1059 lines
236 KiB
XML
1059 lines
236 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.7554/eLife.38827.001" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f8d4b5a9-d707-4d89-a64f-008bf33d9a76" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5885020" approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1642704665533" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Fu, Qiang, Diez, Jose Bienvenido, Pole, Mike, Ávila, Manuel García, Liu, Zhong-Jian, Chu, Hang, Hou, Yemao, Yin, Pengfei, Zhang, Guo-Qiang, Du, Kaihe & Wang, Xin" docDate="2018" docId="0395900FFFD37F69EAF06547FDE0FB7B" docLanguage="en" docName="eLife.7.e38827.pdf" docOrigin="eLife (e 38827) 7" docSource="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.001" docTitle="Nanjinganthus dendrostyla Fu & Diez & Pole & Ávila & Liu & Chu & Hou & Yin & Zhang & Du & Wang 2018, gen. et sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFACE877FFD17F64EB316758FFB2FFA0" masterDocTitle="An unexpected noncarpellate epigynous flower from the Jurassic of China" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1642708022308" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>An unexpected noncarpellate epigynous flower from the Jurassic of China</mods:title>
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||
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fu, Qiang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-6948-3747</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>CAS Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Paleogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Diez, Jose Bienvenido</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0001-5739-7270</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
<mods:affiliation>Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pole, Mike</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Botanical Gardens Mt Coot-tha, Toowong, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Ávila, Manuel García</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:affiliation>Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain & Facultade de Bioloxía, Asociación Paleontolóxica Galega, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Liu, Zhong-Jian</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:affiliation>State Forestry Administration Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China</mods:affiliation>
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||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">zjliu@fafu.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Chu, Hang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey, Tianjin, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hou, Yemao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yin, Pengfei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-4520-5347</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhang, Guo-Qiang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>State Forestry Administration Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Du, Kaihe</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Medicinal Materials and Applications, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wang, Xin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-4053-5515</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>CAS Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Paleogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">xinwang@nigpas.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>eLife</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="series">
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<mods:title>e 38827</mods:title>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-12-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>7</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>24</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.001</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7554/eLife.38827.001</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">f8d4b5a9-d707-4d89-a64f-008bf33d9a76</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5885020</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885032" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192459168" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5885032" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0395900FFFD37F69EAF06547FDE0FB7B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0395900FFFD37F69EAF06547FDE0FB7B" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection box="[449,912,543,566]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="2.[449,912,503,566]" box="[449,912,543,566]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Fu & Diez & Pole & Ávila & Liu & Chu & Hou & Yin & Zhang & Du & Wang, 2018" authorityName="Fu & Diez & Pole & Ávila & Liu & Chu & Hou & Yin & Zhang & Du & Wang" authorityYear="2018" box="[449,738,543,566]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,738,543,566]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanjinganthus dendrostyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[744,912,547,565]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[449,715,601,663]" box="[449,715,601,632]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,715,601,632]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,715,601,632]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Specific diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[449,715,601,663]" box="[449,698,644,663]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">the same as the genus.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[449,1534,699,825]" box="[449,622,699,730]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,622,699,730]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,622,699,730]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[449,1534,699,825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The flowers are frequently concentrated and preserved in groups on certain bedding surfaces (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,604,772,795]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[99,163,1622,1643]" captionTargetBox="[98,1262,143,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[131,1228,176,1560]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Siltstone slabs bearing Nanjinganthus. All bars are 1 cm long. (A) Six flowers (1-6) on the same slab, and an associated triangular leaflet with parallel venation. PB22227. (B) Several flowers on the same slab. 1–3 are shown in detail in Figures 2f and 6d,e. PB22226. (C) Several flowers (1-8) on the same slab and the associated Nilssonia parabrevis (top). PB22220. (D) Several flowers (1-6) on the same slab. 1–3 are shown in detail in Figures 2h and 3a–c. PB22224. (E) Many flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are shown in detail in later figures. PB22222a. (F) A slab with numerous flowers. PB22221. (G) A slab almost fully covered with flowers. PB22228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.003" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885022/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,604,772,795]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 1a–g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[667,722,772,795]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[667,722,772,795]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2a–b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), although many of them are preserved as isolated individuals on other slabs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[449,1533,865,1056]" box="[449,611,865,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading box="[449,611,865,896]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">Flower bud</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[449,1533,865,1056]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Aflower bud is preserved as a coalified compression, 6.4 mm long and 3 mm wide, with characteristic longitudinal ribs on the sepals and petals (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[938,1046,937,960]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[938,1046,937,960]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 2g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sepals are estimated to be 1.3–2.2 mm long and approximately 1.8 mm wide (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[884,996,969,992]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[884,996,969,992]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 2g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The petals (including the eclipsed portion) are estimated to be approximately 3.7 mm long (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[957,1069,1001,1024]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[957,1069,1001,1024]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 2g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The receptacle/ovary is approximately 3 mm in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[633,742,1033,1056]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[633,742,1033,1056]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 2g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[449,1534,1095,1925]" box="[449,647,1095,1126]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading box="[449,647,1095,1126]" fontSize="12" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">Mature flower</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[449,1534,1095,1925]" lastBlockId="5.[449,1534,1623,1847]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The flowers are preserved in various states (including coalification), with cup-form receptacle, epigynous with an inferior ovary, 8.4–10.7 mm in length and 6.8–12.8 mm in diameter, actinomorphic in the bottom and top views (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[742,882,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[742,842,1198,1221]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[99,163,1622,1643]" captionTargetBox="[98,1262,143,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[131,1228,176,1560]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Siltstone slabs bearing Nanjinganthus. All bars are 1 cm long. (A) Six flowers (1-6) on the same slab, and an associated triangular leaflet with parallel venation. PB22227. (B) Several flowers on the same slab. 1–3 are shown in detail in Figures 2f and 6d,e. PB22226. (C) Several flowers (1-8) on the same slab and the associated Nilssonia parabrevis (top). PB22220. (D) Several flowers (1-6) on the same slab. 1–3 are shown in detail in Figures 2h and 3a–c. PB22224. (E) Many flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are shown in detail in later figures. PB22222a. (F) A slab with numerous flowers. PB22221. (G) A slab almost fully covered with flowers. PB22228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.003" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885022/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a-g
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[896,959,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2a-f,h</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[974,1060,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3a-b,d-f</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1075,1168,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4a-b,d,g</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1182,1223,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5e-i</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1237,1306,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6a,f,j,l</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1361,1409,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7a,e</emphasis>
|
||
). The pedicel is approximately 0.76 mm in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[925,1055,1230,1253]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[925,1055,1230,1253]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 6a,b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Basally fused bracts 0.7–3.7 mm long are observed at the bottom in a few flowers, and a stoma is seen on a bract (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1270,1412,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1270,1375,1262,1285]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[99,163,1541,1562]" captionTargetBox="[98,1389,143,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[131,1355,176,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nanjinganthus flowers preserved in various orientations and states. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) An oblique longitudinally split flower (Flower 11 in Figure 1e) with scales (sc), sepals (s), and petals (p). PB22222a. (B) A longitudinally split flower (Flower 12 in Figure 1e) with sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22222a. (C) Integral surface of an ovarian roof with a scar (arrow) left by a broken off style, from the flower shown in Figure 5h. PB22279. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Bottom view of a flower (Flower 14 in Figure 1e) with three sepals (s) and five petals (p) visible. PB22222a. (E) One of the sepals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs forking (arrow). PB22222a. (F) One of the petals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs. PB22222a. (G) Side view of a flower, showing scales (sc) on the ovary side and connate bracts (b) at the bottom. PB22229. (H) Detailed view of the connate bracts (b) and scales (sc) in Figure 4g. Note the outline (white line) of the fused bracts. PB22229. (I) The locule surrounded by the ovary wall (arrows) of the flower shown in Figure 4d. PB22222a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 4</figureCitation>
|
||
g-h
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1428,1484,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7e,h,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,477,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">8h</emphasis>
|
||
). The receptacle is cup-form, 3–4.8 mm in diameter and 2–4.5 mm high, surrounded by a 0.3 mm thick wall in the bottom and sides, and covered by an ovarian roof from the above (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1387,1526,1326,1349]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1387,1526,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 2h–i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[449,479,1358,1381]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[99,163,1541,1562]" captionTargetBox="[98,1389,143,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[131,1355,176,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nanjinganthus flowers preserved in various orientations and states. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) An oblique longitudinally split flower (Flower 11 in Figure 1e) with scales (sc), sepals (s), and petals (p). PB22222a. (B) A longitudinally split flower (Flower 12 in Figure 1e) with sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22222a. (C) Integral surface of an ovarian roof with a scar (arrow) left by a broken off style, from the flower shown in Figure 5h. PB22279. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Bottom view of a flower (Flower 14 in Figure 1e) with three sepals (s) and five petals (p) visible. PB22222a. (E) One of the sepals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs forking (arrow). PB22222a. (F) One of the petals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs. PB22222a. (G) Side view of a flower, showing scales (sc) on the ovary side and connate bracts (b) at the bottom. PB22229. (H) Detailed view of the connate bracts (b) and scales (sc) in Figure 4g. Note the outline (white line) of the fused bracts. PB22229. (I) The locule surrounded by the ovary wall (arrows) of the flower shown in Figure 4d. PB22222a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,479,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[494,522,1358,1381]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[494,522,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5h</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[537,591,1358,1381]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[537,591,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6a–b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[649,730,1358,1381]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[649,730,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7a,e–f,i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Scales are attached on the sides of the receptacle/ovary (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1380,1526,1358,1381]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[99,163,1289,1310]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1259]" captionTargetId="figure-141@5.[131,1491,176,1226]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individuals of Nanjinganthus. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in Figure 1d (before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in Figure 3a, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in Figure 3b with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in Figure 2b after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in Figure 2e,j. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007 The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1380,1526,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 3a–b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[449,524,1390,1413]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[99,163,1541,1562]" captionTargetBox="[98,1389,143,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[131,1355,176,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nanjinganthus flowers preserved in various orientations and states. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) An oblique longitudinally split flower (Flower 11 in Figure 1e) with scales (sc), sepals (s), and petals (p). PB22222a. (B) A longitudinally split flower (Flower 12 in Figure 1e) with sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22222a. (C) Integral surface of an ovarian roof with a scar (arrow) left by a broken off style, from the flower shown in Figure 5h. PB22279. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Bottom view of a flower (Flower 14 in Figure 1e) with three sepals (s) and five petals (p) visible. PB22222a. (E) One of the sepals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs forking (arrow). PB22222a. (F) One of the petals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs. PB22222a. (G) Side view of a flower, showing scales (sc) on the ovary side and connate bracts (b) at the bottom. PB22229. (H) Detailed view of the connate bracts (b) and scales (sc) in Figure 4g. Note the outline (white line) of the fused bracts. PB22229. (I) The locule surrounded by the ovary wall (arrows) of the flower shown in Figure 4d. PB22222a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,524,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4a,g–h</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[539,559,1390,1413]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[539,559,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[615,677,1390,1413]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[615,677,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7a,e,i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sepals are 1.7–3 mm long and 2.7–4.3 mm wide, with two lateral rib-free laminar areas and usually four longitudinal ribs in the center, and attached to the receptacle rim with their whole bases (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[653,786,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[653,758,1454,1477]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 2</figureCitation>
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c-f
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</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[801,846,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3d-f</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,953,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4a,b,d-e</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[968,1001,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5i,l</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1016,1036,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6l</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1052,1093,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7e,i</emphasis>
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,
|
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1108,1134,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9a</emphasis>
|
||
). The elongated epidermal cells are, 44–156 µm x 33–54 µm, with straight cell walls in the middle region, while isodiametric epidermal cells 16–71 µm x 10–54 µm are seen in the lateral laminar areas of the sepals (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1301,1421,1518,1541]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[99,163,1080,1101]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-207@10.[131,1491,176,1018]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Details of the sepal and petal. (A-B) stereomicroscopy; (C) (E-G) fluorescence light microscopy; (D) TEM; (H) SEM. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A petal with a narrowing base. PB22280. (B) A partial petal from the Flower in Figure 3d–e, with the longitudinal rib (to the left) forking at the base (arrow) and the rib-free laminar area to the right. PB22223. (C) Elongated epidermal cells of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (D) Transmission electron microscope view showing the cuticle (left, light color) of a petal. PB22223. Bar = 2 µm. (E) Elongated epidermal cells not in strict longitudinal files in the laminar portion of the petal in Figure 8b. Note the two newly formed epidermal cells (arrow). PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (F) Ribs with elongated epidermal cells (left and right) alternating the between region with less elongated cells (middle) of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G Elongated (above) and isodiametric (below) epidermal cells on the sepal of Flower in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) A stoma on the bract of the flower (marked by white arrow in Figure 2h). PB22224. Bar = 5 µm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.015" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885036/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1301,1421,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 8g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1437,1484,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<figureCitation box="[1437,1450,1518,1541]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[99,163,1413,1434]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1384]" captionTargetId="figure-79@11.[131,1491,176,1351]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Petal and details of Nanjinganthus. (A-C) light stereomicroscopy; (D) (H) SEM; (E-G) (I-K) fluorescence light microscopy. PB22223. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Side view of Flower 3 in Figure 2b, showing the arrangement of the petals (p) and sepal (s). (B) The same flower as in Figure 9a. Note that some organic material of the petal has been removed for detailed observation. (C). Margins (arrows) of the petal (p) with cuneate base and their relationship to the sepal (s). (D) The petal removed from Figure 9a. SEM. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Cellular details of the petal in Figure 9d Bar = 0.5 mm. (F) Elongated epidermal cells arranged in files, enlarged from Figure 9e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Isodiametric epidermal cells in the laminar area portion of the petal in Figure 9e. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) A fragment of the sepal seen in Figure 9a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) Cellular details of the sepal in Figure 9h. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Elongated epidermal cells arranged in files on the sepal in Figure 9i. Bar = 0.1 mm. (K) Isodiametric epidermal cells on the laminar area of the sepal in Figure 9a. Bar = 0.1 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.016" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9</figureCitation>
|
||
h-k
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,509,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">10d-f</emphasis>
|
||
). The petals are 3.1–6.6 mm long, 1.9–5.4 mm wide, compressed to only about 11 µm thick, with two lateral rib-free laminar areas, a cuneate base, and 5–6 longitudinal ribs in the center, located inside the sepals on the rim of the receptacle (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1062,1235,1614,1637]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1062,1235,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 2c–f,h,j</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1243,1313,1614,1637]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[99,163,1541,1562]" captionTargetBox="[98,1389,143,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[131,1355,176,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nanjinganthus flowers preserved in various orientations and states. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) An oblique longitudinally split flower (Flower 11 in Figure 1e) with scales (sc), sepals (s), and petals (p). PB22222a. (B) A longitudinally split flower (Flower 12 in Figure 1e) with sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22222a. (C) Integral surface of an ovarian roof with a scar (arrow) left by a broken off style, from the flower shown in Figure 5h. PB22279. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Bottom view of a flower (Flower 14 in Figure 1e) with three sepals (s) and five petals (p) visible. PB22222a. (E) One of the sepals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs forking (arrow). PB22222a. (F) One of the petals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs. PB22222a. (G) Side view of a flower, showing scales (sc) on the ovary side and connate bracts (b) at the bottom. PB22229. (H) Detailed view of the connate bracts (b) and scales (sc) in Figure 4g. Note the outline (white line) of the fused bracts. PB22229. (I) The locule surrounded by the ovary wall (arrows) of the flower shown in Figure 4d. PB22222a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1243,1313,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4a,b,d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1321,1364,1614,1637]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1321,1364,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6a,f</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1371,1432,1614,1637]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1371,1432,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7a,e,i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1439,1487,1614,1637]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[99,163,1080,1101]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-207@10.[131,1491,176,1018]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Details of the sepal and petal. (A-B) stereomicroscopy; (C) (E-G) fluorescence light microscopy; (D) TEM; (H) SEM. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A petal with a narrowing base. PB22280. (B) A partial petal from the Flower in Figure 3d–e, with the longitudinal rib (to the left) forking at the base (arrow) and the rib-free laminar area to the right. PB22223. (C) Elongated epidermal cells of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (D) Transmission electron microscope view showing the cuticle (left, light color) of a petal. PB22223. Bar = 2 µm. (E) Elongated epidermal cells not in strict longitudinal files in the laminar portion of the petal in Figure 8b. Note the two newly formed epidermal cells (arrow). PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (F) Ribs with elongated epidermal cells (left and right) alternating the between region with less elongated cells (middle) of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G Elongated (above) and isodiametric (below) epidermal cells on the sepal of Flower in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) A stoma on the bract of the flower (marked by white arrow in Figure 2h). PB22224. Bar = 5 µm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.015" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885036/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1439,1487,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">8a–f</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[99,163,1413,1434]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1384]" captionTargetId="figure-79@11.[131,1491,176,1351]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Petal and details of Nanjinganthus. (A-C) light stereomicroscopy; (D) (H) SEM; (E-G) (I-K) fluorescence light microscopy. PB22223. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Side view of Flower 3 in Figure 2b, showing the arrangement of the petals (p) and sepal (s). (B) The same flower as in Figure 9a. Note that some organic material of the petal has been removed for detailed observation. (C). Margins (arrows) of the petal (p) with cuneate base and their relationship to the sepal (s). (D) The petal removed from Figure 9a. SEM. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Cellular details of the petal in Figure 9d Bar = 0.5 mm. (F) Elongated epidermal cells arranged in files, enlarged from Figure 9e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Isodiametric epidermal cells in the laminar area portion of the petal in Figure 9e. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) A fragment of the sepal seen in Figure 9a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) Cellular details of the sepal in Figure 9h. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Elongated epidermal cells arranged in files on the sepal in Figure 9i. Bar = 0.1 mm. (K) Isodiametric epidermal cells on the laminar area of the sepal in Figure 9a. Bar = 0.1 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.016" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9a– g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ribs are approximately 0.12 mm wide, forking only basally, with elongated epidermal cells with straight cell walls, 32–144 µm x 17–30 µm on the abaxial and 19–72 µm x 13–29 µm on the adaxial (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[539,672,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[539,642,1710,1733]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[99,163,1080,1101]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-207@10.[131,1491,176,1018]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Details of the sepal and petal. (A-B) stereomicroscopy; (C) (E-G) fluorescence light microscopy; (D) TEM; (H) SEM. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A petal with a narrowing base. PB22280. (B) A partial petal from the Flower in Figure 3d–e, with the longitudinal rib (to the left) forking at the base (arrow) and the rib-free laminar area to the right. PB22223. (C) Elongated epidermal cells of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (D) Transmission electron microscope view showing the cuticle (left, light color) of a petal. PB22223. Bar = 2 µm. (E) Elongated epidermal cells not in strict longitudinal files in the laminar portion of the petal in Figure 8b. Note the two newly formed epidermal cells (arrow). PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (F) Ribs with elongated epidermal cells (left and right) alternating the between region with less elongated cells (middle) of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G Elongated (above) and isodiametric (below) epidermal cells on the sepal of Flower in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) A stoma on the bract of the flower (marked by white arrow in Figure 2h). PB22224. Bar = 5 µm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.015" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885036/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 8</figureCitation>
|
||
a-f
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[686,750,1710,1733]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">10a-b</emphasis>
|
||
). The lateral laminar areas are free of ribs, and each is approximately 1.2 mm wide, with isodiametric epidermal cells 23–64 µm x 18–37 µm (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1222,1345,1742,1765]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[99,163,1080,1101]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-207@10.[131,1491,176,1018]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Details of the sepal and petal. (A-B) stereomicroscopy; (C) (E-G) fluorescence light microscopy; (D) TEM; (H) SEM. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A petal with a narrowing base. PB22280. (B) A partial petal from the Flower in Figure 3d–e, with the longitudinal rib (to the left) forking at the base (arrow) and the rib-free laminar area to the right. PB22223. (C) Elongated epidermal cells of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (D) Transmission electron microscope view showing the cuticle (left, light color) of a petal. PB22223. Bar = 2 µm. (E) Elongated epidermal cells not in strict longitudinal files in the laminar portion of the petal in Figure 8b. Note the two newly formed epidermal cells (arrow). PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (F) Ribs with elongated epidermal cells (left and right) alternating the between region with less elongated cells (middle) of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G Elongated (above) and isodiametric (below) epidermal cells on the sepal of Flower in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) A stoma on the bract of the flower (marked by white arrow in Figure 2h). PB22224. Bar = 5 µm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.015" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885036/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1222,1345,1742,1765]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 8e</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1364,1393,1742,1765]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="11.[99,163,1413,1434]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1384]" captionTargetId="figure-79@11.[131,1491,176,1351]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 9. Petal and details of Nanjinganthus. (A-C) light stereomicroscopy; (D) (H) SEM; (E-G) (I-K) fluorescence light microscopy. PB22223. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Side view of Flower 3 in Figure 2b, showing the arrangement of the petals (p) and sepal (s). (B) The same flower as in Figure 9a. Note that some organic material of the petal has been removed for detailed observation. (C). Margins (arrows) of the petal (p) with cuneate base and their relationship to the sepal (s). (D) The petal removed from Figure 9a. SEM. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Cellular details of the petal in Figure 9d Bar = 0.5 mm. (F) Elongated epidermal cells arranged in files, enlarged from Figure 9e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Isodiametric epidermal cells in the laminar area portion of the petal in Figure 9e. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) A fragment of the sepal seen in Figure 9a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) Cellular details of the sepal in Figure 9h. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Elongated epidermal cells arranged in files on the sepal in Figure 9i. Bar = 0.1 mm. (K) Isodiametric epidermal cells on the laminar area of the sepal in Figure 9a. Bar = 0.1 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.016" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885038/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1364,1393,1742,1765]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Apossibly immature stoma is seen on one of the petals (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[955,1076,1774,1797]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="12.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-49@12.[131,1491,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 10. Cuticular details of Nanjinganthus. A, D-E, Fluorescence light microscopy; B-C, F, SEM. PB22223. (A) Elongated epidermal cells in longitudinal files in the middle portion of the petal in Figure 8b. Bar = 0.1 mm. (B) Elongated epidermal cells on the rib of the petal in Figure 8b. Bar = 50 µm. (C) A possible stoma on the petal shown in Figure 8b. Bar = 2 µm. (D) Elongated epidermal cells in files on the sepal of flower in Figure 3d–e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (E) Isodiametric epidermal cells on the sepal of flower in Figure 3d–e. Bar = 0.1 mm. (F) Isodiametric epidermal cells on the sepal of flower in Figure 3d–e. Bar = 20 µm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.017" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885040/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[955,1076,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 10c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). An unknown organ (staminode?) is seen once on the rim of the receptacle (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[826,961,1806,1829]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[826,961,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 6a,m</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ovarian roof is horizontal, with smooth integral outer and inner surfaces, 0.14–0.22 mm thick, with a style vertically located on its center (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1410,1527,1838,1861]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[99,163,1541,1562]" captionTargetBox="[98,1389,143,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[131,1355,176,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nanjinganthus flowers preserved in various orientations and states. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) An oblique longitudinally split flower (Flower 11 in Figure 1e) with scales (sc), sepals (s), and petals (p). PB22222a. (B) A longitudinally split flower (Flower 12 in Figure 1e) with sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22222a. (C) Integral surface of an ovarian roof with a scar (arrow) left by a broken off style, from the flower shown in Figure 5h. PB22279. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Bottom view of a flower (Flower 14 in Figure 1e) with three sepals (s) and five petals (p) visible. PB22222a. (E) One of the sepals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs forking (arrow). PB22222a. (F) One of the petals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs. PB22222a. (G) Side view of a flower, showing scales (sc) on the ovary side and connate bracts (b) at the bottom. PB22229. (H) Detailed view of the connate bracts (b) and scales (sc) in Figure 4g. Note the outline (white line) of the fused bracts. PB22229. (I) The locule surrounded by the ovary wall (arrows) of the flower shown in Figure 4d. PB22222a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885024/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1410,1527,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 4c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[449,478,1870,1893]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,478,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5h</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[492,514,1870,1893]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[492,514,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6f</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[570,668,1870,1893]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[570,668,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7a–c,e–g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The style is 0.3–0.8 mm in diameter, with lateral branches that make the width of the style 3–6 mm (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[694,835,1902,1925]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[694,835,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 2h–i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[852,906,1902,1925]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[99,163,1289,1310]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1259]" captionTargetId="figure-141@5.[131,1491,176,1226]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individuals of Nanjinganthus. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in Figure 1d (before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in Figure 3a, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in Figure 3b with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in Figure 2b after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in Figure 2e,j. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007 The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[852,906,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3a–b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[924,962,1902,1925]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[924,962,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5i–j</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[980,1026,1902,1925]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[980,1026,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6a,c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1088,1142,1902,1925]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1088,1142,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7a–d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The basalmost pair of the lateral branches appear oppositely arranged along the style (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1061,1183,1623,1646]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1061,1183,1623,1646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figures 2h</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1247,1276,1623,1646]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[99,163,1289,1310]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1259]" captionTargetId="figure-141@5.[131,1491,176,1226]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individuals of Nanjinganthus. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in Figure 1d (before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in Figure 3a, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in Figure 3b with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in Figure 2b after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in Figure 2e,j. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007 The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1247,1276,1623,1646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) while the upper ones appear irregularly arranged (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[763,876,1657,1680]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[763,876,1657,1680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figures 2i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[892,918,1657,1680]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[892,918,1657,1680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">6a</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[977,1029,1657,1680]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[977,1029,1657,1680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">7c–d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are longitudinal faint striations on the surface of the style (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[670,787,1690,1713]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[99,163,1289,1310]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1259]" captionTargetId="figure-141@5.[131,1491,176,1226]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individuals of Nanjinganthus. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in Figure 1d (before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in Figure 3a, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in Figure 3b with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in Figure 2b after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in Figure 2e,j. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007 The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[670,787,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figures 3c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[844,864,1690,1713]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[844,864,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5j</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are 1.6–3.6 mm long and 1.7–2.2 mm wide round-triangular scales on the sides of the ovary (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[891,1011,1724,1747]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[891,1011,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figures 2g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1025,1055,1724,1747]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[99,163,1289,1310]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1259]" captionTargetId="figure-141@5.[131,1491,176,1226]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individuals of Nanjinganthus. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in Figure 1d (before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in Figure 3a, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in Figure 3b with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in Figure 2b after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in Figure 2e,j. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007 The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1025,1055,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1069,1144,1724,1747]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[99,163,1541,1562]" captionTargetBox="[98,1389,143,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[131,1355,176,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nanjinganthus flowers preserved in various orientations and states. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) An oblique longitudinally split flower (Flower 11 in Figure 1e) with scales (sc), sepals (s), and petals (p). PB22222a. (B) A longitudinally split flower (Flower 12 in Figure 1e) with sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22222a. (C) Integral surface of an ovarian roof with a scar (arrow) left by a broken off style, from the flower shown in Figure 5h. PB22279. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Bottom view of a flower (Flower 14 in Figure 1e) with three sepals (s) and five petals (p) visible. PB22222a. (E) One of the sepals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs forking (arrow). PB22222a. (F) One of the petals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs. PB22222a. (G) Side view of a flower, showing scales (sc) on the ovary side and connate bracts (b) at the bottom. PB22229. (H) Detailed view of the connate bracts (b) and scales (sc) in Figure 4g. Note the outline (white line) of the fused bracts. PB22229. (I) The locule surrounded by the ovary wall (arrows) of the flower shown in Figure 4d. PB22222a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885024/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1069,1144,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4a,g–h</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1200,1220,1724,1747]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1200,1220,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each ovary contains one to three seeds that are 0.65–3 mm x 0.5–1.7 mm, elongated or oval-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1248,1362,1757,1780]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1248,1362,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figures 2f</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1376,1422,1757,1780]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1376,1422,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5a,c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">6d,f– l</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), hanged on the inner wall of the ovary by a 0.08–0.27 mm wide funiculus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1267,1385,1791,1814]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1267,1385,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figures 5e</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1440,1496,1791,1814]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1440,1496,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">6d–e</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). A micropyle-like depression 0.15 × 0.36 mm is seen on a seed (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1109,1238,1824,1847]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1109,1238,1824,1847]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 5a,d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885022" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5885022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885022/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[99,163,1622,1643]" targetBox="[98,1262,143,1593]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[99,1514,1622,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,188,1622,1643]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Siltstone slabs bearing
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fu & Diez & Pole & Ávila & Liu & Chu & Hou & Yin & Zhang & Du & Wang" authorityYear="2018" box="[413,550,1622,1642]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[413,550,1622,1642]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All bars are 1 cm long. (A) Six flowers (1-6) on the same slab, and an associated triangular leaflet with parallel venation. PB22227. (B) Several flowers on the same slab. 1–3 are shown in detail in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[955,1056,1651,1672]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figures 2f</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1104,1148,1651,1672]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">6d,e</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22226. (C) Several flowers (1-8) on the same slab and the associated
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Huang" box="[420,610,1681,1701]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Calamitaceae" genus="Neocalamites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Equisetales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[420,610,1681,1701]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nilssonia parabrevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(top). PB22220. (D) Several flowers (1-6) on the same slab. 1–3 are shown in detail in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1513,1680,1701]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figures 2h</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[141,186,1710,1731]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3a–c</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22224. (E) Many flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are shown in detail in later figures. PB22222a. (F) A slab with numerous flowers. PB22221. (G) A slab almost fully covered with flowers. PB22228.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[99,1514,1622,1889]" box="[99,520,1771,1789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.003</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[99,1514,1622,1889]" box="[99,631,1804,1821]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">The following figure supplement is available for figure 1:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[99,1514,1622,1889]" box="[99,1060,1839,1860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,311,1839,1860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure supplement 1.</emphasis>
|
||
The type fossil locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Nanjing" authorityName="Nanjing" baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[557,779,1839,1859]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[557,693,1839,1859]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
, Nanjing
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in China and isotopic dating.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[99,1514,1622,1889]" box="[99,519,1871,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.004</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[99,1533,1445,1888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,187,1445,1466]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[297,434,1446,1466]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[297,434,1446,1466]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[568,687,1504,1525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3d–e</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1198,1292,1504,1525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2a</emphasis>
|
||
, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[879,973,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2a</emphasis>
|
||
, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[671,762,1562,1583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3f</emphasis>
|
||
, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[826,914,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2j</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1274,1370,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 1b</emphasis>
|
||
with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[484,579,1621,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 6h</emphasis>
|
||
) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1286,1382,1621,1642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2b</emphasis>
|
||
) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[990,1086,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 1d</emphasis>
|
||
, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[867,963,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[447,543,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2e</emphasis>
|
||
, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[349,445,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2e</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22278.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[99,1533,1445,1888]" box="[99,520,1770,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[99,1533,1445,1888]" box="[99,630,1802,1820]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[99,1533,1445,1888]" box="[99,952,1837,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,311,1837,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure supplement 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Frequently observed palynomorphs associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[810,946,1838,1858]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[810,946,1838,1858]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[99,1533,1445,1888]" box="[99,520,1870,1888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.006</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[99,1510,1289,1556]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,187,1289,1310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[325,462,1289,1309]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[325,462,1289,1309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1164,1260,1289,1310]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 1d</emphasis>
|
||
(before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[973,1068,1318,1339]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3a</emphasis>
|
||
, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1279,1375,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3b</emphasis>
|
||
with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[579,676,1376,1397]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 2b</emphasis>
|
||
after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1301,1408,1406,1427]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 2e,j</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[99,1510,1289,1556]" box="[99,630,1470,1488]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[99,1510,1289,1556]" box="[99,733,1505,1526]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,311,1505,1526]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure supplement 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Fossil plants associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[590,726,1506,1526]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[590,726,1506,1526]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[99,1510,1289,1556]" box="[99,519,1538,1556]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.008</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5885024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885024/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[99,163,1541,1562]" targetBox="[98,1389,143,1512]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[99,1501,1541,1896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,187,1541,1562]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[194,330,1542,1562]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[194,330,1542,1562]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
flowers preserved in various orientations and states. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) An oblique longitudinally split flower (Flower 11 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[334,429,1570,1591]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
) with scales (sc), sepals (s), and petals (p). PB22222a. (B) Alongitudinally split flower (Flower 12 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1351,1446,1570,1591]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
) with sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22222a. (C) Integral surface of an ovarian roof with a scar (arrow) left by a broken off style, from the flower shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,194,1629,1650]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 5h</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22279. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Bottom view of a flower (Flower 14 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[827,922,1629,1650]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
) with three sepals (s) and five petals (p) visible. PB22222a. (E) One of the sepals in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[296,392,1658,1679]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4d</emphasis>
|
||
, showing longitudinal ribs forking (arrow). PB22222a. (F) One of the petals in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1122,1218,1658,1679]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4d</emphasis>
|
||
, showing longitudinal ribs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[99,1501,1541,1896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
PB22222a. (G) Side view of a flower, showing scales (sc) on the ovary side and connate bracts (b) at the bottom. PB22229. (H) Detailed view of the connate bracts (b) and scales (sc) in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[438,534,1717,1738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4g</emphasis>
|
||
. Note the outline (white line) of the fused bracts. PB22229. (I) The locule surrounded by the ovary wall (arrows) of the flower shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[392,489,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4d</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22222a.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[99,1501,1541,1896]" box="[99,520,1778,1796]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.009</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[99,1501,1541,1896]" box="[99,631,1811,1828]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">The following figure supplement is available for figure 4:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[99,1501,1541,1896]" box="[99,733,1846,1867]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,311,1846,1867]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure supplement 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Fossil plants associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[590,726,1846,1866]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[590,726,1846,1866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[99,1501,1541,1896]" box="[99,519,1878,1896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.010</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[99,1529,1511,1895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,187,1511,1532]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[194,250,1511,1531]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">In situ</emphasis>
|
||
seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Aseed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1336,1432,1511,1532]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,216,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 5a</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) Aseed (detailed in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[688,776,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6i</emphasis>
|
||
) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1077,1173,1569,1590]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[457,551,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 5a</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) Aseed (arrow, detailed in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1086,1204,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6d–e</emphasis>
|
||
) inside the receptacle in Flower two in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,259,1627,1648]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 1b</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[891,986,1627,1648]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[851,944,1657,1678]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 4c</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[279,367,1715,1736]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 5i</emphasis>
|
||
, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the rightpetalin
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[226,314,1744,1765]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 5i</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailedviewofasepalin
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[842,930,1744,1765]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 5i</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[99,1529,1511,1895]" box="[99,519,1777,1795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[99,1529,1511,1895]" box="[99,630,1809,1826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[99,1529,1511,1895]" box="[99,751,1844,1865]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,311,1844,1865]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure supplement 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Flowers of a living angiosperm and its details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[99,1529,1511,1895]" box="[99,519,1877,1895]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.012</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" targetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[99,1531,1534,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,187,1534,1555]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Dendroid style,
|
||
<emphasis box="[344,400,1535,1555]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Alongitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[366,461,1563,1584]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
, the same as in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[615,730,1563,1584]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5f–g</emphasis>
|
||
) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1173,1268,1593,1614]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6a</emphasis>
|
||
. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1134,1229,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6a</emphasis>
|
||
. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Aseed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[956,1053,1651,1672]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 1b</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[490,587,1680,1701]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6d</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1086,1181,1680,1701]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,189,1739,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6f</emphasis>
|
||
. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1097,1188,1739,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 2f</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[547,642,1768,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1089,1186,1768,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 1g</emphasis>
|
||
, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[913,1001,1797,1818]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6j</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[236,331,1856,1877]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 6a</emphasis>
|
||
. Bar = 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[99,1531,1534,1906]" box="[99,520,1888,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" targetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[99,1532,1129,1471]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,187,1129,1150]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Aflower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,216,1187,1208]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7a</emphasis>
|
||
, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1361,1457,1187,1208]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7b</emphasis>
|
||
, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[139,234,1275,1296]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 1e</emphasis>
|
||
. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1110,1199,1304,1325]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7i</emphasis>
|
||
), to show the details in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7f– h</emphasis>
|
||
. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[534,629,1333,1354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7e</emphasis>
|
||
. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flowerin
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[723,812,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7i</emphasis>
|
||
, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flowerin
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,194,1421,1442]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7e</emphasis>
|
||
, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[99,1532,1129,1471]" box="[99,519,1453,1471]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3449504302" box="[449,696,1546,1610]" collectionCode="PB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="PB22222B" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,696,1546,1610]" box="[449,589,1546,1577]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,589,1546,1577]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,589,1546,1577]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[449,589,1546,1577]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,696,1546,1610]" box="[449,696,1587,1610]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[449,558,1587,1610]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,558,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 2d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[570,687,1589,1608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22222B</specimenCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3449504301" box="[449,1199,1645,1708]" collectionCode="PB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="PB22222a, PB22281, PB22279" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="isotypes">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1199,1645,1708]" box="[449,576,1645,1676]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,576,1645,1676]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,576,1645,1676]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[449,576,1645,1676]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Isotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1199,1645,1708]" box="[449,1199,1685,1708]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[449,572,1685,1708]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,572,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 6a,f</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[583,697,1688,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22222a</specimenCode>
|
||
),
|
||
<figureCitation box="[714,839,1685,1708]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[714,839,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 7e–i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[851,953,1688,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22281</specimenCode>
|
||
),
|
||
<figureCitation box="[969,1076,1685,1708]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[969,1076,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 5h</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1088,1191,1688,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22279</specimenCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1533,1743,1838]" box="[449,608,1743,1774]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,608,1743,1774]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,608,1743,1774]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Specimens</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[449,1533,1743,1838]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3449504304" collectionCode="PB" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="PB22222-PB22229, PB22236, PB22238, PB22241-PB22243, PB22245-PB22247, PB22256-PB22260, PB22278-PB22282, PB22489" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode box="[449,649,1786,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22222-PB22229</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[666,763,1786,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22236</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[780,878,1786,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22238</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[894,1094,1786,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22241-PB22243</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1111,1312,1786,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22245-PB22247</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1328,1529,1786,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22256-PB22260</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[449,650,1819,1838]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22278-PB22282</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[661,760,1819,1838]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PB22489</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5885036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885036/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[99,163,1080,1101]" targetBox="[98,1525,143,1051]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[99,1529,1080,1336]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,188,1080,1101]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Details of the sepal and petal. (A-B) stereomicroscopy; (C) (E-G) fluorescence light microscopy; (D) TEM; (H) SEM. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Apetal with a narrowing base. PB22280. (B) A partial petal from the Flower in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1072,1191,1110,1131]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 3d–e</emphasis>
|
||
, with the longitudinal rib (to the left) forkingat thebase (arrow) andtherib-freelaminarareatotheright. PB22223. (C) Elongatedepidermalcells of thepetalin Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (D) Transmission electron microscope view showing the cuticle (left, light color) of a petal. PB22223. Bar = 2 µm. (E) Elongated epidermal cells not in strict longitudinal files in the laminar portion of the petal in Figure 8b. Note the two newly formed epidermal cells (arrow). PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (F) Ribs with elongated epidermal cells (left and right) alternating the between region with less elongated cells (middle) of the petal in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[122,212,1258,1275]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[99,163,1080,1101]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-207@10.[131,1491,176,1018]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Details of the sepal and petal. (A-B) stereomicroscopy; (C) (E-G) fluorescence light microscopy; (D) TEM; (H) SEM. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A petal with a narrowing base. PB22280. (B) A partial petal from the Flower in Figure 3d–e, with the longitudinal rib (to the left) forking at the base (arrow) and the rib-free laminar area to the right. PB22223. (C) Elongated epidermal cells of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (D) Transmission electron microscope view showing the cuticle (left, light color) of a petal. PB22223. Bar = 2 µm. (E) Elongated epidermal cells not in strict longitudinal files in the laminar portion of the petal in Figure 8b. Note the two newly formed epidermal cells (arrow). PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (F) Ribs with elongated epidermal cells (left and right) alternating the between region with less elongated cells (middle) of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G Elongated (above) and isodiametric (below) epidermal cells on the sepal of Flower in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) A stoma on the bract of the flower (marked by white arrow in Figure 2h). PB22224. Bar = 5 µm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.015" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885036/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 8b</figureCitation>
|
||
. PB22223. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G Elongated (above) andisodiametric (below) epidermalcellsonthesepalof Flowerin
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1296,1415,1256,1277]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[99,163,1289,1310]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1259]" captionTargetId="figure-141@5.[131,1491,176,1226]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individuals of Nanjinganthus. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in Figure 1d (before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in Figure 3a, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in Figure 3b with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in Figure 2b after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in Figure 2e,j. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007 The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1296,1415,1256,1277]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 3d–e</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Astoma on the bract of the flower (marked by white arrow in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[853,948,1285,1306]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[853,948,1285,1306]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 2h</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). PB22224. Bar = 5 µm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.015
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[449,1123,1411,1474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1123,1411,1474]" box="[449,612,1411,1442]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,612,1411,1442]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,612,1411,1442]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1123,1411,1474]" box="[449,1123,1451,1474]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,583,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fu & Diez & Pole & Ávila & Liu & Chu & Hou & Yin & Zhang & Du & Wang" authorityYear="2018" box="[449,578,1451,1474]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species">dendrostyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
for ‘tree-like’ (
|
||
<emphasis box="[742,812,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">dendri</emphasis>
|
||
-) and ‘style’ (-
|
||
<emphasis box="[965,1024,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">stylus</emphasis>
|
||
) in Latin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1533,1509,1924]" box="[449,578,1509,1540]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[449,578,1509,1540]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,578,1509,1540]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1533,1509,1924]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The receptacle is ‘the axis of a flower on which the perianth, androecium and gynoecium are borne’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation accessDate="invalid" author="Stevens PF" box="[539,703,1581,1604]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" publicationUrl="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/" refId="ref15094" refString="Stevens PF. 2018. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, version 14. http: // www. mobot. org / MOBOT / research / APweb / [Accessed August 10, 2018]." title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, version 14" type="url" year="2018">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[539,703,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Stevens, 2018</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is the definition followed here. The important characteristic of the receptacle in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[601,755,1614,1637]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[601,755,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is its cup form, a form frequently seen in more derived angiosperms according to the APG system.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[449,1533,1509,1924]" lastBlockId="13.[449,1534,146,1244]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Adendroid style is seen in ten flowers (four in PB22224,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1106,1225,1678,1701]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1106,1225,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figures 2h</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1284,1338,1678,1701]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[99,163,1289,1310]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1259]" captionTargetId="figure-141@5.[131,1491,176,1226]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individuals of Nanjinganthus. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in Figure 1d (before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in Figure 3a, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in Figure 3b with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in Figure 2b after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in Figure 2e,j. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007 The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1284,1338,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3a–b</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; four in PB2222a,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[449,566,1709,1732]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,566,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figures 2i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[585,635,1709,1732]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[585,635,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5f–g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[654,681,1709,1732]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[654,681,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">6a</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[746,775,1709,1732]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[746,775,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; one in PB22282,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[992,1127,1709,1732]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[992,1127,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 7a–c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; one in PB22489,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1344,1467,1709,1732]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1344,1467,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 5i–j</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The repeated occurrences of such an unexpected feature in the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[1251,1405,1741,1764]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1251,1405,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
underscore its truthful existence. The dendroid-form distal portion of the gynoecium may be branched stigmas in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[476,630,1806,1829]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[476,630,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. But it is possible that these lateral appendages on the style are actually pollen sac complexes, as are similarly attached on the style in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Judd et al., 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Judd et al." baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1092,1423,1838,1861]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
|
||
Malvaceae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Judd WS & Campbell SC & Kellogg EA & Stevens PF" box="[1221,1416,1838,1861]" journalOrPublisher="Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associate Inc" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref13871" refString="Judd WS, Campbell SC, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF. 1999. Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associate Inc." title="Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach" type="book" year="1999">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1221,1416,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Judd et al., 1999</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We have performed a meticulous fluorescence microscopic examination of this structure and found no trace of pollen grains, reducing the possibility that these lateral branches are clusters of pollen sacs, which is the case seen in some angiosperms (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Judd et al." baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[864,987,1746,1765]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Abranched distal projection is apparently lacking in all known gymnosperms, but it has been seen some derived angiosperms, such as Passifloraceae, Poaceae and Euphorbiaceae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heywood VH" box="[778,961,1810,1833]" journalOrPublisher="Oxford: Oxford University Press" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref13527" refString="Heywood VH. 1978. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press." title="Flowering Plants of the World" type="book" year="1978">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[778,961,1810,1833]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Heywood, 1978</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One of the advantages of a branched style is the increased receptive area, which is conducive to anemophilous pollination. The occurrence of such feature in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[577,731,1877,1900]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[577,731,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[985,1139,1877,1900]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[985,1139,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had yet not established a close cooperation with animals (insects). However, it is noteworthy that this feature is not seen among extant basal angiosperms
|
||
<emphasis box="[737,797,1810,1833]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
APG (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chase MW & Christenhusz MJM & Fay MF & Byng JW & Judd WS & Soltis DE & Mabberley DJ & Sennikov AN & Soltis PS & Stevens PF & The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group" box="[872,1081,1810,1833]" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 20" part="181" refId="ref12775" refString="Chase MW, Christenhusz MJM, Fay MF, Byng JW, Judd WS, Soltis DE, Mabberley DJ, Sennikov AN, Soltis PS, Stevens PF, The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1 - 20. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12385" title="An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[872,1081,1810,1833]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chase et al., 2016</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considering the extremely early age of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[449,603,1844,1867]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,603,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we refrain from correlating
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[1008,1162,1844,1867]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1008,1162,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with assumed derived taxa (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Judd et al." baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[453,570,146,165]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Rosaceae). We hope the future research may shed more light the nature of this part of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[478,632,176,199]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[478,632,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885038" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5885038" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885038/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[99,163,1413,1434]" targetBox="[98,1525,143,1384]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[99,1533,1413,1668]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,187,1413,1434]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Petal and details of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[382,519,1414,1434]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[382,519,1414,1434]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (A-C) light stereomicroscopy; (D) (H) SEM; (E-G) (I-K) fluorescence light microscopy. PB22223. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Side view of Flower 3 in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[636,733,1442,1463]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 2b</emphasis>
|
||
, showing the arrangement of the petals (p) and sepal (s). (B) The same flower as in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,193,1472,1493]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 9a</emphasis>
|
||
. Note that some organic material of the petal has been removed for detailed observation. (C). Margins (arrows) of the petal (p) with cuneate base and their relationship to the sepal (s). (D) The petal removed from
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[776,871,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 9a</emphasis>
|
||
. SEM. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Cellular details of the petal in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1392,1488,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 9d</emphasis>
|
||
Bar = 0.5 mm. (F) Elongated epidermal cells arranged in files, enlarged from
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[825,920,1530,1551]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 9e</emphasis>
|
||
. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Isodiametric epidermal cells in the laminar area portion of the petal in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[360,455,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 9e</emphasis>
|
||
. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Afragment of the sepal seen in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[943,1037,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 9a</emphasis>
|
||
. Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) Cellular details of the sepal in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,194,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 9h</emphasis>
|
||
. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Elongated epidermal cells arranged in files on the sepal in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[930,1018,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 9i</emphasis>
|
||
. Bar = 0.1 mm. (K) Isodiametric epidermal cells on the laminar area of the sepal in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[361,456,1618,1639]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 9a</emphasis>
|
||
. Bar = 0.1 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.016
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885040" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5885040" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885040/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[99,163,1534,1555]" targetBox="[98,1525,143,1505]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[99,1500,1534,1702]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,200,1534,1555]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Cuticular details of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[390,526,1535,1555]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[390,526,1535,1555]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, D-E, Fluorescence light microscopy; B-C, F, SEM. PB22223. (A) Elongated epidermal cells in longitudinal files in the middle portion of the petal in Figure 8b. Bar = 0.1 mm. (B) Elongated epidermal cells on the rib of the petal in Figure 8b. Bar = 50 µm. (C) Apossible stoma on the petal shown in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[639,731,1595,1612]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="10.[99,163,1080,1101]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-207@10.[131,1491,176,1018]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 8. Details of the sepal and petal. (A-B) stereomicroscopy; (C) (E-G) fluorescence light microscopy; (D) TEM; (H) SEM. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A petal with a narrowing base. PB22280. (B) A partial petal from the Flower in Figure 3d–e, with the longitudinal rib (to the left) forking at the base (arrow) and the rib-free laminar area to the right. PB22223. (C) Elongated epidermal cells of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (D) Transmission electron microscope view showing the cuticle (left, light color) of a petal. PB22223. Bar = 2 µm. (E) Elongated epidermal cells not in strict longitudinal files in the laminar portion of the petal in Figure 8b. Note the two newly formed epidermal cells (arrow). PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (F) Ribs with elongated epidermal cells (left and right) alternating the between region with less elongated cells (middle) of the petal in Figure 8b. PB22223. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G Elongated (above) and isodiametric (below) epidermal cells on the sepal of Flower in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) A stoma on the bract of the flower (marked by white arrow in Figure 2h). PB22224. Bar = 5 µm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.015" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885036/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 8b</figureCitation>
|
||
. Bar = 2 µm. (D) Elongated epidermal cells in files on the sepal of flower in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[99,217,1622,1643]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[99,163,1289,1310]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1259]" captionTargetId="figure-141@5.[131,1491,176,1226]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individuals of Nanjinganthus. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in Figure 1d (before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in Figure 3a, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in Figure 3b with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in Figure 2b after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in Figure 2e,j. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007 The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[99,217,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 3d–e</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
. Bar = 0.2 mm. (E) Isodiametric epidermal cells on the sepal of flower in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[905,1024,1622,1643]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[99,163,1289,1310]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1259]" captionTargetId="figure-141@5.[131,1491,176,1226]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individuals of Nanjinganthus. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in Figure 1d (before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in Figure 3a, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in Figure 3b with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in Figure 2b after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in Figure 2e,j. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007 The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[905,1024,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 3d–e</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
. Bar = 0.1 mm. (F) Isodiametric epidermal cells on the sepal of flower in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[303,422,1651,1672]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[99,163,1289,1310]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1259]" captionTargetId="figure-141@5.[131,1491,176,1226]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Individuals of Nanjinganthus. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A–C, PB22224) (A) Flower 2 in Figure 1d (before the dégagement), showing the petal (1) and style (2) still embedded in the sediments. (B The same flower as in Figure 3a, after dégagement, showing the exposed dendroid style (white arrow) and petal (1), and the scale (sc) on the side of receptacle. (C) Detailed view of the style shown in Figure 3b with faint striations (arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (D–E) Flower 2 in Figure 2b after and before the organic material of the sepals (white arrows) and petals (black arrows) were removed for cuticle analysis. PB22223. (F) Bottom view of a flower before processing. Internal details are shown in Figure 2e,j. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.007 The following figure supplement is available for figure 3:" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[303,422,1651,1672]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 3d–e</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
. Bar = 20 µm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.017
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[449,1534,146,1244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
We have not seen any trace of the carpels typical of Magnoliales, which were previously believed by some to represent ancestral angiosperms. The seeds are physically enclosed by the cup-form receptacle and ovarian roof in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[778,932,273,296]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[778,932,273,296]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This constitutes the foundation based on which we justify our interpretation of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[722,876,306,329]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[722,876,306,329]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an angiosperm. The lack of carpel typical of Magnoliales cannot prevent
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[619,773,339,362]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[619,773,339,362]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from being an angiosperm as many angiosperms are actually ‘acarpellate’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heads M." box="[510,651,372,395]" journalOrPublisher="Tuatara" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="26 - 48" part="27" refId="ref13459" refString="Heads M. 1984. Principia botanica: Croizat's contribution to botany. Tuatara 27: 26 - 48." title="Principia botanica: Croizat's contribution to botany" type="journal article" year="1984">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[510,651,372,395]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Heads, 1984</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sattler R & Lacroix C." box="[665,948,372,395]" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="918 - 927" part="75" refId="ref14766" refString="Sattler R, Lacroix C. 1988. Development and evolution of basal cauline placentation: basella rubra. American Journal of Botany 75: 918 - 927. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / j. 1537 - 2197.1988. tb 13516. x" title="Development and evolution of basal cauline placentation: basella rubra" type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[665,948,372,395]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Sattler and Lacroix, 1988</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is noteworthy that, at least in some of basal angiosperms such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[628,744,405,428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis box="[628,744,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nymphaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[758,909,408,427]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nymphaeales</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor DW" box="[931,1075,405,428]" journalOrPublisher="Postilla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 40" part="208" refId="ref15294" refString="Taylor DW. 1991. Angiosperm ovule and carpels: their characters and polarities, distribution in basal clades, and structural evolution. Postilla 208: 1 - 40." title="Angiosperm ovule and carpels: their characters and polarities, distribution in basal clades, and structural evolution" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[931,1075,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Taylor, 1991</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taylor DW" box="[1092,1237,405,428]" editor="Kirchner G & Taylor DWHickey LJ" journalOrPublisher="New York: Chapman" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="116 - 140" refId="ref15325" refString="Taylor DW. 1996. The origin and evolution of the angiosperm carpel. In: Kirchner G, Taylor DWHickey LJ (Eds). Flowering Plant Origin, Evolution & Phylogeny. New York: Chapman. p. 116 - 140." title="The origin and evolution of the angiosperm carpel" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Flowering Plant Origin, Evolution & Phylogeny" year="1996">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1092,1237,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Taylor, 1996</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and derived angiosperms such as Cactaceae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boke NH" box="[659,787,438,461]" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="598 - 610" part="51" refId="ref12597" refString="Boke NH. 1964. The Cactus gynoecium: A new interpretation. American Journal of Botany 51: 598 - 610. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / j. 1537 - 2197.1964. tb 06677. x" title="The Cactus gynoecium: A new interpretation" type="journal article" year="1964">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[659,787,438,461]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Boke, 1964</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the ovary is inferior and the seeds are attached to the ovarian walls. Whether the ovaries in these taxa share similar derivation pathway is a question worthy of further investigation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[449,1534,146,1244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Four terms are used to describe the foliar parts in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[1027,1181,535,558]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1027,1181,535,558]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, namely, bract, scale, sepal, and petal. These terms are used according to the following demarcations and definitions. Bracts designate the foliar parts subtending the ovary. The scales are the foliar parts attached to the sides of the ovary. The sepals are those foliar parts attached to the rim of the receptacle with their whole bases. And the petals are foliar parts with narrowing bases attached to the receptacle rim and inside the sepals. Similar occurrence of bracts, sepals and petals is seen in some extant flowers (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1378,1472,699,722]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
—figure supplement 1
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[449,1534,146,1244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The enclosure of the seeds is fulfilled by the cup-form receptacle from the bottom and the structure here-called ‘ovarian roof’ (preserved complete in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1051,1171,796,819]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[99,163,1541,1562]" captionTargetBox="[98,1389,143,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[131,1355,176,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nanjinganthus flowers preserved in various orientations and states. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) An oblique longitudinally split flower (Flower 11 in Figure 1e) with scales (sc), sepals (s), and petals (p). PB22222a. (B) A longitudinally split flower (Flower 12 in Figure 1e) with sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22222a. (C) Integral surface of an ovarian roof with a scar (arrow) left by a broken off style, from the flower shown in Figure 5h. PB22279. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Bottom view of a flower (Flower 14 in Figure 1e) with three sepals (s) and five petals (p) visible. PB22222a. (E) One of the sepals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs forking (arrow). PB22222a. (F) One of the petals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs. PB22222a. (G) Side view of a flower, showing scales (sc) on the ovary side and connate bracts (b) at the bottom. PB22229. (H) Detailed view of the connate bracts (b) and scales (sc) in Figure 4g. Note the outline (white line) of the fused bracts. PB22229. (I) The locule surrounded by the ovary wall (arrows) of the flower shown in Figure 4d. PB22222a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885024/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1051,1171,796,819]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figures 4c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1187,1216,796,819]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1187,1216,796,819]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5h</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1276,1331,796,819]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1276,1331,796,819]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7e–g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, but partially preserved in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[555,669,828,851]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[555,669,828,851]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figures 2f</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[684,709,828,851]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[684,709,828,851]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[765,815,828,851]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[765,815,828,851]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6f,j,l</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) from the above. The intact ovarian roof is clearly seen in the side view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[512,643,861,884]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="9.[99,163,1129,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1525,143,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-29@9.[131,1491,176,1066]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 7. The flowers and their internal details. (A-C) (E-I) stereomicroscopy; (D), micro-CL. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A flower carefully dégaged to expose the details of the gynoecium. Note the petals (p) and a style (arrow) in the center. PB22282. (B) Detailed view of the style in Figure 7a, showing its connection (arrows) to the ovarian roof (fr). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Distal portion of the same style as in Figure 7b, showing its connection with the ovarian roof (fr) and dendroid form with lateral branches (arrows). PB22282. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Micro-CL slice 1169 showing a perianth element (black arrow) and branches (white arrows) of the style, embedded in sediments and thus invisible to naked eyes, of Flower 4 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (E–I) PB22281. (E) Side view of an organically-preserved flower with sepals (s) and petals (p). Note the dark organic material in the ovary (o) and some sepals. The foreground portion of the receptacle has been removed (compare with Figure 7i), to show the details in Figure 7f– h. (F) Detailed view of the receptacle/ovary in Figure 7e. Note the ovarian roof (fr) preventing the outside (above) sediment (yellow color) from entering the ovarian locule. Bar = 0.2 mm. (G) Detailed view of the solid organically-preserved ovarian roof (fr) with integral outer (upper arrow) and inner (lower arrow) surfaces. Bar = 0.1 mm. (H) Bottom portion of the flower in Figure 7i, showing subtending bracts (br, arrows). Bar = 0.5 mm. (I) The flower in Figure 7e, before removing the foreground portion of the ovary. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.014" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885030" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885030/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[512,643,861,884]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 7f–g</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and in surface view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[880,997,861,884]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[99,163,1541,1562]" captionTargetBox="[98,1389,143,1512]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[131,1355,176,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nanjinganthus flowers preserved in various orientations and states. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) An oblique longitudinally split flower (Flower 11 in Figure 1e) with scales (sc), sepals (s), and petals (p). PB22222a. (B) A longitudinally split flower (Flower 12 in Figure 1e) with sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22222a. (C) Integral surface of an ovarian roof with a scar (arrow) left by a broken off style, from the flower shown in Figure 5h. PB22279. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Bottom view of a flower (Flower 14 in Figure 1e) with three sepals (s) and five petals (p) visible. PB22222a. (E) One of the sepals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs forking (arrow). PB22222a. (F) One of the petals in Figure 4d, showing longitudinal ribs. PB22222a. (G) Side view of a flower, showing scales (sc) on the ovary side and connate bracts (b) at the bottom. PB22229. (H) Detailed view of the connate bracts (b) and scales (sc) in Figure 4g. Note the outline (white line) of the fused bracts. PB22229. (I) The locule surrounded by the ovary wall (arrows) of the flower shown in Figure 4d. PB22222a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.009" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885024/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[880,997,861,884]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figures 4c</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1053,1081,861,884]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="7.[99,163,1511,1532]" captionTargetBox="[98,1243,143,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[131,1210,176,1448]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 5. In situ seeds and flowers. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A seed (outlined) inside the ovary of Flower 16 in Figure 1e. Note the oboval micropyle (black arrow) and funiculus (white arrow). PB22222a. Bar = 0.2 mm. (B) Detailed view of the funiculus (between the arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (C) A seed (detailed in Figure 6i) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. PB22222a. (D) Detailed view of the oval micropyle (arrows) of the seed in Figure 5a. PB22222a. Bar = 0.1 mm. (E) A seed (arrow, detailed in Figure 6d–e) inside the receptacle in Flower two in Figure 1b. PB22226. (F, G) Two facing parts of the same flower (Flower 10 in Figure 1e). PB22222a. (H) Top view of a flower with organicallypreserved sepals (s), petals (p) and integral ovarian roof (fr), which is detailed in Figure 4c. PB22279. (I) Side view of a longitudinally split flower with scales (sc) on ovary side, sepals (s), petals (p) and partially preserved style (arrow). PB22489. (J) Detailed view of basal portion of the style (between arrows) arrowed in Figure 5i, with faint longitudinal striations. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. (K) Detailed view of the narrowing base (between arrows) of the right petal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.5 mm.(L) Detailed view of a sepal in Figure 5i. PB22489. Bar = 0.2 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.011 The following figure supplement is available for figure 5:" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1053,1081,861,884]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5h</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), in the latter case the seeds inside ovary are fully eclipsed by the ovarian roof. The ovarian roof is partially lost in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1231,1331,894,917]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1231,1331,894,917]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 6l</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, in which a central portion of the ovarian roof broke off revealing one of the seeds inside the ovary. The ovarian roof is almost completely lost (but still with some of its residue) in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1151,1259,960,983]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1151,1259,960,983]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 6f</emphasis>
|
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</figureCitation>
|
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, and finally fully lost in
|
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<figureCitation box="[449,564,993,1016]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[99,163,1445,1466]" captionTargetBox="[98,1579,143,1416]" captionTargetId="figure-6@4.[131,1546,176,1383]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Flowers of Nanjinganthus preserved in different states and their details. Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) Numerous flowers preserved on a single slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in later figures. PB22222B. Bar = 1 cm. (B) Numerous coalified flowers on the same slab. Some of the numbered ones are detailed in Figure 3d–e. PB22223. Bar = 1 cm. (C) Bottom view of Flower 1 in Figure 2a, showing five sepals (s) and five petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (D) Bottom view of Flower 2 in Figure 2a, showing four sepals (s) and four petals (p) with longitudinal ribs. PB22222B. (E) Bottom view of the flower in Figure 3f, showing a sepal (s) and three petals (p) radiating from the center, which is obliquely broken to show the relationship among the sepals and petals as in Figure 2j. PB22278. (F) Top view of Flower 1 in Figure 1b with sepals (s), petals (p), and seeds (arrow, enlarged in Figure 6h) inside the receptacle. PB22226. (G) Side view of a flower bud (Flower 1 in Figure 2b) with longitudinal ribs (arrows) on the sepals (s) and petals (p). PB22223. (H) Side view of Flower 1 in Figure 1d, showing a receptacle (h), perianth (black arrows), and a dendroid style (white arrow). PB22224. (I) Side view of Flower 15 in Figure 1e, without sepals or petals. PB22222a. Bar = 1 mm. (J) Detailed view of the flower shown in Figure 2e, showing the arrangement of three petal bases (1-3) inside the sepals (s). These petals bases correspond to the three petals (1-3) in Figure 2e. PB22278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.005 The following figure supplement is available for figure 2:" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[449,564,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figures 2f</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
|
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and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[621,667,993,1016]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[621,667,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6j–k</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, in which the seeds are plainly visible. This series of varying preservation status of ovarian roof suggests that the ovarian roof has fully enclosed the ovules in its original status, and the loss of ovarian roof and exposure of seeds are artifacts due to preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[449,1534,146,1244]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
We cannot recognize the maturity of the ovules/seeds in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[1109,1263,1091,1114]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1109,1263,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the length about 1 mm suggests that they are most likely to be seeds rather than ovules, therefore we prefer to use the term ‘seed’ rather ‘ovule’ throughout this paper. The number of seeds in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fu et al." box="[1255,1409,1155,1178]" class="Magnoliopsida" genus="Nanjinganthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1255,1409,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nanjinganthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is variable. According to our observation, it may be one (not shown), two (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1215,1344,1188,1211]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1215,1344,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 6f–i</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), or even three (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[456,581,1221,1244]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[99,163,1534,1555]" captionTargetBox="[98,1461,143,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-6@8.[131,1428,176,1472]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Dendroid style, in situ seeds, and details of flowers. PB22222a, Bar = 1 mm except otherwise annotated. (A) A longitudinally split flower (counterpart of Flower 10 in Figure 1e, the same as in Figure 5f–g) showing the sepal (s) and petals (p), style base (white arrow), and an unknown organ (black arrow). (B) Detailed view showing the pedicel (lower arrow) terminating at the bottom of the ovary in Figure 6a. Note the level of ovarian roof (upper arrow). Bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Detailed view of the basal portion of the style marked by white arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. (D) A seed (white line) hanging by its funiculus (between arrows) on the ovarian wall of the Flower 2 in Figure 1b. PB22226. Bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Detailed view of the funiculus (between arrows) of the seed in Figure 6d. PB22226. Bar = 0.1 mm.(F) Top view of Flower 8 in Figure 1e with sepals and petals surrounding the ovary containing two seeds (s). Note the residue (arrows) of the ovarian roof. (G) Detailed view of one of the oval seeds (s) inside the ovary in Figure 6f. Bar = 0.2 mm. (H) Two seeds (white line), one overlapping the other, inside the ovary shown in Figure 2f. PB22226. Bar = 0.2 mm. (I) An oval seed (white line) inside the ovary of Flower 7 in Figure 1e. Bar = 0.2 mm. (J) Detailed view of Flower 1 in Figure 1g, showing seeds within ovary. PB22228. (K) Detailed view of three seeds (1-3) inside the ovary of the flower shown in Figure 6j. PB22228. Bar = 0.5 mm. (L) Top view of a flower showing petals (p), sepal (sp), seed (s) visible under the ovarian roof (fr). PB22222d. (M) Detailed view of the unknown organ (staminode?) marked by the black arrow in Figure 6a. Bar = 0.5 mm. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38827.013" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5885028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5885028/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,581,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 6j–k</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |