372 lines
55 KiB
XML
372 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="61D145FFBFE4121C52EF428F7A25C74E" ID-CLB-Dataset="27829" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ed9f2536-1317-48d5-85a9-2d98062a3cd1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2612564" ID-ZooBank="B3EF69F4-7E42-4924-9A9F-FFF5D83022EB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553699248199" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gondim, Anne Isabelley, Moura, Rafael Bendayan De, Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey & Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira" docDate="2018" docId="C4255B094E38FFE1FF551857FBF6FC76" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4529.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4529 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Phormosoma placenta Thomson 1872" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="381C23714E33FFEDFFC21B37FF94FFBE" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1698714592381" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="C4339A90FF504FBEB1D643054680B80D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="83C168586729C131AD9704D600FDDDCB">
|
||
<mods:title id="A0BC5E131E4F9D43D722A1C8D0955DE4">Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="0459CD417372B350B88A912135F747B9" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="79B960CE98F1E8AA0297971A65623C0B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="9E12FB53F4B75BAD9B3AC894CE80655A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="694A17EAC2644742D6B68A21FA0C9524">Gondim, Anne Isabelley</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="2B4FC29C9320A5B6D47F8F9E466A4206" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3DE7FFE16BE9BE21501C87DF5588D322">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="35EC44CCE04C3BCB35924E2E2F9A1D50">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="120073BD8CC02B41F02E319F379836F0">Moura, Rafael Bendayan De</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="C041ABCEC1273D09B9A920850F8DCF73" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="57971B430127FA2C26F84C77741707E3">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="8C8CEFBF3D562B0ACF5329B5E7B26205">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="3CD170FC4D768D20313B82F4BFA0BBE8">Christoffersen, Martin Lindsey</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="67E34D4B413818B8E884B8BBC59675E8" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="8E752123924483BEDFB929EF2A7ED182">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3D884D701F79631666563141F7E54F86">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="7D5F427C1EA8483EFCAC197C86FE547D">Dias, Thelma Lúcia Pereira</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="F7B87FA0DF397D18357AE907C53FA24C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="EBEEAA084D868C224476EB05380A4671" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="72F5474BA3C99779B0666AECC1E27469">
|
||
<mods:title id="285DDA9E9AFB9D7026812D84251D6404">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="08B75DCFBAFA2D969C2BD09A2122B3D5">
|
||
<mods:date id="391851701ED2BD70C35660E4D088FFEE">2018</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="7699E9C51F02C04E550A23DB9FC05599" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="1FFF3069D915E1EFDCEBC988CD10ECC8">2018-12-10</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="26FA4CB978F347E77FB7F88DE40D185C" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="B99F87777DAD8A00AE1B6CEC0FDAAE95">4529</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="200D0840F0C525F4D450B03E70DE4331" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="1D61BDB4AC188F4BDE5EC878DBAF6D1A">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="1E655B7A57FAA03ED80918668862F9AE" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="A3AADB77C0321CD706AC136D42925FF2">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="9FEB79ED7BCE2DBB9A91544F9BB8FE45">72</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="F6F1B645A916345D7C981CF97AACAD67">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E4537CCEAC021E7ACC214397246DFBDE" type="CLB-Dataset">27829</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D4C93FA9730B6B1F589E1770838AF514" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4529.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="27F86FAAC333679FC145D65904C1AFBA" type="GBIF-Dataset">ed9f2536-1317-48d5-85a9-2d98062a3cd1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="63DB77F17190C73CECA9E1A8D8B2FF45" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9E3C19723DD09C5C395B0001CBC28C96" type="Zenodo-Dep">2612564</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="43DDC5C83670E6941FC29F762E844A1F" type="ZooBank">B3EF69F4-7E42-4924-9A9F-FFF5D83022EB</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="C4255B094E38FFE1FF551857FBF6FC76" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5970970" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154508442" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5970970" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C4255B094E38FFE1FF551857FBF6FC76" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4255B094E38FFE1FF551857FBF6FC76" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E38FFE6FF551857FDF8FCC4" box="[151,620,864,890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E38FFE6FF551857FDF8FCC4" blockId="11.[151,620,864,923]" box="[151,620,864,890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<heading id="177B5D734E38FFE6FF551857FDF8FCC4" bold="true" box="[151,620,864,890]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E38FFE6FF551857FDF8FCC4" ID-CoL="4GRNZ" authority="Thomson, 1872" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,620,864,890]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FF551857FDF8FCC4" bold="true" box="[151,620,864,890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FF551857FE31FCC4" bold="true" box="[151,421,864,890]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Phormosoma placenta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FE6F1857FDF8FCC4" author="Thomson, C. W." box="[429,620,864,890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="491 - 497" refId="ref64947" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1872) On the Echinoidea of the ' Porcupine' deep-sea dredging expeditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1872, 491 - 497. Available from: https: // archive. org / stream / philtrans 00795337 / 00795337 # page / n 0 / mode / 2 up (accessed 5 May 2011)" type="journal article" year="1872">Thomson, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E38FFE6FF5518B5FEA6FC25" box="[151,306,898,923]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E38FFE6FF5518B5FEA6FC25" blockId="11.[151,620,864,923]" box="[151,306,898,923]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FF5518B5FF61FC25" box="[151,245,898,923]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A–G
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E38FFE6FF5518FDFDD9FBA0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E38FFE6FF5518FDFDD9FBA0" blockId="11.[151,1437,970,1054]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6C9CCD314E38FFE6FF5518FDFDD9FBA0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E38FFE6FF5518FDFDE7FC5E" ID-CoL="4GRNZ" authority="Thomson, 1872: 494" authorityName="Thomson" authorityPageNumber="494" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,627,970,992]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FF5518FDFE16FC5E" box="[151,386,970,992]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Phormosoma placenta</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E38FFE6FE4D18FDFDE7FC5E" author="Thomson, C. W." box="[399,627,970,992]" page="494" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" year="1872">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FE4D18FDFDADFC5E" author="Thomson, C. W." box="[399,569,970,992]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="491 - 497" refId="ref64947" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1872) On the Echinoidea of the ' Porcupine' deep-sea dredging expeditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1872, 491 - 497. Available from: https: // archive. org / stream / philtrans 00795337 / 00795337 # page / n 0 / mode / 2 up (accessed 5 May 2011)" type="journal article" year="1872">Thomson, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 494
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 1874: 732–737, pl. 62, figs 1–6 and pl. 63, figs 1–8.―
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E38FFE6FB2918FDFF4BFC41" author="Tommasi, L. R." page="25" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" year="1972">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FB2918FDFA0CFC5E" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[1259,1432,970,992]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="15 - 67" refId="ref65426" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1972) Equinodermes da regiao entre o Amapa (Brasil) e a Florida (E. U. A.). II. Echinozoa. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, Sao Paulo, 21, 15 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241972000100002" type="journal article" year="1972">Tommasi, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 25
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.―
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E38FFE6FF3E18DEFD93FC41" author="Ventura, C. R. R. & Verissimo, I. & Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C." box="[252,519,1001,1023]" page="250" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" year="2007">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FF3E18DEFE41FC41" author="Ventura, C. R. R. & Verissimo, I. & Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C." box="[252,469,1001,1023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="217 - 258" refId="ref66833" refString="Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007 a). Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de Invertebrados Marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258." type="book chapter" year="2007">
|
||
Ventura
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FE9718DDFE1CFC41" box="[341,392,1001,1023]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 250
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs a–b.―
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E38FFE6FD4318DEFC38FC41" author="Campos, L. S. & Moura, R. B." box="[641,940,1001,1023]" page="136" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" year="2008">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FD4318DEFCE8FC41" author="Campos, L. S. & Moura, R. B." box="[641,892,1001,1023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="135 - 141" refId="ref49125" refString="Campos, L. S. & Moura, R. B. (2008) Macrostructure and evolution of the digestive system in Echinoida (Echinodermata). Zoomorphology, 127, 135 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 008 - 0058 - 4" type="journal article" year="2008">Campos & Moura, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 136
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(table), 139.―
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E38FFE6FB8118DEFAD3FC41" author="Campos, L. S. & Barboza, C. A. & Alcantara, P. F. & Moura, R. B. & Frensel, R. & Wanderley, P." box="[1091,1351,1001,1023]" page="237" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" year="2010">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FB8118DEFA82FC41" author="Campos, L. S. & Barboza, C. A. & Alcantara, P. F. & Moura, R. B. & Frensel, R. & Wanderley, P." box="[1091,1302,1001,1023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="235 - 292" refId="ref48985" refString="Campos, L. S., Barboza, C. A., Alcantara, P. F., Moura, R. B., Frensel, R. & Wanderley, P. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Brasil, A. C. S. (Eds.), Biodiversidade da regiao oceanica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e Ictiofauna demersal. SAG Serv, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 235 - 292." type="book chapter" year="2010">
|
||
Campos
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FB6218DDFB47FC41" box="[1184,1235,1001,1023]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 237
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 288.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E38FFE6FF551F3FFDDCFBA0" ID-CoL="4GRP3" authority="A. Agassiz, 1880: 75" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityPageNumber="75" authorityYear="1880" box="[151,584,1032,1054]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sigsbei">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FF551F3FFEFEFBA0" box="[151,362,1032,1054]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Phormosoma sigsbei</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E38FFE6FEB31F3FFDDCFBA0" author="Agassiz, A." box="[369,584,1032,1054]" page="75" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" year="1880">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FEB31F3FFDB6FBA0" author="Agassiz, A." box="[369,546,1032,1054]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="69 - 84" refId="ref46172" refString="Agassiz, A. (1880) Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea in 1878 - 79, and along the Atlantic Coast of the United States during summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer " Blake ". IX. Preliminary report on the Echini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 8, 69 - 84. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 95375 # page / 81 / mode / 1 up (accessed 31 July 2017)" type="journal article" year="1880">A. Agassiz, 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 75
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E38FFE6FF551F7DFA09FBDD" box="[151,1437,1098,1123]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E38FFE6FF551F7DFA09FBDD" blockId="11.[151,1437,1098,2023]" box="[151,1437,1098,1123]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FF551F7DFE14FBDD" bold="true" box="[151,384,1098,1123]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
2 spms,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E38FFE6FE211F7DFDFEFBDD" box="[483,618,1098,1123]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="1" value="-15.31455">15°18,873′S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E38FFE6FDB31F7DFC97FBDD" box="[625,771,1098,1123]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="1" value="-38.69475">38°41,685′W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Oceanographic vessel Thalassa,
|
||
<date id="3832CCDF4E38FFE6FBBB1F7CFB63FBDD" box="[1145,1271,1099,1123]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2000-06-11">11.VI.2000</date>
|
||
[EqMN2341].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E38FFE6FF051F59FC13F979" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E38FFE6FF051F59FD24FA51" blockId="11.[151,1437,1098,2023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FF051F59FECDFB39" bold="true" box="[199,345,1134,1159]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Test thin, flexible, contour circular (TD =
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E38FFE6FC931F59FC28FB39" box="[849,956,1134,1159]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.74" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="67.4">67.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Preserved test becomes totally flattened (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FF5D1FA5FE8BFB15" box="[159,287,1170,1195]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Apical system monocyclic, with plating often reduced and genital pores surrounded by number of small platelets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FE8F1F81FE3CFB71" box="[333,424,1206,1231]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Periproct large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FDBA1F81FD63FB71" box="[632,759,1206,1231]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Interambulacra about two-thirds wider than ambulacra at ambitus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FEC31FEDFECBFB4D" box="[257,351,1242,1267]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Primary spines long, thin, straight, and hollow. Aboral surface with some fleshy spines (live specimens). Secondary spines thin and elongate (like needles). Spines from oral surface similar to those from aboral surface, but shorter and with rounded tips. Ambulacral plate trigeminate, with large central element bearing one or two primary tubercles and pair of ambulacral pores, and two demiplates housing one pore-pair each (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FAAD1E71FF2EFA3D" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Interambulacral plates wide, with one to three primary tubercles forming subequal rows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FB161E5DFAB8FA3D" box="[1236,1324,1386,1411]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Primary tubercles perforated and non-crenulate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FDAD1EB9FD64FA19" box="[623,752,1422,1447]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Aboral tubercles irregularly arranged. Oral surface flat, covered by numerous and large tubercles with sunken areoles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FC411E85FC75FA75" box="[899,993,1458,1483]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Peristome large, nearly circular and densely covered by overlapped plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FD881EE1FD37FA51" box="[586,675,1494,1519]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E38FFE6FF051ECDFBF4F9E5" blockId="11.[151,1437,1098,2023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FF051ECDFEFCF9AD" bold="true" box="[199,360,1530,1555]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pedicellariae.</emphasis>
|
||
Only tridentate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E38FFE6FDED1ECDFD1EF9AD" box="[559,650,1530,1555]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1087,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1060]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphological characters of Phormosoma placenta (EqMN2341). (A) Aboral view. (B) Detail of apical system; (C) Oral view; (D) Peristome; (E) Ambulacral plates; (F) Interambulacral plates; (G) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612572/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
) and ophicephalous pedicellariae are found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E38FFE6FB681ECBFABCF9AD" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[1194,1320,1530,1555]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FB681ECBFABCF9AD" box="[1194,1320,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The first
|
||
<typeStatus id="933754BD4E38FFE6FF551D28FF53F989" box="[151,199,1567,1591]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
|
||
occurs in smaller numbers than the second
|
||
<typeStatus id="933754BD4E38FFE6FD691D28FD4BF989" box="[683,735,1567,1591]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. Both are very numerous and distributed irregularly over entire test, being particularly abundant on the oral surface towards the edge of the peristome.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E38FFE6FF051D51FC13F979" blockId="11.[151,1437,1098,2023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FF051D51FEB4F9C1" bold="true" box="[199,288,1638,1663]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colour.</emphasis>
|
||
In living specimens, the aboral surface is gray with purple spots and oral surface purplish (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FAE61D51FA0CF9C1" author="Bell, F. J." box="[1316,1432,1638,1663]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref47622" refString="Bell, F. J. (1892) Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). Printed by Order of the Trustees, London, 202 pp. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 43772 # page / 9 / mode / 1 up (accessed 31 March 2017)" type="book" year="1892">Bell 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FF551DBCFEC2F91D" author="Mortensen, T. H." box="[151,342,1675,1699]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref61217" refString="Mortensen, T. H. (1977) Handbook of the Echinoderms of the Brithish Isles. 2 nd Edition. W. Backhuys, Rotterdam,, 471 pp." type="book" year="1977">Mortensen 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The tube feet are purple, and the spines are nearly colourless (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FB951DBDFA9FF91D" author="Thomson, C. W." box="[1111,1291,1674,1699]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="719 - 756" refId="ref65013" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1874) On the Echinoidea of the ' Porcupine' deep-sea dredging expeditions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 164, 719 - 756. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstl. 1874.0021" type="journal article" year="1874">Thomson 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specimens become brownish-yellowish in alcohol (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FD9A1D98FCEFF979" author="Borrero-Perez G. H. & M. Benavides-Serrato & C. M. Diaz-Sanchez" box="[600,891,1710,1735]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 250" refId="ref48094" refString="Borrero-Perez G. H., M. Benavides-Serrato y C. M. Diaz-Sanchez (2012) Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Holothuroidea, Serie de Publicaciones Especiales de Invemar N ° 30, Santa Marta, 1 - 250." type="book chapter" year="2012">
|
||
Borrero-Pérez
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FD3D1D98FCACF979" box="[767,824,1710,1735]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E38FFE6FF051DE5FD99F8C5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E38FFE6FF051DE5FD99F8C5" blockId="11.[151,1437,1098,2023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FF051DE5FEF4F955" bold="true" box="[199,352,1746,1771]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FEAE1DE5FE42F955" box="[364,470,1746,1771]" name="Bahamas" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Florida, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FB9A1DE5FB24F955" box="[1112,1200,1746,1771]" name="Mexico" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FB021DE5FA8CF955" box="[1216,1304,1746,1771]" name="Mexico" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FAEA1DE5FA0CF955" box="[1320,1432,1746,1771]" name="Honduras" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FF551DC1FE9CF8B1" box="[151,264,1782,1807]" name="Dominica" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FED41DC1FE1FF8B1" box="[278,395,1782,1807]" name="Bermuda" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bermudas</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FE5B1DC1FE62F8B1" box="[409,502,1782,1807]" name="Jamaica" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FDC71DC1FDD7F8B1" box="[517,579,1782,1807]" name="Cuba" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FD931DC1FD18F8B1" box="[593,652,1782,1807]" name="Haiti" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Haiti</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FD581DC1FC84F8B1" box="[666,784,1782,1807]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FCDC1DC0FC3DF8B1" box="[798,937,1782,1807]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FC7A1DC0FB80F8B0" box="[952,1044,1783,1806]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FBE31DC1FB06F8B1" box="[1057,1170,1782,1807]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FB631DC1FA83F8B1" box="[1185,1303,1782,1807]" name="Venezuela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FA9A1DC1FA08F8B1" box="[1368,1436,1782,1807]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FF5C1C2DFED9F88D" author="Alvarado, J. J." box="[158,333,1818,1843]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="261 - 285" refId="ref47180" refString="Alvarado, J. J. (2011) Echinoderm diversity in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 41, 261 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 010 - 0053 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Alvarado 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FE9E1C2DFDFBF88D" author="Solis-Marin, F. A. & Alvarado, J. J. & Abreu-Perez, M. & Aguilera, O. & Alio, J. & Bacallado-Aranega, J. J. & Barraza, E. & Serrato, M. & Benitez-Villalobos, F. & Betancourt-Fernandez, L. & Borges, M. & Brandt, M. & Brogger, M. I. & Borrero-Perez, G. H. & Buitron-Sanchez, B. E. & Campos, L. S. & Cantera, J. & Clemente, S. & Cohen-Renjifo, M. & Coppard, S. & Costa-Lotufo, L. V. & Valle-Garcia, R. & Diaz, Y. & Diaz de Vivar, M. E. & Diaz-Martinez, J. P. & Duran-Gonzalez, A. & Epherra, L. & Escolar, M. & Francisco, V. & Freire, C. A. & Garcia-Arraras, E. & Gil, D. G. & Guarderas, P. & Hadel, V. F. & Hearn, A. & Hernandez, J. C. & Hernandez-Delgado, E. A. & Herrera-Moreno, A. & Herrero-Perezrul, M. D. & Hooker, Y. & Honey-Escandon, M. B. I. & Lodeiros, C. & Luzuriaga, M. & Manso, C. L. C. & Martin, A. & Martinez, M. I. & Martinez, S. & Moro-Abad, L. & Mutschke, E. & Navarro, J. C. & Neira, R. & Noriega, N. & Palleiro-Nayar, J. S. & Perez, A. F. & Perez-Ruzafa, A. & Prieto-Rios, E. & Reyes, J. & Rodriguez, R. & Rubilar, T. & Sancho-Mejia, T. & Sangil, C. & Silva, J. R. M. C. & Sonnenholzner, J. I. & Ventura, C. R. & Tablado, A. & Tavares, Y. & Tiago, C. G. & Tuya, F. & Williams, S. M." box="[348,623,1818,1843]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="543 - 654" refId="ref63726" refString="Solis-Marin, F. A., Alvarado, J. J., Abreu-Perez, M., Aguilera, O., Alio, J., Bacallado-Aranega, J. J., Barraza, E., Benavides- Serrato, M., Benitez-Villalobos, F., Betancourt-Fernandez, L., Borges, M., Brandt, M., Brogger, M. I., Borrero-Perez, G. H., Buitron-Sanchez, B. E., Campos, L. S., Cantera, J., Clemente, S., Cohen-Renjifo, M., Coppard, S., Costa-Lotufo, L. V., del Valle-Garcia, R., Diaz, Y., Diaz de Vivar, M. E., Diaz-Martinez, J. P., Duran-Gonzalez, A., Epherra, L., Escolar, M., Francisco, V., Freire, C. A., Garcia-Arraras, E., Gil, D. G., Guarderas, P., Hadel, V. F., Hearn, A., Hernandez, J. C., Hernandez-Delgado, E. A., Herrera-Moreno, A., Herrero-Perezrul, M. D., Hooker, Y., Honey-Escandon, M. B. I., Lodeiros, C., Luzuriaga, M., Manso, C. L. C., Martin, A., Martinez, M. I., Martinez, S., Moro-Abad, L., Mutschke, E., Navarro, J. C., Neira, R., Noriega, N., Palleiro-Nayar, J. S., Perez, A. F., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Prieto-Rios, E., Reyes, J., Rodriguez, R., Rubilar, T., Sancho-Mejia, T., Sangil, C., Silva, J. R. M. C., Sonnenholzner, J. I., Ventura, C. R., Tablado, A., Tavares, Y., Tiago, C. G., Tuya, F. & Williams, S. M. (2013) Appendix. In: Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (Eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg, pp. 543 - 654." type="book chapter" year="2013">
|
||
Solís-Marín
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FE2E1C2BFDBCF88D" box="[492,552,1818,1843]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E38FFE6FD641C2DFD7EF88D" box="[678,746,1818,1843]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
from BA, ES and RJ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FC391C2CFB78F88D" author="Ventura, C. R. R. & Verissimo, I. & Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C." box="[1019,1260,1818,1843]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="217 - 258" refId="ref66833" refString="Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. & Zama, P. C. (2007 a). Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de Invertebrados Marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258." type="book chapter" year="2007">
|
||
Ventura
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FB9C1C2BFB0EF88D" box="[1118,1178,1818,1843]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FB381C2CFF40F8E9" author="Campos, L. S. & Barboza, C. A. & Alcantara, P. F. & Moura, R. B. & Frensel, R. & Wanderley, P." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="235 - 292" refId="ref48985" refString="Campos, L. S., Barboza, C. A., Alcantara, P. F., Moura, R. B., Frensel, R. & Wanderley, P. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Brasil, A. C. S. (Eds.), Biodiversidade da regiao oceanica profunda da Bacia de Campos: Megafauna e Ictiofauna demersal. SAG Serv, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 235 - 292." type="book chapter" year="2010">
|
||
Campos
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FAA21C2BFA08F88D" box="[1376,1436,1818,1843]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). From depths of
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E38FFE6FE5A1C08FDB9F8E8" box="[408,557,1855,1879]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.069" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="0.038" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="2069.0" valueMax="4100.0" valueMin="38.0">38 to 4100 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FDF91C09FC7FF8E9" author="Mironov, A. N." box="[571,1003,1854,1879]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="120 - 129" refId="ref59922" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Echinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 120 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.12" type="journal article" year="2014">Mironov 2014; Smithsonian Database</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it is very rare at depths shallower than
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E38FFE6FF0C1C55FE81F8C4" box="[206,277,1890,1915]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FEE11C55FD95F8C5" author="Serafy, D. K. & Fell, F. J." box="[291,513,1890,1915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref63362" refString="Serafy, D. K. & Fell, F. J. (1985) Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Echinodermata: Echinoidea. NOAA Technical Report National Marine Fisheries Service, 33, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1985">Serafy & Fell 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E38FFE1FF051CB1FBF6FC76" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E38FFE1FF051CB1FE3FFDA6" blockId="11.[151,1437,1098,2023]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,968]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FF051CB1FEAFF821" bold="true" box="[199,315,1926,1951]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E38FFE6FE811CB1FE4CF821" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[323,472,1926,1951]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FE811CB1FE4CF821" box="[323,472,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Phormosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains four species, of which only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E38FFE6FC411CB0FC6BF821" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[899,1023,1926,1951]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FC411CB0FC6BF821" box="[899,1023,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in the Atlantic Ocean. Three subspecies are recognized for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E38FFE6FE241C9BFDCAF87D" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[486,606,1962,1987]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FE241C9BFDCAF87D" box="[486,606,1962,1987]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E38FFE6FDAD1C9BFB8EF87C" authority="placenta Thomson, 1872 a" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[623,1050,1962,1987]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="placenta" subSpecies="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FDAD1C9BFCC5F87D" box="[623,849,1962,1987]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. placenta placenta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FC9A1C9DFB8EF87C" author="Thomson, C. W." box="[856,1050,1962,1987]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="491 - 497" refId="ref64947" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1872) On the Echinoidea of the ' Porcupine' deep-sea dredging expeditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1872, 491 - 497. Available from: https: // archive. org / stream / philtrans 00795337 / 00795337 # page / n 0 / mode / 2 up (accessed 5 May 2011)" type="journal article" year="1872">Thomson, 1872 a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
typical form in the North and East Atlantic,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E38FFE6FEC31CF8FD36F859" authority="A. Agassiz, 1880" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1880" box="[257,674,1998,2023]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="placenta" subSpecies="sigsbei">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FEC31CF8FE40F859" box="[257,468,1998,2023]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. placenta sigsbei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FE1F1CF8FD36F859" author="Agassiz, A." box="[477,674,1998,2023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="69 - 84" refId="ref46172" refString="Agassiz, A. (1880) Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea in 1878 - 79, and along the Atlantic Coast of the United States during summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer " Blake ". IX. Preliminary report on the Echini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 8, 69 - 84. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 95375 # page / 81 / mode / 1 up (accessed 31 July 2017)" type="journal article" year="1880">
|
||
A. Agassiz,
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E38FFE6FDA81CF8FD36F859" box="[618,674,1999,2023]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7752" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="1880.0">1880</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the West Atlantic, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E38FFE6FC121CF8FAE9F859" authority="Mortensen, 1934" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1934" box="[976,1405,1998,2023]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="placenta" subSpecies="africana">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E38FFE6FC121CF8FB21F859" box="[976,1205,1998,2023]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. placenta africana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E38FFE6FB7C1CF8FAE9F859" author="Mortensen, T." box="[1214,1405,1999,2023]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="161 - 167" refId="ref60891" refString="Mortensen, T. (1934) New Echinoidea. Preliminary Notice. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 98, 161 - 167." type="journal article" year="1934">
|
||
Mortensen,
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E38FFE6FA871CF8FAE9F859" box="[1349,1405,1999,2023]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.91236" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="1934.0">1934</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E3FFFE1FF551BA0FEBEFF0E" box="[151,298,151,176]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FEF81BA0FE70FF0E" author="Mironov, A. N." box="[314,484,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="120 - 129" refId="ref59922" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Echinoidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 120 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.12" type="journal article" year="2014">Mironov 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These subspecies are distinguished mainly on the basis of the number of coronal plates and in the size and disposition of the tubercles on aboral surface.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FC081B8BFB13FF6A" author="Thomson, C. W." box="[970,1159,188,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="491 - 497" refId="ref64947" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1872) On the Echinoidea of the ' Porcupine' deep-sea dredging expeditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1872, 491 - 497. Available from: https: // archive. org / stream / philtrans 00795337 / 00795337 # page / n 0 / mode / 2 up (accessed 5 May 2011)" type="journal article" year="1872">Thomson (1872)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
published an abstract in which he established the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3FFFE1FDD11BE8FD3CFF46" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[531,680,223,248]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FDD11BE8FD3CFF46" box="[531,680,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phormosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3FFFE1FCB71BD6FC62FF46" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[885,1014,223,248]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FCB71BD6FC62FF46" box="[885,1014,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, in this work, the author provided only a short description of the genus and the locality of the material used to designate the species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FF551A10FEC7FEFE" author="Thomson, C. W." box="[151,339,295,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="719 - 756" refId="ref65013" refString="Thomson, C. W. (1874) On the Echinoidea of the ' Porcupine' deep-sea dredging expeditions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 164, 719 - 756. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstl. 1874.0021" type="journal article" year="1874">Thomson (1874)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a detailed description and provided several illustrations of the taxonomic characters of the species. One of the most conspicuous characters in live specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FC2E1A7BFBE3FEDB" box="[1004,1143,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phomosoma</emphasis>
|
||
is the presence of aboral fleshy spines, which may partially or totally obscure the dorsal surface of the test or form a “fence” along the periphery of the urchin. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FD831AA2FCC4FE12" author="Emson, R. H. & Young, C. M." box="[577,848,404,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="101 - 111" refId="ref52532" refString="Emson, R. H. & Young, C. M. (1998) Form and function of the primary spines of two bathyal echinothuriid sea urchins. Acta Zoologica, Stockholm, 79 (2), 101 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6395.1998. tb 01149. x" type="journal article" year="1998">Emson & Young (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, virtually all the primary spines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3FFFE1FB181AA2FAC2FE13" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[1242,1366,404,429]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FB181AA2FAC2FE13" box="[1242,1366,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are to some extent fleshy, as all the oral and lateral spines have a small fleshy enlargement near the tip and the blunt oral walking spines are enlarged by a thick fleshy covering. The main function of these spines most probably is defence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FF5C1937FE0BFDA6" author="Emson, R. H. & Young, C. M." box="[158,415,512,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="101 - 111" refId="ref52532" refString="Emson, R. H. & Young, C. M. (1998) Form and function of the primary spines of two bathyal echinothuriid sea urchins. Acta Zoologica, Stockholm, 79 (2), 101 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6395.1998. tb 01149. x" type="journal article" year="1998">Emson & Young 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E3FFFE1FF051913FBF6FC76" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FF051913FE04FD83" bold="true" box="[199,400,548,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ecological notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3FFFE1FD831912FD2AFD83" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[577,702,548,573]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FD831912FD2AFD83" box="[577,702,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seem to aggregate and this pattern was attributed to their slowmoving deposit-feeding mode of life (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FD8C1970FCBAFDDE" author="Grassle, F. J. & Sanders, H. L. & Hessler, R. R. & Rowe, G. T. & McLellan, T." box="[590,814,583,608]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="457 - 481" refId="ref54391" refString="Grassle, F. J., Sanders, H. L., Hessler, R. R., Rowe, G. T. & McLellan, T. (1975) Pattern and zonation: a study of the bathyal megafauna using the research submersible Alvin. Deep-Sea Research, 22, 457 - 481. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0011 - 7471 (75) 90020 - 0" type="journal article" year="1975">
|
||
Grassle
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FD6F197EFD7DFDDE" box="[685,745,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1975
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FC86197FFC64FDDE" author="Pawson, D. L." box="[836,1008,584,608]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="129 - 145" refId="ref61601" refString="Pawson, D. L. (1982) Papers from the Echinoderm Conference. 8. Deep-sea echinoderms in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas Islands: a survey, using the research submersible Alvin. Australian Museum Memoir, 16, 129 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.16.1982.362" type="journal article" year="1982">Pawson (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found only mucus-consolidated mud balls in the guts of this species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FDC1195BFD66FD3A" author="Tyler, P. A. & Gage, J. D." box="[515,754,620,645]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="63 - 74" refId="ref66063" refString="Tyler, P. A. & Gage, J. D. (1984) The reproductive biology of echinothuriid and cidarid sea urchins from the deep sea (Rockall Trough, North-East Atlantic Ocean). Marine Biology, 80 (1), 63 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00393129" type="journal article" year="1984">Tyler & Gage (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
believe that the species must have a relatively rapid growth rate (up to a TD of
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E3FFFE1FE4119A7FDB4FD16" box="[387,544,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="42.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="40.0">40 to 45 mm</quantity>
|
||
). At this point, gonad development begins and there is a slowing of somatic growth, resulting in an accumulation of adults in the
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E3FFFE1FD391983FC04FD72" box="[763,912,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="65.0" valueMax="75.0" valueMin="55.0">55 to 75 mm</quantity>
|
||
TD range. Above
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E3FFFE1FBA81983FB2FFD72" box="[1130,1211,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
|
||
TD, the population numbers decline, and generally few individuals larger than
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E3FFFE1FCFC19E0FC1AFD51" box="[830,910,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
|
||
TD are found.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FB8319E0FAA5FD4E" author="Tyler, P. A. & Gage, J. D." box="[1089,1329,727,752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="63 - 74" refId="ref66063" refString="Tyler, P. A. & Gage, J. D. (1984) The reproductive biology of echinothuriid and cidarid sea urchins from the deep sea (Rockall Trough, North-East Atlantic Ocean). Marine Biology, 80 (1), 63 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00393129" type="journal article" year="1984">Tyler & Gage (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded specimens with
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E3FFFE1FE8919CBFE0EFCAA" box="[331,410,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
TD possessing developing gonads, while specimens between 47 and
|
||
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E3FFFE1FB6119CBFB65FCAA" box="[1187,1265,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
|
||
TD showed no evidence of reproductive development. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FD2F1817FC1EFC86" author="Pearse, J. S." box="[749,906,799,824]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="110 - 116" refId="ref61760" refString="Pearse, J. S. (1969) Slow developing demersal embryos and larvae of the Antarctic sea star Odontaster validus. Marine Biology, 3 (2), 110 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00353429" type="journal article" year="1969">Pearse (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the lecithotrophic larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3FFFE1FB0E1816FAD3FC86" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[1228,1351,799,824]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FB0E1816FAD3FC86" box="[1228,1351,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not demersal and develop at or close to the surface.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FD7B1872FC75FCE2" author="Young, C. M. & Cameron, J. L." box="[697,993,836,861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1629 - 1639" refId="ref67681" refString="Young, C. M. & Cameron, J. L. (1987) Laboratory and in situ flotation rates of lecithotrophic eggs from the bathyal echinoid Phormosoma placenta. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, 34 (9), 1629 - 1639. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0198 - 0149 (87) 90112 - 9" type="journal article" year="1987">Young & Cameron (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conducted a study on flotation rates of lecithotrophic eggs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E3FFFE1FE78185EFDADFC3E" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1872" box="[442,569,871,896]" class="Echinoidea" family="Phormosomatidae" genus="Phormosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="placenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E3FFFE1FE78185EFDADFC3E" box="[442,569,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. placenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and pointed out the enhanced physiological tolerance in embryos of deepwater echinothuriids relative to larvae of shelf and coastal echinoderms. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E3FFFE1FB6818BBFE1EFC76" author="Benavides-Serrato, M. & Borrero-Perez, G. H." pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 458" refId="ref47763" refString="Benavides-Serrato, M. & Borrero-Perez, G. H. (2010) Equinodermos de la plataforma y la franja superior del talud continental del Caribe colombiano. In: INVEMAR (Ed.), Biodiversidad del margen continental del Caribe colombiano, Serie de Publicaciones Especiales, Invemar, 20, pp. 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="2010">Benavides-Serrato & Borrero-Pérez (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this species is abundant in the Colombian part of the Caribbean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |