plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/CB/64/03CB6450FFB5F95676A8CC5CFDBD4F1A.xml

300 lines
43 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="C927C94F1A12F98EFDBAFAAF18FA1A10" ID-CLB-Dataset="42101" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e59765d1-f223-4839-aa0a-15a6d904a823" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="245277" ID-ZooBank="F87634FE-2F58-476A-9A9F-B31555B13041" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460989283487" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reid, C. A. M. &amp; Beatson, M." docDate="2015" docId="03CB6450FFB5F95676A8CC5CFDBD4F1A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03918p551.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3918 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Altica Geoffroy 1762" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="512" masterDocId="FFF21C28FFB2F95F763FCF39FF8B4A62" masterDocTitle="Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="503" pageNumber="510" updateTime="1732886616233" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="FCDCD45B6AA0170C8C8FE57875631D08" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="137D411AA4BEF0ECB058E700F3A3739D">
<mods:title id="82C9BA51C244B6AA7B468C18BAA2E753">Disentangling a taxonomic nightmare: a revision of the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species of Altica Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="75634F5E442B530B57C7763C4606F28E" type="personal">
<mods:role id="DDC830D7938C3F4F238B6AE983525E3E">
<mods:roleTerm id="1DE7F080A0AEAB4B9663B93CB72476A7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C8A481224F8ADFD644E9388715817FAA">Reid, C. A. M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="A1D080FC125558FCE21A14BD9D72ED47" type="personal">
<mods:role id="48602FCECBF175EADE4D97D5D56D094B">
<mods:roleTerm id="E5EBCFCBB557C48D252D21897B3B1B56">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D5BD16EA8A57DF3E87A58908175DDCB6">Beatson, M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="7509C45FB3518B0E51E63691A924FDB7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="34F864337AB44585A8ED5D054E03C673" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="96B8C94D9E5FB8E38E3EDDDFDBBA693B">
<mods:title id="F0B5CC63B64A9E32D3B08C2EE27C7119">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="BBA76C94FB016CC9DC7FB573711AD31E">
<mods:date id="AD2184B5EFD5D6FBC406118C42DE8D64">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="14C5E68E55DB7C1B65D37D01B3A76B02" type="volume">
<mods:number id="C84DD3849610681DCDF92B64F45D7858">3918</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="6A1078808242F15BCBCA51967EDFEF71" type="issue">
<mods:number id="FCB24908E591456BBC68A228B600E862">4</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="861AD3D0DEA67DFA25D1581EF334E5E3" unit="page">
<mods:start id="FAF4F14866FA67186657F6D300F26A86">503</mods:start>
<mods:end id="CB41FAE3BBC6386E8FA457CC26091F4B">551</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="2FD1101F9677634D7FBC19A4735BB880">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="C79A4C9243BF3F856DAA0570FAB8B21B" type="CLB-Dataset">42101</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2B4A386FB19AD17D6AB38A42F2DA30FE" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3918.4.3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DC93AB587DEC1BFBCC4D00A491B2D2E2" type="GBIF-Dataset">e59765d1-f223-4839-aa0a-15a6d904a823</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5DFDCF74E88270820E32023C938AFACD" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4F49F10E4C9DF9597F45C3E5FAAE3456" type="Zenodo-Dep">245277</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="21B24D3D6F5C487AF72C0AF7909D9C12" type="ZooBank">F87634FE-2F58-476A-9A9F-B31555B13041</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03CB6450FFB5F95676A8CC5CFDBD4F1A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5696576" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119596142" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5696576" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB6450FFB5F95676A8CC5CFDBD4F1A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB6450FFB5F95676A8CC5CFDBD4F1A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" scope_family="Chrysomelidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_subFamily="Galerucinae">
<subSubSection id="C37886CDFFB5F95876A8CC5CFE5E491D" box="[151,469,869,895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB5F95876A8CC5CFE5E491D" blockId="7.[151,469,869,895]" box="[151,469,869,895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<heading id="D095622AFFB5F95876A8CC5CFE5E491D" bold="true" box="[151,469,869,895]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" reason="1">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB72F268FFB5F95876A8CC5CFE5E491D" box="[151,469,869,895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F95876A8CC5CFE5E491D" ID-CoL="SZK" authority="Geoffroy 1762: 244" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityPageNumber="244" authorityYear="1762" box="[151,469,869,895]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F95876A8CC5CFE5E491D" bold="true" box="[151,469,869,895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F95876A8CC5CFF54491D" bold="true" box="[151,223,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Altica</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC3F357FFB5F95876D9CC5CFE5E491D" author="Geoffroy" box="[230,469,869,895]" page="244" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" year="1762">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F95876D9CC5CFE17491D" author="Geoffroy" box="[230,412,869,895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Geoffroy, E. L. (1762) Histoire abregee des insectes qui se trouve aux environs de Paris, dans laquelle ces animaux sont ranges suivant un ordre methodique. Tome premiere. Durand, Paris, xxxviii + 523 pp." type="book" year="1762">Geoffroy 1762</bibRefCitation>
: 244
</treatmentCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37886CDFFB5F95876A8CC94FEEA4982" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB5F95876A8CC94FEEA4982" blockId="7.[151,1436,940,1023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<typeStatus id="54D96BE4FFB5F95876A8CC94FF4249A0" box="[151,201,941,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Type</typeStatus>
species.
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F9587714CC95FD2D49A0" authority="Linneus, 1758" authorityName="Linneus" authorityYear="1758" box="[299,678,940,962]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chrysomela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oleracea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F9587714CC95FD8C49A0" box="[299,519,940,962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Chrysomela oleracea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F958742FCC95FD2D49A0" author="Linneus" box="[528,678,940,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, editio decima, reformata. Vol. 1. Salvii, Holmiae, iii + 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linneus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F95875EBCC95FBE049A0" author="Latreille" box="[980,1131,940,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1810) Considerations generales sur l'Ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des Crustaces, des Arachnides, et des Insectes, avec un tableau methodique de leurs genres disposes en familles. F. Schoell, Paris, 444 pp." type="book" year="1810">Latreille 1810</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F9587247CC95FA1349A0" author="Riley" box="[1144,1432,940,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Riley, E. G., Clark, S. M. &amp; Seeno, T. N. (2003) Catalog of the leaf beetles of America north of Mexico. Coleopterists Society Special Publication, 1, 1 - 290, CD-ROM." type="journal article" year="2003">Riley, Clark &amp; Seeno 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F95876F8CCF3FEDE4982" author="Doberl" box="[199,341,970,992]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Doberl, M. (2010 a) Subfamily Alticinae Newman, 1835. In: Lobl, I. &amp; Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 491 - 563." type="book chapter" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Döberl 2010a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37886CDFFB5F95876A8CCD3FD884E20" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB5F95876A8CCD3FCF1499D" blockId="7.[151,1436,940,1023]" box="[151,890,1001,1023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB72F268FFB5F95876A8CCD3FCF1499D" box="[151,890,1001,1023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F9587694CCD0FE10499D" authority="Illiger 1807: 59" authorityName="Illiger" authorityPageNumber="59" authorityYear="1807" box="[171,411,1001,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Haltica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F9587694CCD0FF7C499D" box="[171,247,1001,1023]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Haltica</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC3F357FFB5F95876C1CCD0FE10499D" author="Illiger" box="[254,411,1001,1023]" page="59" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" year="1807">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F95876C1CCD0FEF3499D" author="Illiger" box="[254,376,1001,1023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Illiger, K. (1807) Verzeichnis der Arten der Flohkafer, Halticae, in der Hellwig-Hoffmanseggischen Sammlung, mit Beschreibung der neuen und Bezeichnung der ubrigen Arten. Magazin fur Insektenkunde, 6, 81 - 177." type="journal article" year="1807">Illiger 1807</bibRefCitation>
: 59
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(unjustified emendation of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F958748BCCD0FD7B499D" ID-CoL="SZK" box="[692,752,1001,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F958748BCCD0FD7B499D" box="[692,752,1001,1023]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: ICZN 1994)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB5F95876A8CB14FD884E20" blockId="7.[151,1366,1068,1120]" box="[151,515,1068,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB72F268FFB5F95876A8CB14FD884E20" box="[151,515,1068,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F95876A8CB14FF234E20" box="[151,168,1069,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F9587691CB15FE744E20" authority="Chevrolat 1836: 388" authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityPageNumber="388" authorityYear="1836" box="[174,511,1068,1090]" class="Insecta" genus="Graptodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F9587691CB15FEAD4E20" box="[174,294,1068,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Graptodera</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC3F357FFB5F9587713CB15FE744E20" author="Chevrolat" box="[300,511,1068,1090]" page="388" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" year="1836">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F9587713CB15FE464E20" author="Chevrolat" box="[300,461,1068,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Chevrolat L. A. A. (1836) [new taxa]. In: Dejean, P. F. M. A. (Ed.), Catalogue des Coleopteres de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean. [Livraison 5]. Mequignon-Marvis, Paris, pp. 361 - 443." type="journal article" year="1836">Chevrolat 1836</bibRefCitation>
: 388
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37886CDFFB5F95676A8CB72FDBD4F1A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB5F95876A8CB72FADD4E02" blockId="7.[151,1366,1068,1120]" box="[151,1366,1098,1120]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<typeStatus id="54D96BE4FFB5F95876A8CB72FF424E02" box="[151,201,1099,1120]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F9587719CB73FE744E02" box="[294,511,1098,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chrysomela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oleracea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F9587719CB73FE744E02" box="[294,511,1098,1120]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Chrysomela oleracea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 1758, by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F9587540CB73FBAA4E02" author="Chevrolat" box="[895,1057,1098,1120]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Chevrolat L. A. A. (1845) Galerucites; Gastrophysa; Graptodera; Hippodamia. In: d'Orbigny, C. (Ed.), Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle … Tome sixieme. MM. Renard, Martinet et Cie., Paris, pp. 4 - 6, 34, 307, 622 - 623." type="journal article" year="1845">Chevrolat 1845</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F9587214CB72FAC04E02" author="Bousquet" box="[1067,1355,1098,1120]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Bousquet, Y. &amp; Bouchard, P. (2013) The genera in the second catalogue (1833 - 1836) of Dejean's Coleoptera collection. Zookeys, 282, 1 - 219. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 282.4401" type="journal article" year="2013">Bousquet &amp; Bouchard 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB5F95876A8CBB4FE8E4F70" blockId="7.[151,1437,1165,2018]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
Authorship of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F958777CCBB4FE0D4EC4" box="[323,390,1165,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F958777CCBB4FE0D4EC4" box="[323,390,1165,1190]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is attributed to Geoffroy, not Müller (Opinion 1754,
<collectionCode id="ED734D83FFB5F958723FCBB7FBCA4EC4" box="[1024,1089,1166,1190]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">ICZN</collectionCode>
1994). The complete generic synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F9587702CB88FE0B4EA8" box="[317,384,1201,1226]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F9587702CB88FE0B4EA8" box="[317,384,1201,1226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is listed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F958741FCB88FCF14EA8" box="[544,890,1201,1226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Riley, E. G., Clark, S. M. &amp; Seeno, T. N. (2003) Catalog of the leaf beetles of America north of Mexico. Coleopterists Society Special Publication, 1, 1 - 290, CD-ROM." type="journal article">Riley, Clark &amp; Seeno (2003)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFB5F9587582CB88FBF94EA8" author="Doberl" box="[957,1138,1201,1226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" refString="Doberl, M. (2010 a) Subfamily Alticinae Newman, 1835. In: Lobl, I. &amp; Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 491 - 563." type="book chapter" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Döberl (2010a)</bibRefCitation>
, but only two secondary synonymic names have been used in the Australian region as noted above: one invalid, the other an objective synonym.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB5F95876F8CA24FF644F38" blockId="7.[151,1437,1165,2018]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F95876F8CA24FE284F54" bold="true" box="[199,419,1309,1334]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Generic diagnosis.</emphasis>
The following diagnostic description is based on the Australian, Indomalayan and Pacific species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB5F95876F8CA5CFAD04C84" blockId="7.[151,1437,1165,2018]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
Moderately large amongst regional alticine genera, length
<quantity id="4C9A78A3FFB5F9587551CA5FFC774F1F" box="[878,1020,1382,1406]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" unit="mm" value="5.75" valueMax="7.3" valueMin="4.2">4.2–7.3 mm</quantity>
. Black (legs may be entirely red or reddish in teneral specimens, and one mature specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F958757DCAB3FC2C4FC3" box="[834,935,1418,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F958757DCAB3FC2C4FC3" box="[834,935,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">A. aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), dorsal surface with metallic blue, purple, green, coppery or bronze hues (sometimes without metallic reflection in
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F95875FECA97FBCF4FA7" box="[961,1092,1454,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corrusca">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F95875FECA97FBCF4FA7" box="[961,1092,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">A. corrusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&amp;
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFB5F9587259CA97FB574FA4" box="[1126,1244,1453,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Haltica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravida">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F9587259CA97FB574FA4" box="[1126,1244,1453,1478]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">A. gravida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), venter and legs less strongly metallic; antennae varying from entirely dark to basal segments orange to red; mandibles with apical band of reddish-orange to dark brown. Body elongate-ovate, length 2–2.5x width; elytra rounded at sides, width at humeri 1.5–1.6x width pronotum and c. 1.8x width head. Dorsal puncturation generally sparse and shallow, interspaces &gt;&gt; puncture diameters. Dorsum mostly glabrous, except patches of short setae present at sides and anterior of head, a pair of trichobothria at anterior of vertex, and a trichobothrium at each corner of pronotum; elytra with minute setae, adpressed to surface, only visible at high magnification. Prothoracic venter mostly glabrous, with setae at posterior edge of prosternum and prosternal process; mesoventrite process glabrous, but remainder of mesothoracic venter, metathoracic venter, abdomen and legs almost entirely densely pubescent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFB5F95776F8C9C8FF6A4BB2" blockId="7.[151,1437,1165,2018]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFB5F95876F8C9C8FE8F4D68" box="[199,260,1777,1802]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Head</emphasis>
. Face with slightly convex profile; eyes laterally prominent, with straight or feebly concave inner margins; minute inter-ommatidial setae present; vertex smooth, without median groove, but often with small medial swelling at posterior of postantennal calli; sulci at upper margins of calli and posterior part of orbit absent or shallow but posterior margin of orbit abruptly elevated; orbit broad and convex between eye and postantennal calli, as wide or almost as wide as antennal socket, tapering in width to gena; frons with pair of well-defined large and triangular to quadrangular postantennal calli which almost touch posteriorly; frontoclypeal median ridge prominent, separating calli at base and extending anteriorly to elevated clypeal anterior margin; lateral margins of frontoclypeal area, anterior to antennal sockets, not elevated; interantennal space 0.8–1.5x socket diameters, sockets approximately level with middle of eyes and separated from them by 0.5–
<date id="FFDCF386FFBAF9577271CF85FBDC4AB7" box="[1102,1111,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">1</date>
x socket diameters, antennal fossa separated from calli and antennal sockets by a punctate groove or depression; posteriorly not defined by a groove, anteriorly not extending to interantennal space; antennae 11-segmented, length 0.5–
<date id="FFDCF386FFBAF95772FCCE3DFB474B7F" box="[1219,1228,260,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">1</date>
x body length; all antennomeres elongate, 1 ≤
<date id="FFDCF386FFBAF95777E9CE11FE794B22" box="[470,498,296,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">2x</date>
length 2, 2 shortest, ovoid, 3 much longer than 2, 4 usually equal longest with 11; labrum with 2–5 pairs of discal setae, distribution often asymmetric, apical margin truncate to slightly concave; mandible with three apical teeth and angulate internal margin; apical maxillary palpomere conical, as long as but narrower than preapical; gena 0.1–0.2x eye length, with or without transverse setose ridge between eye and buccal cavity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFBAF95776F8CEE5FDA84C82" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBAF95776F8CEE5FE934B97" box="[199,280,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Thorax</emphasis>
. Prothorax distinctly broader than head and much narrower than elytra (c.0.7x width elytra at humeri), broadest at base or middle; sides of pronotum slightly convex; anterior and sides of pronotal disc often shallowly depressed or dimpled, sometimes asymmetrically; arcuate patch of deep glandular punctures clustered near anterior angles, with most punctures on anterior part of arc; pronotum transversely depressed anterior to basal margin, the depression sinuous, usually sharply defined and almost reaching lateral margins where it merges with narrow lateral explanation; area betweeen transverse groove and basal margin (
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBAF95775FDCDB6FBB348CA" box="[962,1080,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">basal field</emphasis>
), usually sculptured differently from pronotal disc; pronotum without two short longitudinal grooves cutting across basal field, but sometimes shallowly depressed between transverse depression and basal margin; anterior and posterior angles each with trichobothrium, anterior angles rounded, slightly swollen (pronotal callus) with setae preapically inserted on callus, posterior angles 90° or slightly projecting laterally; pronotum with distinct raised border present basally and laterally, but absent anteriorly; hypomeron without groove near lateral margin; prosternal process slightly convex, elongate, slightly expanded at tip, transversely grooved at base; procoxal cavities broadly open, gap as long as hypomeral process or wider; scutellum triangular to semi-ovate; elytra convex in cross-section, covering abdomen, subparallel or slightly expanded from humeri to &lt;2/3 length, non-striate, without transverse posthumeral depression; epipleuron distinct, entirely laterally visible, gradually narrowed from base to apex, with upper margin continuous to elytral apex; fully winged, wing with single vein in medial field, leading off elongate basal cell; mesoventrite not covered by metaventrite, with paired cavities at anterior edge (procoxal rests); mesoventrite process exposed, quadrate to elongate, apex bilobed, surface usually longitudinally ridged; metendosternite with triangular basal stalk (apical angle about 70°) and thin arms with unlobed apices; mid coxae separated by much less than width of coxa; pro- and mesofemora almost parallel-sided, metafemur larger, greatest width c. 1.2x width mesofemur, dorsal margin evenly convex, ventral margin almost straight; metafemoral endosclerite large, almost half length metatibia, with basal stalk at least as long as tightly coiled spring; tibiae without apical excavation on outer edge; anterior tibia expanded to apex, more so in male; metatibia not prolonged beyond tarsal insertion (insertion apical), without rows of spines; each tibia of both sexes with one small simple apical spur, inserted on inner side of apex, spur half apical tibial width or less; length hind tarsus c. 0.7x length hind tibia; first hind tarsomere slightly shorter than 2+3; third tarsomere deeply bilobed; apical metatarsomere not arched or inflated; tarsal claws appendiculate, appendage right-angled, or almost so, and shorter than half claw length.
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBAF9577314CABDFA1E4FFF" box="[1323,1429,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Pygidium rounded at apex, without longitudinal median sharp-edged groove; abdominal ventrites free, not fused; surface ventrite I evenly convex, without median ridges; ventrites II–IV not laterally bordered or keeled; male ventrite V of male with median flat convexly margined lobe; apex female ventrite V evenly convex; penis symmetrical, apex entire, base without recurved lobes; endophallus with two long strongly sclerotised rods, in basal half of penis in repose; tegmen Y-shaped; ovipositor with well-developed strongly sclerotised but thin rodlike tignum on mostly membranous sternite 8; vaginal palpi one-segmented, with internal apodeme as long as or longer than everted portion of palp; spermathecal receptaculum C-shaped, collum U-shaped, with base of ‘U’ slightly kinked to strongly convoluted, insertion point of spermathecal gland swollen as a round or transversely ovate appendage to base of collum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFBAF95776F8C9D5FF724DDB" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBAF95776F8C9D5FE9A4D67" bold="true" box="[199,273,1772,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Notes.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBAF9577725C9D5FED64D67" box="[282,349,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBAF9577725C9D5FED64D67" box="[282,349,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily recognised in the regional fauna by the diagnostic characters listed above, especially colour, procoxal cavities, ventral pubescence, thoracic sculpture, elytral sculpture and leg morphology. The structurally most similar genera are:
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBAF9577405C80DFD2D4D2F" box="[570,678,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Agasicles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBAF9577405C80DFD2D4D2F" box="[570,678,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Agasicles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the single species (exotic) in this region is striped black and yellow; and
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBAF9577770C861FE1C4D0D" box="[335,407,1880,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Sutrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBAF9577770C861FE1C4D0D" box="[335,407,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Sutrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has strongly expanded hind femora, lacks a well-defined pronotal transverse groove, and has the hind tibial spur inserted outside the base of the tarsus. In
<collectingCountry id="F37595D6FFBAF957759FC845FB814DF7" box="[928,1034,1916,1941]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBAF957722AC844FBD64DF6" box="[1045,1117,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Sutrea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBAF957722AC844FBD64DF6" box="[1045,1117,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Sutrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are never uniformly metallic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFBAF95676F8C8FDFDB44BEA" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1400]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">
The features used by many authors to discriminate species of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBAF95775A4C8FDFC554DBF" box="[923,990,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBAF95775A4C8FDFC554DBF" box="[923,990,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFBAF95672FFC8FCFF684AD2" author="Kangas" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="8" pageNumber="511" refString="Kangas, E. &amp; Rutanen, I. (1993) Identification of females of the Finnish species of Altica Muller (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Entomologica Fennica, 4 (2), 115 - 129." type="journal article" year="1993">Kangas &amp; Rutenen (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, following
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFBBF9567749CFA1FD914AD2" author="Kevan" box="[374,538,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" refString="Kevan, D. K. (1962) The British species of the genus Haltica Geoffroy (Col., Chrysomelidae). Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 98, 189 - 196." type="journal article" year="1962">Kevan (1962)</bibRefCitation>
and others. They included: colour, puncturation, microreticulation, facial sculpture, mandibles, elytral sculpture, relative size of tarsomeres, penis, vaginal palpi, spiculum ventrale, spermatheca. The authors found each to be of limited use, as none was comprehensively diagnostic for the 12 species in
<collectingCountry id="F37595D6FFBBF9567727CE3DFEFA4B7F" box="[280,369,260,285]" name="Finland" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Finland</collectingCountry>
. The authors also found occasional abnormal specimens which defied identification from external characters. The most recent review of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF95674F9CE1EFC824B22" box="[710,777,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF95674F9CE1EFC824B22" box="[710,777,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFBBF956758ECE1EFBDE4B22" author="Doberl" box="[945,1109,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" refString="Doberl, M. (2010 b) Beitrag zur kenntnis der afrotropischen Arten von Altica Geoffroy, 1762 unter Ausschuss der Arten Madagaskars (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Alticinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, Stuttgart 120 (2), 51 - 72." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="b">Döberl 2010b</bibRefCitation>
) has added new characters: development of the pronotal groove, shape of external face of tibia, and structure of the apical lobe of male ventrite V (named the hemicyclus by Döberl).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDDD546FFBBF95676F8CEADFDBD4F1A" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
The characters listed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFBBF95677DACEACFC9F4BCE" author="Kangas" box="[485,788,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" refString="Kangas, E. &amp; Rutanen, I. (1993) Identification of females of the Finnish species of Altica Muller (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Entomologica Fennica, 4 (2), 115 - 129." type="journal article" year="1993">Kangas &amp; Rutanen (1993)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFBBF956756ECEADFB894BCF" author="Doberl" box="[849,1026,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" refString="Doberl, M. (2010 b) Beitrag zur kenntnis der afrotropischen Arten von Altica Geoffroy, 1762 unter Ausschuss der Arten Madagaskars (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Alticinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, Stuttgart 120 (2), 51 - 72." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="b">Döberl (2010b)</bibRefCitation>
were applied to the Australian and regional specimens, as well as a few other characters based on the experience of
<collectionCode id="ED734D83FFBBF956722ACE81FBE34BB2" box="[1045,1128,440,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">CAMR</collectionCode>
with galerucine genera (for example,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFBBF9567739CEE5FE0B4B96" author="Reid" box="[262,384,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" refString="Reid, C. A. M. (1988) Bellaltica Reid, a new genus of Alticinae from south-west Western Australia. The Coleopterist's Bulletin, 42 (3), 219 - 231." type="journal article" year="1988">Reid 1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFBBF95677B2CEE5FE424B96" author="Reid" box="[397,457,476,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" refString="Reid, C. A. M. (2003) Recognition of the genus Hoplosaenidea Laboissiere in Australia, with a key to the Australian genera of Galerucini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 42 (1), 40 - 45. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1440 - 6055.2003.00329. x" type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFBBF95677E9CEE5FD324B96" author="Reid" box="[470,697,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" refString="Reid, C. A. M. &amp; Nally, S. (2008) Revision of the genus Menippus Clark in Australia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 47 (2), 87 - 101. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.2008.00634. x" type="journal article" year="2008">Reid &amp; Nally 2008</bibRefCitation>
). A limited range of dorsal colours was shown by the six
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF9567366CEE5FA174B97" box="[1369,1436,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF9567366CEE5FA174B97" box="[1369,1436,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species studied, with a predominant hue in each, but some variation present. For example, 59 of 76
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF9567328CD39FA17487A" box="[1303,1436,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corrusca">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF9567328CD39FA17487A" box="[1303,1436,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">A. corrusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined were dark blue, but 11 were dark green, 3 dark purple, 2 bicoloured with blue anterior and green elytra, and one bicoloured asymmetrically with one elytron green and one dark purple. The colour of the first antennomere was useful: all examined mature specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF9567493CD55FCA548E7" box="[684,814,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caerulea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF9567493CD55FCA548E7" box="[684,814,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">A. caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF9567502CD55FC4948E6" box="[829,962,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corrusca">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF9567502CD55FC4948E6" box="[829,962,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">A. corrusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF95675C4CD55FBF948E7" box="[1019,1138,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Haltica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravida">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF95675C4CD55FBF948E7" box="[1019,1138,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">A. gravida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had the first antennomere black or with at most a small red apical spot, all specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF95675BECDA9FC6C48CA" box="[897,999,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF95675BECDA9FC6C48CA" box="[897,999,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">A. aenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had at least the apical quarter of the antennomere dark red to orange; but in
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF9567463CD8DFD4748AE" box="[604,716,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF9567463CD8DFD4748AE" box="[604,716,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">A. cyanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both colour states were present. Eye size and head width were useful (Tables 3–4). Facial sculpture provided some useful information, particularly the development of the postantennal calli, median longitudinal carina and anterior clypeal ridge, but it was difficult to define accurately, and was intraspecifically variable. Antennomere shapes and ratios were not significant; all the
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF95672C3CC26FAB4495A" box="[1276,1343,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF95672C3CC26FAB4495A" box="[1276,1343,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species typically had antennomere 4 longer than 3, and 3 longer than 2, but with rare anomalous specimens (for example, one specimen out of 30
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF956779FCC51FDA949E2" box="[416,546,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corrusca">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF956779FCC51FDA949E2" box="[416,546,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">A. corrusca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined showing antennomere 3 slightly longer than 4). The number of labral setae was frequently asymmetric and not useful. The labral tormae in single specimens of each
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF95672C2CCB5FACB49C7" box="[1277,1344,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF95672C2CCB5FACB49C7" box="[1277,1344,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species showed differences but were also asymmetric therefore we suspect this character is variable (
<figureCitation id="1359C9C3FFBBF95672EBCC96FAD149AA" box="[1236,1370,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 18" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1654,1676]" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 18. Mouthparts Altica species: right mandible, internal and external views, labrum: 15, A. aenea (Olivier); 16, A. caerulea (Olivier); 17, A. corrusca (Erichson); 18, A. gravida (Blackburn)." pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Figs 15–18</figureCitation>
). The mandibles of single specimens of each
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF9567464CCEDFD15498F" box="[603,670,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF9567464CCEDFD15498F" box="[603,670,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species were virtually identical. Puncturation of the
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF95672C0CCEDFAC9498F" box="[1279,1346,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF95672C0CCEDFAC9498F" box="[1279,1346,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Altica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species was found to be interspecifically similar and intraspecifically variable, with each species showing a wide range of puncture sizes and densities. Microsculpture on the dorsal surface was an important discriminant for
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF9567326CB25FA174E57" box="[1305,1436,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Altica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caerulea">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF9567326CB25FA174E57" box="[1305,1436,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">A. caerulea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C62AEC5FFBBF95676F6CB79FECA4E3A" box="[201,321,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Haltica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravida">
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF95676F6CB79FECA4E3A" box="[201,321,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">A. gravida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The presence or absence of a longitudinal fold on the elytra was not universal within a species, difficult to characterise, and variable in strength (including some specimens with multiple longitudinal folds). The degree of convexity of the external surface of the mid tibia was useful, although difficult to define. Relative length of tarsomeres was almost constant. The male ventrite V apical lobe (
<emphasis id="B9160954FFBBF956759DCB95FB954EA7" box="[930,1054,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">hemicyclus</emphasis>
) showed no obvious interspecific variation, in contrast to African species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF3A8B7FFBBF9567466CBF6FD7C4E8A" author="Doberl" box="[601,759,1231,1256]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" refString="Doberl, M. (2010 b) Beitrag zur kenntnis der afrotropischen Arten von Altica Geoffroy, 1762 unter Ausschuss der Arten Madagaskars (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Alticinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, Stuttgart 120 (2), 51 - 72." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="b">Döberl 2010b</bibRefCitation>
) and was generally hard to see, being obscured by setae. The shape of the vaginal palpi provided discrimination of the species into two groups. Primary sexual characters were most useful as species discriminants, but the spermatheca was too variable for species diagnosis. The best character for discriminating males was the shape and surface sculpture of the penis. The best character for discriminating females was the shape of the tignum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink