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<mods:title id="C5774E643D63199F795BDA804365C640">Revision of the Nearctic genus Tritoxa Loew (Diptera: Ulidiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="8E911187A72B71D3FE47B7D2E7942026">Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H 9 X 3 V 9, Canada alyssa. m. macleod @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7048 - 8481</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="D0F181F8FFD5FF88FF13FD514280FD56" bold="true" box="[151,402,654,681]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FF13FD514280FD56" bold="true" box="[151,402,654,681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD5FF88FF6AFD504280FD56" ID-CoL="82MP" ID-ENA="28627" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1873" box="[238,402,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Ulidiidae" genus="Tritoxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FF6AFD504255FD56" bold="true" box="[238,327,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Tritoxa</emphasis>
Loew
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</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31C651FFFD5FF88FF13FD0B4686FD14" box="[151,1428,723,748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB93694FFD5FF88FF13FD0B4686FD14" blockId="1.[151,1428,723,748]" box="[151,1428,723,748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1611BAFFD5FF88FF13FD0B4686FD14" box="[151,1428,723,748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">
<treatmentCitation id="0AA71085FFD5FF88FF13FD0B4286FD14" author="Loew, H." box="[151,404,723,747]" page="102" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" year="1873">
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD5FF88FF13FD0B4286FD14" ID-CoL="82MP" authority="Loew, 1873: 102" authorityName="Loew" authorityPageNumber="102" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,404,723,747]" class="Insecta" family="Ulidiidae" genus="Tritoxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FF13FD0B43F2FD14" box="[151,224,724,747]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Tritoxa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B65FFD5FF88FF63FD0B4286FD14" author="Loew, H." box="[231,404,723,747]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" pagination="1 - 351" refId="ref21427" refString="Loew, H. (1873) Monographs of the Diptera of North America. Part III. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 11 (No. 256), i-vii + 1 - 351, pls. viii-xi + xiii." type="journal article" year="1873">Loew, 1873: 102</bibRefCitation>
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.
<typeStatus id="54BD8836FFD5FF88FE1AFD0B42C2FD13" box="[414,464,724,748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD5FF88FDA9FD0B4063FD14" authority="Wiedemann, 1830" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1830" box="[557,881,723,747]" class="Insecta" family="Lauxaniidae" genus="Trypeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flexa">
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FDA9FD0B41A0FD14" box="[557,690,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Trypeta flexa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B65FFD5FF88FD3CFD0C4063FD14" author="Wiedemann, C. R. W." box="[696,881,723,747]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" refId="ref21872" refString="Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten. Vol. 2. Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hamm, xii + 684 pp., 5 pls." type="book" year="1830">Wiedemann, 1830</bibRefCitation>
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(by subsequent designation of
<treatmentCitation id="0AA71085FFD5FF88FB28FD0C469AFD14" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[1196,1416,723,747]" page="617" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B65FFD5FF88FB28FD0C469AFD14" author="Coquillett, D. W." box="[1196,1416,723,747]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" pagination="499 - 647" refId="ref20757" refString="Coquillett, D. W. (1910) The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 499 - 647. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.37 - 1719.499" type="journal article" year="1910">Coquillett, 1910: 617</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31C651FFFD5FF88FF13FCC647FBFC3C" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB93694FFD5FF88FF13FCC647FBFC3C" blockId="1.[151,1437,793,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FF13FCC64200FCCC" bold="true" box="[151,274,793,819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The genus as a whole is immediately recognizable by the brown or black wings with three hyaline crossbands. Other characters include broadly flattened palpi, a strong anepisternal and katepisternal seta, vein R
<subScript id="178234D1FFD5FF88FAB0FC8F462EFCA1" attach="left" box="[1332,1340,848,862]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">1</subScript>
setulose above from just distal of humeral crossvein, vein R
<subScript id="178234D1FFD5FF88FD5FFCAB41E6FC7D" attach="left" box="[731,756,884,898]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">2+3</subScript>
slightly sinuous, cell cua closed apically without extension; females with three elongate, cylindrical spermathecae and abdominal segment 6 significantly reduced; males with inner surstylus with prensisetae and phallus long and coiled, with ventral margin lined with spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31C651FFFD5FF88FF43FC1240D4F870" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB93694FFD5FF88FF43FC1240D4F870" blockId="1.[151,1437,793,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FF43FC1242D4FC18" bold="true" box="[199,454,973,999]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Redescription. Head:</emphasis>
dichoptic in both sexes, 1.32.6 times higher than wide; postocellar setae well developed, divergent; inner and outer vertical setae long, reclinate; ocellar setae short and latero-proclinate, slightly shorter and thinner than postocellar setae; 2 strong reclinate orbital setae, upper often stronger; frons wider than eye, essentially as tall as wide, with short interfrontal setulae except between upper pair of orbital setae; proboscis brown; palpus broadly flattened, yellowish to brownish with black setulae; lunule with setulae under anterior frontal margin sometimes visible; gena with subvibrissal setae and at least 1 long postgenal seta; antennal scape with dorsal rim of setae; pedicel densely setulose dorsally and dorsolaterally, with continuous rim of setae ventrally, also with notch prior to antennal seam; postpedicel pubescent, generally 3 to 5 times longer than wide; arista brown, short pubescent; supracervical setae yellow or black.
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FD28FB32401CFAF8" bold="true" box="[684,782,1261,1287]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Thorax:</emphasis>
thoracic dorsum opaque with broad shiny lateral border; 1 postpronotal seta; 2 notopleural setae; 1 supra-alar seta; 1 postalar seta; 1 intrapostalar seta; 1 prescutellar dorsocentral seta; 1 prescutellar acrostichal seta; 2 pairs of scutellar setae; pleural segments shiny with white pruinescence; anepisternum usually with straight posterior row of setulae; anepisternum and katepisternum minutely setulose; 1 katepisternal seta; 12 anepisternal setae.
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FDF4FAA241A8FA68" bold="true" box="[624,698,1405,1431]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Wing:</emphasis>
brown or black with three oblique, hyaline crossbands (subbasal, discal, subapical) (
<figureCitation id="133D2A11FFD5FF88FEEFFA7E42A3FA44" box="[363,433,1441,1467]" captionStart="FIGURES 613" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1880,1904]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,417,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-123@6.[151,1435,417,1856]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 613. Wings of Tritoxa species. 6. T. californica sp. nov.; 7. T. cuneata; 8. T. decipiens sp. nov.; 9. T. flexa; 10. T. incurva; 11. T. pollinosa; 12. T. ra; 13. Tritoxa sp. Abbreviations: d bd—discal band; dm—discal medial cell; dm-m—discal medial crossvein; r-m—radial medial crossvein; sbap bd—subapical band; sbb bd—subbasal band." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4478088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4478088/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
); area below subbasal oblique crossband and alula opaque, only tinged with colour; distinct humeral break present; R
<subScript id="178234D1FFD5FF88FE69FA0742E7FA19" attach="left" box="[493,501,1496,1510]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">1</subScript>
setulose above from just distal of humeral crossvein, R
<subScript id="178234D1FFD5FF88FBEEFA074791FA19" attach="left" box="[1130,1155,1496,1510]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">2+3</subScript>
slightly sinuous, M vein distal to r-m crossvein gently and strongly arched; CuA arched to straight; apex of cell cua without point or extension. Halter white to yellowish-white.
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FDC3F9D241D7F9D8" bold="true" box="[583,709,1549,1575]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Abdomen:</emphasis>
uniformly setulose; female with slender anteromedial apodemes present on sternites 36; tergite and sternite 6 short and transverse, subequal, significantly narrower than previous sclerites.
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FE81F98A42DBF990" bold="true" box="[261,457,1621,1647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Male terminalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133D2A11FFD5FF88FE58F98A4127F98F" box="[476,565,1621,1648]" captionStart="FIGURES 1417" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,199,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-16@10.[180,1407,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 1417. Male terminalia of Tritoxa species. 14. T. californica sp. nov., posterior view; 15. T. californica, oblique lateral view; 16. T. cuneata, posterior view; 17. T. decipiens sp. nov., posterior view. Abbreviations: cerc—cercus; epand—epandrium; ph—phallus; prens—prensiseta; sur—surstylus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4478090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4478090/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
): hypandrium U-shaped, with pregonite narrow, bearing row of fine setae; postgonite small and oval. Epandrium wide with many long setae; inner surstylus broad, bearing prensisetae; outer surstylus digitiform; subepandrial sclerite V-shaped, with stiff setae; cercus with long setae; phallus long and coiled with many long ventral spines with longer and denser fine spines apically.
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FB84F91E47F5F924" bold="true" box="[1024,1255,1729,1755]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Female terminalia:</emphasis>
oviscape short, nearly as long as tergite 5, slightly shorter than aculeus. Eversible membrane slightly longer than aculeus, with 2 pairs of taeniae, not reaching posterior margin; membrane finely microtrichose on anterior 0.75, apical 0.25 with fine multidentate scales. Aculeus narrow, 4 times as long as wide; cercal unit with 3 pairs of long setae (subapical dorsal, subapical lateroventral and subbasal lateroventral) and shorter anterodorsal pair; 2 strong sensillae anterior to subapical lateroventral seta. Three elongate, cylindrical spermathecae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31C651FFFD5FF8BFF43F8464192FE99" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="361" pageId="1" pageNumber="360" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB93694FFD5FF88FF43F8464600F828" blockId="1.[151,1437,793,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD5FF88FF43F8464229F84C" bold="true" box="[199,315,1945,1971]" pageId="1" pageNumber="360">Remarks.</emphasis>
The major morphological characters used for species identification are wing patterns, body and supracervical setal colour, parafrontal pruinescence, and differences in surstylar chaetotaxy and shape.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB93694FFD6FF8BFF43FF484192FE99" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,358]" pageId="2" pageNumber="361">
In a molecular phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD6FF8BFDB3FF4841D5FF4E" authorityName="E.Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[567,711,151,177]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="379" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Tephritoidea">Tephritoidea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD6FF8BFD57FF48477DFF4E" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" box="[723,1135,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Ulidiidae" genus="Delphinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD6FF8BFD57FF484051FF4E" box="[723,835,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="361">Delphinia</emphasis>
Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD6FF8BFB23FF4847EAFF4F" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1873" box="[1191,1272,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Ulidiidae" genus="Tritoxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD6FF8BFB23FF4847EAFF4F" box="[1191,1272,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="361">Tritoxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were resolved as sister taxa in a dataset that included 15 species of
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD6FF8BFD6BFF644738FF29" authority="(Han &amp; Ro 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Han &amp; Ro" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[751,1066,187,214]" class="Insecta" family="Ulidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Ulidiidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B65FFD6FF8BFCE3FF644731FF29" author="Han, H. - Y. &amp; Ro, K. - E." box="[871,1059,187,214]" pageId="2" pageNumber="361" pagination="276 - 288" refId="ref21187" refString="Han, H. - Y. &amp; Ro, K. - E. (2016) Molecular phylogeny of the superfamily Tephritoidea (Insecta: Diptera) reanalysed based on expanded taxon sampling and sequence data. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 54 (4), 276 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jzs. 12139" type="journal article" year="2016">Han &amp; Ro 2016</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. These two genera both share an obliquely directed subbasal hyaline crossband, with accompanying pale anal lobe and alula. These two Nearctic genera were not included in the barcode study of Palaearctic
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD6FF8BFCC4FEDC47D2FEE2" authority="(Galinskaya et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Galinskaya" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[832,1216,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Ulidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Ulidiidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B65FFD6FF8BFC32FEDC47AAFEE2" author="Galinskaya, T. V. &amp; Suvorov, A. &amp; Okun, M. V. &amp; Shatalkin, A. I." box="[950,1208,259,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="361" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref21109" refString="Galinskaya, T. V., Suvorov, A., Okun, M. V. &amp; Shatalkin, A. I. (2014) DNA barcoding of Palaearctic Ulidiidae (Diptera: Tephritoidea): morphology, DNA evolution, and Markov codon models. Zoological Studies, 53 (51), 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 40555 - 014 - 0051 - 1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Galinskaya
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD6FF8BFBB9FEDC477CFEE2" box="[1085,1134,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="361">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD6FF8BFB4FFEDC460EFEE3" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1873" box="[1227,1308,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Ulidiidae" genus="Tritoxa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B972EA86FFD6FF8BFB4FFEDC460EFEE3" box="[1227,1308,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="361">Tritoxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is assigned to the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD6FF8BFED5FEF842BCFEBE" authorityName="Aldrich" authorityYear="1932" box="[337,430,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Ulidiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Otitinae">Otitinae</taxonomicName>
, tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C064D17FFD6FF8BFE76FEF84178FEBE" box="[498,618,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Ulidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cephaliini">Cephaliini</taxonomicName>
, a group of nine genera supported by the single synapomorphy, extremely broad palpi (
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B65FFD6FF8BFEA0FE944166FE99" author="Kameneva, E. P. &amp; Korneyev, V. A." box="[292,628,331,358]" pageId="2" pageNumber="361" pagination="497 - 586" refId="ref21283" refString="Kameneva, E. P. &amp; Korneyev, V. A. (2006) Myennidini, a new tribe of the subfamily Otitinae (Diptera: Ulidiidae), with discussion of the suprageneric classification of the family. Israel Journal of Entomology, 35 - 36, 497 - 586." type="journal article" year="2006">Kameneva &amp; Korneyev 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>