467 lines
58 KiB
XML
467 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BE44370D6EAEC921A1E28DA54C79F62A">Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B9B0020136908D765423205EF62B99A6">Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="C4255B094E3FFFE0FF551FD6FE8BFA7E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5970986" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154508457" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5970986" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C4255B094E3FFFE0FF551FD6FE8BFA7E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4255B094E3FFFE0FF551FD6FE8BFA7E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="177B5D734E3FFFE1FF551FD6FDC7FB45" bold="true" box="[151,595,1249,1275]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3FFFE1FF551FD6FDC7FB45" ID-CoL="35853" authority="(Philippi, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[151,595,1249,1275]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FF551FD6FDC7FB45" bold="true" box="[151,595,1249,1275]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FF551FD6FE18FB45" bold="true" box="[151,396,1249,1275]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diadema antillarum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FE591FD6FDDFFB45" author="Philippi, R. A." box="[411,587,1249,1275]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="344 - 359" refId="ref62063" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1845) Beschreibung einiger neuer Echinodermen nebst kritischen Bemerckungen uber einige weniger bekannte Arten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 11, 344 - 359. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 30279 # page / 352 / mode / 1 up (accessed 15 September 2013)" type="journal article" year="1845">Philippi, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3FFFE1FF551E1FFD5FFA80" blockId="12.[151,1436,1320,1434]" box="[151,715,1320,1342]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FF551E1FFF77FA80" box="[151,227,1320,1342]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cidaris</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FF301E1FFEDAFA80" box="[242,334,1320,1342]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diadema</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FE9F1E1FFE5CFA80" box="[349,456,1320,1342]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">antillarum</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3FFFE1FE0C1E1FFD05FA80" author="Philippi, R. A." box="[462,657,1320,1342]" page="355" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1845">
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<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FE0C1E1FFDF5FA80" author="Philippi, R. A." box="[462,609,1320,1342]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="344 - 359" refId="ref62063" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1845) Beschreibung einiger neuer Echinodermen nebst kritischen Bemerckungen uber einige weniger bekannte Arten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 11, 344 - 359. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 30279 # page / 352 / mode / 1 up (accessed 15 September 2013)" type="journal article" year="1845">Philippi, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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: 355
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–356.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3FFFE1FF551E71FA13FAC5" blockId="12.[151,1436,1320,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3FFFE1FF551E71FDC2FAE2" ID-CoL="35853" authority="A. Agassiz, 1863: 224" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityPageNumber="224" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,598,1350,1372]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FF551E71FEF3FAE2" box="[151,359,1350,1372]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diadema antillarum</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3FFFE1FEAC1E70FDC2FAE2" author="Agassiz, A." box="[366,598,1350,1372]" page="224" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1863">
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<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FEAC1E70FDB7FAE2" author="Agassiz, A." box="[366,547,1350,1372]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="17 - 28" refId="ref45904" refString="Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1, 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="1863">A. Agassiz, 1863</bibRefCitation>
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: 224
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.–
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<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3FFFE1FDA51E71FD62FAE2" author="Brito, I. M." box="[615,758,1350,1372]" page="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1962">
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<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FDA51E71FD74FAE2" author="Brito, I. M." box="[615,736,1350,1372]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref48633" refString="Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de Catalogo dos Equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 13, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1962">Brito, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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: 5
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</treatmentCitation>
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.–
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<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3FFFE1FCC51E71FC49FAE2" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[775,989,1350,1372]" page="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1966">
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<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FCC51E71FC2CFAE2" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[775,952,1350,1372]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref65269" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1966 a) Lista dos Equinoides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Serie Oceanografia Biologica, 11, 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1966">Tommasi, 1966a</bibRefCitation>
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: 11
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs 6–12; 1966b: 240; 1972: 24, fig. 45.–
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<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3FFFE1FF051E52FE6CFAC5" author="Alves, O. F. S. & Cerqueira, W. R. P." box="[199,504,1381,1403]" page="547" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="2000">
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<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FF051E52FE5DFAC5" author="Alves, O. F. S. & Cerqueira, W. R. P." box="[199,457,1381,1403]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="543 - 553" refId="ref47266" refString="Alves, O. F. S. & Cerqueira, W. R. P. (2000) Echinodermata das praias de Salvador (Bahia, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 17 (2), 543 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752000000200024" type="journal article" year="2000">Alves & Cerqueira, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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: 547
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</treatmentCitation>
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.–
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<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3FFFE1FDCB1E52FC83FAC5" author="Magalhaes, W. F. & Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S." box="[521,791,1381,1403]" page="63" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="2005">
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<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FDCB1E52FD61FAC5" author="Magalhaes, W. F. & Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S." box="[521,757,1381,1403]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="375 - 381" refId="ref58552" refString="Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65" type="journal article" year="2005">
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Magalhães
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FD421E51FD27FAC5" box="[640,691,1381,1403]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2005
|
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 63
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.–
|
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<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3FFFE1FCEA1E52FB8FFAC5" author="Oliveira, J. P. & Oliveira, J. & Manso, C. L. C." box="[808,1051,1381,1403]" page="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="2010">
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<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FCEA1E52FC6FFAC5" author="Oliveira, J. P. & Oliveira, J. & Manso, C. L. C." box="[808,1019,1381,1403]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref61513" refString="Oliveira, J. P., Oliveira, J. & Manso, C. L. C. (2010) Inventario da colecao de equinodermos do LABIMAR, Campus Prof °. Alberto Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Scientia Plena, 6 (12), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2010">
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Oliveira
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FC461E51FC23FAC5" box="[900,951,1381,1403]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 10
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
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.–
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<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3FFFE1FBE91E52FAA7FAC5" author="Miranda, A. L. S. & Lima, M. L. F. & Sovierzoski, H. H. & Correia, M. D." box="[1067,1331,1381,1403]" page="142" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="2012">
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<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FBE91E52FA96FAC5" author="Miranda, A. L. S. & Lima, M. L. F. & Sovierzoski, H. H. & Correia, M. D." box="[1067,1282,1381,1403]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="135 - 146" refId="ref59728" refString="Miranda, A. L. S., Lima, M. L. F., Sovierzoski, H. H. & Correia, M. D. (2012) Inventory of the Echinodermata collection from the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Biota Neotropica, 12 (2), 135 - 146. Available from: http: // www. biotaneotropica. org. br / v 12 n 2 / en / abstract? inventory + bn 00812022012 (accessed 1 Agust 2012)" type="journal article" year="2012">
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<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E3FFFE1FBE91E52FB11FAC5" box="[1067,1157,1381,1403]" country="Venezuela" name="Miranda" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Miranda</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FB4E1E51FB2BFAC5" box="[1164,1215,1381,1403]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2012
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 142
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
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, fig. 4b.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3FFFE1FF551EB3FBD3FA24" blockId="12.[151,1436,1320,1434]" box="[151,1095,1412,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="6C9CCD314E3FFFE1FF551EB3FBD3FA24" box="[151,1095,1412,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3FFFE1FF551EB3FD8DFA24" ID-CoL="35864" authority="Rathbun, 1879: 143" authorityName="Rathbun" authorityPageNumber="143" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,537,1412,1434]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FF551EB3FED8FA24" box="[151,332,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diadema setosum</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3FFFE1FE901EB3FD8DFA24" author="Rathbun, R." box="[338,537,1412,1434]" page="143" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1879">
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<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FE901EB3FE7EFA24" author="Rathbun, R." box="[338,490,1412,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="139 - 151" refId="ref62391" refString="Rathbun, R. (1879) A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution, etc. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 5, 139 - 151." type="journal article" year="1879">Rathbun, 1879</bibRefCitation>
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: 143
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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.–
|
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<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E3FFFE1FDE91EB3FD2EFA24" author="Brito, I. M." box="[555,698,1412,1434]" page="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1962">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FDE91EB3FD37FA24" author="Brito, I. M." box="[555,675,1412,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref48633" refString="Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de Catalogo dos Equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 13, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1962">Brito, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 5
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3FFFE1FD321EB3FBA9FA24" ID-CoL="35864" authority="(Leske, 1778)" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[752,1085,1412,1434]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FD321EB3FC31FA24" box="[752,933,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diadema setosum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FC701EB3FBA0FA24" author="Leske, N. G." box="[946,1076,1412,1434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref57039" refString="Leske, N. G. (1778) Iacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum. Accesserunt lucubratiuncula de aculeis echinorum marinorum et spicilegium de belemnitis. Edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonymis auctorem aucta. Officina Gleditschiana, Lipsiae, 278 pp." type="book" year="1778">Leske, 1778</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
].
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E3FFFE1FF551EF1FC96FA61" box="[151,770,1478,1503]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3FFFE1FF551EF1FC96FA61" blockId="12.[151,1436,1478,2007]" box="[151,770,1478,1503]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FF551EF1FE14FA61" bold="true" box="[151,384,1478,1503]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
No specimens available for study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E3FFFE0FF051EDDFE4DFE13" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3FFFE1FF051EDDFB7CF831" blockId="12.[151,1436,1478,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FF051EDDFA08F9BD" bold="true" box="[199,1436,1514,1539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Description (modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FDD91EDDFD4DF9BD" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[539,729,1514,1539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref65269" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1966 a) Lista dos Equinoides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Serie Oceanografia Biologica, 11, 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1966">Tommasi 1966a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FD2A1EDDFBD1F9BD" author="Coppard, S. E. & Campbell, A. C." box="[744,1093,1514,1539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="93 - 112" refId="ref50948" refString="Coppard, S. E. & Campbell, A. C. (2006 b) Taxonomic significance of test morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema Gray, 1825 and Echinothrix Peters, 1853 (Echinodermata). Zoosystema, 28 (1), 93 - 112." type="journal article" year="2006">Coppard & Campbell 2006b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FB481EDDFA1BF9BD" author="Rodriguez, A. & Hernandez, J. C. & Clemente, S. & Coppard, S. E." box="[1162,1423,1514,1539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="144 - 170" refId="ref62549" refString="Rodriguez, A., Hernandez, J. C., Clemente, S. & Coppard, S. E. (2013) A new species of Diadema (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and a neotype designation of Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 144 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Rodríguez
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FAD21EDCFADEF9BD" bold="true" box="[1296,1354,1514,1539]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Test hemispherical, large, and slightly flattened orally and aborally. Apical system hemicyclic (I, IV and V inserted) and depressed. Ocular plates short and pentagonal, with one or two small tubercles. Genital plates wider than long, slightly triangular, with one to three tubercles along their inner edge. Periproct bearing totally black, small anal cone. Ambulacra narrow and slightly swollen, with two rows of primary tubercles. Primary tubercles of ambulacra much smaller than those of interambulacra. Interambulacra wide, with four series of large primary tubercles. In living specimens, a narrow blue line of iridophores occurs down either side of naked median area of the interambulacra and as a ring around the apical disc (or totally black in some specimens). White spots on naked areas of interambulacra easily distinguished at night. Ambulacral plates trigeminate. Primary spines long (around 5 to 6 times the TD), slender, verticillate and hollow internally, blackish or with alternating white and black stripes (in juveniles). Secondary spines similar to primaries, but smaller. Tubercles perforate and crenulate. Peristomial membrane black and covered with many of triphyllous pedicellariae. Buccal plates without spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3FFFE0FF051CADFD09FF6A" blockId="12.[151,1436,1478,2007]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,1472]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FF051CADFEFCF80D" bold="true" box="[199,360,1946,1971]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pedicellariae.</emphasis>
|
||
Only tridentate and triphyllous pedicellariae are present. Tridentate pedicellariae occur in two forms, one with broad valves and a long broad neck on a short stalk, and another form with narrow valves, short neck, and a long stalk. Triphyllous pedicellariae with broad valves rounded distally, with two rows of numerous, small peripheral teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FE5A1B8BFD05FF6A" author="Rodriguez, A. & Hernandez, J. C. & Clemente, S. & Coppard, S. E." box="[408,657,188,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="144 - 170" refId="ref62549" refString="Rodriguez, A., Hernandez, J. C., Clemente, S. & Coppard, S. E. (2013) A new species of Diadema (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and a neotype designation of Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 144 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Rodríguez
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FDD71B8AFDD9FF6B" box="[533,589,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3EFFE0FF051BE8FE4DFE13" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FF051BE8FEB4FF46" bold="true" box="[199,288,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Colour.</emphasis>
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FE031BE8FD14FF46" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[449,640,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref65269" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1966 a) Lista dos Equinoides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Serie Oceanografia Biologica, 11, 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1966">Tommasi (1966a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FD4E1BD7FD5CFF46" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[652,712,224,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="15 - 67" refId="ref65426" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1972) Equinodermes da regiao entre o Amapa (Brasil) e a Florida (E. U. A.). II. Echinozoa. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, Sao Paulo, 21, 15 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241972000100002" type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), young specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FC061BD6FBC8FF46" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[964,1116,223,248]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FC061BD6FBC8FF46" box="[964,1116,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the typical spines with alternating white and black stripes, while adults are whitish, blackish, or greenish.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FB961A33FAD2FEA3" author="Hendler, G. & Miller, J. & Pawson, D. & Porter, K." box="[1108,1350,260,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. & Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Hendler
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FB751A32FB66FEA3" box="[1207,1266,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further stated that both colour of the test and the spines were typically black, but may have few or many white or gray spines, and some specimens were almost entirely white. In general, black individuals live in clear-water environments, while light-coloured individuals live in less-lighted areas, in turbid waters, rock crevices or deep waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FF2C1AA3FE58FE13" author="Hendler, G. & Miller, J. & Pawson, D. & Porter, K." box="[238,460,404,429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. & Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Hendler
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FE931AA2FE17FE13" box="[337,387,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E3EFFE0FF051A80FF4BFDDE" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3EFFE0FF051A80FF4BFDDE" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FF051A80FEF4FE6E" bold="true" box="[199,352,439,464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3EFFE0FEAA1A80FE49FE6E" box="[360,477,439,464]" name="Bermuda" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bermudas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3EFFE0FD801A80FD0EFE6E" box="[578,666,439,464]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3EFFE0FD641A80FD70FE6E" box="[678,740,439,464]" name="Cuba" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3EFFE0FD321A8FFCECFE6E" box="[752,888,439,464]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3EFFE0FC461A8FFB96FE6E" box="[900,1026,439,464]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3EFFE0FBCC1A8FFBFEFE71" box="[1038,1130,440,463]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3EFFE0FBB71A80FB72FE6E" box="[1141,1254,439,464]" name="Colombia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3EFFE0FB301A80FAFCFE6E" box="[1266,1384,439,464]" name="Venezuela" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3EFFE0FF551AEBFF4FFE4B" box="[151,219,476,501]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FF2C1AEBFD8AFE4A" author="Borrero-Perez, G. H. & Solano, D. O. & Benavides-Serrato, M." box="[238,542,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="141 - 148" refId="ref48139" refString="Borrero-Perez, G. H., Solano, D. O. & Benavides-Serrato, M. (2002) Lista revisada de los erizos (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) del mar Caribe Colombiano. Biota Colombiana, 3 (1), 141 - 148. Available from: http: // icn. unal. edu. co / publicaciones / art / 206 / 3 - N 1 / Erizos. pdf (accessed 31 March 2017)" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Borrero-Pérez
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FE581AEAFE43FE4B" box="[410,471,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; del
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FD991AEBFCECFE4B" author="Valle Garcia, R. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Abreu Perez, M. & Laguarda-Figueras, F. & Duran Gonzalez, A. de la" box="[603,888,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="9 - 28" refId="ref51643" refString="del Valle Garcia, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Abreu Perez, M., Laguarda-Figueras, F. & Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) neritico-betonico del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 9 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Valle García
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FD371AEAFCA6FE4B" box="[757,818,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FC4A1AEBFBACFE4A" author="Alvarado, J. J." box="[904,1080,476,501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="261 - 285" refId="ref47180" refString="Alvarado, J. J. (2011) Echinoderm diversity in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 41, 261 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 010 - 0053 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Alvarado 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3EFFE0FBB31AEBFB2CFE4B" box="[1137,1208,476,501]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from BA, and RJ, including Trindade and Fernando de Noronha Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FD3C1AC8FC2CFDA6" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[766,952,511,536]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref65269" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1966 a) Lista dos Equinoides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Serie Oceanografia Biologica, 11, 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1966">Tommasi 1966a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FC011AC8FB4FFDA6" author="Alves, O. F. S. & Cerqueira, W. R. P." box="[963,1243,511,536]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="543 - 553" refId="ref47266" refString="Alves, O. F. S. & Cerqueira, W. R. P. (2000) Echinodermata das praias de Salvador (Bahia, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 17 (2), 543 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752000000200024" type="journal article" year="2000">Alves & Cerqueira 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; del
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FAD21AC8FE80FD83" author="Valle Garcia, R. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Abreu Perez, M. & Laguarda-Figueras, F. & Duran Gonzalez, A. de la" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="9 - 28" refId="ref51643" refString="del Valle Garcia, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Abreu Perez, M., Laguarda-Figueras, F. & Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) neritico-betonico del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 9 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Valle García
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FF551912FF44FD83" box="[151,208,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FEE31913FDB5FD83" author="Magalhaes, W. F. & Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S." box="[289,545,548,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="375 - 381" refId="ref58552" refString="Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. & Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Magalhães
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FE601912FE48FD83" box="[418,476,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). From
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E3EFFE0FDBB1913FD6CFD82" box="[633,760,548,572]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="200.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="0.0">0 to 400 m</quantity>
|
||
, being more common in depths below
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E3EFFE0FB761913FB7BFD82" box="[1204,1263,548,573]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FB3C1913FF47FDDE" author="Hendler, G. & Miller, J. & Pawson, D. & Porter, K." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. & Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Hendler
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FAA11912FA08FD83" box="[1379,1436,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E3EFFE0FF05195BFE8BFA7E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3EFFE0FF05195BFBF6FB1E" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FF05195BFEAFFD3B" bold="true" box="[199,315,620,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Presently, eight extant and two fossil taxa of
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FCFF195BFC30FD3B" box="[829,932,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema</emphasis>
|
||
are known, of which only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FB11195AFAFFFD3B" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[1235,1387,620,645]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FB11195AFAFFFD3B" box="[1235,1387,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FF5519A6FEA9FD16" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,317,657,680]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ascensionis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FF5519A6FEA9FD16" box="[151,317,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. ascensionis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are recorded from the Western Atlantic.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FCE219A6FC28FD16" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[800,956,655,680]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FCE219A6FC28FD16" box="[800,956,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FB9819A6FA95FD16" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1909" box="[1114,1281,657,680]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ascensionis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FB9819A6FA95FD16" box="[1114,1281,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. ascensionis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by tridentate pedicellariae with straight valves, and six series of primary tubercles on the interambulacra.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FB741983FA08FD73" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[1206,1436,692,717]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FB741983FA08FD73" box="[1206,1436,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FE9E19EEFDEBFD4E" authority="(Leske, 1778)" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[348,639,727,752]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FE9E19EEFE4EFD4E" box="[348,474,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. setosum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FE2819E0FDE3FD4E" author="Leske, N. G." box="[490,631,727,752]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref57039" refString="Leske, N. G. (1778) Iacobi Theodori Klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum. Accesserunt lucubratiuncula de aculeis echinorum marinorum et spicilegium de belemnitis. Edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonymis auctorem aucta. Officina Gleditschiana, Lipsiae, 278 pp." type="book" year="1778">Leske, 1778</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by not having an orange ring on the anal cone nor genital plates with four or more small tubercles, as in the latter species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FD3C19CBFC70FCAB" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[766,996,764,789]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FD3C19CBFC70FCAB" box="[766,996,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FBBD19CAFDC1FC86" authority="Rodriguez, Hernandez, Clemente & Coppard, 2013" authorityName="Rodriguez, Hernandez, Clemente & Coppard" authorityYear="2013" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FBBD19CAFA83FCAA" box="[1151,1303,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. africanum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FAE219CBFDC1FC86" author="Rodriguez, A. & Hernandez, J. C. & Clemente, S. & Coppard, S. E." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="144 - 170" refId="ref62549" refString="Rodriguez, A., Hernandez, J. C., Clemente, S. & Coppard, S. E. (2013) A new species of Diadema (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and a neotype designation of Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 144 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">Rodríguez, Hernández, Clemente & Coppard, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the occurrence of two forms of tridentate pedicellariae, and two to four small tubercles on genital plate. The description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FD361873FC4DFCE2" authorityName="Rodriguez, Hernandez, Clemente & Coppard" authorityYear="2013" box="[756,985,836,861]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FD361873FC4DFCE2" box="[756,985,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema africanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based on a population previously identified as
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FEE8185EFE4FFC3E" box="[298,475,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. antillarum-b</emphasis>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FDDB1850FC81FC3E" author="Rodriguez, A. & Hernandez, J. C. & Clemente, S. & Coppard, S. E." box="[537,789,871,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="144 - 170" refId="ref62549" refString="Rodriguez, A., Hernandez, J. C., Clemente, S. & Coppard, S. E. (2013) A new species of Diadema (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and a neotype designation of Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 144 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Rodríguez
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FD54185EFD44FC3E" box="[662,720,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considering the close morphological affinity among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FA43185EFE99FC1B" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FA43185EFE99FC1B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FEE218BAFE5EFC1A" box="[288,458,909,932]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ascencionis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FEE218BAFE5EFC1A" box="[288,458,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. ascencionis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FDC918BAFC5DFC1A" authority="(Rodriguez et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Rodriguez et al." baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[523,969,908,933]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FDC918BAFD32FC1A" box="[523,678,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. africanum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FD7B18BBFC55FC1A" author="Rodriguez, A. & Hernandez, J. C. & Clemente, S. & Coppard, S. E." box="[697,961,908,933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="144 - 170" refId="ref62549" refString="Rodriguez, A., Hernandez, J. C., Clemente, S. & Coppard, S. E. (2013) A new species of Diadema (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diadematidae) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and a neotype designation of Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845). Zootaxa, 3636 (1), 144 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Rodríguez
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FCFE18BAFCEEFC1B" box="[828,890,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, taxonomical, biological and ecological information about these species must be interpreted with caution.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FC701898FBF2FC76" author="Oliveira, L. P. H." box="[946,1126,943,968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="443 - 456" refId="ref61463" refString="Oliveira, L. P. H. (1951) Nota previa sobre a fauna e flora marinha bentonica da Ilha da Trindade. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 49, 443 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761951000100005" type="journal article" year="1951">Oliveira (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FB211886FAF2FC76" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[1251,1382,945,968]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FB211886FAF2FC76" box="[1251,1382,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. setosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FF5518E3FF6AFC53" box="[151,254,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema</emphasis>
|
||
sp. at Trindade Island and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FDF018E3FD29FC53" author="Brito, I. M." box="[562,701,980,1005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref48633" refString="Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de Catalogo dos Equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 13, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1962">Brito (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cited
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FCC618E2FC14FC52" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[772,896,981,1004]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FCC618E2FC14FC52" box="[772,896,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. setosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for Fernando de Noronha and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E3EFFE0FB1D18E3FAB0FC53" box="[1247,1316,980,1005]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bahia</collectingRegion>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FF5518C0FEF5FBAE" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[151,353,1015,1040]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="239 - 246" refId="ref65301" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1966 b) Distribuicao geografica de alguns Equinodermas do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 26 (3), 239 - 246." type="journal article" year="1966">Tommasi (1966b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
believed that these identifications were incorrect since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FC2A18CEFBFCFBAE" baseAuthorityName="Leske" baseAuthorityYear="1778" box="[1000,1128,1017,1040]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="setosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FC2A18CEFBFCFBAE" box="[1000,1128,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. setosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a typically Indo-Pacific species and its occurrence in these areas is unlikely. Thus, it seems more plausible that the specimens identified by Oliveira and Brito were, in fact,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FDCA1F76FD35FBE6" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[520,673,1087,1112]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FDCA1F76FD35FBE6" box="[520,673,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FD0A1F76FCF8FBE6" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1909" box="[712,876,1089,1112]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ascensionis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FD0A1F76FCF8FBE6" box="[712,876,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. ascensionis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Currently, the records of these latter two species are considered valid for the Brazilian coast. The test of this species is so fine and fragile that it remains intact only for a short time after death (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FE0D1FB0FC96FB1E" author="Kidwell, S. M. & Baumiller, T." box="[463,770,1159,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="247 - 271" refId="ref55647" refString="Kidwell, S. M. & Baumiller, T. (1990) Experimental disintegration of regular echinoids: Roles of temperature, oxygen, and decay thresholds. Paleobiology, 16 (3), 247 - 271. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0094837300009982" type="journal article" year="1990">Kidwell & Baumiller 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FCCF1FB0FC5CFB1E" author="Greenstein, B. J." box="[781,968,1159,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="487 - 492" refId="ref54749" refString="Greenstein, B. J. (1989) Mass mortality of the West-Indian echinoid Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): A natural experiment in taphonomy. Palaios, 4 (5), 487 - 492. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514593" type="journal article" year="1989">Greenstein 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FC111FBFFB99FB1E" author="Greenstein, B. J." box="[979,1037,1160,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="519 - 540" refId="ref54799" refString="Greenstein, B. J. (1991) An integrated study of echinoid taphonomy: Predictions for the fossil record of four echinoid families. Palaios, 6 (6), 519 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3514916" type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FBDB1FBFFBC1FB1E" author="Greenstein, B. J." box="[1049,1109,1160,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="587 - 601" refId="ref54846" refString="Greenstein, B. J. (1993) Is the fossil record of regular echinoids really so poor? A comparison of living and subfossil assemblages. Palaios, 8 (6), 587 - 601. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3515034" type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3EFFE0FF051F9BFE8BFA7E" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FF051F9BFE07FB7B" bold="true" box="[199,403,1196,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ecological notes.</emphasis>
|
||
This species inhabits reef environments, seagrass beds, mangroves and sandy or rocky bottoms (del
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FEE91FF8FDAFFB56" author="Valle Garcia, R. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Abreu Perez, M. & Laguarda-Figueras, F. & Duran Gonzalez, A. de la" box="[299,571,1231,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="9 - 28" refId="ref51643" refString="del Valle Garcia, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Abreu Perez, M., Laguarda-Figueras, F. & Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) neritico-betonico del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 9 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E3EFFE0FEE91FF8FEF1FB56" box="[299,357,1231,1256]" country="Honduras" name="Valle" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Valle</collectingRegion>
|
||
García
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FE7C1FE6FE63FB56" box="[446,503,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FD2B1FF8FC42FB56" author="Hendler, G. & Miller, J. & Pawson, D. & Porter, K." box="[745,982,1231,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. & Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Hendler
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FC881FE6FC17FB56" box="[842,899,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the species prefers calm water, actively avoiding heavy wave action.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FE211FC3FD5CFAB3" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[483,712,1268,1293]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FE211FC3FD5CFAB3" box="[483,712,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadema antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered omnivorous, feeding preferably on algae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FA8B1FC3FF6EFA8E" author="Weil, E. & Torres, J. L. & Ashton, M." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="219 - 231" refId="ref67349" refString="Weil, E., Torres, J. L. & Ashton, M. (2005) Population characteristics of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in La Parguera, Puerto Rico, 17 years after the mass mortality event. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 219 - 231." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Weil
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FA4A1FC2FF20FA8E" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, when foraging high-density habitats, it ingests invertebrates such as zoanthids, sponges and coral tissues (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FEF51E0BFD89FAEB" author="Randall, J. E. & Schroeder, R. E. & Starck, W. A." box="[311,541,1340,1365]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="421 - 433" refId="ref62342" refString="Randall, J. E., Schroeder, R. E. & Starck, W. A. (1964) Notes on the biology of the echinoid Diadema antillarum. Caribbean Journal of Science, 4 (2 & 3), 421 - 433." type="journal article" year="1964">
|
||
Randall
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FE581E0AFE42FAEB" box="[410,470,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1964
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), thus affecting the recruitment and mortality rates of young coral and other sessile invertebrates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FE491E57FDDFFAC6" author="Sammarco, P. W." box="[395,587,1376,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="245 - 272" refId="ref62951" refString="Sammarco, P. W. (1980) Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: grazing, competition, and biological disturbance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 45, 245 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 (80) 90061 - 1" type="journal article" year="1980">Sammarco 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are many studies regarding biology and ecology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3EFFE0FAC31E56FA08FAC6" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[1281,1436,1375,1400]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FAC31E56FA08FAC6" box="[1281,1436,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D. antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FF121EB3FE3EFA23" author="Randall, J. E. & Schroeder, R. E. & Starck, W. A." box="[208,426,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="421 - 433" refId="ref62342" refString="Randall, J. E., Schroeder, R. E. & Starck, W. A. (1964) Notes on the biology of the echinoid Diadema antillarum. Caribbean Journal of Science, 4 (2 & 3), 421 - 433." type="journal article" year="1964">
|
||
Randall
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FEED1EB2FEFCFA23" box="[303,360,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1964
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FE751EB3FDAAFA23" author="Lewis, J. B." box="[439,574,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="151 - 158" refId="ref57471" refString="Lewis, J. B. (1966) Growth and breeding in the tropical echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi. Bulletin of Marine Science, 16 (1), 151 - 158." type="journal article" year="1966">Lewis 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FD881EB3FD77FA22" author="Levitan, D. R." box="[586,739,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1414 - 1424" refId="ref57364" refString="Levitan, D. R. (1989) Density-dependent size regulation in Diadema antillarum: effects on fecundity and survivorship. Ecology, 70 (5), 1414 - 1424. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1938200" type="journal article" year="1989">Levitan 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FD2D1EB3FC74FA22" author="Attrill, M. J. & Kelmo, F." box="[751,992,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="243 - 248" refId="ref47367" refString="Attrill, M. J. & Kelmo, F. (2007) Opportunistic responses of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) populations following the 1997 - 98 El Nino event in Bahia, Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73, 243 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2007.01.007" type="journal article" year="2007">Atrill & Kelmo 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3EFFE0FC2E1EB3FB2AFA22" author="Blanco, F. M. & Alonso, L. C. & Sanson, G. G. & Amargos, F. P." box="[1004,1214,1412,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1149 - 1163" refId="ref48028" refString="Blanco, F. M., Alonso, L. C., Sanson, G. G. & Amargos, F. P. (2011) Influence of Diadema antillarum populations (Echinodermata: Diadematidae) on algal community structure in Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 59 (3), 1149 - 1163." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Blanco
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FB811EB2FBE8FA23" box="[1091,1148,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Rodríguez-Barrera
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3EFFE0FF551E9EFF5BFA7E" box="[151,207,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |