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<mods:title id="79A294012161E9B55D2BEB4859B26478">Chromosome Numbers of Some Cultivated Acanthaceae with Notes on Chromosomal Evolution in the Family</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="969855CB7E303E5EE3CEF9043E0760D8">Daniel, Thomas F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0E21CA4879142C1642EBFB9C762DF949">Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="CFC5657D1B6DFF90D7FAFB29A1C90497" box="[171,416,1188,1213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="876036F61B6DFF90D7FAFB29A1C90497" blockId="2.[123,1174,804,1726]" box="[171,416,1188,1213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D7FAFB29A1C90497" ID-CoL="3D7V" authority="P. Beauv." authorityName="P. Beauv." box="[171,416,1188,1213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Brillantaisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D7FAFB29A1F50496" bold="true" box="[171,412,1188,1213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D7FAFB29A15C0497" bold="true" box="[171,309,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">Brillantaisia</emphasis>
P. Beauv
</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CFC5657D1B6DFF90D6CEFB28A1570676" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" type="description">
<paragraph id="876036F61B6DFF90D6CEFB28A2ED0516" blockId="2.[123,1174,804,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">
— Thirteen species of 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D5C2FB28A3730496" box="[659,794,1189,1213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Brillantaisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D5C2FB28A3730496" box="[659,794,1189,1213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">Brillantaisia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known from tropical Africa and 
<collectingCountry id="FFC876661B6DFF90D72AFB48A09604F6" box="[123,255,1221,1245]" name="Madagascar" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. Chromosome counts of 
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D558FB4BA27F04F6" box="[521,534,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">n</emphasis>
= 16 have been reported for two of them, 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D48BFB4BA0AB04D6" authority="(Nees) Benth." authorityName="Benth." baseAuthorityName="Nees" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Brillantaisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lamium">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D48BFB4BA42104F6" box="[986,1096,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">B. lamium</emphasis>
(Nees) Benth.
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D650FB6BA26404D7" authority="P. Beauv." authorityName="P. Beauv." box="[257,525,1253,1277]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Brillantaisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="owariensis">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D650FB6BA1F104D6" box="[257,408,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">B. owariensis</emphasis>
P. Beauv.
</taxonomicName>
(Mangenot and 
<bibRefCitation id="E34E4B071B6DFF90D59CFB68A31704D6" author="MANGENOT, S. &amp; G. MANGENOT" box="[717,894,1253,1277]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" pagination="315 - 329" refId="ref8916" refString="MANGENOT, S., AND G. MANGENOT. 1958. Deuxieme liste de nombres chromosomiques nouveaux chez diverses dicotyledones et monocotyledones d'Afrique Occidentale. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l'Etat 28: 315 - 329." type="journal article" year="1958">Mangenot 1958</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E34E4B071B6DFF90D4DEFB68A3A104D6" author="MANGENOT, S. &amp; G. MANGENOT" box="[911,968,1253,1277]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" pagination="411 - 447" refId="ref8954" refString="MANGENOT, S., AND G. MANGENOT. 1962. Enquete sur les nombres chromosomiques dans un collection d'especes tropicales. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Vegetales 25: 411 - 447." type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
; the latter species reported as 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D7A9FA8BA1C50536" authority="Lindau" authorityName="Lindau" box="[248,428,1285,1309]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Brillantaisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitens">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D7A9FA8BA13C0536" box="[248,341,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">B. nitens</emphasis>
Lindau
</taxonomicName>
). Our count of 
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D504FA8BA20B0536" box="[597,610,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">n</emphasis>
= 16 for the tropical African 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D4CCFA8BA4460536" box="[925,1071,1286,1309]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Brillantaisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="owariensis">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D4CCFA8BA4460536" box="[925,1071,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">B. owariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1FE42A731B6DFF90D36CFA88A0E70516" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="1.[155,167,989,1008]" captionTargetBox="[540,1176,273,951]" captionTargetId="figure-140@1.[552,1176,273,936]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1 (upper right). Chromosomes of Acanthaceae in pollen mother cells. A. Dyscho- riste thunbergiiflora, metaphase II (only half of cell shown), n = 15. B. Brillantaisia owariensis, telophase I, n = 16 (with one lagging chromo- some toward “upper” pole). C. Brillantaisia owariensis, metaphase I, n = 16. D. Ruellia ele- gans, diakenesis (showing nucleolus, n), n = 17. E. Crossandra infundibuliformis, metaphase I, n = 19. F. Ruellia dipteracanthus, metaphase I, n = 17. G. Justicia scheidweileri, metaphase I, n = 14. Chromosomes shown in outline only are touching or overlapping other chromosomes. Scale applies to all figures. See Table 1 for voucher information." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11066991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11066991/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
) confirms the previous counts for this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="876036F61B6DFF90D7FAFAC8A1570676" blockId="2.[123,1174,804,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D7FAFAC8A15B0576" box="[171,306,1349,1373]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Brillantaisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D7FAFAC8A15B0576" box="[171,306,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">Brillantaisia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pertains to Ruellieae: Hygrophilinae along with one other genus, 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D34AFAC8A0D40556" authority="R. Br." authorityName="R. Br." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hygrophila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D34AFAC8A4FC0576" box="[1051,1173,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">Hygrophila</emphasis>
R. Br.
</taxonomicName>
, which contains nearly 100 species. A chromosome number of 
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D435FAEBA3180556" box="[868,881,1382,1405]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">n</emphasis>
= 16 has been reported for six of the 11 species of 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D624FA08A18605B6" box="[373,495,1413,1437]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hygrophila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D624FA08A18605B6" box="[373,495,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">Hygrophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
studied to date (
<bibRefCitation id="E34E4B071B6DFF90D5CFFA08A33D05B6" author="TRIPP, E. A. &amp; T. F. DANIEL &amp; S. FATIMAH &amp; L. A. MCDADE" box="[670,852,1413,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" pagination="97 - 137" refId="ref9648" refString="TRIPP, E. A., T. F. DANIEL, S. FATIMAH, AND L. A. MCDADE. 2013. Phylogenetic relationships within Ruellieae (Acanthaceae) and a revised classification. International Journal of Plant Sciences 174: 97 - 137." type="journal article" year="2013">Tripp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E34E4B071B6DFF90D40EFA08A45E05B6" author="CORDEIRO, J. M. P. &amp; S. NASCIMENTO &amp; A. M. S. SANTOS &amp; E. MEDEIROS &amp; A. SANTOS &amp; F. NOLLET &amp; L. P. FELIX" box="[863,1079,1413,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" pagination="275" refId="ref8054" refString="CORDEIRO, J. M. P., S. NASCIMENTO, A. M. S. SANTOS, E. MEDEIROS N., A. SANTOS, F. NOLLET M., AND L. P. FELIX. 2017. IAPT / IOPB chromosome data 24. Acanthaceae. Taxon 66: 275." type="journal article" year="2017">Cordeiro et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
), including species native to Africa (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D6ABFA2BA31E0596" authority="(Nees) T. Anders." authorityName="T. Anders." baseAuthorityName="Nees" box="[506,887,1445,1469]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hygrophila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="senegalensis">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D6ABFA2BA2CF0596" box="[506,678,1445,1469]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">H. senegalensis</emphasis>
(Nees) T. Anders.
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E34E4B071B6DFF90D4D4FA28A4640596" author="MIEGE, J." box="[901,1037,1445,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" pagination="149 - 160" refId="ref9183" refString="MIEGE, J. 1962. Quatrieme liste de nombres chromosomatiques d'especes d'Afrique Occidentale. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Vegetales 24: 149 - 160." type="journal article" year="1962">Miege 1962</bibRefCitation>
), Asia (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D72AFA4BA1E405F6" authority="T. Anders." authorityName="T. Anders." box="[123,397,1477,1501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hygrophila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polysperma">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D72AFA4BA17E05F6" box="[123,279,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">H. polysperma</emphasis>
T. Anders.
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E34E4B071B6DFF90D6C6FA48A27B05F6" author="GRANT, W. F." box="[407,530,1477,1501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" pagination="121 - 150" refId="ref8594" refString="GRANT, W. F. 1955. A cytogenetic study of the Acanthaceae. Brittonia 8: 121 - 150." type="journal article" year="1955">Grant 1955</bibRefCitation>
), and the New World (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D462FA4BA42605F6" authority="Nees &amp; T. Nees" authorityName="Nees &amp; T. Nees" box="[819,1103,1477,1501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hygrophila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D462FA4BA3C905F6" box="[819,928,1478,1501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">H. costata</emphasis>
Nees &amp; T. Nees
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E34E4B071B6DFF90D308FA48A0DA05D6" author="GRANT, W. F." pageId="2" pageNumber="321" pagination="121 - 150" refId="ref8594" refString="GRANT, W. F. 1955. A cytogenetic study of the Acanthaceae. Brittonia 8: 121 - 150." type="journal article" year="1955">Grant 1955</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D78BFA6BA20005D6" authority="(Schltdl. &amp; Cham.) Nees" authorityName="Nees" baseAuthorityName="Schltdl. &amp; Cham." box="[218,617,1509,1533]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hygrophila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lacustris">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D78BFA6BA13F05D6" box="[218,342,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">H. lacustris</emphasis>
(Schltdl. &amp; Cham.) Nees
</taxonomicName>
). An ancestral basic number of 
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D4E6FA6BA3AA05D6" box="[951,963,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">x</emphasis>
= 16 is possible for both 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D7E1F988A15E0636" box="[176,311,1541,1565]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Brillantaisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D7E1F988A15E0636" box="[176,311,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">Brillantaisia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the subtribe; however, the diversity of other numbers reported for 
<taxonomicName id="40DF4D751B6DFF90D376F988A0F90616" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hygrophila" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D376F988A0F90616" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">Hygrophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(summarized by 
<bibRefCitation id="E34E4B071B6DFF90D608F9A8A2750616" author="TRIPP, E. A. &amp; T. F. DANIEL &amp; S. FATIMAH &amp; L. A. MCDADE" box="[345,540,1573,1597]" pageId="2" pageNumber="321" pagination="97 - 137" refId="ref9648" refString="TRIPP, E. A., T. F. DANIEL, S. FATIMAH, AND L. A. MCDADE. 2013. Phylogenetic relationships within Ruellieae (Acanthaceae) and a revised classification. International Journal of Plant Sciences 174: 97 - 137." type="journal article" year="2013">Tripp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
) reveal possible euploidy based on 
<emphasis id="B5ABEAE41B6DFF90D4E8F9ABA3AC0616" box="[953,965,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="321">x</emphasis>
= 6 and probable dysploidy as well.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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