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<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF77FCF6FE00FC92" bold="true" box="[151,398,865,892]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Chilocorus infernalis</emphasis>
Mulsant
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(
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FF83FF82FF7FFC11FF78FC4F" box="[159,246,902,929]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[205,1380,204,1929]" captionTargetId="figure-15@49.[201,1386,198,1936]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 35. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, nominate form: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, frontal view; c. adult, lateral view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, lateral view; f. tegmen, ventral view; g. penis; h. spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208997/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figs 35</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FF83FF82FEE2FC11FE91FC4E" box="[258,287,902,928]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-20@50.[204,1383,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 36. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, variant from Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, lateral view; c. adult, frontal view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, ventral view; f. tegmen, lateral view; g. penis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208999/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">36</figureCitation>
)
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FF77FC5DFDB0FC0C" authority="Mulsant, 1853: 189" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="189" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,574,970,994]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infernalis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF77FC5DFEE1FC0C" box="[151,367,970,994]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Chilocorus infernalis</emphasis>
Mulsant, 1853: 189
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FF77FC7EFD95FBEF" authority="Mulsant, 1853: 61" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="61" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,539,1001,1025]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugus">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF77FC7EFED7FBEF" box="[151,345,1001,1025]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Chilocorus bijugus</emphasis>
Mulsant, 1853: 61
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.
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<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF77FB90FED4FBF1" box="[151,346,1031,1055]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Chilocorus bijugus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FF83FF82FE88FB90FD91FBCE" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[360,543,1031,1056]" page="183" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1874">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FE88FB90FD91FBCE" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[360,543,1031,1056]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref33760" refString="Crotch, G. R. (1874) A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae. E. W. Janson, London, 311 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8975" type="book" year="1874">Crotch 1874: 183</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FDCAFB90FC92FBCE" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[554,796,1031,1056]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref36793" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1932) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. W. Junk, Berlin, 435 pp." type="book" year="1932">Korschefsky 1932: 242</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FCC7FB9FFC56FBF1" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[807,984,1031,1055]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="257 - 274" refId="ref36388" refString="Kapur, A. P. (1956) Systematic and biological notes on the ladybird beetles predacious on the San Jose scale in Kashmir with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Records of the Indian Museum, 52 (1954), 257 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 52 / i 2 - 4 / 1955 / 162041" type="journal article" year="1956">Kapur 1956: 259</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FC03FB90FABFFBCE" author="Nagaraja, H. &amp; Hussainy, S. U." box="[995,1329,1031,1056]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="249 - 256" refId="ref38602" refString="Nagaraja, H. &amp; Hussainy, S. U. (1967) A study of six species of Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predaceous on San Jose and other scale insects. Oriental Insects, 1, 249 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1967.10433865" type="journal article" year="1967">Nagaraja &amp; Hussainy 1967: 249</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FF83FF82FADDFB90FEB4FBD0" author="Miyatake, M." page="324" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FADDFB90FEB4FBD0" author="Miyatake, M." pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="303 - 340" refId="ref38288" refString="Miyatake, M. (1970 a) The East-Asian coccinellid beetles preserved in the California Academy of Sciences. Tribe Chilocorini. Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Ehime University, 14 (3), 303 - 340." type="journal article" year="1970">Miyatake 1970a: 324</bibRefCitation>
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,
<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FF83FF82FEA4FBB1FE2EFBD0" author="Miyatake, M." box="[324,416,1062,1086]" page="12" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FEA4FBB1FE2EFBD0" author="Miyatake, M." box="[324,416,1062,1086]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref38368" refString="Miyatake, M. (1985) Coccinellidae collected by the Hokkaido University Expedition to Nepal Himalaya, 1968 (Coleoptera). Insecta Matsumurana, New Series, 30, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1985">1985: 12</bibRefCitation>
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;
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FD77FBB1FCBEFBD0" author="Jing, X." box="[663,816,1062,1086]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="541 - 574" refId="ref36021" refString="Jing, X. (1992) Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. In: Chen, S. (Ed.), Insects of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 541 - 574. [in Chinese with English summary]" type="book chapter" year="1992">Jing 1992: 566</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FCDAFBB1FB87FBD0" author="Cao, C. Y. &amp; Pan, Y. Z. &amp; Wang, H." box="[826,1033,1062,1086]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref33189" refString="Cao, C. Y., Pan, Y. Z. &amp; Wang, H. (1992) Coccinellidae of Yunnan. Yunnan Science &amp; Technology Publishing House, Kunming, 242 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="1992">
Cao
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FC89FBB0FC12FBD0" box="[873,924,1062,1086]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
1992: 162
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Pang
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FBACFBB0FBF1FBD0" box="[1100,1151,1062,1086]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
2004: 27
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FB0AFBB1FA16FBD0" author="Kovar, I." box="[1258,1432,1062,1086]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="568 - 630" refId="ref36861" refString="Kovar, I. (2007) Coccinellidae. In: Lobl, I. &amp; Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 4. Elateroidea, Derodontoidea, Bostrichoidea, Lymexyloidea, Cleroidea, Cucujoidea. Apollo Books, Stentrup, pp. 71 - 74 + 568 - 630." type="book chapter" year="2007">Kovář 2007: 593</bibRefCitation>
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Ren
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2009: 126
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FE43FBD2FDDBFBB3" author="Li, W. J. &amp; Huo, L. Z. &amp; Wang, D. &amp; Ahrens, D. &amp; Wang, X. M." box="[419,597,1093,1117]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref37468" refString="Li, W. J., Huo, L. Z., Wang, D., Ahrens, D. &amp; Wang, X. M. (2018) Contribution to the genus Chilocorus Leach, 1815 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Chilocorini), with descriptions of two new species from China. European Journal of Taxonomy, 469, 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.469" type="journal article" year="2018">
Li
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FE20FBD1FE7DFBB3" box="[448,499,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
2018: 23
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FF77FBF4FE4EFB95" authorityName="Korschefsky" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,448,1123,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="bijugus" subSpecies="infernalis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF77FBF4FE4EFB95" box="[151,448,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Chilocorus bijugus infernalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FF83FF82FE2EFBF4FD33FB92" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[462,701,1123,1148]" page="242" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1932">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FE2EFBF4FD33FB92" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[462,701,1123,1148]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref36793" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1932) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 120. Coccinellidae II. W. Junk, Berlin, 435 pp." type="book" year="1932">Korschefsky 1932: 242</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF83FF82FF77FB15FD73FB74" blockId="47.[151,1437,970,1178]" box="[151,765,1154,1178]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7DD76BFF83FF82FF77FB15FD73FB74" box="[151,765,1154,1178]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FF77FB15FEE1FB74" box="[151,367,1154,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infernalis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF77FB15FEE1FB74" box="[151,367,1154,1178]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Chilocorus infernalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FF83FF82FE9DFB15FDBFFB74" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[381,561,1154,1178]" page="183" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="1874">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FE9DFB15FDBFFB74" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[381,561,1154,1178]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref33760" refString="Crotch, G. R. (1874) A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae. E. W. Janson, London, 311 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8975" type="book" year="1874">Crotch 1874: 183</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0ACCD654FF83FF82FDDBFB15FD77FB74" author="Poorani, J." box="[571,761,1154,1178]" page="311" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FDDBFB15FD77FB74" author="Poorani, J." box="[571,761,1154,1178]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="307 - 383" refId="ref38985" refString="Poorani, J. (2002) An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) (excluding Epilachninae) of the Indian Subregion. Oriental Insects, 36, 307 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2002.10417335" type="journal article" year="2002">Poorani 2002: 311</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C377A3CEFF83FF82FF77FB5FFC38FA78" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF83FF82FF77FB5FFC38FA78" blockId="47.[151,1437,1224,2043]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF77FB5FFE9CFB0C" bold="true" box="[151,274,1224,1250]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Length: 4.306.00 mm; width: 4.005.00 mm. Form obovate, posteriorly narrowed, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Ground colour uniformly shiny black, sometimes with a greenish tinge, each elytron with a pair of reddish testaceous or orange yellow spots a little before middle in anterior half, outer spot usually smaller than inner spot, rarely subequal (
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FF83FF82FDF4FAA3FD1DFAA1" box="[532,659,1332,1359]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[205,1380,204,1929]" captionTargetId="figure-15@49.[201,1386,198,1936]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 35. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, nominate form: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, frontal view; c. adult, lateral view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, lateral view; f. tegmen, ventral view; g. penis; h. spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208997/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 35ac</figureCitation>
). Rarely both elytral spots fused, forming a much larger yellowish-orange, quadrate macula around middle (
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FF83FF82FD89FACFFD6BFA9C" box="[617,741,1368,1394]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-20@50.[204,1383,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 36. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, variant from Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, lateral view; c. adult, frontal view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, ventral view; f. tegmen, lateral view; g. penis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208999/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 36ac</figureCitation>
). Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete (
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FF83FF82FB51FACFFA9DFA9D" box="[1201,1299,1368,1395]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[205,1380,204,1929]" captionTargetId="figure-15@49.[201,1386,198,1936]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 35. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, nominate form: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, frontal view; c. adult, lateral view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, lateral view; f. tegmen, ventral view; g. penis; h. spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208997/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 35d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FF83FF82FAC0FACFFAC0FA9C" box="[1312,1358,1368,1394]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-20@50.[204,1383,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 36. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, variant from Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, lateral view; c. adult, frontal view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, ventral view; f. tegmen, lateral view; g. penis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208999/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">36d</figureCitation>
).
<collectingRegion id="49A93EA7FF83FF82FA83FACFFA13FA9C" box="[1379,1437,1368,1394]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Male</collectingRegion>
genitalia (
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FF83FF82FEE6FAEBFE08FA79" box="[262,390,1404,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[205,1380,204,1929]" captionTargetId="figure-15@49.[201,1386,198,1936]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 35. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, nominate form: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, frontal view; c. adult, lateral view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, lateral view; f. tegmen, ventral view; g. penis; h. spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208997/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figs 35eg</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FF83FF82FE72FAEBFE56FA78" box="[402,472,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="50.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[216,1371,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure-20@50.[204,1383,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 36. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, variant from Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, lateral view; c. adult, frontal view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, ventral view; f. tegmen, lateral view; g. penis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208999/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">36eg</figureCitation>
) and spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="1356ECC0FF83FF82FD51FAEBFC9FFA79" box="[689,785,1404,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1960,1984]" captionTargetBox="[205,1380,204,1929]" captionTargetId="figure-15@49.[201,1386,198,1936]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 35. Chilocorus infernalis Mulsant, nominate form: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, frontal view; c. adult, lateral view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, lateral view; f. tegmen, ventral view; g. penis; h. spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208997/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 35h</figureCitation>
) as illustrated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C377A3CEFF83FF82FF27FA37FB93F9ED" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF83FF82FF27FA37FB93F9ED" blockId="47.[151,1437,1224,2043]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF27FA37FEEFFA54" bold="true" box="[199,353,1440,1466]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F37AB0D5FF83FF82FE87FA37FE2FFA54" box="[359,417,1440,1466]" name="India" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49A93EA7FF83FF82FE4FFA37FD07FA54" box="[431,649,1440,1466]" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingRegion id="49A93EA7FF83FF82FD74FA37FCEAFA54" box="[660,868,1440,1466]" country="India" name="Himachal Pradesh" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Himachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
; Jammu &amp; Kashmir;
<collectingRegion id="49A93EA7FF83FF82FBB3FA37FB5DFA54" box="[1107,1235,1440,1466]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingRegion id="49A93EA7FF83FF82FB3EFA37FAE2FA54" box="[1246,1388,1440,1466]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
;
<collectingRegion id="49A93EA7FF83FF82FA97FA36FE97FA30" country="India" name="Uttar Pradesh" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Uttar Pradesh</collectingRegion>
);
<collectingCountry id="F37AB0D5FF83FF82FECCFA53FE01FA30" box="[300,399,1476,1502]" name="Pakistan" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F37AB0D5FF83FF82FE79FA53FE63FA30" box="[409,493,1476,1502]" name="Bhutan" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="F37AB0D5FF83FF82FE19FA53FDB1FA30" box="[505,575,1476,1502]" name="Nepal" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Nepal</collectingCountry>
; Himalayas; Introduced and established in parts of
<collectingCountry id="F37AB0D5FF83FF82FB9BFA53FB47FA30" box="[1147,1225,1476,1502]" name="Russia" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Russia</collectingCountry>
. All records of this species from peninsular
<collectingCountry id="F37AB0D5FF83FF82FE48FA7FFE6CF9EC" box="[424,482,1512,1538]" name="India" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">India</collectingCountry>
(
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FE12FA7EFD9DF9EC" box="[498,531,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">e.g</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FDC1FA7FFC88F9ED" author="Maqbool, A. &amp; Rather, S. U. &amp; Akbar, S. A. &amp; Wachkoo, A. A." box="[545,774,1512,1539]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="160 - 174" refId="ref38060" refString="Maqbool, A., Rather, S. U., Akbar, S. A. &amp; Wachkoo, A. A. (2020) Preliminary survey of ladybird beetle composition (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in unmanaged apple orchard ecosystems of Kashmir Himalayas. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 73, 160 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12595 - 020 - 00322 - w" type="journal article" year="2020">
Maqbool
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FD6DFA7EFD31F9EC" box="[653,703,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
) are certainly erroneous.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C377A3CEFF83FF82FF27F99BFDE5F815" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF83FF82FF27F99BFC43F911" blockId="47.[151,1437,1224,2043]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF27F99BFDE5F9C8" bold="true" box="[199,619,1548,1574]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
Prey/associated habitat.
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FE0AF99BFDE5F9C8" box="[490,619,1548,1574]" class="Magnoliopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FD99F99BFC85F9C8" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[633,779,1548,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FD99F99BFC85F9C8" bold="true" box="[633,779,1548,1574]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Aleyrodidae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Citrus whitefly.
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FC2FF99BFBD7F9C8" bold="true" box="[975,1113,1548,1574]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Aphidoidea</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FB88F99BFB67F9C9" box="[1128,1257,1548,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Adelgidae" genus="Adelges" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FB88F99BFB4FF9C8" box="[1128,1217,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Adelges</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FB16F99BFF41F9A5" authority="De Geer" authorityName="De Geer" authorityYear="1773" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Aphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomi">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FB16F99BFAFAF9C8" box="[1270,1396,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Aphis pomi</emphasis>
De Geer
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FF3EF9A7FD19F9A4" authority="(Kaltenbach)" baseAuthorityName="Kaltenbach" box="[222,663,1584,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Brachycaudus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helichrysi">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF3EF9A7FE79F9A4" box="[222,503,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Brachycaudus helichrysi</emphasis>
(Kaltenbach)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FD45F9A6FBA6F9A5" authority="(Hausmann)" baseAuthorityName="Hausmann" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[677,1064,1584,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Aphididae" genus="Eriosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanigerum">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FD45F9A6FC01F9A4" box="[677,911,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Eriosoma lanigerum</emphasis>
(Hausmann)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FBD6F9A7FB3FF9A4" bold="true" box="[1078,1201,1584,1610]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Coccoidea</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FB23F9A7FE89F980" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Aonidiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantii">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FB23F9A7FA12F9A4" box="[1219,1436,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Aonidiella aurantii</emphasis>
(Maskell)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FEF2F9C2FDCFF980" authority="(Chavannes)" baseAuthorityName="Chavannes" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[274,577,1620,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Ericerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pela">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FEF2F9C2FE27F980" box="[274,425,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ericerus pela</emphasis>
(Chavannes)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FDACF9C3FC7BF980" authority="Borchsenius" authorityName="Borchsenius" authorityYear="1962" box="[588,1013,1620,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Lepidosaphes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afganensis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FDACF9C3FCEBF980" box="[588,869,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lepidosaphes afganensis</emphasis>
Borchsenius
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FBF6F9C3FF55F97C" authority="(Borchsenius))" baseAuthorityName="Borchsenius" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Cornimytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afganensis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FBF6F9C3FAA9F980" box="[1046,1319,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Cornimytilus afganensis</emphasis>
(Borchsenius))
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FF08F9EFFDC1F97C" authority="(Laing)" baseAuthorityName="Laing" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[232,591,1656,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Diaspidiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunorum">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF08F9EFFE7EF97C" box="[232,496,1656,1682]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Diaspidiotus prunorum</emphasis>
(Laing)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FDBCF9EFFB8CF97C" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[604,1026,1656,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Lopholeucaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FDBCF9EFFCF9F97C" box="[604,887,1656,1682]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Lopholeucaspis japonica</emphasis>
(Cockerell)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FBEEF9EEFA16F97C" authority="(Maskell)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1038,1432,1656,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Metaceronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FBEEF9EEFAAEF97C" box="[1038,1312,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Metaceronema japonica</emphasis>
(Maskell)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FF77F90BFE4AF959" authority="(Lucas)" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[151,452,1692,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Parlatoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ziziphi">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF77F90BFEEFF958" box="[151,353,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Parlatoria ziziphi</emphasis>
(Lucas)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FE33F90BFC00F958" authority="(Comstock)" baseAuthorityName="Comstock" box="[467,910,1692,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Comstockaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perniciosa">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FE33F90BFD72F958" box="[467,764,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Comstockaspis perniciosa</emphasis>
(Comstock)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FC7CF90AFBA6F959" box="[924,1064,1693,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Tecaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FC7CF90AFC75F958" box="[924,1019,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Tecaspis</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FBD8F90AFA17F959" authority="(Kuwana)" baseAuthorityName="Kuwana" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1080,1433,1693,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Diaspididae" genus="Unaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yanonensis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FBD8F90AFA94F958" box="[1080,1306,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Unaspis yanonensis</emphasis>
(Kuwana)
</taxonomicName>
. Collected in association with scales on apple, wild apple, pear, peach, and other temperate fruits, gum Arabic tree (Kikar), olive, citrus,
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FE7DF972FD45F910" box="[413,715,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FE7DF972FD9BF910" box="[413,533,1765,1790]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Euonymus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Celastrales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Euonymus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FDC0F973FD45F910" box="[544,715,1764,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Olea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuspidata">Olea cuspidata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, willow, mulberry, etc.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF83FF82FF27F89FFDA0F861" blockId="47.[151,1437,1224,2043]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF27F89FFE4FF8CD" bold="true" box="[199,449,1800,1827]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Seasonal occurrence.</emphasis>
Active during May-September in north-western and north-eastern regions of
<collectingCountry id="F37AB0D5FF83FF82FAC1F89FFAD0F8CC" box="[1313,1374,1800,1826]" name="India" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">India</collectingCountry>
. Very effective in the early months of summer in Kashmir (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FD19F8BBFC57F8A9" author="Pruthi, H. S. &amp; Rao, V. P." box="[761,985,1836,1863]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref39239" refString="Pruthi, H. S. &amp; Rao, V. P. (1951) San Jose scale in India. Technical Publication No. 3. Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine, and Storage. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi, 48 pp." type="book" year="1951">Pruthi &amp; Rao 1951</bibRefCitation>
). Collected during AprilMay, July and October in northern
<collectingCountry id="F37AB0D5FF83FF82FE97F8C7FE3FF884" box="[375,433,1872,1898]" name="India" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">India</collectingCountry>
(label data). In Kashmir, adults were observed to emerge in June and started overwintering in November (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FED9F8E3FDADF861" author="Maqbool, A. &amp; Rather, S. U. &amp; Akbar, S. A. &amp; Wachkoo, A. A." box="[313,547,1908,1935]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="160 - 174" refId="ref38060" refString="Maqbool, A., Rather, S. U., Akbar, S. A. &amp; Wachkoo, A. A. (2020) Preliminary survey of ladybird beetle composition (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in unmanaged apple orchard ecosystems of Kashmir Himalayas. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 73, 160 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12595 - 020 - 00322 - w" type="journal article" year="2020">
Maqbool
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FE47F8E2FE51F860" box="[423,479,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF83FF82FF27F80EFDE5F815" blockId="47.[151,1437,1224,2043]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF27F80EFE1DF85C" bold="true" box="[199,403,1944,1971]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
Heavily parasitized by a number of chalcid and eulophid parasitoids from the end of July in Kashmir (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FEC7F82BFD89F839" author="Pruthi, H. S. &amp; Rao, V. P." box="[295,519,1980,2007]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" refId="ref39239" refString="Pruthi, H. S. &amp; Rao, V. P. (1951) San Jose scale in India. Technical Publication No. 3. Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine, and Storage. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, New Delhi, 48 pp." type="book" year="1951">Pruthi &amp; Rao 1951</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FDFDF82BFD5BF839" box="[541,725,1980,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Homalotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FDFDF82BFD22F838" box="[541,684,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Homalotylus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FD06F82BFCE8F838" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[742,870,1980,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FC9BF82AFAA2F838" authority="(Domenichini)" baseAuthorityName="Domenichini" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[891,1324,1980,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neglectus">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FC9BF82AFBF1F838" box="[891,1151,1980,2007]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Aprostocetus neglectus</emphasis>
(Domenichini)
</taxonomicName>
(listed as
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF83FF82FF77F877FE1EF814" authorityName="Domenichini" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,400,2016,2042]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Tetrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neglectus">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF83FF82FF77F877FE1EF814" box="[151,400,2016,2042]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Tetrastichus neglectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF83FF82FE48F877FDD0F815" author="Richerson, J. V." box="[424,606,2016,2043]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref39741" refString="Richerson, J. V. (1970) A world list of parasites of Coccinellidae. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 67, 33 - 48." type="journal article" year="1970">Richerson 1970</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF12A0CDFF9CFF9DFF77F811FEC2F808" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208995" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10208995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208995/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" startId="48.[151,250,1926,1950]" targetBox="[214,1374,181,1895]" targetPageId="48" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF9CFF9DFF77F811FEC2F808" blockId="48.[151,1436,1926,2022]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9CFF9DFF77F811FEAEF870" bold="true" box="[151,288,1926,1950]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 34.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9CFF9DFEC6F811FDEFF870" authority="(Miyatake)" authorityName="POORANI" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Miyatake" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[294,609,1926,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicus">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9CFF9DFEC6F811FE68F870" box="[294,486,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Chilocorus indicus</emphasis>
(Miyatake)
</taxonomicName>
: a. holotype male, dorsal view; b. holotype, labels; ce. male genitalia: c. tegmen, lateral view; d. tegmen, ventral view; e. penis. (Photo credit for a, b. Hiroyuki Yoshitomi, Ehime University; ce. redrawn from
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9CFF9DFF77F859FECEF808" author="Miyatake, M." box="[151,320,1998,2022]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="111 - 115" refId="ref38330" refString="Miyatake, M. (1970 b) Two new species of the genus Phaenochilus Weise from South India (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society, 10, 111 - 115." type="journal article" year="1970">Miyatake 1970b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF12A0CDFF9DFF9CFF77F83FFAFFF80B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208997" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10208997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208997/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" startId="49.[151,250,1960,1984]" targetBox="[205,1380,204,1929]" targetPageId="49" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF9DFF9CFF77F83FFAFFF80B" blockId="49.[151,1436,1960,2021]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9DFF9CFF77F83FFEAEF82E" bold="true" box="[151,288,1960,1984]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">FIGURE 35.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9DFF9CFEC7F83EFDD5F82F" authority="Mulsant" authorityName="Mulsant" box="[295,603,1961,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infernalis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9DFF9CFEC7F83EFE71F82F" box="[295,511,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Chilocorus infernalis</emphasis>
Mulsant
</taxonomicName>
, nominate form: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, frontal view; c. adult, lateral view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, lateral view; f. tegmen, ventral view; g. penis; h. spermatheca.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF12A0CDFF9EFF9FFF77F800FEA2F819" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208999" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10208999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208999/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" startId="50.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[216,1371,191,1904]" targetPageId="50" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF9EFF9FFF77F800FEA2F819" blockId="50.[151,1436,1943,2040]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9EFF9FFF77F800FEAFF841" bold="true" box="[151,289,1943,1967]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 36.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9EFF9FFEC8F800FDD0F841" authority="Mulsant" authorityName="Mulsant" box="[296,606,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infernalis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9EFF9FFEC8F800FD8FF841" box="[296,513,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Chilocorus infernalis</emphasis>
Mulsant
</taxonomicName>
, variant from Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India: a. adult, dorsal view; b. adult, lateral view; c. adult, frontal view; d. abdominal postcoxal line; eg. male genitalia: e. tegmen, ventral view; f. tegmen, lateral view; g. penis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C377A3CEFF9FFF9EFF27FF00FC10FE43" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF9FFF9EFF27FF00FA06FEAE" blockId="51.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFF27FF00FE84FF5F" bold="true" box="[199,266,151,177]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Notes</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9FFF9EFEF8FF00FE63FF5F" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1853" box="[280,493,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugus">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFEF8FF00FE63FF5F" box="[280,493,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Chilocorus bijugus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is used as the valid name of this species by many workers, including
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFB14FF00FA12FF5F" author="Li, W. J. &amp; Huo, L. Z. &amp; Wang, D. &amp; Ahrens, D. &amp; Wang, X. M." box="[1268,1436,151,177]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 34" refId="ref37468" refString="Li, W. J., Huo, L. Z., Wang, D., Ahrens, D. &amp; Wang, X. M. (2018) Contribution to the genus Chilocorus Leach, 1815 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Chilocorini), with descriptions of two new species from China. European Journal of Taxonomy, 469, 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.469" type="journal article" year="2018">
Li
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFAF3FF00FACAFF5F" box="[1299,1348,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
. (2018)
</bibRefCitation>
who treated it in their revision of Chinese
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFD9FFF2CFC8DFF3B" box="[639,771,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9FFF9EFD9FFF2CFD71FF3B" box="[639,767,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chilocorus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Though
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFC8CFF2CFB95FF3B" author="Mulsant, E." box="[876,1051,186,213]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 1104" refId="ref38465" refString="Mulsant, E. (1850) Species des Coleopteres trimeres securipalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, Lyon, Series 2, 2, 1 - 1104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8953" type="journal article" year="1850">Mulsant (1850)</bibRefCitation>
described both
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9FFF9EFB33FF2CFAC6FF3B" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1853" box="[1235,1352,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugus">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFB33FF2CFAC6FF3B" box="[1235,1352,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. bijugus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9FFF9EFA63FF2CFE8CFF17" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infernalis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFA63FF2CFE8CFF17" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. infernalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the same work (with a page precedence to
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9FFF9EFCE3FF48FCF8FF17" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1853" box="[771,886,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugus">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFCE3FF48FCF8FF17" box="[771,886,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. bijugus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFC6EFF48FBA2FF17" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[910,1068,223,249]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refId="ref33760" refString="Crotch, G. R. (1874) A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae. E. W. Janson, London, 311 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8975" type="book" year="1874">Crotch (1874)</bibRefCitation>
gave precedence to
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9FFF9EFAF0FF48FA12FF17" box="[1296,1436,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infernalis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFAF0FF48FA12FF17" box="[1296,1436,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. infernalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
over
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9FFF9EFF31FE94FECAFEF3" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1853" box="[209,324,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugus">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFF31FE94FECAFEF3" box="[209,324,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. bijugus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and going by the First Reviser Principle of the ICZN,
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9FFF9EFC52FE94FBB0FEF3" box="[946,1086,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infernalis">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFC52FE94FBB0FEF3" box="[946,1086,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. infernalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has priority over
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9FFF9EFAE9FE94FAF3FEF3" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1853" box="[1289,1405,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugus">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFAE9FE94FAF3FEF3" box="[1289,1405,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. bijugus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as treated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFEEDFEB0FE25FEAF" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[269,427,295,321]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refId="ref33760" refString="Crotch, G. R. (1874) A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae. E. W. Janson, London, 311 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8975" type="book" year="1874">Crotch (1874)</bibRefCitation>
though
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8BC6FF9FFF9EFDE7FEB0FDF4FEAF" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1853" box="[519,634,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Chilocorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bijugus">
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFDE7FEB0FDF4FEAF" box="[519,634,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. bijugus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the more popular and widely used name in the published literature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD2F045FF9FFF9EFF27FEDCFC10FE43" blockId="51.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
For more detailed descriptions and / or illustrations, see
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFCDDFEDCFC58FE8B" author="Kapur, A. P." box="[829,982,330,357]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="257 - 274" refId="ref36388" refString="Kapur, A. P. (1956) Systematic and biological notes on the ladybird beetles predacious on the San Jose scale in Kashmir with description of a new species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Records of the Indian Museum, 52 (1954), 257 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 52 / i 2 - 4 / 1955 / 162041" type="journal article" year="1956">Kapur (1956)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFC02FEDCFAA9FE8B" author="Nagaraja, H. &amp; Hussainy, S. U." box="[994,1319,331,357]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="249 - 256" refId="ref38602" refString="Nagaraja, H. &amp; Hussainy, S. U. (1967) A study of six species of Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predaceous on San Jose and other scale insects. Oriental Insects, 1, 249 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1967.10433865" type="journal article" year="1967">Nagaraja &amp; Hussainy (1967)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFAD2FEDCFF7FFE67" author="Miyatake, M." pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="303 - 340" refId="ref38288" refString="Miyatake, M. (1970 a) The East-Asian coccinellid beetles preserved in the California Academy of Sciences. Tribe Chilocorini. Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Ehime University, 14 (3), 303 - 340." type="journal article" year="1970">Miyatake (1970a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFF1CFEF8FE4EFE67" author="Rafi, A. M. &amp; Irshad, M. &amp; Inaytullah, M." box="[252,448,366,393]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refId="ref39422" refString="Rafi, A. M., Irshad, M. &amp; Inaytullah, M. (2005) Predatory ladybird beetles of Pakistan. Rohani Art Press, Islamabad, 105 pp." type="book" year="2005">
Rafi
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFED4FEF8FEE2FE67" box="[308,364,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFE2CFEF8FD02FE67" author="Ren, S. X. &amp; Wang, X. M. &amp; Pang, H. &amp; Peng, Z. Q. &amp; Zeng, T." box="[460,652,367,393]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refId="ref39687" refString="Ren, S. X., Wang, X. M., Pang, H., Peng, Z. Q. &amp; Zeng, T. (2009) Colored pictorial handbook of ladybird beetles in China. Science Press, Beijing, 336 pp. [in Chinese]" type="book" year="2009">
Ren
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFDE0FEF8FDB6FE67" box="[512,568,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFD78FEF8FCE0FE67" author="Hayat, A. &amp; Khan, M. R. &amp; Naz, F. &amp; Rafi, M. A." box="[664,878,367,393]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="135 - 143" refId="ref35229" refString="Hayat, A., Khan, M. R., Naz, F. &amp; Rafi, M. A. (2014) Ladybird beetles of sub-family Chilocorinae (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan Entomologist, 36 (2), 135 - 143." type="journal article" year="2014">
Hayat
<emphasis id="B9192C57FF9FFF9EFD02FEF8FC9DFE67" box="[738,787,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
. (2014)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
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and
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC8DB4FF9FFF9EFF77FE04FE1BFE43" author="Jalali, S. K. &amp; Singh, S. P." box="[151,405,403,429]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="20 - 23" refId="ref35832" refString="Jalali, S. K. &amp; Singh, S. P. (1989 a) Biotic potential of three coccinellid predators on various diaspine hosts. Journal of Biological Control, 3 (1), 20 - 23." type="journal article" year="1989">Jalali &amp; Singh (1989a)</bibRefCitation>
studied its biology on various diaspine scales.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>