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<document id="39A335F0452D6DD2BF6F3AC6C0601595" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1627155281821" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Dronen, Norman O. &amp; Blend, Charles K." docDate="2008" docId="03F58171FF9C2229E0BFFA638665FA17" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01843p023.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1843 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Parorchis ralli Dronen &amp; Blend 2008, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFCCF909FF902226E028FFDC8576FF9D" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Parorchis acanthus complex (Philophthalmidae: Parorchiinae) with the description of three new species of Parorchis Nicoll, 1907 and the replacement of the preoccupied junior homonym Paratrema Dronen &amp; Badley, 1979 with Stenomesotrema nomen novum" masterLastPageNumber="23" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1699021188257" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="6C27E7568FD6C270ABC19AE61DB49142" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="A4B91F57DC31B88168C657DA07EC38E4">
<mods:title id="7ABDBBFD8A78BBB351B11365B4662D55">Observations on the Parorchis acanthus complex (Philophthalmidae: Parorchiinae) with the description of three new species of Parorchis Nicoll, 1907 and the replacement of the preoccupied junior homonym Paratrema Dronen &amp; Badley, 1979 with Stenomesotrema nomen novum</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="E6D13D012C0570B17E68A028EAEB464C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6472EE06914670E41D58EF96202D44D6">
<mods:roleTerm id="E30B7EB55507302730FB59C63CA5B307">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="95C7074E0E8983DE2AEC63C734D5CB37">Dronen, Norman O.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="90A0066064E51AEE71CB5B5E7D35DD86">Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A &amp; M University, 2258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843 - 2258, U. S. A. E-mail: n-dronen @ tamu. edu Department of Biology, Gordon College, 255 Grapevine Road, Wenham, Massachusetts 01984, U. S. A. E-mail: chuck. blend @ gordon. edu</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="A880FAAE37ABD66C9A40594BB1270EA2" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3B7DDA8AF1D05B1DFEDB7D6F79C8F6EF">
<mods:roleTerm id="5D75D01BE53B640E6DB2828DDE8E9D96">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="649650633E9856DED5E9196BAEE5871E">Blend, Charles K.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="F8A1D8EBBA495A883A8BD588A153138A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="96E85E7AC486B9BDB367D7C319D3342A" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="F45DBD3A1815AA2BEFCFCD9846659594">
<mods:title id="C630491B401FAA34826B4DCD660DB672">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="40D4F37A9B1386EF388915BE9BB80819">
<mods:date id="0C5D59469DA6C485E28E2C9AA3CA2226">2008</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="84A973221E4193403E807C41203D4678" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="DAAA8F566288B3CF28BF01A2F4A0EF5B">2008-08-06</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="13D1B37F81CEADA2D26C50AF5864E5BD" type="volume">
<mods:number id="F37682487087826A8014CA5EDB3069A2">1843</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="91A347B1B2209A093E998D47943E4B5D" type="issue">
<mods:number id="C1C9DCA13FCBFA8C0F7EDBC61AF1701F">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="7317A8C4AC22FFFF48FA6CCAB42920EE" unit="page">
<mods:start id="E39627FEECB7B0284982DEAA5505AF25">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="D63FFEEF7BEA768729B64DA8B9146DE9">23</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="FBA5D847B6A18D1BCAD8E1FBCF2ABC5D">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="63F0FAFB72B996CE7B2C03952D58E06B" type="ISSN">1175­5334</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03F58171FF9C2229E0BFFA638665FA17" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F58171FF9C2229E0BFFA638665FA17" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F58171FF9C2229E0BFFA638665FA17" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection id="C34663ECFF9C222AE0BFFA6384E7FA44" box="[151,401,1471,1497]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9C222AE0BFFA6384E7FA44" blockId="12.[151,401,1471,1532]" box="[151,401,1471,1497]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="D0AB870BFF9C222AE0BFFA6384E7FA44" bold="true" box="[151,401,1471,1497]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE0BFFA6384E7FA44" bold="true" box="[151,401,1471,1497]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9C222AE0BFFA638431FA44" ID-CoL="84C3R" authority="Dronen &amp; Blend, 2008" authorityName="Dronen &amp; Blend" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,327,1471,1497]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ralli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE0BFFA638431FA44" bold="true" box="[151,327,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Parorchis ralli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B510EFF9C222AE167FA6384E7FA44" box="[335,401,1471,1497]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34663ECFF9C222AE0BFFA3E8443FA61" box="[151,309,1506,1532]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9C222AE0BFFA3E8443FA61" blockId="12.[151,401,1471,1532]" box="[151,309,1506,1532]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
(
<figureCitation id="13672CE2FF9C222AE0B7FA3E845AFA61" box="[159,300,1506,1532]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="14.[151,269,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[191,1382,186,1815]" captionTargetId="figure-114@14.[171,1419,166,1835]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. Parorchis ralli n. sp. 13. Composite drawing of the anterior end showing the placement of spines on the head collar, dorsal view. 14. Composite drawing of acetabular region showing the details of the genital pore and cirrus apparatus, dorsal view. 15. Composite drawing of female genitalia, ventral view. 16. Adult, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, acetabulum; E, esophagus; ESV, external seminal vesicle; EV, excretory vesicle; GP, genital pore; I, intestinal cecum; M, metraterm; O, ootype embedded in Mehlis’ glands; OV, ovary; P, pharynx; T, testis; U, uterus; VF, vitelline fields; VR, vitelline reservoir." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 13–16</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34663ECFF9C222AE0BFF9EE8734F8A2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9C222AE0BFF9EE8163F9D1" blockId="12.[151,1436,1586,2015]" box="[151,1045,1586,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE0BFF9EE846FF9D1" bold="true" box="[151,281,1586,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<typeStatus id="54E78EC5FF9C222AE0BFF9EE85A2F9D1" box="[151,212,1586,1612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Type</typeStatus>
host:
</emphasis>
Clapper rail,
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9C222AE192F9EF867CF9D1" authority="Boddaert" authorityName="Boddaert" authorityYear="1783" box="[442,778,1586,1612]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE192F9EF87E3F9D1" box="[442,661,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rallus longirostris</emphasis>
Boddaert
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9C222AE33EF9EE86D6F9D1" box="[790,928,1586,1612]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gruiformes</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9C222AE383F9EE8166F9D1" box="[939,1040,1586,1612]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rallidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9C222AE0EDF98185ADF902" blockId="12.[151,1436,1586,2015]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<materialsCitation id="3B343A3AFF9C222AE0EDF98185A0F902" country="United States of America" county="Galveston County" latitude="29.3" location="Vicinity of Galveston" longLatPrecision="1228" longitude="-94.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE0EDF9818418F9EA" bold="true" box="[197,366,1629,1655]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<typeStatus id="54E78EC5FF9C222AE0EDF9818474F9EA" box="[197,258,1629,1655]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<location id="8E8366BCFF9C222AE15DF9818702F9EA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F58171FF9C2229E0BFFA638665FA17:8E8366BCFF9C222AE15DF9818702F9EA" box="[373,628,1629,1655]" country="United States of America" county="Galveston County" latitude="29.3" longLatPrecision="1228" longitude="-94.8" name="Vicinity of Galveston" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" stateProvince="Texas">Vicinity of Galveston</location>
,
<collectingCounty id="628248EBFF9C222AE257F9818625F9EA" box="[639,851,1629,1655]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Galveston County</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion id="4998FE85FF9C222AE377F98186D0F9EA" box="[863,934,1629,1655]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Texas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F34B70F7FF9C222AE399F9818174F9EA" box="[945,1026,1629,1655]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9C222AE439F9818105F9EA" box="[1041,1139,1626,1655]" degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="925" value="29.3">
29
<superScript id="7C299D2FFF9C222AE418F9868143F9F5" attach="right" box="[1072,1077,1626,1640]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">º</superScript>
18' N
</geoCoordinate>
latitude,
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9C222AE4C9F9818038F9EA" box="[1249,1358,1626,1655]" degrees="94" direction="west" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="925" value="-94.8">
94
<superScript id="7C299D2FFF9C222AE4D6F9868075F9F5" attach="left" box="[1278,1283,1626,1640]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">º</superScript>
48' W
</geoCoordinate>
longitude)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9C222AE0EDF971848BF95A" blockId="12.[151,1436,1586,2015]" box="[197,509,1709,1735]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE0EDF97184E4F95A" bold="true" box="[197,402,1709,1735]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Site of infection:</emphasis>
Rectum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9C222AE0EDF909867AF972" blockId="12.[151,1436,1586,2015]" box="[197,780,1749,1775]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE0EDF90984A7F972" bold="true" box="[197,465,1749,1775]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Deposited specimens:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B343A3AFF9C222AE1F1F909867EF972" box="[473,776,1749,1775]" collectionCode="USNPC" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectionCode id="ED4DA8A2FF9C222AE1F1F9098741F972" box="[473,567,1749,1775]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ppqr-es1r" name="United States National Parasite Collection" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="Museum">USNPC</collectionCode>
<typeStatus id="54E78EC5FF9C222AE217F90987D3F972" box="[575,677,1749,1775]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
100618
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9C222AE0EDF92187EBF88A" blockId="12.[151,1436,1586,2015]" box="[197,669,1789,1815]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE0EDF9218421F88A" bold="true" box="[197,343,1789,1815]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Prevalence:</emphasis>
5 of 8 laughing gulls, 63%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9C222AE0EDF8F98734F8A2" blockId="12.[151,1436,1586,2015]" box="[197,578,1829,1855]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE0EDF8F9844BF8A2" bold="true" box="[197,317,1829,1855]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Intensity:</emphasis>
1–4 per infected bird.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34663ECFF9C222AE0EDF89181F0F8FA" box="[197,1158,1869,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9C222AE0EDF89181F0F8FA" blockId="12.[151,1436,1586,2015]" box="[197,1158,1869,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE0EDF8918420F8FA" bold="true" box="[197,342,1869,1895]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Etymology:</emphasis>
The species is named for the genus of the host bird,
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9C222AE3E8F89281F0F8FA" authority="Linnaeus." authorityName="Linnaeus." box="[960,1158,1869,1895]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Rallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE3E8F892817DF8FA" box="[960,1035,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rallus</emphasis>
Linnaeus.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34663ECFF9C222BE0EDF8A98678FB07" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9C222AE0EDF8A980EDF842" blockId="12.[151,1436,1586,2015]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9C222AE0EDF8A98416F812" bold="true" box="[197,352,1909,1935]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Description:</emphasis>
Based on
<specimenCount id="9D5AFBEEFF9C222AE1F5F8A9875BF812" box="[477,557,1909,1935]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="adult">6 adult</specimenCount>
specimens. Body distinctly pyriform, heavily spinose along periphery and on ventral surface on anterior 50% of body, moderately large, 5,820 (
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9C222AE3CDF841815EF82A" box="[997,1064,1949,1975]" degrees="5,680" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="5.68">5,680</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9C222AE401F841810DF82A" box="[1065,1147,1949,1975]" degrees="5,960" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-5.96">–5,960</geoCoordinate>
) long by 2,550 (
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9C222AE562F84180FBF82A" box="[1354,1421,1949,1975]" degrees="2,175" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="2.175">2,175</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9C222AE5A4F84185ADF842" degrees="2,925" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-2.925">– 2,925</geoCoordinate>
) wide; body spines generally thorn-like on periphery, blunter towards midline of body, scale-like, 21
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9D222BE0BFFF448678FB07" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
(18–24) long by 15 (11–18) wide; forebody 1,670 (
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9D222BE2DAFF448640FF2F" box="[754,822,152,178]" degrees="1,500" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="1.5">1,500</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9D222BE31EFF4486FFFF2F" box="[822,905,152,178]" degrees="1,835" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-1.835">–1,835</geoCoordinate>
, approximately 29% of body length) long by 1,090 (
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9D222BE0C3FF1C8458FF47" box="[235,302,192,218]" degrees="1,050" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="1.05">1,050</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9D222BE106FF1C84F7FF47" box="[302,385,192,218]" degrees="1,130" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-1.13">–1,130</geoCoordinate>
) wide, anterior end surrounded by well-developed, shoulder-like head collar 825 (750– 900) wide, bearing a single row of 62 (60–63) thumbnail-shaped, scale-like spines, distinctly notched at both anterior corners; dorsal collar spines, 19 (16–23) long by 11 (8–13) wide; ventral corner spines, 24 (23–25) long by 12 (11–13) wide, typically 12–14 per side. Mouth subterminal; oral sucker wider than long, 385 (365– 400) long by 450 (420–475) wide; prepharynx short to absent, 6 (2–15) long; pharynx longer than wide, 190 (180–205) long by 120 (110–130) wide, ratio of width of pharynx to width of oral sucker 1:3.8 (1:3.7–3.8); esophagus long, 875 (770–980) long with 12-15 short, pouch-like diverticuli; ceca long, terminating near posterior extremity. Acetabulum large, 1,019 (960–1,075) long by 1,120 (990–1,250) wide, sucker ratio 1:2.5 (1:2.4–1:2.6). Testes side by side, deeply lobed, near posterior extremity; left testis 570 (460–630) long by 570 (510–630) wide; right testis 520 (460–580) long by 555 (430–680) wide; intertesticular space 25 (20–30); posttesticular space 825 (700–950) long. Genital pore immediately anterior to acetabulum near midline of body; cirrus sac lateral width 265 (187–343), enclosing cirrus and prostate gland cells, lacking internal seminal vesicle; external seminal vesicle 1,438 (
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9D222BE28AFD7C8793FD27" box="[674,741,672,698]" degrees="1,400" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="1.4">1,400</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9D222BE2CEFD7C864EFD27" box="[742,824,672,698]" degrees="1,475" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-1.475">–1,475</geoCoordinate>
) long by 125 (110–135) wide, enclosed in sac-like membrane, overreaching the acetabulum a short distance posteriorly, posterior third tubular and coiled. Ovary oval to round, situated immediately anterior to intertesticular space, about 130 (100–160) anterior to level of testes, near midline of body, 220 (190–250) long by 224 (187–260) wide; ratio of width of ovary to average width of testes 1:2.5 (1:2.5–1:2.5). Morphologically distinct seminal receptacle absent. Laurer’s canal not observed. Vitelline follicles distributed in lateral fields from level of posterior margin of acetabulum posteriorly to level of posterior margin of ovary. Uterus filling hindbody from midlevel of testes to acetabulum, extracecal uterine loops present, proximal end unmodified, filled with spermatozoa; metraterm well developed 210 (179–240) long by 76 (52–90) wide. Eggs variable in size, eggs prior to miracidial eyespot development 59 (57–60) long by 33 (28–36); eggs with fully developed miracidia 77 (70–86) by 42 (33–47); extended miracidia free in uterus 88 (80–94) by 44 (39–49). Excretory vesicle slender, Y-shaped, branching at level of mid-posttesticular space; excretory arms with moderate branching, anterior extent of arms not observed. Excretory pore slightly subterminal on dorsal surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34663ECFF9D2229E0EDFB7B8665FA17" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9D222BE0EDFB7B8778FA2F" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE0EDFB7B8437FB5C" bold="true" box="[197,321,1191,1217]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9D222BE161FB748483FB5C" authority="Dronen &amp; Blend, 2008" authorityName="Dronen &amp; Blend" authorityYear="2008" box="[329,501,1192,1217]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ralli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE161FB748483FB5C" box="[329,501,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Parorchis ralli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B510EFF9D222BE1D5FB74874AFB5F" box="[509,572,1192,1218]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9D222BE287FB748640FB5C" box="[687,822,1192,1218]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="acanthus">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE287FB7487CBFB5C" box="[687,701,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE2E4FB748640FB5C" box="[716,822,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">acanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as originally described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9D222BE452FB74806FFB5F" author="Nicoll, W." box="[1146,1305,1192,1218]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="513 - 527" refId="ref16221" refString="Nicoll, W. (1906) Some new and little-known trematodes. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 17, 513 - 527." type="journal article" year="1906">Nicoll (1906)</bibRefCitation>
(subtype 1 of the
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9D222BE0CAFB0C8420FB74" authorityName="Nicoll" authorityYear="1907" box="[226,342,1232,1257]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE0CAFB0C8420FB74" box="[226,342,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Parorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
body
<typeStatus id="54E78EC5FF9D222BE1B6FB0C84A2FB77" box="[414,468,1232,1258]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
), by having a larger body size (5,820 long compared to 3,910), a longer esophagus with prominent diverticuli (875 compared to short to “absent” without diverticuli), a somewhat smaller oral sucker (450 wide compared to 500), a smaller pharynx (190 long compared to 240), a slightly larger acetabulum (1,120 wide compared to 1,080), an external seminal vesicle where the posterior third is coiled rather than being straight and club-shaped, and the testes of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9D222BE2F0FAAC865EFA14" authority="Dronen &amp; Blend, 2008" authorityName="Dronen &amp; Blend" authorityYear="2008" box="[728,808,1392,1418]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ralli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE2F0FAAC8791FA14" box="[728,743,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE2DEFAAC865EFA14" box="[758,808,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ralli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B510EFF9D222BE319FAAC8607FA17" box="[817,881,1392,1418]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are deeply lobed compared to being “circular” and smooth to slightly irregular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9D2229E0E6FA1C8586FEB7" blockId="13.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,152,1418]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The new species is similar to the specimens used in the redescription of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9D222BE41CFA1C81CBFA44" box="[1076,1213,1472,1498]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="acanthus">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE41CFA1C8135FA44" box="[1076,1091,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE47BFA1C81CBFA44" box="[1107,1213,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">acanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9D222BE4C4FA1C80EDFA47" author="Nicoll, W." box="[1260,1435,1472,1498]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll (1907b)</bibRefCitation>
(subtype 2 of the
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9D222BE158FA348492F99C" authorityName="Nicoll" authorityYear="1907" box="[368,484,1512,1537]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE158FA348492F99C" box="[368,484,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Parorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
body
<typeStatus id="54E78EC5FF9D222BE21BFA348711F99F" box="[563,615,1512,1538]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
) by having a long esophagus that has diverticuli and testes that are deeply lobed. It differs from these specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9D222BE2FCF9CC862AF9B4" box="[724,860,1552,1578]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="acanthus">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE2FCF9CC8795F9B4" box="[724,739,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9D222BE2DAF9CC862AF9B4" box="[754,860,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">acanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a larger body size (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9D222BE52EF9CC802EF9B7" box="[1286,1368,1552,1578]" degrees="5,960" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-5.96">–5,960</geoCoordinate>
compared to
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9D222BE16BF9E484E0F9CF" box="[323,406,1592,1618]" degrees="5,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-5.0">–5,000</geoCoordinate>
), a somewhat smaller oral sucker (450 wide compared to 500; although
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9D222BE4C6F9E480EAF9CF" author="Nicoll, W." box="[1262,1436,1592,1618]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll [1907b]</bibRefCitation>
reported the width of the oral sucker to be 500, it appears to be only about 370 wide, as calculated from
<figureCitation id="13672CE2FF9D222BE567F9BC85D0F93F" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1359,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-88@4.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Stenomesotrema numenii n. comb. from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus. 1. Composite drawing of anterior end showing placement of the genital pore and terminal genitalia, ventral view. 2. Composite drawing of female genitalia, ventral view. 3. Adult, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, acetabulum; ESV, external seminal vesicle; GP, genital pore; I, intestinal cecum; O, ootype embedded in Mehlis’ glands; OV, ovary; T, testis; U, uterus; VF, vitelline fields." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 1</figureCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9D222BE0E6F9548409F93F" author="Nicoll, W." box="[206,383,1672,1698]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll [1907b]</bibRefCitation>
, in which case, the oral sucker would be larger in the new species), a shorter prepharynx (0–6 long compared to 110), and a smaller pharynx (190 long by 120 wide compared to 240 by 170; although
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9D222BE0BFF9048432F96F" author="Nicoll, W." box="[151,324,1752,1778]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll [1907b]</bibRefCitation>
reported the width of the pharynx to be 170, it appears to be about 280, as calculated from
<figureCitation id="13672CE2FF9D222BE543F90485A5F887" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1359,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-88@4.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Stenomesotrema numenii n. comb. from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus. 1. Composite drawing of anterior end showing placement of the genital pore and terminal genitalia, ventral view. 2. Composite drawing of female genitalia, ventral view. 3. Adult, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, acetabulum; ESV, external seminal vesicle; GP, genital pore; I, intestinal cecum; O, ootype embedded in Mehlis’ glands; OV, ovary; T, testis; U, uterus; VF, vitelline fields." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 1</figureCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9D222BE0D5F8DC84D9F887" author="Nicoll, W." box="[253,431,1792,1818]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll [1907b]</bibRefCitation>
). The new species also has a larger ratio of width of pharynx to width of oral sucker (1:3.8 compared to 1:2.9 using 170 for the width of the pharynx and 500 as the width of the oral sucker as was reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9D222BE10FF88C84A1F8F7" author="Nicoll, W." box="[295,471,1872,1898]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll [1907b]</bibRefCitation>
, or 1:1.3 using approximately 280 wide and 370 wide, respectively, as calculated from
<figureCitation id="13672CE2FF9D222BE0F4F8A48435F80F" box="[220,323,1912,1938]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1359,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-88@4.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Stenomesotrema numenii n. comb. from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus. 1. Composite drawing of anterior end showing placement of the genital pore and terminal genitalia, ventral view. 2. Composite drawing of female genitalia, ventral view. 3. Adult, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, acetabulum; ESV, external seminal vesicle; GP, genital pore; I, intestinal cecum; O, ootype embedded in Mehlis’ glands; OV, ovary; T, testis; U, uterus; VF, vitelline fields." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 1</figureCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9D222BE15BF8A48751F80F" author="Nicoll, W." box="[371,551,1912,1938]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll [1907b]</bibRefCitation>
), a slightly larger acetabulum (1,120 wide compared to 1,080; although
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9D222BE0BFF87C8435F827" author="Nicoll, W." box="[151,323,1952,1978]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll [1907b]</bibRefCitation>
reported the width of the acetabulum to be 1,080, it appears to be about 840, as calculated from
<figureCitation id="13672CE2FF9D222BE0BFF814858FF87F" box="[151,249,1992,2018]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1359,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-88@4.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Stenomesotrema numenii n. comb. from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus. 1. Composite drawing of anterior end showing placement of the genital pore and terminal genitalia, ventral view. 2. Composite drawing of female genitalia, ventral view. 3. Adult, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, acetabulum; ESV, external seminal vesicle; GP, genital pore; I, intestinal cecum; O, ootype embedded in Mehlis’ glands; OV, ovary; T, testis; U, uterus; VF, vitelline fields." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 1</figureCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9D222BE108F81484B9F87F" author="Nicoll, W." box="[288,463,1992,2018]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll [1907b]</bibRefCitation>
), a somewhat larger sucker ratio (1:2.5 compared to approximately 1:2.2 using 500 as the width of the oral sucker and 1,080 as the width of the acetabulum, as reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9F2229E4EBFF448003FF2F" author="Nicoll, W." box="[1219,1397,152,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll [1907b]</bibRefCitation>
, or 1:2.3 using approximately 370 wide and 840 wide, respectively, as calculated from
<figureCitation id="13672CE2FF9F2229E49EFF1C8068FF47" box="[1206,1310,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1359,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-88@4.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Stenomesotrema numenii n. comb. from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus. 1. Composite drawing of anterior end showing placement of the genital pore and terminal genitalia, ventral view. 2. Composite drawing of female genitalia, ventral view. 3. Adult, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, acetabulum; ESV, external seminal vesicle; GP, genital pore; I, intestinal cecum; O, ootype embedded in Mehlis’ glands; OV, ovary; T, testis; U, uterus; VF, vitelline fields." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 1</figureCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9F2229E57BFF1C8580FE9F" author="Nicoll, W." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref16280" refString="Nicoll, W. (1907 b) Parorchis acanthus, the type of a new genus of trematodes. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 51, 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1907">Nicoll [1907b]</bibRefCitation>
), and the posterior third of the external seminal vesicle is coiled rather than being straight and clubshaped.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2360EFFF9E2228E0BFF8E084A3F869" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[151,269,1852,1876]" targetBox="[191,1382,186,1815]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9E2228E0BFF8E084A3F869" blockId="14.[151,1436,1852,2036]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9E2228E0BFF8E08428F8C9" bold="true" box="[151,350,1852,1876]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURES 13–16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9E2228E14DF8E18775F8C9" authority="Dronen &amp; Blend, 2008" authorityName="Dronen &amp; Blend" authorityYear="2008" box="[357,515,1853,1876]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ralli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9E2228E14DF8E18775F8C9" box="[357,515,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Parorchis ralli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B510EFF9E2228E223F8E18733F8C9" box="[523,581,1853,1876]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9E2228E264F8E0871AF8C9" bold="true" box="[588,620,1852,1876]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">13.</emphasis>
Composite drawing of the anterior end showing the placement of spines on the head collar, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9E2228E1E1F880849CF8E9" bold="true" box="[457,490,1884,1908]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">14.</emphasis>
Composite drawing of acetabular region showing the details of the genital pore and cirrus apparatus, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9E2228E194F8A084ABF809" bold="true" box="[444,477,1916,1940]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">15.</emphasis>
Composite drawing of female genitalia, ventral view.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9E2228E402F8A0813DF809" bold="true" box="[1066,1099,1916,1940]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">16.</emphasis>
Adult, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, acetabulum; E, esophagus; ESV, external seminal vesicle; EV, excretory vesicle; GP, genital pore; I, intestinal cecum; M, metraterm; O, ootype embedded in Mehlis’ glands; OV, ovary; P, pharynx; T, testis; U, uterus; VF, vitelline fields; VR, vitelline reservoir.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE33067FF9F2229E0EDFEE48665FA17" blockId="15.[151,1436,152,1418]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The new species can be distinguished from all species of
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E341FEE486AAFECC" authorityName="Nicoll" authorityYear="1907" box="[873,988,312,337]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E341FEE486AAFECC" box="[873,988,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E44AFEE4800BFECC" authority="Dronen &amp; Blend, 2008" authorityName="Dronen &amp; Blend" authorityYear="2008" box="[1122,1405,312,337]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="catoptrophori" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E44AFEE4800BFECC" box="[1122,1405,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parorchis catoptrophori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B510EFF9F2229E5AEFEE485CEFEE7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E0DDFEBC84CDFEE4" authority="Dronen &amp; Blend, 2008" authorityName="Dronen &amp; Blend" authorityYear="2008" box="[245,443,352,378]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="longivesiculus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E0DDFEBC8472FEE4" box="[245,260,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E13CFEBC84CDFEE4" box="[276,443,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">longivesiculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B510EFF9F2229E1EEFEBC8770FEE7" box="[454,518,352,378]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
described herein, by having the posterior third of the external vesicle coiled rather than being straight and club-shaped, and the new species has a larger ratio of the width of the pharynx to the width of the oral sucker (1:3.8 compared to 1:1.5–1:2.9). The new species has collar spines that are notched on each side along the anterior margin. No other specimens in this study show this characteristic and it may be that this characteristic can be used to distinguish it from other species; however, this feature is difficult to see and could be easily overlooked, and may be present in other species. The new species further differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E125FD8C84EEFDF4" box="[269,408,592,618]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="chauhani">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E125FD8C846AFDF4" box="[269,284,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E103FD8C84EEFDF4" box="[299,408,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">chauhani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a larger body size (5,820 long by 2,550 wide compared to 2,795 by 1,298), larger suckers (oral sucker 450 wide compared to 240; acetabulum 1,120 wide compared to 580), larger testes (average testes width 563 compared to 159), and by having slightly larger eggs (70–86 long by 33–47 wide compared to 61–72 by 26–32).
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E23CFD1487B2FD7C" authority="Dronen &amp; Blend, 2008" authorityName="Dronen &amp; Blend" authorityYear="2008" box="[532,708,712,737]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ralli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E23CFD1487B2FD7C" box="[532,708,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parorchis ralli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B510EFF9F2229E2E6FD148679FD7F" box="[718,783,712,738]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E474FD14818FFD7C" box="[1116,1273,712,738]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="parvicollis">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E474FD14811DFD7C" box="[1116,1131,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E454FD14818FFD7C" box="[1148,1273,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">parvicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E51FFD1480EDFD7C" authorityName="Lal" authorityYear="1936" box="[1335,1435,712,738]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="snipis">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E51FFD148030FD7C" box="[1335,1350,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E57FFD1480EDFD7C" box="[1367,1435,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">snipis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its larger body size (5,820 long compared to 2,530 and 2,580, respectively), and its larger suckers (oral sucker 450 wide compared to 286 and 270; acetabulum 1,120 wide compared to 584 and 550). The new species differs further from
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E1CCFC9C87A3FCC4" authorityName="Dadasheva &amp; Filimonova" authorityYear="1978" box="[484,725,832,858]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="schachtachtinskoi">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E1CCFC9C8484FCC4" box="[484,498,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E22BFC9C87A3FCC4" box="[515,725,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">schachtachtinskoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having an overall larger body size (5,820 long by 2,550 wide compared to 4,448 by 1,408), a smaller pharynx (190 long by 120 wide compared to 240 by 210), a larger acetabulum (1,120 wide compared to approximately 1,080), a longer forebody (1,670 long compared to 1,408), and a longer external seminal vesicle (1,438 long compared to 950, as calculated from
<figureCitation id="13672CE2FF9F2229E53CFC64800CFC4F" box="[1300,1402,952,978]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1359,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-88@4.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Stenomesotrema numenii n. comb. from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus. 1. Composite drawing of anterior end showing placement of the genital pore and terminal genitalia, ventral view. 2. Composite drawing of female genitalia, ventral view. 3. Adult, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, acetabulum; ESV, external seminal vesicle; GP, genital pore; I, intestinal cecum; O, ootype embedded in Mehlis’ glands; OV, ovary; T, testis; U, uterus; VF, vitelline fields." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 1</figureCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9F2229E0BFFC3C8753FC67" author="Dadasheva, Z. P. &amp; Filimonova, L. V." box="[151,549,992,1018]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="75 - 79" refId="ref15841" refString="Dadasheva, Z. P. &amp; Filimonova, L. V. (1978) A new trematode from the genus Parorchis Nicoll, 1907 from Charadriiformes in Azerbaidzhan. Materialy Nauchnoi Konferentsi Vsesoiuznogo Obshchestva Gel'mintologov, 30, 75 - 79. (In Russian)" type="journal article" year="1978">Dadasheva &amp; Filimonova [1978]</bibRefCitation>
). The new species differs further from
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E3D6FC3C81D2FC64" baseAuthorityName="Travassos" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[1022,1188,992,1018]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="proctobium">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E3D6FC3C817BFC64" box="[1022,1037,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E436FC3C81D2FC64" box="[1054,1188,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">proctobium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a smaller body size (
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E130FBD4842DFBBF" box="[280,347,1032,1058]" degrees="5,680" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="5.68">5,680</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E172FBD484DBFBBF" box="[346,429,1032,1058]" degrees="5,960" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="-5.96">–5,960</geoCoordinate>
long by
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E23FFBD4872FFBBF" box="[535,601,1032,1058]" degrees="2,175" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="2.175">2,175</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E271FBD487DCFBBF" box="[601,682,1032,1058]" degrees="2,925" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="-2.925">–2,925</geoCoordinate>
wide compared to
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E3A7FBD486A7FBBF" box="[911,977,1032,1058]" degrees="5,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="5.0">5,000</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E3F8FBD48157FBBF" box="[976,1057,1032,1058]" degrees="7,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="-7.0">–7,000</geoCoordinate>
by
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E478FBD481E7FBBF" box="[1104,1169,1032,1058]" degrees="3,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="3.0">3,000</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E4B9FBD48194FBBF" box="[1169,1250,1032,1058]" degrees="4,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="-4.0">–4,000</geoCoordinate>
[measurements from
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9F2229E0F0FBEC8401FBD7" author="Shtrom, Z. K." box="[216,375,1072,1098]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="249 - 255" refId="ref16406" refString="Shtrom, Z. K. (1927) Parorchis asiaticus n. sp., ein neur Trematoden der Guttung Parorchis Nicoll, 1907. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 54, 249 - 255." type="journal article" year="1927">Shtrom 1927</bibRefCitation>
]), a smaller oral sucker (450 wide compared to 530 [measurement from
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9F2229E4FAFBEC8007FBD7" author="Shtrom, Z. K." box="[1234,1393,1072,1098]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="249 - 255" refId="ref16406" refString="Shtrom, Z. K. (1927) Parorchis asiaticus n. sp., ein neur Trematoden der Guttung Parorchis Nicoll, 1907. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 54, 249 - 255." type="journal article" year="1927">Shtrom 1927</bibRefCitation>
]), a smaller pharynx (120 wide compared to 190), smaller gonads (ovary 224 wide compared to 400; average width of testes 563 compared to 870), and by having smaller eggs (70–86 long compared to 134–142).
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E0BFFB748432FB5C" authority="Dronen &amp; Blend, 2008" authorityName="Dronen &amp; Blend" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,324,1192,1217]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ralli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E0BFFB748432FB5C" box="[151,324,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parorchis ralli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B510EFF9F2229E164FB7484FAFB5F" box="[332,396,1192,1218]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
further differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E2A9FB748793FB5C" box="[641,741,1192,1218]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="avitus">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E2A9FB7487E6FB5C" box="[641,656,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E2B7FB748793FB5C" box="[671,741,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">avitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a smaller pharynx (120 wide compared to 188), smaller gonads (ovary 224 wide compared to 245; average width of testes 563 wide, compared to 585, as calculated from
<figureCitation id="13672CE2FF9F2229E11AFB2484E3FA8F" box="[306,405,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1359,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-88@4.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Stenomesotrema numenii n. comb. from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus. 1. Composite drawing of anterior end showing placement of the genital pore and terminal genitalia, ventral view. 2. Composite drawing of female genitalia, ventral view. 3. Adult, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, acetabulum; ESV, external seminal vesicle; GP, genital pore; I, intestinal cecum; O, ootype embedded in Mehlis’ glands; OV, ovary; T, testis; U, uterus; VF, vitelline fields." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 3</figureCitation>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFCD4D96FF9F2229E193FB248716FA8F" author="Linton, E." box="[443,608,1272,1298]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="551 - 555" refId="ref16195" refString="Linton, E. (1914) Notes on a viviparous distome. Proceedings of the United States Museum, 46, 551 - 555." type="journal article" year="1914">Linton [1914]</bibRefCitation>
), and a longer external seminal vesicle (1,438 long compared to 1,145, as calculated from
<figureCitation id="13672CE2FF9F2229E15BFAFC84A2FAA7" box="[371,468,1312,1338]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[151,1359,197,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-88@4.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–3. Stenomesotrema numenii n. comb. from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus. 1. Composite drawing of anterior end showing placement of the genital pore and terminal genitalia, ventral view. 2. Composite drawing of female genitalia, ventral view. 3. Adult, ventral view. Abbreviations: A, acetabulum; ESV, external seminal vesicle; GP, genital pore; I, intestinal cecum; O, ootype embedded in Mehlis’ glands; OV, ovary; T, testis; U, uterus; VF, vitelline fields." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 3</figureCitation>
of Linton, [1914]).
<taxonomicName id="4C5C4BE4FF9F2229E294FAFC86E7FAA4" authorityName="Dronen &amp; Blend" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="Dronen &amp; Blend" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[700,913,1312,1337]" class="Trematoda" family="Philophthalmidae" genus="Parorchis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="magnus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B928EC75FF9F2229E294FAFC86E7FAA4" box="[700,913,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parorchis magnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21B510EFF9F2229E3B0FAFC868BFAA7" box="[920,1021,1312,1338]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is larger (
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E458FAFC81C5FAA7" box="[1136,1203,1312,1338]" degrees="7,500" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="7.5">7,500</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E49AFAFC8072FAA7" box="[1202,1284,1312,1338]" degrees="7,800" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="-7.8">–7,800</geoCoordinate>
compared to 5,820 [
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E0CFFA94845BFAFF" box="[231,301,1352,1378]" degrees="5,680" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="5.68">5,680</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE6856A0FF9F2229E106FA9484F2FAFF" box="[302,388,1352,1378]" degrees="5,960" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="-5.96">–5,960</geoCoordinate>
]), it has a larger pharynx (260–274 wide compared to 110–130), and smaller testes (average testes width 178 compared to approximately 563).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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