B684DD9EE91BCBD913FD">691</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="106CD0C69C8F2855062E00AF5E1ED83A" type="CLB-Dataset">3587</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D10D505A0EFCC15B1941AA7DD1DDC4C9" type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a20</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="523F87B8FF9DDC54FE95F8EEE74CFAB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5700001" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190303791" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5700001" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:523F87B8FF9DDC54FE95F8EEE74CFAB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/523F87B8FF9DDC54FE95F8EEE74CFAB2" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="698" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">
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<subSubSection id="928C6525FF9DDC57FE95F8EEE467F8B0" box="[306,601,1810,1836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="698" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DA2936AEFF9DDC57FE95F8EEE467F8B0" blockId="9.[306,601,1810,1836]" box="[306,601,1810,1836]" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">
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<taxonomicName id="1D964D2DFF9DDC57FE95F8EEE782F8B0" authority="Batsch, 1788" box="[306,444,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="9" pageNumber="698" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Testudinidae</taxonomicName>
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indet. (
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<figureCitation id="42AD2A2BFF9DDC57FDB5F8EEE46EF8B0" box="[530,592,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1242,1259]" captionTargetBox="[138,1448,214,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-400@9.[133,1455,211,1208]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. — Shell and postcranial remains of Testudinidae indet. from MWQ4/2018: A-D, Pal. 1363 (shell fragment); A, B, dorsal; C, D, visceral; E-H, Pal. 1364 (scapula); E, lateral; F, medial; G, anterior; H, dorsal; I-M, Pal. 1365 (fibula); I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, posterior; L, anterior; M, lateral views. Dotted lines indicate plate sutures and oblique lines denote missing plate portions. Abbreviations: fi, fibula; sc, scapula; sf, shell fragment. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5679129/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="928C6525FF9DDC57FF23F8B3E390F8F7" pageId="9" pageNumber="698" type="description">
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<paragraph id="DA2936AEFF9DDC57FF23F8B3E78FF8FB" blockId="9.[132,433,1871,1895]" box="[132,433,1871,1895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">
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<materialsCitation id="6AFE3CF3FF9DDC57FF23F8B3E78FF8FB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400720301" box="[132,433,1871,1895]" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">LOCALITIES. — MWQ4/2018.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DA2936AEFF9DDC57FF23F87EE794F876" blockId="9.[130,775,1922,2026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">
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STUDIED MATERIAL. —
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<materialsCitation id="6AFE3CF3FF9DDC57FED4F878E794F876" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400720306" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9DDC57FED4F878E42EF800" bold="true" box="[371,528,1924,1948]" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">
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<collectingCountry id="A281763EFF9DDC57FED4F878E42EF800" box="[371,528,1924,1948]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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.
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<collectingRegion id="1852F84CFF9DDC57FDB9F87EE53DF806" box="[542,771,1922,1946]" country="Czech Republic" name="Jihomoravsky" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">South Moravia Region</collectingRegion>
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, Mokrá-Quarry, shell and postcranial remains (
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<figureCitation id="42AD2A2BFF9DDC57FD94F861E459F829" box="[563,615,1949,1973]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1242,1259]" captionTargetBox="[138,1448,214,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-400@9.[133,1455,211,1208]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. — Shell and postcranial remains of Testudinidae indet. from MWQ4/2018: A-D, Pal. 1363 (shell fragment); A, B, dorsal; C, D, visceral; E-H, Pal. 1364 (scapula); E, lateral; F, medial; G, anterior; H, dorsal; I-M, Pal. 1365 (fibula); I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, posterior; L, anterior; M, lateral views. Dotted lines indicate plate sutures and oblique lines denote missing plate portions. Abbreviations: fi, fibula; sc, scapula; sf, shell fragment. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5679129/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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A-M): Pal. 1363, shell fragment; Pal. 1364, scapula (i.e., anterodorsal process fragment); Pal. 1365, right fibula.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DA2936AEFF9DDC57FC8AFAA8E583FAF0" blockId="9.[810,1456,1364,1900]" box="[813,957,1364,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DA2936AEFF9DDC57FC8AFA8FE390F8F7" blockId="9.[810,1456,1364,1900]" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">
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Only a shell fragment formed by two portions of plates is known (
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<figureCitation id="42AD2A2BFF9DDC57FC92FA6FE552FA31" box="[821,876,1427,1453]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1242,1259]" captionTargetBox="[138,1448,214,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-400@9.[133,1455,211,1208]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. — Shell and postcranial remains of Testudinidae indet. from MWQ4/2018: A-D, Pal. 1363 (shell fragment); A, B, dorsal; C, D, visceral; E-H, Pal. 1364 (scapula); E, lateral; F, medial; G, anterior; H, dorsal; I-M, Pal. 1365 (fibula); I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, posterior; L, anterior; M, lateral views. Dotted lines indicate plate sutures and oblique lines denote missing plate portions. Abbreviations: fi, fibula; sc, scapula; sf, shell fragment. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5679129/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">Fig.4</figureCitation>
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A-D).Pal.1363 corresponds most likely to a carapace portion, but it is poorly preserved and is not possible to assess this confidently. The length and maximum width of the preserved plate fragment is
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<quantity id="1D6E9B4BFF9DDC57FC79FA0FE228F991" box="[990,1046,1523,1549]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="698" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
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. The external part is completely smooth and is not crossed by any sulcus (
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<figureCitation id="42AD2A2BFF9DDC57FBDBF9EEE2D3F9B1" box="[1148,1261,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1242,1259]" captionTargetBox="[138,1448,214,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-400@9.[133,1455,211,1208]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. — Shell and postcranial remains of Testudinidae indet. from MWQ4/2018: A-D, Pal. 1363 (shell fragment); A, B, dorsal; C, D, visceral; E-H, Pal. 1364 (scapula); E, lateral; F, medial; G, anterior; H, dorsal; I-M, Pal. 1365 (fibula); I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, posterior; L, anterior; M, lateral views. Dotted lines indicate plate sutures and oblique lines denote missing plate portions. Abbreviations: fi, fibula; sc, scapula; sf, shell fragment. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5679129/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
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). A suture is recognized on top of plate, which is concave and approximately
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<quantity id="1D6E9B4BFF9DDC57FADBF9CFE391F9D1" box="[1404,1455,1587,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="698" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
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wide. A partial bone, belonging to the shoulder girdle, has been identified (Pal.1364:
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<figureCitation id="42AD2A2BFF9DDC57FBA2F98EE200F910" box="[1029,1086,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1242,1259]" captionTargetBox="[138,1448,214,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-400@9.[133,1455,211,1208]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. — Shell and postcranial remains of Testudinidae indet. from MWQ4/2018: A-D, Pal. 1363 (shell fragment); A, B, dorsal; C, D, visceral; E-H, Pal. 1364 (scapula); E, lateral; F, medial; G, anterior; H, dorsal; I-M, Pal. 1365 (fibula); I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, posterior; L, anterior; M, lateral views. Dotted lines indicate plate sutures and oblique lines denote missing plate portions. Abbreviations: fi, fibula; sc, scapula; sf, shell fragment. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5679129/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">Fig.4</figureCitation>
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E-H). Only the anterodorsal process fragment is preserved.Pal.1364 is subcylindrical in cross-section and distally rounded.The distal surface ends in a rough rounded area to join with the visceral part of the carapace (
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<figureCitation id="42AD2A2BFF9DDC57FA85F92EE34AF970" box="[1314,1396,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1242,1259]" captionTargetBox="[138,1448,214,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-400@9.[133,1455,211,1208]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. — Shell and postcranial remains of Testudinidae indet. from MWQ4/2018: A-D, Pal. 1363 (shell fragment); A, B, dorsal; C, D, visceral; E-H, Pal. 1364 (scapula); E, lateral; F, medial; G, anterior; H, dorsal; I-M, Pal. 1365 (fibula); I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, posterior; L, anterior; M, lateral views. Dotted lines indicate plate sutures and oblique lines denote missing plate portions. Abbreviations: fi, fibula; sc, scapula; sf, shell fragment. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5679129/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
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). The hind limb skeleton is restricted to one partial fibula (
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<figureCitation id="42AD2A2BFF9DDC57FAE5F90EE342F890" box="[1346,1404,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1242,1259]" captionTargetBox="[138,1448,214,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-400@9.[133,1455,211,1208]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. — Shell and postcranial remains of Testudinidae indet. from MWQ4/2018: A-D, Pal. 1363 (shell fragment); A, B, dorsal; C, D, visceral; E-H, Pal. 1364 (scapula); E, lateral; F, medial; G, anterior; H, dorsal; I-M, Pal. 1365 (fibula); I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, posterior; L, anterior; M, lateral views. Dotted lines indicate plate sutures and oblique lines denote missing plate portions. Abbreviations: fi, fibula; sc, scapula; sf, shell fragment. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5679129/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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I-M) that is elliptical in cross-section. Its distal articular surface is slightly small, oval and convex (
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<figureCitation id="42AD2A2BFF9DDC57FBC2F8CDE287F8D0" box="[1125,1209,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1242,1259]" captionTargetBox="[138,1448,214,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-400@9.[133,1455,211,1208]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. — Shell and postcranial remains of Testudinidae indet. from MWQ4/2018: A-D, Pal. 1363 (shell fragment); A, B, dorsal; C, D, visceral; E-H, Pal. 1364 (scapula); E, lateral; F, medial; G, anterior; H, dorsal; I-M, Pal. 1365 (fibula); I, dorsal; J, ventral; K, posterior; L, anterior; M, lateral views. Dotted lines indicate plate sutures and oblique lines denote missing plate portions. Abbreviations: fi, fibula; sc, scapula; sf, shell fragment. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5679129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5679129/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">Fig.4M</figureCitation>
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).Both postcranial bones are poorly preserved and no significant details can be discerned.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="928C6525FF9DDC54FC8AF86EE74CFAB2" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="699" pageId="9" pageNumber="698" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="DA2936AEFF9DDC57FC8AF86EE5AFF836" blockId="9.[813,1455,1938,2028]" box="[813,913,1938,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">REMARKS</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DA2936AEFF9DDC54FC8AF84DE74CFAB2" blockId="9.[813,1455,1938,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[131,778,215,1326]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="699" pageId="9" pageNumber="698">
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Fossil remains of giant tortoises are not very common in Miocene assemblages of Central Europe; their record being limited to few localities from
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<collectingCountry id="A281763EFF9EDC54FD96FF2BE4B9FF6D" box="[561,647,215,241]" name="Austria" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Austria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="A281763EFF9EDC54FD31FF2BE53CFF6D" box="[662,770,215,241]" name="Germany" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Germany</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="A281763EFF9EDC54FF23FF04E6D4FE8E" box="[132,234,248,274]" name="Hungary" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Hungary</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="A281763EFF9EDC54FE81FF0BE795FE8D" box="[294,427,247,273]" name="Switzerland" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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(Alba
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FE5BFF04E40DFE8D" box="[508,563,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">et al.</emphasis>
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2010, 2011;
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FD74FF0BE773FEAD" author="CARMONA R. & ALBA D. M. & VILAR I. & FURIO M. & GARCES M. & BERTO MENGUAL J. V. & GALINDO J. & LUJAN A. H." pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="65 - 74" refId="ref12231" refString="CARMONA R., ALBA D. M., CASANOVAS- VILAR I., FURIO M., GARCES M., BERTO MENGUAL J. V., GALINDO J. & LUJAN A. H. 2011. - Intervencion paleontologica en la serie del Mioceno Superior del Ecoparc de Can Mata (cuenca del Valles-Penedes, NE de la peninsula Iberica), in PEREZ- GARCIA A., GASCO F., GASULLA J. M. & ESCASO F. (eds), Viajando a mundos preteritos. Ayuntamineto de Morella, Morella: 65 - 74 (in Spanish with English summary)." type="book chapter" year="2011">
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Carmona
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FF68FEE4E737FEAD" box="[207,265,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">et al.</emphasis>
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2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FEF8FEEBE7D9FEAE" author="LUJAN A. H." box="[351,487,279,306]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" refId="ref14416" refString="LUJAN A. H. 2015. - Les tortugues (Testudines) del Neogeni Quaternari de Catalunya (NE de la Peninsula Iberica). PhD dissertation, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 417 p. (in Catalan with English summary; online published)." type="book" year="2015">Luján 2015</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FDA4FEEBE6ECFECD" author="LOVERIDGE A. & WILLIAMS E. E." pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="163 - 557" refId="ref14364" refString="LOVERIDGE A. & WILLIAMS E. E. 1957. - Revision of the African tortoises and turtles of the suborder Cryptodira. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 115 (6): 163 - 557. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / part / 2475" type="journal article" year="1957">Loveridge & Williams (1957)</bibRefCitation>
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proposed that all European giant tortoises should be transferred into the extant genus
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<taxonomicName id="1D964D2DFF9EDC54FDBFFEABE4AFFEED" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1835" box="[536,657,343,369]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Geochelone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FDBFFEABE4AFFEED" box="[536,657,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Geochelone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This proposal was adopted for some time, and consequently, large tortoise remains in Europe are still frequently referred to in the literature as
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<taxonomicName id="1D964D2DFF9EDC54FEF0FE4AE7C6FE4D" box="[343,504,438,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Geochelone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FEF0FE4AE7EFFE4C" box="[343,465,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Geochelone</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FD99FE4AE4C1FE4D" author="AUFFENBERG W." box="[574,767,438,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="121 - 251" refId="ref11594" refString="AUFFENBERG W. 1974. - Checklist of fossil land tortoises (Testudinidae). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences 18 (3): 121 - 251. https: // ufdc. ufl. edu / UF 00027859 / 00001" type="journal article" year="1974">Auffenberg 1974</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FF23FE2AE703FE6C" author="MLYNARSKI M." box="[132,317,470,496]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" refId="ref14954" refString="MLYNARSKI M. 1976. - Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Part 7. Testudines. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 130 p." type="book" year="1976">Młynarski 1976</bibRefCitation>
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). However, current phylogenies do not support a close relationship between Mio- Pleistocene large tortoises and
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<taxonomicName id="1D964D2DFF9EDC54FEFEFDEAE7EDFDAC" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1835" box="[345,467,534,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Geochelone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FEFEFDEAE7EDFDAC" box="[345,467,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Geochelone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. More recently,
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FD2BFDEBE72FFDCD" author="BOURGAT R. & BOUR R." pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="167 - 177" refId="ref11955" refString="BOURGAT R. & BOUR R. 1983. - La Tortue geante de Perpignan: Cheirogaster perpiniana (Deperet, 1885). Bulletin de la Societe agricole, scientifique et litteraire des Pyrennees-Orientales 91: 167 - 177." type="journal article" year="1983">Bourgat & Bour (1983)</bibRefCitation>
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referred all giant fossil tortoises to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="1D964D2DFF9EDC54FF24FDAAE735FDEC" authorityName="Bergounioux" authorityYear="1935" box="[131,267,598,624]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Cheirogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FF24FDAAE735FDEC" box="[131,267,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Cheirogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Most subsequent works accepted this genus attribution (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FEEEFD8AE432FD0C" author="LUJAN A. H. & ALBA D. M. & FORTUNY J. & DELFINO M." box="[329,524,630,656]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="163 - 168" refId="ref14464" refString="LUJAN A. H., ALBA D. M., FORTUNY J. & DELFINO M. 2010. - Cranial remains of Cheirogaster Bergounioux 1935 (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the late Miocene of Ecoparc de Can Mata (Valles-Penedes Basin, Catalonia, Spain). Cidaris 30: 163 - 168 (in Spanish with English summary)." type="journal article" year="2010">
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Luján
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FE34FD8BE7F4FD0C" box="[403,458,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">et al.</emphasis>
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2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FDBCFD8AE468FD0C" author="LUJAN A. H. & DELFINO M. & VILAR I. & ALBA D. M." box="[539,598,630,656]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="277 - 295" refId="ref14529" refString="LUJAN A. H., DELFINO M., CASANOVAS- VILAR I. & ALBA D. M. 2014. - Taxonomy of subgenus Temnoclemmys Bergounioux, 1958 (Testudines: Geoemydidae: Ptychogasterinae) based on new material from the Valles-Penedes Basin. Comptes Rendus Paleovol 13 (4): 277 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2013.11.004" type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
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), until recently when Pérez-García & Vlachos (2014) proposed that European Neogene giant tortoises constitute a clade that is more derived than the
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<typeStatus id="052D880CFF9EDC54FE03FD2AE7EBFD6C" box="[420,469,726,752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">type</typeStatus>
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species of
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<taxonomicName id="1D964D2DFF9EDC54FDF4FD29E4E5FD73" authorityName="Bergounioux" authorityYear="1935" box="[595,731,725,751]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Cheirogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FDF4FD29E4E5FD73" box="[595,731,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Cheirogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.To allocate these taxa, Pérez-García & Vlachos (2014) erected the genus
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<taxonomicName id="1D964D2DFF9EDC54FEA7FCE9E7ADFCB3" box="[256,403,789,815]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Titanochelon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FEA7FCE9E7ADFCB3" box="[256,403,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Titanochelon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with
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<taxonomicName id="1D964D2DFF9EDC54FE43FCEAE456FCB3" authorityName="Hernandez-Pacheco" authorityYear="1917" box="[484,616,789,815]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Titanochelon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivari">
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FE43FCEAE456FCB3" box="[484,616,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Ti. bolivari</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Hernández- Pacheco, 1917) as its
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<typeStatus id="052D880CFF9EDC54FE27FCCAE78FFCCC" box="[384,433,822,848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">type</typeStatus>
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species. This genus is characterized by a shell reaching over
|
|
<quantity id="1D6E9B4BFF9EDC54FE5DFCA9E46DFCEC" box="[506,595,853,880]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" unit="cm" value="100.0">100 cm</quantity>
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and the fusion of marginal scutes 12 (i.e., constituting a supracaudal scute). However, the evolution of gigantism amongst fossil tortoises is clearly a homoplastic phenomenon, mainly related to insular conditions, or adaptation to either global or local environmental changes (
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FD2EFC09E4C1FB93" author="KEAR B. P." box="[649,767,1013,1039]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="66 - 68" refId="ref14023" refString="KEAR B. P. 2010. - Evolution of gigantic tortoises from the Neogene of Europe. The Palaeontology Newsletter 73: 66 - 68." type="journal article" year="2010">Kear 2010</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FF23FBE8E701FBB2" author="LUJAN A. H. & ALBA D. M. & FORTUNY J. & DELFINO M." box="[132,319,1044,1070]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="163 - 168" refId="ref14464" refString="LUJAN A. H., ALBA D. M., FORTUNY J. & DELFINO M. 2010. - Cranial remains of Cheirogaster Bergounioux 1935 (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the late Miocene of Ecoparc de Can Mata (Valles-Penedes Basin, Catalonia, Spain). Cidaris 30: 163 - 168 (in Spanish with English summary)." type="journal article" year="2010">
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Luján
|
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FF6CFBE9E6C1FBB2" box="[203,255,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">et al.</emphasis>
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2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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|
<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FEEBFBE8E7AAFBB2" author="LUJAN A. H. & ALCOVER J. A. & IVANOV M. & TORRES E. & ALBA, D. M." box="[332,404,1044,1070]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="261 - 278" refId="ref14740" refString="LUJAN A. H., ALCOVER J. A., IVANOV M., TORRES E. & ALBA, D. M. 2017 b. - Revision taxonomica de " Testudo " gymnesica Bate, 1914 (Testudines, Testudinidae) a partir de la descripcion del material tipo de Menorca (Islas Baleares). Spanish Journal of Paleontology 32 (2): 261 - 278 (in Spanish with English summary). https: // doi. org / 10.7203 / sjp. 32.2.17043" type="journal article" year="2017">2017b</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FE05FBE9E463FBB2" author="ITESCU Y. & KARRAKER N. E. & RAIA P. & PRITCHARD P. C. & MEIRI S." box="[418,605,1044,1071]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="689 - 700" refId="ref13517" refString="ITESCU Y., KARRAKER N. E., RAIA P., PRITCHARD P. C. & MEIRI S. 2014. - Is the island rule general? Turtles disagree. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23 (6): 689 - 700. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / geb. 12149" type="journal article" year="2014">
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Itescu
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FE4DFBE9E420FBB2" box="[490,542,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Similarly, the fusion of marginal scutes 12 occurs in many extant and extinct genera and cannot be considered autapomorphic for the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1D964D2DFF9EDC54FE8CFB88E787FB12" box="[299,441,1140,1166]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Titanochelon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FE8CFB88E787FB12" box="[299,441,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Titanochelon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
. In summary, the taxonomy of the Miocene giant tortoises of Europe is still a subject of debate and will require improvement of existing data matrix (e.g., including more skull characters) in order to decipher the phylogenetic relationships of
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<taxonomicName id="1D964D2DFF9EDC54FDDDFB0FE753FAB2" authority="(Lujan et al. 2017 b)" baseAuthorityName="Lujan" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Titanochelon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FDDDFB0FE534FA91" box="[634,778,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">Titanochelon</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="BE074B5FFF9EDC54FF29FAEFE75FFAB1" author="LUJAN A. H. & ALCOVER J. A. & IVANOV M. & TORRES E. & ALBA, D. M." box="[142,353,1299,1325]" pageId="10" pageNumber="699" pagination="261 - 278" refId="ref14740" refString="LUJAN A. H., ALCOVER J. A., IVANOV M., TORRES E. & ALBA, D. M. 2017 b. - Revision taxonomica de " Testudo " gymnesica Bate, 1914 (Testudines, Testudinidae) a partir de la descripcion del material tipo de Menorca (Islas Baleares). Spanish Journal of Paleontology 32 (2): 261 - 278 (in Spanish with English summary). https: // doi. org / 10.7203 / sjp. 32.2.17043" type="journal article" year="2017">
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Luján
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<emphasis id="E8E2EABCFF9EDC54FF7FFAE8E731FAB1" box="[216,271,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="699">et al.</emphasis>
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2017b
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |