1354 lines
193 KiB
XML
1354 lines
193 KiB
XML
<document id="38A5A7123BB1BBE76B90AE6B5D79410D" ID-DOI="10.1093/mspecies/sead003" ID-ISSN="1545-1410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10621021" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1707139280841" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ocampo-González, Paola, Espinoza-Medinilla, Eduardo E., Rioja-Paradela, Tamara M. & López-Wilchis, Ricardo" docDate="2023" docId="61778794FF8D2E37FC15C411FF64FA97" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpecies.55.1028.1-15.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 55 (1028)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:11688CB943E1F39F6E9CB61928A301BB.4:MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="11688CB943E1F39F6E9CB61928A301BB" docStyleName="MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Diphylla ecaudata Spix 1823" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="9D4EFFECFF8F2E3EFFF0C20FFF9EFF97" masterDocTitle="Diphylla ecaudata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1707160482073" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods id="31E97E872ED351820391671D23F1675E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="64F1CC6ACDADBD36FDC5F44C23EFCB36">
|
||
<mods:title id="A4568EE03DDAE15DE6AAD16E9994AD5C">Diphylla ecaudata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="838D7FB94B090FD129D9FCCBCB4DAAC6" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="4D82EC9A6BAC44B7847BDAD4BF5BEC63">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="ECD467DFD2219D184E4A4FF854E97DE8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="89407400B05B31016D47DFA4DE119B14">Ocampo-González, Paola</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="ACF6EA0CF28C13388E09C8BD883577DD" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="349175A45C2AE5F1628BADF1F8A2F039">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="5F64E71C626228E8DDCA0770A0F46385">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="5D566C21C1CFE10080270F248E2F52C7">Espinoza-Medinilla, Eduardo E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="8A68BECD1BD9A8A6F79E0F1C9918E23C" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="F7586C83C5E7642834DEE895EDA674EB">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="8C1A96048085B260FD49A1A59FCA483E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="19488D5FAECD07824E0CBECACA15DF1D">Rioja-Paradela, Tamara M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="7DD8E1A890D39CFD78B8CCF300F5DD05" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="9EAABBA5F5E206A2BE12C7C8BB98AB05">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="4DB8E9CED5A64AA05013F73AB1A6E1BD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="670E9D6041C2CEFA104076A01369FCAE">López-Wilchis, Ricardo</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="59BFA5512B534C7B13CDD6FCF00F4C81">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="0B89E76B8A563C5FF348352014167714" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="85DBF2E28F0DE3322FB2ABC028271572">
|
||
<mods:title id="236DCB1CA7C63093833740C8DED32902">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="05A1748D4FA728DEC8044C748DFF329C">
|
||
<mods:date id="715160DDCD5B72F33BE6DFEDA6FEAF44">2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="52D292AE42C9F1984B96E08F1EA39FB9" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="914C34C3B138052BBD016407FCB8892E">2023-06-23</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="099E6B5EDF792F9F03E758E0F8B70EBD" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="01855A0F62015A05C884AE473FAFDC79">55</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="A3B3B3515F15E80E2C4AFD103DA81E39" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="9E00AAAA0B621B4C24C02B4A8B00256D">1028</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="4B05CD2C45AD0529590EA2DEEC85329C" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="E8A617902A786BC34AE47B15AB4A906A">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="3D699C47F2BB933D37A5640667814F37">15</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="B6A52F33F31FD22A0B103A34EFD7F9B9">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="79E4D7EF1B483514F0D9E7E995118C24" type="DOI">10.1093/mspecies/sead003</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="1BFF3ED0E72A3A608EE1A119E7F5D0BC" type="ISSN">1545-1410</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B0CCE40F4E71DCFBB5FC95D9CDB605F5" type="Zenodo-Dep">10621021</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="61778794FF8D2E37FC15C411FF64FA97" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:61778794FF8D2E37FC15C411FF64FA97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/61778794FF8D2E37FC15C411FF64FA97" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1C46509FF8D2E3CFC15C411FAB7F9EF" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8D2E3CFC15C411FAC8F9AF" blockId="2.[997,1366,1566,1592]" box="[997,1366,1566,1592]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<heading id="B22981EEFF8D2E3CFC15C411FAC8F9AF" box="[997,1366,1566,1592]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" reason="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8D2E3CFC15C411FAC8F9AF" ID-CoL="36G4Q" authority="SPIX, 1823" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[997,1366,1566,1592]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8D2E3CFC15C411FAC8F9AF" bold="true" box="[997,1366,1566,1592]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8D2E3CFC15C411FB5CF9AF" bold="true" box="[997,1218,1566,1592]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8D2E3CFB39C411FAC8F9AF" author="Spix J. B." box="[1225,1366,1566,1592]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref14959" refString="Spix J. B. 1823. Diphylla ecaudata. In: Spix J. B., editor. Simiarum et Vespertilionum brasiliensium species novae. Francisci Seraphici Hubschmanni, Munich, Germany; p. 68." type="journal volume" year="1823">SPIX, 1823</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8D2E3CFBE1C46EFAB7F9EF" blockId="2.[1041,1321,1633,1656]" box="[1041,1321,1633,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Hairy-legged Vampire Bat</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1C46509FF8D2E3DFCB8C498FEA0FD17" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8D2E3CFCB8C498FA75F959" blockId="2.[840,1523,1687,1934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C9CE11ACFF8D2E3CFCB8C498FA75F959" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="687F1093FF8D2E3CFCB8C498FB23F939" author="Spix J. B." box="[840,1213,1687,1710]" page="68" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" year="1823">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8D2E3CFCB8C498FB23F939" ID-CoL="36G4Q" authority="Spix, 1823: 68" authorityName="Spix" authorityPageNumber="68" authorityYear="1823" box="[840,1213,1687,1710]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8D2E3CFCB8C498FB8DF939" box="[840,1043,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="59B63CDFFF8D2E3CFBEFC498FB23F939" box="[1055,1213,1687,1710]" country="Brazil" location="Cabrera" municipality="Rio San Francisco" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8D2E3CFBEFC498FB23F939" author="Spix J. B." box="[1055,1213,1687,1710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref14959" refString="Spix J. B. 1823. Diphylla ecaudata. In: Spix J. B., editor. Simiarum et Vespertilionum brasiliensium species novae. Francisci Seraphici Hubschmanni, Munich, Germany; p. 68." type="journal volume" year="1823">Spix, 1823:68</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="36658820FF8D2E3CFB3CC498FA9FF939" box="[1228,1281,1687,1710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="9B21C190FF8D2E3CFA99C498FA57F939" box="[1385,1481,1687,1710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8D2E3CFA83C498FA25F939" box="[1395,1467,1687,1710]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
;”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
restricted to
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="0905ACF8FF8D2E3CFC19C4B8FB30F959" box="[1001,1198,1719,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Rio San Francisco</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8D2E3CFB49C4B8FB69F959" box="[1209,1271,1719,1742]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Bahia</collectingRegion>
|
||
by
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="687F1093FF8D2E3CFAD0C4B8FA79F959" author="Cabrera A." box="[1312,1511,1719,1742]" page="94" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" year="1958">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8D2E3CFAD0C4B8FA79F959" author="Cabrera A." box="[1312,1511,1719,1742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref9936" refString="Cabrera A. 1958. Catalogo de los mamiferos del sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia " e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales. Ciencias Zoologicas 4 (1): 1 - 308." type="journal article" year="1958">
|
||
<location id="EC016059FF8D2E3CFAD0C4B8FAEAF959" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:61778794FF8D2E37FC15C411FF64FA97:EC016059FF8D2E3CFAD0C4B8FAEAF959" box="[1312,1396,1719,1742]" country="Brazil" municipality="Rio San Francisco" name="Cabrera" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Bahia">Cabrera</location>
|
||
(1958:94)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8D2E3CFCB8C4D8FA02F899" blockId="2.[840,1523,1687,1934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8D2E3CFCB8C4D8FCFDF979" box="[840,867,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Gl</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8D2E3CFC9CC4D8FC40F979" box="[876,990,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">ossophaga</emphasis>
|
||
].
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8D2E3CFC06C4D8FBD3F979" box="[1014,1101,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">diphylla</emphasis>
|
||
J. B.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8D2E3CFB63C4D8FAC6F979" author="Fischer J. B." box="[1171,1368,1751,1774]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref11636" refString="Fischer J. B. 1829. Synopsis mammalium. J. G. Cottae, Stuttgart, Germany." type="book" year="1829">Fischer, 1829:133</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="36658820FF8D2E3CFA95C4D8FA04F979" box="[1381,1434,1751,1774]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality “Brasilia;” based on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8D2E3CFBA5C4F8FA0BF899" ID-CoL="36G4Q" authority="Spix, 1823" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1109,1429,1783,1806]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8D2E3CFBA5C4F8FA85F899" box="[1109,1307,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8D2E3CFAD2C4F8FA0BF899" author="Spix J. B." box="[1314,1429,1783,1806]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" refId="ref14959" refString="Spix J. B. 1823. Diphylla ecaudata. In: Spix J. B., editor. Simiarum et Vespertilionum brasiliensium species novae. Francisci Seraphici Hubschmanni, Munich, Germany; p. 68." type="journal volume" year="1823">Spix, 1823</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8D2E3CFCB8C518FB28F8D9" blockId="2.[840,1523,1687,1934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C9CE11ACFF8D2E3CFCB8C518FB28F8D9" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="687F1093FF8D2E3CFCB8C518FAA3F8B9" author="Thomas O." box="[840,1341,1815,1838]" page="378" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" year="1903">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8D2E3CFCB8C518FAA3F8B9" authority="O. Thomas, 1903: 378" authorityName="O. Thomas" authorityPageNumber="378" authorityYear="1903" box="[840,1341,1815,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8D2E3CFCB8C518FB87F8B9" box="[840,1049,1815,1838]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Diphylla centralis</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="59B63CDFFF8D2E3CFBC1C518FAA3F8B9" box="[1073,1341,1815,1838]" country="Panama" location="Chiriqui" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chiriqui">
|
||
O.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8D2E3CFB91C518FAA3F8B9" author="Thomas O." box="[1121,1341,1815,1838]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="376 - 382" refId="ref15037" refString="Thomas O. 1903. New mammals from Chiriqui. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11 (64): 376 - 382." type="journal article" year="1903">Thomas, 1903:378</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="36658820FF8D2E3CFAA7C518FA12F8B9" box="[1367,1420,1815,1838]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="9B21C190FF8D2E3CFC88C538FC70F8D9" box="[888,1006,1847,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">“Boquete,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8D2E3CFC04C538FBCEF8D9" box="[1012,1104,1847,1870]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Chiriqui</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8D2E3CFBAAC538FB2CF8D9" box="[1114,1202,1847,1870]" name="Panama" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8D2E3CFCB8C558FB9BF819" blockId="2.[840,1523,1687,1934]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C9CE11ACFF8D2E3CFCB8C558FB9BF819" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8D2E3CFCB8C558FB04F8F9" ID-CoL="874HQ" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[840,1178,1879,1902]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ecaudata" subSpecies="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8D2E3CFCB8C558FB04F8F9" box="[840,1178,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2">Diphylla ecaudata centralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="687F1093FF8D2E3CFB4CC558FA0BF8F9" author="Felten H." box="[1212,1429,1879,1902]" page="364" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" year="1956">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8D2E3CFB4CC558FA0BF8F9" author="Felten H." box="[1212,1429,1879,1902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2" pagination="341 - 367" refId="ref11577" refString="Felten H. 1956 a. Fledermause (Mammalia: Chiroptera) aus El Salvador, Teil IV. Senckenbergiana Biologica 37: 341 - 367." type="journal article" year="1956">Felten, 1956a:364</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3DFF9DC2C6FEA0FD17" blockId="3.[109,793,201,907]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Content same as for genus. Whether or not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFF47C2E6FEE0FE97" ID-CoL="36G4Q" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[183,382,233,256]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFF47C2E6FEE0FE97" box="[183,382,233,256]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monotypic is unresolved in the literature.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFF35C306FE49FEB7" author="Ojasti J. & Linares O. J." box="[197,471,265,288]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="421 - 441" refId="ref13484" refString="Ojasti J., Linares O. J. 1971. Adiciones a la fauna de murcielagos de Venezuela con notas sobre las especies del genero Diclidurus (Chiroptera). Acta Biologica Venezuelica 7 (1 - 2): 421 - 441." type="journal article" year="1971">Ojasti and Linares (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFE14C306FD7AFEB7" author="Jones J. K. & Carter D. C." box="[484,740,265,288]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 38" refId="ref12485" refString="Jones J. K., Carter D. C. 1976. Annotated checklist with keys to subfamilies and genera. In: Baker R. J., Jones J. K., Carter D. C., editors. Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae, part I. Special Publications of the Museum of Texas. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, USA; p. 7 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1976">Jones and Carter (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFF9DC326FEECFED7" author="Greenhall A. M. & Schmidt U. & Joermann G." box="[109,370,297,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref12062" refString="Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., Joermann G. 1984. Diphylla ecaudata. Mammalian Species 227: 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1984">Greenhall et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized two subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFD4BC326FE6EFEF7" ID-CoL="874HQ" authority="(Thomas, 1903)" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ecaudata" subSpecies="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFD4BC326FEA9FEF7" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata centralis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFEBAC346FE78FEF7" author="Thomas O." box="[330,486,329,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="376 - 382" refId="ref15037" refString="Thomas O. 1903. New mammals from Chiriqui. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11 (64): 376 - 382." type="journal article" year="1903">Thomas, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
distributed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8C2E3DFD66C346FD79FEF7" box="[662,743,329,352]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Central America and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFEA6C366FC86FE17" ID-CoL="874LZ" authority="(Spix, 1823)" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[342,792,361,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ecaudata" subSpecies="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFEA6C366FD17FE17" box="[342,649,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFD6AC366FC91FE17" author="Spix J. B." box="[666,783,361,384]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref14959" refString="Spix J. B. 1823. Diphylla ecaudata. In: Spix J. B., editor. Simiarum et Vespertilionum brasiliensium species novae. Francisci Seraphici Hubschmanni, Munich, Germany; p. 68." type="journal volume" year="1823">Spix, 1823</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
distributed in South America.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFE38C386FD48FE37" author="Burt W. H. & Stirton R. A." box="[456,726,393,416]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref9903" refString="Burt W. H., Stirton R. A. 1961. The mammals of El Salvador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan 117: 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1961">Burt and Stirton (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFD1AC386FF2BFE57" author="Hall E. R." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref12171" refString="Hall E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. Wiley, New York, USA." type="book" year="1981">Hall (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFF04C3A6FE33FE57" author="Koopman K. F." box="[244,429,425,448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 17" refId="ref12567" refString="Koopman K. F. 1988. Systematics and distribution. In: Greenhall A. M, Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 7 - 17." type="book chapter" year="1988">Koopman (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFDC2C3A6FD29FE57" ID-CoL="36G4Q" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[562,695,425,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFDC2C3A6FDDBFE57" box="[562,581,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFDA5C3A6FD29FE57" box="[597,695,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as monotypic and referred to these subspecies as morphologically indistinguishable. More recently
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFE4FC3E6FDEDFD97" author="Simmons N. B." box="[447,627,489,512]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="312 - 529" refId="ref14682" refString="Simmons N. B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson D. E., Reeder D. M., editors. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3 rd ed. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; p. 312 - 529." type="book chapter" year="2005">Simmons (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the species monotypic, whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFE5AC006FDD0FDB7" author="Aguirre L. A." box="[426,590,521,544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="496 - 497" refId="ref8837" refString="Aguirre L. A. 2019. Tribe Diphyllini. Genus Diphylla. In: Wilson D. E., Mittermeier R. A., editors. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Volume 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain; p. 496 - 497." type="book chapter" year="2019">Aguirre (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFD7BC006FF2AFDD7" author="Burgin C. J. & Wilson D. E. & Mittermeier R. A. & Rylands A. B. & Lacher T. E. & Sechrest W." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref9848" refString="Burgin C. J., Wilson D. E., Mittermeier R. A., Rylands A. B., Lacher T. E., Sechrest W. 2020. Illustrated checklist of the mammals of the world, vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain." type="book" year="2020">Burgin et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized the two previously mentioned subspecies. It has been suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFE81C046FE6AFDF7" ID-CoL="36G4Q" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[369,500,585,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFE81C046FE6AFDF7" box="[369,500,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
needs to be revised (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFD27C046FEB0FD17" author="Kwon M. & Gardner A. L." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="218 - 224" refId="ref12670" refString="Kwon M., Gardner A. L. 2008. Subfamily Desmodontinae. In: Gardner A. L., editor. Mammals of South America, volume 1, marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA; p. 218 - 224." type="book chapter" year="2008">Kwon and Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1C46509FF8C2E3DFF9DC09BFDB2FC1C" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3DFF9DC09BFDB2FC1C" blockId="3.[109,793,201,907]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. The generic name derives from the Latin word
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFF01C0BBFE98FD5C" box="[241,262,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">di</emphasis>
|
||
- two + -
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFE9DC0BBFE2EFD5C" box="[365,432,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">phylla</emphasis>
|
||
from the Greek word “phyllon” which means leaf and refers to the bifoliate nose leaf (thus the specific epithet,
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFED5C0FBFEE2FC9C" box="[293,380,756,779]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">diphylla</emphasis>
|
||
). The specific name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFD9FC0FBFD4FFC9C" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[623,721,756,779]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFD9FC0FBFD4FFC9C" box="[623,721,756,779]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is related to the absence of a tail and interfemoral membrane (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFD17C11BFF3CFCDC" author="Spix J. B." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref14959" refString="Spix J. B. 1823. Diphylla ecaudata. In: Spix J. B., editor. Simiarum et Vespertilionum brasiliensium species novae. Francisci Seraphici Hubschmanni, Munich, Germany; p. 68." type="journal volume" year="1823">Spix 1823</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Common name in Spanish is vampiro de patas peludas (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8C2E3DFF84C15BFF58FCFC" box="[116,198,852,875]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFF12C15BFE34FCFC" author="Wilson D. E. & Medellin R. A. & Lanning D. V. & Arita H. T." box="[226,426,852,875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref15626" refString="Wilson D. E., Medellin R. A., Lanning D. V., Arita H. T. 1985. Los murcielagos del noreste de Mexico, con una lista de especies. Acta Zoologica Mexicana 8: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1985">Wilson et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in Portuguese it is vampiro de pernas peludas (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8C2E3DFEC9C17BFEE5FC1C" box="[313,379,884,907]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFE66C17BFD82FC1C" author="Aguiar L. M. S." box="[406,540,884,907]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="39 - 43" refId="ref8765" refString="Aguiar L. M. S. 2007. Genero Diphylla. In: dos Rios N. R., Peracchi A. L., Pedro W. A., Lima I. P., editors. Morcegos do Brasil 3. Subfamilia Desmodontinae. Divisao de Processos Tecnicos da Biblioteca Central da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brasil; p. 39 - 43." type="book chapter" year="2007">Aguiar 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1C46509FF8C2E3DFE81C1CFFC71F936" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3DFE81C1CFFD8AFC4D" blockId="3.[369,532,960,986]" box="[369,532,960,986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFE81C1CFFD8AFC4D" bold="true" box="[369,532,960,986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3DFF68C60CFD13FACD" blockId="3.[109,793,1027,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFF68C60CFEC2FB8D" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[152,348,1027,1050]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFF68C60CFEC2FB8D" box="[152,348,1027,1050]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="71E52A07FF8C2E3DFE9DC60CFE32FB8D" box="[365,428,1027,1050]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1385,1406]" captionTargetBox="[336,1296,200,1352]" captionTargetId="figure-153@2.[336,1296,200,1352]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult male Diphylla ecaudata in flight from Las Grutas Cave, Acala, Chiapas, México (16°24.45ʹN, 92°51.07ʹW). Wingspan is 41 cm. Photograph by Fridali García Imas used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621023/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a medium-sized bat similar to the other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFEA0C62CFE69FBAD" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1840" box="[336,503,1059,1082]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Desmodontinae">Desmodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the common vampire bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFF86C64CFEDDFBCD" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[118,323,1091,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFF86C64CFEDDFBCD" box="[118,323,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the white-winged vampire bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFD4BC64CFF25FBED" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngii">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFD4BC64CFF25FBED" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus youngii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFF21C66CFE0DFBED" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[209,403,1123,1146]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFF21C66CFE0DFBED" box="[209,403,1123,1146]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated by its short and wide ears (wider than long) compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFDEBC68CFDE6FB0D" baseAuthorityName="Greenhall and Schutt" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[539,632,1155,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFDEBC68CFDE6FB0D" box="[539,632,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFD5BC68CFC86FB0D" box="[683,792,1155,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFD5BC68CFC86FB0D" box="[683,792,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with their longer and more pointed ears (clearly longer than wide).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFF9DC6CCFEAAFB4D" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[109,308,1219,1242]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFF9DC6CCFEAAFB4D" box="[109,308,1219,1242]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFE3DC6CCFDB4FB4D" baseAuthorityName="Greenhall and Schutt" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[461,554,1219,1242]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFE3DC6CCFDB4FB4D" box="[461,554,1219,1242]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFD97C6CCFD4AFB4D" box="[615,724,1219,1242]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFD97C6CCFD4AFB4D" box="[615,724,1219,1242]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its well-developed secondary noseleaf, located behind the primary noseleaf (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71E52A07FF8C2E3DFF29C70CFE85FA8D" box="[217,283,1283,1306]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,144,1194,1215]" captionTargetBox="[336,1296,200,1161]" captionTargetId="figure-431@4.[336,1296,200,1161]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2.—Frontal view of an adult female Diphylla ecaudata from Grutas del Arcoton, Artículo 127, Chiapas, Mexico (16°16.69ʹN, 91°49.96ʹW) showing its well-developed secondary noseleaf behind the primary noseleaf, and wide ears with rounded tips. Photograph by RL-W." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621027" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621027/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFEDEC70CFE47FA8D" author="Bhatnagar K. P." box="[302,473,1283,1306]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="41 - 70" refId="ref9501" refString="Bhatnagar K. P. 1988. Anatomy. In: Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 41 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bhatnagar 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFE1CC70CFD0DFA8D" author="Koopman K. F." box="[492,659,1283,1306]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 17" refId="ref12567" refString="Koopman K. F. 1988. Systematics and distribution. In: Greenhall A. M, Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 7 - 17." type="book chapter" year="1988">Koopman 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFD56C70CFF60FAAD" author="Kwon M. & Gardner A. L." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="218 - 224" refId="ref12670" refString="Kwon M., Gardner A. L. 2008. Subfamily Desmodontinae. In: Gardner A. L., editor. Mammals of South America, volume 1, marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA; p. 218 - 224." type="book chapter" year="2008">Kwon and Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFEFDC72CFE7FFAAD" author="Medellin R. A. & Arita H. T. & Sanchez O." box="[269,481,1315,1338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref13270" refString="Medellin R. A., Arita H. T., Sanchez O. 2008. Identificacion de los murcielagos de Mexico: clave de campo. 2 nd ed. Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico; p. 50." type="journal volume" year="2008">Medellín et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFE00C72CFC8EFAAD" author="dos Santos T. C. M. & Lopes G. P." box="[496,784,1315,1338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1347 - 1354" refId="ref11042" refString="dos Santos T. C. M., Lopes G. P. 2015. First record of Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823 (Phyllostomidae, Desmodontinae) for the state of Amazonas, and update on species distribution in Brazil. Chiroptera Neotropical 21: 1347 - 1354." type="journal article" year="2015">dos Santos and Lopes 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFF9DC74CFEA6FACD" author="Scheffer K. C. & de Barros R. F. & Iamamoto K. & Mori E. & Miyuki A. & Achkar S. M. & Estevez G. A. I. & Lima J. Y. O. & Fahl W. O." box="[109,312,1347,1370]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="436 - 445" refId="ref14158" refString="Scheffer K. C., de Barros R. F., Iamamoto K., Mori E., Miyuki A., Achkar S. M., Estevez G. A. I., Lima J. Y. O., Fahl W. O. 2015. Diphylla ecaudata y Diaemus youngi: biologia y comportamiento. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.) 31 (3): 436 - 445." type="journal article" year="2015">Scheffer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFEB4C74CFDE3FACD" author="Alvarez-Castaneda S. T. & Alvarez T. & Gonzalez-Ruiz N." box="[324,637,1347,1370]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref8993" refString="Alvarez-Castaneda S. T., Alvarez T., Gonzalez-Ruiz N. 2017. Guia para la identificacion de los mamiferos de Mexico. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA." type="book" year="2017">Álvarez-Castañeda et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3DFF68C76CFF73F80D" blockId="3.[109,793,1027,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Wing tips in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFED7C76CFE32FAED" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[295,428,1379,1402]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFED7C76CFE32FAED" box="[295,428,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFE13C76CFDCCFAED" box="[483,594,1379,1402]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFE13C76CFDCCFAED" box="[483,594,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are dark and lack white spots, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFEA2C78CFE2FFA0D" baseAuthorityName="Greenhall and Schutt" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[338,433,1411,1434]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFEA2C78CFE2FFA0D" box="[338,433,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presents conspicuous white wing tips. Legs are thickly haired in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFE4AC7ACFDA3FA2D" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[442,573,1443,1466]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFE4AC7ACFDA3FA2D" box="[442,573,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFD59C7ACFC86FA2D" box="[681,792,1443,1466]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFD59C7ACFC86FA2D" box="[681,792,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFF6BC7CCFF64FA4D" baseAuthorityName="Greenhall and Schutt" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[155,250,1475,1498]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFF6BC7CCFF64FA4D" box="[155,250,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have nonhirsute legs. The edge of the interfemoral membrane in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFEF2C7ECFE1BFA6D" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[258,389,1507,1530]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFEF2C7ECFE1BFA6D" box="[258,389,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is covered with fur, very narrow, and inserted in the middle of the calcar, leaving the end of the calcar free (digitiform). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFEA3C42CFE2CF9AD" baseAuthorityName="Greenhall and Schutt" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[339,434,1571,1594]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFEA3C42CFE2CF9AD" box="[339,434,1571,1594]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFE1EC42CFDC3F9AD" box="[494,605,1571,1594]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFE1EC42CFDC3F9AD" box="[494,605,1571,1594]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the interfemoral membrane is naked or has little fur, and is wider; the calcar is vestigial in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFEE6C46CFE1BF9ED" box="[278,389,1635,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFEE6C46CFE1BF9ED" box="[278,389,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFDCAC46CFEB1F90D" authority="(Greenhall and Schutt 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Greenhall and Schutt" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFDCAC46CFD07F9ED" box="[570,665,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFD5FC46CFEBAF90D" author="Greenhall A. M. & Schutt W. A. Jr." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref12088" refString="Greenhall A. M., Schutt W. A. Jr. 1996. Diaemus youngi. Mammalian Species 533: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1996">Greenhall and Schutt 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The thumbs (pollices) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFDAFC48CFD78F90D" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[607,742,1667,1690]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFDAFC48CFD78F90D" box="[607,742,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFF9DC4ACFF52F92D" baseAuthorityName="Greenhall and Schutt" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[109,204,1699,1722]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFF9DC4ACFF52F92D" box="[109,204,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
measure one-eighth the length of the third digit, and there is a single metacarpal cushion, in contrast with the thumbs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFF7CC4ECFF65F96D" box="[140,251,1763,1786]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFF7CC4ECFF65F96D" box="[140,251,1763,1786]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are longer, measuring one-fifth the length of the third digit, and have two metacarpal cushions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFD24C50CFEDCF8AD" author="Schutt W. A. Jr. & Simmons N. B." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="145 - 159" refId="ref14338" refString="Schutt W. A. Jr., Simmons N. B. 2006. Quadrupedal bats: form, function, and evolution. In: Zubaid A., McCracken G. F., Kunz T. H., editors. Functional and evolutionary ecology of bats. Oxford University Press, New York, USA; p. 145 - 159." type="book chapter" year="2006">Schutt and Simmons 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFEACC52CFDBBF8AD" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[348,549,1827,1850]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFEACC52CFDBBF8AD" box="[348,549,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
features a metacarpal without pads, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFEBDC54CFE32F8CD" baseAuthorityName="Greenhall and Schutt" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[333,428,1859,1882]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFEBDC54CFE32F8CD" box="[333,428,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a single pad under the metacarpal, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFF1BC56CFEC4F8ED" box="[235,346,1891,1914]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFF1BC56CFEC4F8ED" box="[235,346,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with two pads (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFDFAC56CFD31F8ED" author="Koopman K. F." box="[522,687,1891,1914]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 17" refId="ref12567" refString="Koopman K. F. 1988. Systematics and distribution. In: Greenhall A. M, Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 7 - 17." type="book chapter" year="1988">Koopman 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFD4EC56CFF43F80D" author="Scheffer K. C. & de Barros R. F. & Iamamoto K. & Mori E. & Miyuki A. & Achkar S. M. & Estevez G. A. I. & Lima J. Y. O. & Fahl W. O." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="436 - 445" refId="ref14158" refString="Scheffer K. C., de Barros R. F., Iamamoto K., Mori E., Miyuki A., Achkar S. M., Estevez G. A. I., Lima J. Y. O., Fahl W. O. 2015. Diphylla ecaudata y Diaemus youngi: biologia y comportamiento. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.) 31 (3): 436 - 445." type="journal article" year="2015">Scheffer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3DFC83C2C6FA3AFD37" blockId="3.[840,1524,201,928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The dental formula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFB9AC2C6FB70FF77" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1130,1262,201,224]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFB9AC2C6FB70FF77" box="[1130,1262,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is i 2/2, c 1/1, p 1/2, m 2/2, total 26, whereas the total number of teeth is 22 (i 1/2, c 1/1, p 1/2, m 2/1) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFBD7C306FB18FEB7" baseAuthorityName="Greenhall and Schutt" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1063,1158,265,288]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFBD7C306FB18FEB7" box="[1063,1158,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 20 (i 1/2, c 1/1, p 1/2, m 1/1) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFC97C326FC48FED7" box="[871,982,297,320]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFC97C326FC48FED7" box="[871,982,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFC19C326FB54FED7" author="Medellin R. A. & Arita H. T. & Sanchez O." box="[1001,1226,297,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref13270" refString="Medellin R. A., Arita H. T., Sanchez O. 2008. Identificacion de los murcielagos de Mexico: clave de campo. 2 nd ed. Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico; p. 50." type="journal volume" year="2008">Medellín et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Álvarez et al. 2017). The lower incisors are broad, flat, complex, and larger than those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFCB8C366FC29FE17" box="[840,951,361,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFCB8C366FC29FE17" box="[840,951,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFC1BC366FBD4FE17" baseAuthorityName="Greenhall and Schutt" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1003,1098,361,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFC1BC366FBD4FE17" box="[1003,1098,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFBA9C366FAA7FE17" author="Greenhall A. M. & Schmidt U. & Joermann G." box="[1113,1337,361,384]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref12062" refString="Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., Joermann G. 1984. Diphylla ecaudata. Mammalian Species 227: 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1984">Greenhall et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFAB7C366FA75FE17" author="Koopman K. F." box="[1351,1515,361,384]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 17" refId="ref12567" refString="Koopman K. F. 1988. Systematics and distribution. In: Greenhall A. M, Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 7 - 17." type="book chapter" year="1988">Koopman 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFCB8C386FB94FE37" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." box="[840,1034,393,416]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFBEDC386FB62FE37" author="Scheffer K. C. & de Barros R. F. & Iamamoto K. & Mori E. & Miyuki A. & Achkar S. M. & Estevez G. A. I. & Lima J. Y. O. & Fahl W. O." box="[1053,1276,393,416]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="436 - 445" refId="ref14158" refString="Scheffer K. C., de Barros R. F., Iamamoto K., Mori E., Miyuki A., Achkar S. M., Estevez G. A. I., Lima J. Y. O., Fahl W. O. 2015. Diphylla ecaudata y Diaemus youngi: biologia y comportamiento. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.) 31 (3): 436 - 445." type="journal article" year="2015">Scheffer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFAC9C386FA5EFE37" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1337,1472,393,416]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFAC9C386FA5EFE37" box="[1337,1472,393,416]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the lower incisors are arranged in a continuous crest of small beadshaped lobes, whereas a diastema separates the central incisors in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFC96C3E6FC4BFD97" box="[870,981,489,512]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFC96C3E6FC4BFD97" box="[870,981,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFBFDC3E6FADDFD97" authority="(Davis et al. 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Davis" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1037,1347,489,512]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFBFDC3E6FBF2FD97" box="[1037,1132,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFB8DC3E6FAA6FD97" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." box="[1149,1336,489,512]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The number of lobes (cusps) in the lower incisors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFB1CC006FAEFFDB7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1260,1393,521,544]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFB1CC006FAEFFDB7" box="[1260,1393,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is variable; four lobes have been described in the medial incisor, and
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF8C2E3DFA5FC026FA6DFDD7" box="[1455,1523,553,576]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.651" metricValueMax="2.032" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 in</quantity>
|
||
the lateral incisor, with 6 being the most common. In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFCB8C066FC29FD17" box="[840,951,617,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFCB8C066FC29FD17" box="[840,951,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFC1BC066FBD4FD17" box="[1003,1098,617,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFC1BC066FBD4FD17" box="[1003,1098,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have bilobed lower incisors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFA75C066FC29FD37" author="Bhatnagar K. P. & Fentie I. H. & Wible J. R." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="251 - 254" refId="ref9546" refString="Bhatnagar K. P., Fentie I. H., Wible J. R. 1992. Are the mandibular lateral incisors of the hairy-legged vampire bat, Diphylla ecaudata, really seven-lobed? Mammalia 56 (2): 251 - 254." type="journal article" year="1992">Bhatnagar et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFC35C086FBE7FD37" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." box="[965,1145,649,672]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see “Form and Function”).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3DFC83C0A6FC56FC37" blockId="3.[840,1524,201,928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFC83C0A6FBA5FD57" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[883,1083,681,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFC83C0A6FBA5FD57" box="[883,1083,681,704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a longitudinal palate groove (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFA43C0A6FCE3FD77" author="Uieda W." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="581 - 588" refId="ref15229" refString="Uieda W. 1986. Aspects of tongue morphology of three species of vampire bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 46 (3): 581 - 588." type="journal article" year="1986">Uieda 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as opposed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFBC5C0C6FB3AFD77" box="[1077,1188,713,736]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFBC5C0C6FB3AFD77" box="[1077,1188,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFB2DC0C6FAA2FD77" box="[1245,1340,713,736]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFB2DC0C6FAA2FD77" box="[1245,1340,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which lack this structure. Instead, they have longitudinal grooves on the ventral surface of their tongue, a prominent groove on their lower lips, and another in the diastema between the inferior central incisives.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFCB8C146FB90FCF7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[840,1038,841,864]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFCB8C146FB90FCF7" box="[840,1038,841,864]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presents a fully fused mandibular symphysis, versus an unfused symphysis in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFB52C166FA8FFC17" box="[1186,1297,873,896]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFB52C166FA8FFC17" box="[1186,1297,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFAB6C166FC5DFC37" authority="(Davis et al. 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Davis" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFAB6C166FA3BFC17" box="[1350,1445,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFA45C166FC29FC37" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3DFC1BC1E8FACEFB96" blockId="3.[1003,1360,999,1025]" box="[1003,1360,999,1025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFC1BC1E8FACEFB96" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,999,1025]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3DFC83C625FC71F936" blockId="3.[840,1523,1066,1697]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The cranium is characterized by being tall and wide, lacking a postorbital process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71E52A07FF8C2E3DFBC8C645FBE9FBF6" box="[1080,1143,1098,1121]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[109,144,1734,1755]" captionTargetBox="[360,1273,200,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-6@5.[360,1273,200,1704]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male Diphylla ecaudata (ECOSUR [El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de Las Casas Unit, Chiapas, México Mastozoological collection] 7540) from Paraje Chojolhó, Chiapas, México. Occipitonasal length is 22.6 mm. Photograph by biologist Luis Enrique Gómez Pérez used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621029/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is an ample interorbit area and an interpterygoid space with almost parallel sides. The coronoid apophysis is low but is elevated over the condyle (Model 1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFC34C6A5FB2AFB56" author="Greenhall A. M. & Schmidt U. & Joermann G." box="[964,1204,1194,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref12062" refString="Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., Joermann G. 1984. Diphylla ecaudata. Mammalian Species 227: 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1984">Greenhall et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFB38C6A5FAE8FB56" author="Bhatnagar K. P." box="[1224,1398,1194,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="41 - 70" refId="ref9501" refString="Bhatnagar K. P. 1988. Anatomy. In: Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 41 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bhatnagar 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFA7AC6A5FCE3FB76" author="Koopman K. F." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 17" refId="ref12567" refString="Koopman K. F. 1988. Systematics and distribution. In: Greenhall A. M, Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 7 - 17." type="book chapter" year="1988">Koopman 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFC7CC6C5FBC2FB76" author="Scheffer K. C. & de Barros R. F. & Iamamoto K. & Mori E. & Miyuki A. & Achkar S. M. & Estevez G. A. I. & Lima J. Y. O. & Fahl W. O." box="[908,1116,1226,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="436 - 445" refId="ref14158" refString="Scheffer K. C., de Barros R. F., Iamamoto K., Mori E., Miyuki A., Achkar S. M., Estevez G. A. I., Lima J. Y. O., Fahl W. O. 2015. Diphylla ecaudata y Diaemus youngi: biologia y comportamiento. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.) 31 (3): 436 - 445." type="journal article" year="2015">Scheffer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Greatest cranium length is
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF8C2E3DFA64C6C5FA6CFB76" box="[1428,1522,1226,1249]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="23.5">23.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFCA1C6E5FC7FFA96" author="Husson A. M." box="[849,993,1258,1281]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="187 - 199" refId="ref12346" refString="Husson A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zoologische Verhandelingen 58 (1): 187 - 199." type="journal article" year="1962">Husson 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males and females are similar in size. Mean head–body length (mm) in adults of both sexes was: 78.60 (
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFA15C705FA6CFAB6" box="[1509,1522,1290,1313]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 43—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFC65C725FB0EFAD6" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." box="[917,1168,1322,1345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mean forearm lengths (mm; ±
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFCB8C745FCF7FAF6" box="[840,873,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">SD</emphasis>
|
||
; parenthetical
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFBFCC745FB87FAF6" box="[1036,1049,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
|
||
) were: sexes combined, 52.37 ± 2.19 (21); females only 52.90 ± 2.20 (16); and males only 52.66 ± 2.22 (5—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFC89C785FBCCFA36" author="Patricio-Costa P." box="[889,1106,1418,1441]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref13529" refString="Patricio-Costa P. 2015. Evolucao morfologica em desmodontinae (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Ph. D. tese, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brasil." type="book" year="2015">Patricio-Costa 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Body mass (g) varies according to feeding status. Prior to feeding, adults had a mean body mass of 28.5 (range 20–35;
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFBB8C7C5FBEDFA76" box="[1096,1139,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">n =</emphasis>
|
||
26), whereas mean body mass of postfeeding adults was 32.7 (
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFB7FC7E5FB27F996" box="[1167,1209,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">n =</emphasis>
|
||
14, range 25–41—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFA62C7E5FC7AF9B6" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFC0EC405FB56F9B6" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1022,1224,1546,1569]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFC0EC405FB56F9B6" box="[1022,1224,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has small, ample, rounded ears. The interfemoral membrane, limbs, and ears are densely furred. It has a short thumb with no cushion under the metacarpal.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFC67C465FBC0F916" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[919,1118,1642,1665]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFC67C465FBC0F916" box="[919,1118,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has large bright eyes, a naked tragus, and lacks a tail.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1C46509FF8C2E37FBC1C4EFFF64FA97" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3DFBC1C4EFFA97F96D" blockId="3.[1073,1289,1760,1786]" box="[1073,1289,1760,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFBC1C4EFFA97F96D" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,1760,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8C2E3AFC83C52CFA30FA0E" blockId="3.[840,1523,1827,1946]" lastBlockId="4.[840,1523,1314,1433]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8C2E3DFC83C52CFBD8F8AD" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[883,1094,1827,1850]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8C2E3DFC83C52CFBD8F8AD" box="[883,1094,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is geographically restricted to the Americas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="71E52A07FF8C2E3DFC4EC54CFC62F8CD" box="[958,1020,1859,1882]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[109,144,1724,1745]" captionTargetBox="[176,1455,806,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-226@6.[174,1457,805,1694]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4.—Geographic distribution of Diphylla ecaudata. Small dots (red) correspond to the geographic range based on 594 records of preserved and georeferenced specimens obtained between 1869 and 2021 from Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF.org 2021) plus the records published by Rocha et al. (2014). The three large dots (green) correspond to the fossil records. The shaded area represents the geographic range according to International Union for Conservation of Nature (Sampaio et al. 2016)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621031/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). It can be found from eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8C2E3DFAB8C54CFA07F8CD" box="[1352,1433,1859,1882]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
through Central America and well into South America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8C2E3DFA95C56CFA7DF8ED" author="GBIF" box="[1381,1507,1891,1914]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" refId="ref11818" refString="GBIF. 2021. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. https: // doi. org / 10.15468 / dl. bycjj 3. Accessed 8 July 2021." year="2021">GBIF 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is a single report of a female in south Texas,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8C2E3DFA94C58CFA6DF80D" box="[1380,1523,1923,1946]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFF86C72DFE9BFAAE" author="Reddell J. R." box="[118,261,1314,1337]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="769" refId="ref13736" refString="Reddell J. R. 1968. The hairy-legged vampire, Diphylla ecaudata, in Texas. Journal of Mammalogy 49 (4): 769." type="journal article" year="1968">Reddell 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFEE3C72DFE2AFAAE" author="Simmons N. B." box="[275,436,1314,1337]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="312 - 529" refId="ref14682" refString="Simmons N. B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson D. E., Reeder D. M., editors. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3 rd ed. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; p. 312 - 529." type="book chapter" year="2005">Simmons 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it is likely an instance of an accidental migrant. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFE98C74DFE22FACE" box="[360,444,1346,1369]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it can be found from southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFF9DC76DFF79FAEE" box="[109,231,1378,1401]" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFF07C76DFDB2FAEE" author="Elizalde-Arellano C. & Lopez-Vidal J. C. & Arroyo-Cabrales J. & Medellin R. A. & Laundre J. W." box="[247,556,1378,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="314 - 319" refId="ref11204" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C., Lopez-Vidal J. C., Arroyo-Cabrales J., Medellin R. A., Laundre J. W. 2007. Food sharing behavior in the hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata. Acta Chiropterologica 9 (1): 314 - 319." type="journal article" year="2007">Elizalde-Arellano et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFDCBC76DFF3CFA0E" author="Ceballos G. & Arroyo C. J." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="27 - 80" refId="ref10203" refString="Ceballos G., Arroyo C. J. 2012. Lista actualizada de los mamiferos de Mexico 2012. Revista Mexicana de Mastozoologia Nueva epoca 2 (1): 27 - 80." type="journal article" year="2012">Ceballos and Arroyo 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFF1CC78DFE3FFA0E" box="[236,417,1410,1433]" country="Mexico" name="San Luis Potosi" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">San Luis Potosí</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFE47C78DFD12FA0E" author="Wilson D. E. & Medellin R. A. & Lanning D. V. & Arita H. T." box="[439,652,1410,1433]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref15626" refString="Wilson D. E., Medellin R. A., Lanning D. V., Arita H. T. 1985. Los murcielagos del noreste de Mexico, con una lista de especies. Acta Zoologica Mexicana 8: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1985">Wilson et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), southward through part of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFEEBC7ADFE08FA2E" box="[283,406,1442,1465]" country="Mexico" name="Guanajuato" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Guanajuato</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFE58C7ADFD28FA2E" author="Magana-Cota G. E. & Charre-Medellin J. F. & Hernandez R. & Iglesias J." box="[424,694,1442,1465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="213 - 220" refId="ref13023" refString="Magana-Cota G. E., Charre-Medellin J. F., Hernandez R., Iglesias J. 2010. Primeros registros del murcielago vampiro de pata peluda (Diphylla ecaudata) para el estado de Guanajuato, Mexico. Therya 1 (3): 213 - 220." type="journal article" year="2010">Magaña-Cota et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFD3FC7ADFC86FA2E" box="[719,792,1442,1465]" country="Mexico" name="Puebla" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Puebla</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFF86C7CDFE02FA4E" author="Vargas-Miranda B. & Ramirez-Pulido J. & Gonzalez G. J. C." box="[118,412,1474,1497]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="59 - 112" refId="ref15407" refString="Vargas-Miranda B., Ramirez-Pulido J., Gonzalez G. J. C. 2008. Murcielagos del Estado de Puebla, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Mastozoologia 12: 59 - 112." type="journal article" year="2008">Vargas-Miranda et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFE43C7CDFD8CFA4E" box="[435,530,1474,1497]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFDD3C7CDFEFBFA6E" author="Martinez-Gallardo R. & Sanchez-Cordero V." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="625 - 628" refId="ref13074" refString="Martinez-Gallardo R., Sanchez-Cordero V. 1997. Lista de los mamiferos terrestres. En: Gonzalez-Soriano E., Dirzo R., Vogt R. C., editores. Historia Natural de Los Tuxtlas. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico y Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Distrito Federal, Mexico; p. 625 - 628." type="book chapter" year="1997">Martínez-Gallardo and Sánchez-Cordero 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFE87C7EDFDDEFA6E" author="Coates R. & Ramirez L. I. & Gonzalez C. A." box="[375,576,1506,1529]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="349 - 357" refId="ref10238" refString="Coates R., Ramirez L. I., Gonzalez C. A. 2017. Una lista actualizada de los murcielagos de la region de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 88 (2): 349 - 357." type="journal article" year="2017">Coates et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFDA9C7EDFD37FA6E" box="[601,681,1506,1529]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFD4CC7EDFEBBF98E" author="Briones-Salas M. & Cortes-Marcial M. & Lavariega M. C." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="685 - 710" refId="ref9773" refString="Briones-Salas M., Cortes-Marcial M., Lavariega M. C. 2015. Diversidad y distribucion geografica de los mamiferos terrestres del estado de Oaxaca, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 86: 685 - 710." type="journal article" year="2015">Briones-Salas et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFECEC40DFE0AF98E" box="[318,404,1538,1561]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFE56C40DFDE2F98E" author="Horvath A. & Lopez R. V. & Aguilar R. S." box="[422,636,1538,1561]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="6 - 26" refId="ref12268" refString="Horvath A., Lopez R. V., Aguilar R. S. 2001. Mamiferos del Parque Nacional Lagunas de Montebello, Chiapas, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Mastozoologia (Nueva Epoca) 5 (1): 6 - 26." type="journal article" year="2001">Horvath et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFD7EC40DFF58F9AE" author="Cruz-Lara L. E. & Lorenzo C. & Soto L. & Naranjo E. & Ramirez-Marcial N." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="63 - 81" refId="ref10431" refString="Cruz-Lara L. E., Lorenzo C., Soto L., Naranjo E., Ramirez-Marcial N. 2004. Diversidad de mamiferos en cafetales y selva mediana de las canadas de la Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana 20 (1): 63 - 81." type="journal article" year="2004">Cruz-Lara et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFF28C42DFE5EF9AE" author="Escobedo M. L. & Leon P. L. & Arroyo-Cabrales J. & Polaco O. J." box="[216,448,1570,1593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="283 - 298" refId="ref11399" refString="Escobedo M. L. A, Leon P. L., Arroyo-Cabrales J., Polaco O. J. 2005. Diversidad y abundancia de los mamiferos de Yaxchilan, municipio de Ocosingo, Chiapas. En: Sanchez-Cordero V., Medellin R. A., editores. Contribuciones mastozoologicas en homenaje a Bernardo Villa. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; p. 283 - 298." type="book chapter" year="2005">Escobedo et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFE22C42DFD35F9AE" author="Lorenzo C. & Bolanos-Citalan J. & Santiz E. & Navarrete D." box="[466,683,1570,1593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="735 - 754" refId="ref12840" refString="Lorenzo C., Bolanos-Citalan J., Santiz E., Navarrete D. 2017. Diversidad y conservacion de los mamiferos terrestres de Chiapas, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 88 (3): 735 - 754." type="journal article" year="2017">Lorenzo et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFD32C42DFC86F9AE" box="[706,792,1570,1593]" country="Mexico" name="Yucatan" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Yucatán</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFF86C44DFF71F9CE" author="Arita H." box="[118,239,1602,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="83 - 97" refId="ref9029" refString="Arita H. 1997. Species composition and morphological structure of the bat fauna of Yucatan, Mexico. Journal Animal Ecology 66: 83 - 97." type="journal article" year="1997">Arita 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFEB1C44DFE42F9CE" box="[321,476,1602,1625]" country="Mexico" name="Quintana Roo" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Quintana Roo</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFE02C44DFF3CF9EE" author="Pozo de la T. C. & Escobedo C. J. E." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="251 - 262" refId="ref13593" refString="Pozo de la T. C., Escobedo C. J. E. 1999. Mamiferos terrestres de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Kaan, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 47 (1 - 2): 251 - 262." type="journal article" year="1999">Pozo de la and Escobedo 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is distributed continuously throughout Central America in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFF65C48DFE95F90E" box="[149,267,1666,1689]" name="Guatemala" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFED3C48DFEF4F90E" box="[291,362,1666,1689]" name="Belize" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFE71C48DFD95F90E" box="[385,523,1666,1689]" name="El Salvador" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFDD2C48DFD12F90E" box="[546,652,1666,1689]" name="Honduras" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFD54C48DFC8AF90E" box="[676,788,1666,1689]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFF9DC4ADFF78F92E" box="[109,230,1698,1721]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFED1C4ADFEEBF92E" box="[289,373,1698,1721]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFE76C4ADFD16F92E" author="Dalquest W. W. & Hall E. R." box="[390,648,1698,1721]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="315 - 317" refId="ref10774" refString="Dalquest W. W., Hall E. R. 1947. Geographic range of the hairy-legged vampire in eastern Mexico. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 50 (1): 315 - 317." type="journal article" year="1947">Dalquest and Hall 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFD68C4ADFC8EF92E" author="Jones J. K." box="[664,784,1698,1721]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="439 - 472" refId="ref12456" refString="Jones J. K. 1966. Bats from Guatemala. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 16 (5): 439 - 472." type="journal article" year="1966">Jones 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFF9DC4CDFE88F94E" author="McCarthy T. J." box="[109,278,1730,1753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="137 - 162" refId="ref13184" refString="McCarthy T. J. 1987. Distributional records of bats from the Caribbean Lowlands of Belize and adjacent Guatemala and Mexico. Fieldiana Zoology 39: 137 - 162." type="journal article" year="1987">McCarthy 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFED5C4CDFE65F94E" author="Sampaio E. & Lim B. & Peters S." box="[293,507,1730,1753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="22040157" refId="ref13994" refString="Sampaio E., Lim B., Peters S. 2016. Diphylla ecaudata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e. T 6628 A 22040157. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 2. RLTS. T 6628 A 22040157. en. Accessed 4 October 2022." type="book chapter" year="2016">Sampaio et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and into South America, with records in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFEEFC4EDFE13F96E" box="[287,397,1762,1785]" name="Venezuela" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFE50C4EDFD32F96E" author="Ojasti J. & Linares O. J." box="[416,684,1762,1785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="421 - 441" refId="ref13484" refString="Ojasti J., Linares O. J. 1971. Adiciones a la fauna de murcielagos de Venezuela con notas sobre las especies del genero Diclidurus (Chiroptera). Acta Biologica Venezuelica 7 (1 - 2): 421 - 441." type="journal article" year="1971">Ojasti and Linares 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFD4EC4EDFF3CF88E" author="Handley C. O. Jr." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref12195" refString="Handley C. O. Jr. 1976. Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series 20 (5): 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="1976">Handley 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFF4CC50DFEBBF88E" box="[188,293,1794,1817]" name="Colombia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFEC8C50DFE20F88E" author="Aellen V." box="[312,446,1794,1817]" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve. Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 37" part="77" refId="ref8736" refString="Aellen V. 1970. Catalogue raisonne des chiropteres de la Colombie. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 77: 1 - 37." title="Catalogue raisonne des chiropteres de la Colombie" type="journal article" year="1970">Aellen 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFE3FC50DFDCAF88E" author="Castro C. F. F." box="[463,596,1794,1817]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="529 - 532" refId="ref10163" refString="Castro C. F. F. 2016. Nuevo reporte del murcielago hematofago de patas peludas Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823 (Chiroptera Phyllostomidae) en Colombia. Mastozoologia Neotropical 23 (2): 529 - 532." type="journal article" year="2016">Castro 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFD95C50DFF3CF8AE" author="Echavarria R. J. D. & Pino M. Y. L. & Rengifo M. J. T. & Sanchez L. N. & Quinto M. J." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="198" refId="ref11093" refString="Echavarria R. J. D., Pino M. Y. L., Rengifo M. J. T., Sanchez L. N., Quinto M. J. 2017. Reporte del vampiro de patas peludas Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823 (Chiroptera: Desmodontinae) para el Choco biogeografico colombiano. Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal 9 (2): 198." type="journal article" year="2017">Echavarría et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFF4AC52DFE8DF8AE" box="[186,275,1826,1849]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFED3C52DFE30F8AE" author="Albuja V. L." box="[291,430,1826,1849]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref8892" refString="Albuja V. L. 1983. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1983">Albuja, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFE35C52DFD8DF8AE" box="[453,531,1826,1849]" name="Bolivia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFDD3C52DFD4EF8AE" author="Siles L. & Munoz A. & Aguirre L. F." box="[547,720,1826,1849]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="141 - 145" refId="ref14405" refString="Siles L., Munoz A., Aguirre L. F. 2003. Nuevos reportes del vampiro de patas peludas Diphylla ecaudata (Chiroptera: Desmodontinae) para los departamentos de Cochabamba y Santa Cruz. Ecologia en Bolivia 38 (2): 141 - 145." type="journal article" year="2003">Siles et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFD17C52DFC86F8AE" box="[743,792,1826,1849]" name="Peru" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Perú</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFF86C54DFF6DF8CE" author="Tuttle M. D." box="[118,243,1858,1881]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="45 - 86" refId="ref15161" refString="Tuttle M. D. 1970. Distribution and zoogeography of Peruvian bats, with comments on natural history. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 49: 45 - 86." type="journal article" year="1970">Tuttle 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFEF5C54DFDB9F8CE" author="Graham G. L. & Barkley L. J." box="[261,551,1858,1881]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="709 - 711" refId="ref11891" refString="Graham G. L., Barkley L. J. 1984. Noteworthy records of bats from Peru. Journal of Mammalogy 65 (4): 709 - 711." type="journal article" year="1984">Graham and Barkley 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFDC8C54DFC8EF8CE" author="Hutterer R. & Verhaagh N. & Diller J. & Poudloucky R." box="[568,784,1858,1881]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="3 - 20" refId="ref12369" refString="Hutterer R., Verhaagh N., Diller J., Poudloucky R. 1995. An inventory of mammals observed at Panguana Biological Station, Amazonian Peru. Ecotropica 1 (1): 3 - 20." type="journal article" year="1995">Hutterer et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFF9DC56DFEAAF8EE" author="Solari S. & Vivar E. & Velazco P. M. & Rodriguez J. J. & Wilson D. E. & Baker R. J. & Mena J. L." box="[109,308,1890,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="171 - 181" refId="ref14742" refString="Solari S., Vivar E., Velazco P. M., Rodriguez J. J., Wilson D. E., Baker R. J., Mena J. L. 2001. The small mammal community of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru. In: Alonso A., Dallmeier F., Campbell P., editors. Urubamba: the biodiversity of a Peruvian rainforest. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA; p. 171 - 181." type="book chapter" year="2001">Solari et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFEB7C56DFD1CF8EE" author="Quintana N. H. & Pacheco T. V." box="[327,642,1890,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="81 - 88" refId="ref13642" refString="Quintana N. H., Pacheco T. V. 2007. Identificacion y distribucion de los murcielagos vampiros del Peru. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica 24 (1): 81 - 88." type="journal article" year="2007">Quintana and Pacheco 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFD20C56DFC8AF8EE" box="[720,788,1890,1913]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where there are reports of its presence in 20 states, including the Amazon State and the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFBAFC72DFA98FAAE" box="[1119,1286,1314,1337]" country="Brazil" name="Distrito Federal" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Federal District</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFAE6C72DFA75FAAE" author="Esberard C. E. L. & Motta J. A. O. & Perigo C." box="[1302,1515,1314,1337]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="311 - 325" refId="ref11348" refString="Esberard C. E. L., Motta J. A. O., Perigo C. 2005. Morcegos cavernicolas da Area de Protecao Ambiental (APA) Nascentes do Rio Vermelho, Goias. Revista Brasileira de Zoociencias 7 (2): 311 - 325." type="journal article" year="2005">Esbérard et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFCB8C74DFC64FACE" author="Faria D. & Soares-Santos B. & Sampaio E." box="[840,1018,1346,1369]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref11508" refString="Faria D., Soares-Santos B., Sampaio E. 2006. Bats from the Atlantic rainforest of Southern Bahia, Brazil. Biota Neotropica 6 (2): 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2006">Faria et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFBFAC74DFA85FACE" author="Feijo J. A. & Langguth A." box="[1034,1307,1346,1369]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1055 - 1062" refId="ref11543" refString="Feijo J. A., Langguth A. 2011. Lista de quiropteros da Paraiba, Brasil com 25 novos registros. Chiroptera Neotropical 17 (2): 1055 - 1062." type="journal article" year="2011">Feijó and Langguth 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFADCC74DFA75FACE" author="Rocha P. A. & Pedroso M. A. & Feijo A. & Filho N. G. & Campos B. A. T. P. & Ferrari S. F." box="[1324,1515,1346,1369]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1541 - 1545" refId="ref13763" refString="Rocha P. A., Pedroso M. A., Feijo A., Filho N. G., Campos B. A. T. P., Ferrari S. F. 2014. Update on the distribution of Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823 (Mammalia, Chiroptera): new records from the Brazilian northeast. Check List 10 (6): 1541 - 1545." type="journal article" year="2014">Rocha et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFCB8C76DFBA3FAEE" author="dos Santos T. C. M. & Lopes G. P." box="[840,1085,1378,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1347 - 1354" refId="ref11042" refString="dos Santos T. C. M., Lopes G. P. 2015. First record of Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823 (Phyllostomidae, Desmodontinae) for the state of Amazonas, and update on species distribution in Brazil. Chiroptera Neotropical 21: 1347 - 1354." type="journal article" year="2015">Santos and Lopes 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see Supplementary Data SD1). It occurs from sea level up to about
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF8B2E3AFB93C78DFB25FA0E" box="[1123,1211,1410,1433]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="1900.0">1,900 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFB3AC78DFA00FA0E" author="Sampaio E. & Lim B. & Peters S." box="[1226,1438,1410,1433]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="22040157" refId="ref13994" refString="Sampaio E., Lim B., Peters S. 2016. Diphylla ecaudata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e. T 6628 A 22040157. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 2. RLTS. T 6628 A 22040157. en. Accessed 4 October 2022." type="book chapter" year="2016">Sampaio et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BDA1660AFF8B2E3AFF9DC6A5FAFDFB4B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10621027" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621027/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" startId="4.[109,144,1194,1215]" targetBox="[336,1296,200,1161]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8B2E3AFF9DC6A5FAFDFB4B" blockId="4.[109,1524,1193,1244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8B2E3AFF9DC6A5FF30FB28" bold="true" box="[109,174,1194,1215]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
—Frontal view of an adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8B2E3AFDF4C6A5FD29FB28" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[516,695,1194,1215]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8B2E3AFDF4C6A5FD29FB28" box="[516,695,1194,1215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Grutas del Arcoton, Artículo 127, Chiapas, Mexico (16°16.69ʹN, 91°49.96ʹW) showing its well-developed secondary noseleaf behind the primary noseleaf, and wide ears with rounded tips. Photograph by RL-W.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8B2E3AFBD6C7D1FA8BFA6F" blockId="4.[1062,1301,1502,1528]" box="[1062,1301,1502,1528]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8B2E3AFBD6C7D1FA8BFA6F" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,1502,1528]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8B2E3AFC83C42EFAFBF80F" blockId="4.[840,1527,1569,1944]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The first late Pleistocene record (a humerus) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8B2E3AFA65C42EFC34F9CF" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8B2E3AFA65C42EFC34F9CF" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFC3CC44EFB83F9CF" box="[972,1053,1601,1624]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
was reported from Loltún Grutas (20°24ʹN, 89°32ʹW) in the state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFB98C46EFB20F9EF" box="[1128,1214,1633,1656]" country="Mexico" name="Yucatan" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Yucatan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFB22C46EFAF9F9EF" author="Alvarez T." box="[1234,1383,1633,1656]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="7 - 35" refId="ref8951" refString="Alvarez T. 1982. Restos de mamiferos recientes y pleistocenicos procedentes de las Grutas de Loltun, Yucatan, Mexico. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. Cuadernos de Trabajo del Departamento de Prehistoria 26: 7 - 35." type="journal article" year="1982">Álvarez 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additional fossil and subfossil remains of late Pleistocene–Holocene age individuals were subsequently identified from several deposits within the caves (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFBFEC4CEFA13F94F" author="Arroyo-Cabrales J. & Alvarez T." box="[1038,1421,1729,1752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref9057" refString="Arroyo-Cabrales J., Alvarez T. 1990. Restos oseos de murcielagos: procedentes de las excavaciones en las grutas de Loltun. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. Serie Prehistoria. Coleccion Cientifica, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="1990">Arroyo-Cabrales and Álvarez 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFA6DC4CEFB81F96F" author="Arroyo-Cabrales J. & Polaco O. J. & Johnson E." pageId="4" pageNumber="4" refId="ref9100" refString="Arroyo-Cabrales J., Polaco O. J., Johnson E. 2005. La mastofauna del cuaternario tardio de Mexico. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. Bases de datos del Sistema Nacional de Informacion sobre Biodiversidad de Mexico-Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (SNIB-CONABIO), proyecto G 012, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2005">Arroyo-Cabrales et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFBA3C4EEFB5DF96F" box="[1107,1219,1761,1784]" name="Venezuela" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there is a Quaternary fossil record from the El Guácharo Cave in the state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFA61C50EFA6DF88F" box="[1425,1523,1793,1816]" country="Venezuela" name="Monagas" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Monagas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(10°l0ʹ27″N,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8CEA5045FF8B2E3AFC15C52EFBF2F8AF" box="[997,1132,1824,1849]" degrees="62" direction="west" minutes="33" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" precision="15" seconds="07" value="-62.551945">62°33ʹ07″W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFB77C52EFA83F8AF" author="Linares O." box="[1159,1309,1825,1848]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="119 - 145" refId="ref12792" refString="Linares O. 1968. Quiropteros subfosiles encontrados en las cuevas venezolanas. Parte I. Deposito de la Cueva de Quebrada Honda (Designacion de Catastro Ar. 1). Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Espeleologia 1 (2): 119 - 145." type="journal article" year="1968">Linares 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Late Pleistocene fossils of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8B2E3AFC4BC54EFBDDF8CF" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[955,1091,1857,1880]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8B2E3AFC4BC54EFBDDF8CF" box="[955,1091,1857,1880]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been found in the Toca da Boa Vista and Toca da Barriguda caves in the state of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF8B2E3AFA94C56EFA3BF8EF" box="[1380,1445,1889,1912]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Bahia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF8B2E3AFA41C56EFA6CF8EF" box="[1457,1522,1889,1912]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFCA1C58EFB0FF80F" author="Czaplewski N. J. & Cartelle C." box="[849,1169,1921,1944]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="784 - 803" refId="ref10712" refString="Czaplewski N. J., Cartelle C. 1998. Pleistocene bats from cave deposits in Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy 79 (3): 784 - 803." type="journal article" year="1998">Czaplewski and Cartelle 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF8B2E3AFB6FC58EFACBF80F" author="Salles L. & Arroyo-Cabrales J. & Caruliny A. & Lanzelotti W. & Perini F. & Velazco M. & Simmons N." box="[1183,1365,1921,1944]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref13923" refString="Salles L., Arroyo-Cabrales J., Caruliny A., Lanzelotti W., Perini F., Velazco M., Simmons N. 2014. Quaternary bats from the Impossivel-Ioio Cave System (Chapada Diamantina, Brazil): humeral remains and the first fossil record of Noctilio leporinus (Chiroptera, Noctilionidae) from South America. American Museum Novitates 3798: 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="2014">Salles et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BDA1660AFF8A2E3BFF9DC4C9FBE4F882" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621029" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10621029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621029/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" startId="5.[109,144,1734,1755]" targetBox="[360,1273,200,1704]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF8A2E3BFF9DC4C9FBE4F882" blockId="5.[109,1524,1734,1813]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8A2E3BFF9DC4C9FF31F94C" bold="true" box="[109,175,1734,1755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF8A2E3BFBC7C4C9FB75F94C" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1079,1259,1734,1755]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF8A2E3BFBC7C4C9FB75F94C" box="[1079,1259,1734,1755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ECOSUR [El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de Las Casas Unit, Chiapas, México Mastozoological collection] 7540) from Paraje Chojolhó, Chiapas, México. Occipitonasal length is 22.6 mm. Photograph by biologist Luis Enrique Gómez Pérez used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF892E38FF9DC042FF40FD62" blockId="6.[109,792,589,757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FF9DC042FF52FDF5" bold="true" box="[109,204,589,610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Model 1.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<materialsCitation id="59B63CDFFF892E38FF13C042FF46FD62" collectionCode="ECOSUR" collectorName="El Colegio de la Frontera Sur" country="Mexico" location="San Cristobal de Las Casas Unit" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chiapas">
|
||
Exterior skull anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF892E38FE01C042FD39FDF5" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[497,679,589,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FE01C042FD39FDF5" box="[497,679,589,610]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="8FCFAE47FF892E38FD48C042FC86FDF5" box="[696,792,589,610]" country="Mexico" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dtqq-2t5p" name="El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (Mexico)" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="Museum">ECOSUR</collectionCode>
|
||
[
|
||
<collectorName id="442B5354FF892E38FF83C064FE31FD17" box="[115,431,619,640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">El Colegio de la Frontera Sur</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="EC016059FF892E38FE4EC064FC8AFD17" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:61778794FF8D2E37FC15C411FF64FA97:EC016059FF892E38FE4EC064FC8AFD17" box="[446,788,619,640]" country="Mexico" name="San Cristobal de Las Casas Unit" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="Chiapas">San Cristóbal de Las Casas Unit</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF892E38FF9DC087FF23FD0A" box="[109,189,648,669]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF892E38FF22C087FE85FD0A" box="[210,283,648,669]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">México</collectingCountry>
|
||
Mastozoological collection] 7540) from Paraje Chojolhó,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2B1AF860FF892E38FF00C0AAFEDEFD2D" box="[240,320,677,698]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF892E38FE97C0AAFE2DFD2D" box="[359,435,677,698]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">México</collectingCountry>
|
||
. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/ diphylla-ecaudata-exterior-skull-anatomy-62aba50945da43e394ee082 319a80194
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF892E38FC0CC2C6FAA0FF74" blockId="6.[1020,1342,201,227]" box="[1020,1342,201,227]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FC0CC2C6FAA0FF74" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,201,227]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF892E38FC83C303FAD5FE74" blockId="6.[840,1523,268,771]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF892E38FC83C303FBA3FEB4" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[883,1085,268,291]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FC83C303FBA3FEB4" box="[883,1085,268,291]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses a more specialized dentition compared to the other hematophagous bats. Its upper incisors are shaped like a sickle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF892E38FBACC343FA89FEF4" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." box="[1116,1303,332,355]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), lower incisors are large, possess between four and eight lobes, and lack a diastema (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF892E38FCA1C383FBDCFE34" author="Bhatnagar K. P. & Fentie I. H. & Wible J. R." box="[849,1090,396,419]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="251 - 254" refId="ref9546" refString="Bhatnagar K. P., Fentie I. H., Wible J. R. 1992. Are the mandibular lateral incisors of the hairy-legged vampire bat, Diphylla ecaudata, really seven-lobed? Mammalia 56 (2): 251 - 254." type="journal article" year="1992">Bhatnagar et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); upper canines are also large, though smaller than the upper incisors and sharpened as a result of wear by tooth-on-tooth friction against lower canines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF892E39FC83C3E3FDB0FB37" blockId="6.[840,1523,268,771]" lastBlockId="7.[109,793,201,1920]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The upper incisors are less procumbent (61.02° ± 9.02
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FCB8C003FCF7FDB4" box="[840,873,524,547]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF892E38FBE1C003FB1FFDB4" box="[1041,1153,524,547]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FBE1C003FB1FFDB4" box="[1041,1153,524,547]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(73.51° ± 3.92
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FAC2C003FACDFDB4" box="[1330,1363,524,547]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF892E38FA63C003FA6DFDB4" box="[1427,1523,524,547]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FA63C003FA6DFDB4" box="[1427,1523,524,547]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(76.21° ± 7.39
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FC1DC023FB90FDD4" box="[1005,1038,556,579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">SD</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FBECC023FBB7FDD4" box="[1052,1065,556,579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF892E38FBB7C023FB05FDD4" box="[1095,1179,556,579]" count="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF892E38FB20C023FAA7FDD4" box="[1232,1337,556,579]" count="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF892E38FA97C023FA49FDD4" box="[1383,1495,556,579]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FA97C023FA49FDD4" box="[1383,1495,556,579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FA15C023FA6CFDD4" box="[1509,1522,556,579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF892E38FC90C043FC2BFDF4" box="[864,949,588,611]" count="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF892E38FC1DC043FBC9FDF4" box="[1005,1111,588,611]" count="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF892E38FB77C043FB79FDF4" box="[1159,1255,588,611]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FB77C043FB79FDF4" box="[1159,1255,588,611]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF892E38FAEFC043FAE3FDF4" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1311,1405,588,611]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FAEFC043FAE3FDF4" box="[1311,1405,588,611]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Diphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF892E38FA68C043FC00FD14" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The smaller angle of incisor procumbency found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF892E38FA29C063FC35FD34" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FA29C063FC35FD34" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is associated with deeper and larger mandibular pits (cuplike pits in the mandible behind the lower incisors, where the tips of the upper incisors rest). The mean mandibular pit volume (mm
|
||
<superScript id="1EAB9BCAFF892E38FC24C0E5FC42FD6F" attach="left" box="[980,988,746,760]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">3</superScript>
|
||
) is 1.11 ± 0.19
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FB64C0E3FB2BFC94" box="[1172,1205,748,771]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">SD</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF892E38FB2CC0E3FAFDFC94" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1244,1379,748,771]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FB2CC0E3FAFDFC94" box="[1244,1379,748,771]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 0.79 ± 0.15
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FF9DC2C6FF10FF77" box="[109,142,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FF43C2C6FEBDFF77" box="[179,291,201,224]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FF43C2C6FEBDFF77" box="[179,291,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 0.58 ± 0.14
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FE14C2C6FD9BFF77" box="[484,517,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FDD9C2C6FD17FF77" box="[553,649,201,224]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FDD9C2C6FD17FF77" box="[553,649,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD68C2C6FD3BFF77" box="[664,677,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF882E39FD34C2C6FC86FF77" box="[708,792,201,224]" count="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF882E39FF6CC2E6FE9BFE97" box="[156,261,233,256]" count="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
|
||
for each of the three species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FDBFC2E6FC97FE97" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." box="[591,777,233,256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The mean mandibular pit depth (mm) is 1.10 ± 0.14
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD47C306FD46FEB7" box="[695,728,265,288]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FD0EC306FF4EFED7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD0EC306FF4EFED7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 0.82 ± 0.09
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FE93C326FE1AFED7" box="[355,388,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FE59C326FD87FED7" box="[425,537,297,320]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FE59C326FD87FED7" box="[425,537,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 0.68 ± 0.11
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD2BC326FD62FED7" box="[731,764,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FF9DC346FF4BFEF7" box="[109,213,329,352]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FF9DC346FF4EFEF7" box="[109,208,329,352]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diaemus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Larger pits in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FE9FC346FE6DFEF7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[367,499,329,352]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FE9FC346FE6DFEF7" box="[367,499,329,352]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are coupled with a reduced bone in the anterior region of the mandible; the mean mandible length (mm) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FEA6C386FE45FE37" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[342,475,393,416]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FEA6C386FE45FE37" box="[342,475,393,416]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 13.2 ± 0.2
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD84C386FD0BFE37" box="[628,661,393,416]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FF9DC3A6FF43FE57" box="[109,221,425,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FF9DC3A6FF43FE57" box="[109,221,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is 14.8 ± 0.5
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FE62C3A6FE2DFE57" box="[402,435,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FDF8C3A6FDF6FE57" box="[520,616,425,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FDF8C3A6FDF6FE57" box="[520,616,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 14.9 ± 0.3
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD00C3A6FC8FFE57" box="[752,785,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
. Not only do the pits occupy more space, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FDAFC3C6FD7AFE77" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[607,740,457,480]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FDAFC3C6FD7AFE77" box="[607,740,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has a short symphysis (mean symphysis height in mm of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FD0EC3E6FF4EFDB7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD0EC3E6FF4EFDB7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1.84 ± 0.11
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FEABC006FEE2FDB7" box="[347,380,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FE78C006FE66FDB7" box="[392,504,521,544]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FE78C006FE66FDB7" box="[392,504,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1.70 ± 0.07
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD74C006FD3BFDB7" box="[644,677,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FD41C006FC8FFDB7" box="[689,785,521,544]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD41C006FC8FFDB7" box="[689,785,521,544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1.95 ± 0.07
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FF0AC026FE85FDD7" box="[250,283,553,576]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) and a small symphyseal surface area (mean symphyseal surface area in mm
|
||
<superScript id="1EAB9BCAFF882E39FE30C048FE56FDC2" attach="left" box="[448,456,583,597]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">2</superScript>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FE1BC046FDF1FDF7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[491,623,585,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FE1BC046FDF1FDF7" box="[491,623,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 2.8 ± 0.04
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD01C046FC8CFDF7" box="[753,786,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FF9DC066FF43FD17" box="[109,221,617,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FF9DC066FF43FD17" box="[109,221,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Desmodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 3.9 ± 0.04
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FEAAC066FEE5FD17" box="[346,379,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FE77C066FE79FD17" box="[391,487,617,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FE77C066FE79FD17" box="[391,487,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Diaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 4.0 ± 0.04
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD94C066FD1BFD17" box="[612,645,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
; sample sizes as given above—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FEDAC086FE7BFD37" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." box="[298,485,649,672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has been suggested that these differences in mandibular morphology and the previously described differences in the lower incisors (see “Diagnosis”) of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FF65C0E6FEA0FC97" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1840" box="[149,318,745,768]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Desmodontinae">Desmodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are associated with differences in preferred prey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FF43C106FE5EFCB7" author="Birney E. C. & Timm R. M." box="[179,448,777,800]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="204 - 207" refId="ref9631" refString="Birney E. C., Timm R. M. 1975. Dental ontogeny and adaptation in Diphylla ecaudata. Journal of Mammalogy 56 (1): 204 - 207." type="journal article" year="1975">Birney and Timm 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FE24C106FD03FCB7" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." box="[468,669,777,800]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FD4AC106FF4EFCD7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD4AC106FF4EFCD7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
preferentially feeds on avian prey, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FD48C126FF20FCF7" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngii">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD48C126FF20FCF7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Diaemus youngii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers avian blood but will feed on mammalian blood, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FF6CC166FEEAFC17" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[156,372,873,896]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FF6CC166FEEAFC17" box="[156,372,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Desmodus rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds primarily on mammalian blood. The unique features present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FE38C186FDD0FC37" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[456,590,905,928]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FE38C186FE45FC37" box="[456,475,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FE1BC186FDD0FC37" box="[491,590,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be the result of adaptation facilitating its grip on bird skin which differs in thickness and texture in comparison to mammalian skin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FD3FC1C6FEB4FB97" author="Birney E. C. & Timm R. M." pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="204 - 207" refId="ref9631" refString="Birney E. C., Timm R. M. 1975. Dental ontogeny and adaptation in Diphylla ecaudata. Journal of Mammalogy 56 (1): 204 - 207." type="journal article" year="1975">Birney and Timm 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Postcanine dentition is reduced both in number and size and contains minute nonocclusive premolars and molars shaped like razors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FE4CC626FDEFFBD7" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." box="[444,625,1065,1088]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Qualitatively, the mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FED1C646FE39FBF7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[289,423,1097,1120]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FED1C646FEAAFBF7" box="[289,308,1097,1120]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FEB4C646FE39FBF7" box="[324,423,1097,1120]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is gracile; the coronoid and anterior mandible are thin enough to appear particularly radiolucent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FF86C686FEC7FB37" author="Greenhall A. M. & Schmidt U. & Joermann G." box="[118,345,1161,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref12062" refString="Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., Joermann G. 1984. Diphylla ecaudata. Mammalian Species 227: 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1984">Greenhall et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FE97C686FD80FB37" author="Davis J. S. & Nicolay C. W. & Williams S. H." box="[359,542,1161,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="853 - 862" refId="ref10813" refString="Davis J. S., Nicolay C. W., Williams S. H. 2010. A comparative study of incisor procumbency and mandibular morphology in vampire bats. Journal of Morphology 271 (7): 853 - 862." type="journal article" year="2010">Davis et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BDA1660AFF892E38FF9DC4B3FCEBF8BE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10621031" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10621031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10621031/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" startId="6.[109,144,1724,1745]" targetBox="[176,1455,806,1693]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF892E38FF9DC4B3FCEBF8BE" blockId="6.[109,1523,1724,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FF9DC4B3FF31F946" bold="true" box="[109,175,1724,1745]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
||
—Geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF892E38FE21C4B3FD18F946" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[465,646,1724,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF892E38FE21C4B3FD18F946" box="[465,646,1724,1745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Small dots (red) correspond to the geographic range based on 594 records of preserved and georeferenced specimens obtained between 1869 and 2021 from Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF.org 2021) plus the records published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF892E38FF1FC4F8FE39F89B" author="Rocha P. A. & Pedroso M. A. & Feijo A. & Filho N. G. & Campos B. A. T. P. & Ferrari S. F." box="[239,423,1783,1804]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1541 - 1545" refId="ref13763" refString="Rocha P. A., Pedroso M. A., Feijo A., Filho N. G., Campos B. A. T. P., Ferrari S. F. 2014. Update on the distribution of Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823 (Mammalia, Chiroptera): new records from the Brazilian northeast. Check List 10 (6): 1541 - 1545." type="journal article" year="2014">Rocha et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The three large dots (green) correspond to the fossil records. The shaded area represents the geographic range according to International Union for Conservation of Nature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF892E38FD59C51BFCF9F8BE" author="Sampaio E. & Lim B. & Peters S." box="[681,871,1812,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="22040157" refId="ref13994" refString="Sampaio E., Lim B., Peters S. 2016. Diphylla ecaudata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e. T 6628 A 22040157. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 2. RLTS. T 6628 A 22040157. en. Accessed 4 October 2022." type="book chapter" year="2016">Sampaio et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF882E39FF68C6A6FF2CFAF7" blockId="7.[109,793,201,1920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The large foramen magnum accounts for 40% of the greatest width of skull. Vertebral formula is 7C, 12T, and 5L, total 24; sacral vertebrae are fused and there are no caudal vertebrae. Sternum consists of the manubrium, six sternebrae, and the xiphoid process; the sternebrae are crested and fused (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FD5AC726FF3CFAF7" author="Bhatnagar K. P." pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="41 - 70" refId="ref9501" refString="Bhatnagar K. P. 1988. Anatomy. In: Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 41 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bhatnagar 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF882E39FF68C766FE54F937" blockId="7.[109,793,201,1920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The humerus presents a relatively prominent pectoral ridge and deep trochlea. The ulna is fused distally with the radius at about the middle of the radial shaft. At the pelvis, the pubic spine is long, diverging at the tip cranially; ischial rami are slender (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FF86C7E6FE81F997" author="Bhatnagar K. P." box="[118,287,1513,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="41 - 70" refId="ref9501" refString="Bhatnagar K. P. 1988. Anatomy. In: Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 41 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bhatnagar 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The femur is thin and the fibula is incomplete (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FF86C406FE0CF9B7" author="Schutt W. A. Jr. & Simmons N. B." box="[118,402,1545,1568]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="145 - 159" refId="ref14338" refString="Schutt W. A. Jr., Simmons N. B. 2006. Quadrupedal bats: form, function, and evolution. In: Zubaid A., McCracken G. F., Kunz T. H., editors. Functional and evolutionary ecology of bats. Oxford University Press, New York, USA; p. 145 - 159." type="book chapter" year="2006">Schutt and Simmons 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The calcar is large and digitiform. It acts as a sixth finger, which serves as an auxiliary grip for perching on tree branches (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FE50C446FD53F9F7" author="Schutt W. A. Jr. & Altenbach J." box="[416,717,1609,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="280 - 285" refId="ref14305" refString="Schutt W. A. Jr., Altenbach J. 1997. A sixth digit in Diphylla ecaudata, the hairy legged vampire bat. Mammalia 61: 280 - 285." type="journal article" year="1997">Schutt and Altenbach 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Foot length is 11–
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF882E39FF08C466FEA8F917" box="[248,310,1641,1664]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
and tibia length is
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF882E39FDF5C466FD11F917" box="[517,655,1641,1664]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.145" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.9899999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="21.45" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="19.9">19.9–23 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FD6BC466FD36F917" box="[667,680,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF882E39FD35C466FC86F917" box="[709,792,1641,1664]" count="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF882E39FF6AC486FE9FF937" box="[154,257,1673,1696]" count="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FEE1C486FE24F937" author="Bhatnagar K. P." box="[273,442,1673,1696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="41 - 70" refId="ref9501" refString="Bhatnagar K. P. 1988. Anatomy. In: Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 41 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bhatnagar 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF882E39FF68C4A6FEAEF817" blockId="7.[109,793,201,1920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The fur is long and soft, light to dark brown on the dorsum and lighter in the ventral region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FE1DC4C6FD53F977" author="Scheffer K. C. & de Barros R. F. & Iamamoto K. & Mori E. & Miyuki A. & Achkar S. M. & Estevez G. A. I. & Lima J. Y. O. & Fahl W. O." box="[493,717,1737,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="436 - 445" refId="ref14158" refString="Scheffer K. C., de Barros R. F., Iamamoto K., Mori E., Miyuki A., Achkar S. M., Estevez G. A. I., Lima J. Y. O., Fahl W. O. 2015. Diphylla ecaudata y Diaemus youngi: biologia y comportamiento. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.) 31 (3): 436 - 445." type="journal article" year="2015">Scheffer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hair length, measured in one individual, is
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF882E39FDE5C4E6FDFCF897" box="[533,610,1769,1792]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
with a diameter of 22.1 µm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FF08C506FE0BF8B7" author="Benedict F. A." box="[248,405,1801,1824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="461" refId="ref9446" refString="Benedict F. A. 1957. Hair structure as a generic character in bats. University of California Publications in Zoology 59: 461." type="journal article" year="1957">Benedict 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Individual hairs lack a prominent basal bulb; melanin granules are distributed sparsely across the filament. No difference exists between the over and under fur (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FF86C566FE81F817" author="Bhatnagar K. P." box="[118,287,1897,1920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="41 - 70" refId="ref9501" refString="Bhatnagar K. P. 1988. Anatomy. In: Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 41 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bhatnagar 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF882E39FC83C2C6FB38FE57" blockId="7.[840,1523,201,1920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Brain weight of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FBD5C2C6FB37FF77" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1061,1193,201,224]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FBD5C2C6FBA6FF77" box="[1061,1080,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FBB7C2C6FB37FF77" box="[1095,1193,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF882E39FB3BC2C6FA82FF77" box="[1227,1308,201,224]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.05" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="g" value="0.805">0.805 g</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FADDC2C6FAA4FF77" box="[1325,1338,201,224]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 9—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FA71C2C6FC3EFE97" author="Stephan H. & Nelson J. E. & Frahm H. D." pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="195 - 222" refId="ref14998" refString="Stephan H., Nelson J. E., Frahm H. D. 1981. Brain size comparison in Chiroptera. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 19 (3): 195 - 222." type="journal article" year="1981">Stephan et al. 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The volume of the pineal gland is
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF882E39FAC7C2E6FA2DFE97" box="[1335,1459,233,256]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.302" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="0.2302">0.2302 mm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="1EAB9BCAFF882E39FA43C2E8FA25FF62" attach="left" box="[1459,1467,231,245]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">3</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FA3DC2E6FA44FE97" box="[1485,1498,233,256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 3—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FC80C306FBFFFEB7" author="Bhatnagar K. P. & Frahm H. D. & Stephan H." box="[880,1121,265,288]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="143 - 161" refId="ref9592" refString="Bhatnagar K. P., Frahm H. D., Stephan H. 1986. The pineal organ of bats: a comparative morphological and volumetric investigation. Journal of Anatomy 147: 143 - 161." type="journal article" year="1986">Bhatnagar et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Dimensions of the main olfactory bulb in a single male specimen are length
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF882E39FAECC326FAE3FED7" box="[1308,1405,297,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.90 mm</quantity>
|
||
and width
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF882E39FCB8C346FC2FFEF7" box="[840,945,329,352]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.20 mm</quantity>
|
||
; the length of the accessory olfactory bulb is 200 µm, and width is 310 µm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FB9BC366FA0DFE17" author="Frahm H. D. & Bhatnagar K. P." box="[1131,1427,361,384]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="349 - 365" refId="ref11755" refString="Frahm H. D., Bhatnagar K. P. 1980. Comparative morphology of the accessory olfactory bulb in bats. Journal of Anatomy 130 (2): 349 - 365." type="journal article" year="1980">Frahm and Bhatnagar 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and its volume is
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF882E39FC47C386FBAEFE37" box="[951,1072,393,416]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.569999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="0.0457">0.0457 mm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="1EAB9BCAFF882E39FBC0C388FBA6FE02" attach="left" box="[1072,1080,391,405]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">3</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FBB8C386FB57FE37" author="Frahm H. D." box="[1096,1225,393,416]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="173 - 183" refId="ref11730" refString="Frahm H. D. 1981. Volumetric comparisons of the accessory olfactory bulb in bats. Acta Anatomica 109: 173 - 183." type="journal article" year="1981">Frahm 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The vomeronasal organ is
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF882E39FCB8C3A6FC38FE57" box="[840,934,425,448]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="1.54">1.54 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FC1CC3A6FB08FE57" author="Bhatnagar K. P." box="[1004,1174,425,448]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="41 - 70" refId="ref9501" refString="Bhatnagar K. P. 1988. Anatomy. In: Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 41 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bhatnagar 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF882E39FC83C3C6FC64FAD7" blockId="7.[840,1523,201,1920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FC83C3C6FBA5FE77" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[883,1083,457,480]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FC83C3C6FBA5FE77" box="[883,1083,457,480]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a tongue with the typical histologic structures of mammals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FBA7C3E6FB79FD97" author="Schultz W." box="[1111,1255,489,512]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="197 - 391" refId="ref14283" refString="Schultz W. 1965. Studien uber den Magen-Darm-Kanal der Chirpteren. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 171: 197 - 391." type="journal article" year="1965">Schultz 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and despite its highly selective diet, which might make taste perception irrelevant, well-developed taste buds are present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FB09C026FA08FDD7" author="Obregon M. C. Y." box="[1273,1430,553,576]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13444" refString="Obregon M. C. Y. 2010. Estudio histologico descriptivo del aparato digestivo del murcielago vampiro de patas peludas (Diphylla ecaudata). Tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2010">Obregón 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Genes for bitter flavor receptors, common in other bats, were reduced in the evolution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FBEEC066FB5BFD17" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1840" box="[1054,1221,617,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Desmodontinae">Desmodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FB28C066FA5DFD17" author="Hong W. & Zhao H." box="[1240,1475,617,640]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="20141079" refId="ref12228" refString="Hong W., Zhao H. 2014. Vampire bats exhibit evolutionary reduction of bitter taste receptor genes common to other bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Sciences 281: 20141079." type="journal article" year="2014">Hong and Zhao 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FCB8C086FC52FD37" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[840,972,649,672]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FCB8C086FC52FD37" box="[840,972,649,672]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D. ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the cheek lacks sweat glands in the skin. The lips are structured longitudinally like a vasculo-nervous plexus, surrounding a structure that appears to be sensory. The esophagus contains three regions: cervical, thoracic, and abdominal. The first two portions have skeletal muscle fibers in the muscular tunic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FC7DC126FBB8FCD7" author="Obregon M. C. Y." box="[909,1062,809,832]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13444" refString="Obregon M. C. Y. 2010. Estudio histologico descriptivo del aparato digestivo del murcielago vampiro de patas peludas (Diphylla ecaudata). Tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2010">Obregón 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), allowing the altruistic regurgitation habit that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FC8AC146FB9EFCF7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[890,1024,841,864]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FC8AC146FC13FCF7" box="[890,909,841,864]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FC6EC146FB9EFCF7" box="[926,1024,841,864]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays in colonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FB04C146FCE3FC17" author="Elizalde-Arellano C. & Lopez-Vidal J. C. & Arroyo-Cabrales J. & Medellin R. A. & Laundre J. W." pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="314 - 319" refId="ref11204" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C., Lopez-Vidal J. C., Arroyo-Cabrales J., Medellin R. A., Laundre J. W. 2007. Food sharing behavior in the hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata. Acta Chiropterologica 9 (1): 314 - 319." type="journal article" year="2007">Elizalde-Arellano et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This muscular tunic transitions to smooth muscle in the abdomen, with a stomach-like columnar epithelium; its mucosae form short, thick projections into the lumen, not visible in the former portions. The transition from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium is gradual and occurs at the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. The stomach is shaped like a bagpipe with small, rounded projections on its outer surface which appear as a series of incomplete subcompartments on the inside. The gastric mucosa has elongated projections, suggesting a high capacity for expansion and storage. Cardiac and pyloric mucosae are similar, with scant, long projections, whereas fundic mucosae are uniform and median in length. Due to the pronounced bagpipe shape of the stomach, the cardia and pylorus are very close, particularly when the stomach is empty (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FCA1C726FC77FAD7" author="Obregon M. C. Y." box="[849,1001,1321,1344]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13444" refString="Obregon M. C. Y. 2010. Estudio histologico descriptivo del aparato digestivo del murcielago vampiro de patas peludas (Diphylla ecaudata). Tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2010">Obregón 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF882E39FC83C746FBF6F937" blockId="7.[840,1523,201,1920]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
A microscopic comparison of the small and large intestines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FC9AC766FC6FFA17" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[874,1009,1385,1408]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FC9AC766FCE3FA17" box="[874,893,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FC7FC766FC6FFA17" box="[911,1009,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a frugivore species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FAE2C766FA6CFA17" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1298,1522,1385,1408]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FAE2C766FA6CFA17" box="[1298,1522,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Artibeus planirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(flat-faced fruit-eating bat), revealed morphological differences that were most likely associated with the differences in diets between the two species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FBCFC7C6FB74FA77" author="Silva C. H. S. & Amarante M. S. M. & Cordero-Schmidt E. & Vargas-Mena J. C. & Barros M. A. S. & Sartori S. S. R. & Morais D. B." box="[1087,1258,1481,1504]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="435 - 448" refId="ref14455" refString="Silva C. H. S., Amarante M. S. M., Cordero-Schmidt E., Vargas-Mena J. C., Barros M. A. S., Sartori S. S. R., Morais D. B. 2020. Comparative study on the small and large intestines of the bats Artibeus planirostris and Diphylla ecaudata: influence of food habits on morphological parameters. Acta Chiropterologica 22 (2): 435 - 448." type="journal article" year="2020">Silva et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Due to the nature of its diet, mostly proteinaceous and semifluid, the intestinal walls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FCB8C406FC53F9B7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[840,973,1545,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FCB8C406FCC5F9B7" box="[840,859,1545,1568]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FC9BC406FC53F9B7" box="[875,973,1545,1568]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are less morphologically complex and specialized than those of the frugivore (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FB88C426FAB6F9D7" author="Silva C. H. S. & Amarante M. S. M. & Cordero-Schmidt E. & Vargas-Mena J. C. & Barros M. A. S. & Sartori S. S. R. & Morais D. B." box="[1144,1320,1577,1600]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="435 - 448" refId="ref14455" refString="Silva C. H. S., Amarante M. S. M., Cordero-Schmidt E., Vargas-Mena J. C., Barros M. A. S., Sartori S. S. R., Morais D. B. 2020. Comparative study on the small and large intestines of the bats Artibeus planirostris and Diphylla ecaudata: influence of food habits on morphological parameters. Acta Chiropterologica 22 (2): 435 - 448." type="journal article" year="2020">Silva et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Intestines have a short relative length with an average of 18.04 ±
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF882E39FABCC446FA3DF9F7" box="[1356,1443,1609,1632]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.91" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" unit="cm" value="2.91">2.91 cm</quantity>
|
||
(±
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FA39C446FA74F9F7" box="[1481,1514,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) from the pylorus to the end of the rectum (
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FAD7C466FAAAF917" box="[1319,1332,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF882E39FAA7C466FA32F917" box="[1367,1452,1641,1664]" count="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF882E39FA15C466FC0EF937" count="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FC5BC486FBC6F937" author="Silva C. H. S. & Amarante M. S. M. & Cordero-Schmidt E. & Vargas-Mena J. C. & Barros M. A. S. & Sartori S. S. R. & Morais D. B." box="[939,1112,1673,1696]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="435 - 448" refId="ref14455" refString="Silva C. H. S., Amarante M. S. M., Cordero-Schmidt E., Vargas-Mena J. C., Barros M. A. S., Sartori S. S. R., Morais D. B. 2020. Comparative study on the small and large intestines of the bats Artibeus planirostris and Diphylla ecaudata: influence of food habits on morphological parameters. Acta Chiropterologica 22 (2): 435 - 448." type="journal article" year="2020">Silva et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF882E36FC83C4A6FEA5FB97" blockId="7.[840,1523,201,1920]" lastBlockId="8.[109,795,201,1920]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
All three portions of the small intestine of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF882E39FAB6C4A6FA54F957" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1350,1482,1705,1728]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FAB6C4A6FAC7F957" box="[1350,1369,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF882E39FA98C4A6FA54F957" box="[1384,1482,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar, it is macroscopically impossible to differentiate between the jejunum and ileum, and few histological differences help to distinguish them (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FB81C506FA8EF8B7" author="Obregon M. C. Y." box="[1137,1296,1801,1824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13444" refString="Obregon M. C. Y. 2010. Estudio histologico descriptivo del aparato digestivo del murcielago vampiro de patas peludas (Diphylla ecaudata). Tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2010">Obregón 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF882E39FAD4C506FA7DF8B7" author="Silva C. H. S. & Amarante M. S. M. & Cordero-Schmidt E. & Vargas-Mena J. C. & Barros M. A. S. & Sartori S. S. R. & Morais D. B." box="[1316,1507,1801,1824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="435 - 448" refId="ref14455" refString="Silva C. H. S., Amarante M. S. M., Cordero-Schmidt E., Vargas-Mena J. C., Barros M. A. S., Sartori S. S. R., Morais D. B. 2020. Comparative study on the small and large intestines of the bats Artibeus planirostris and Diphylla ecaudata: influence of food habits on morphological parameters. Acta Chiropterologica 22 (2): 435 - 448." type="journal article" year="2020">Silva et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The cecum is absent. Evidence of an active immune system is suggested by a large amount of diffuse lymphoid tissue and solitary lymph nodes throughout the gastrointestinal tract. All
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF882E36FA4DC566FF3BFF77" count="3" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
|
||
of salivary glands, parotid, submandibular, and sublingual, are present. The liver is histologically similar to that of other mammals, with abundant hepatocytes, suggesting an excellent and rapid storage capacity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FE6DC326FDA6FED7" author="Obregon M. C. Y." box="[413,568,297,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref13444" refString="Obregon M. C. Y. 2010. Estudio histologico descriptivo del aparato digestivo del murcielago vampiro de patas peludas (Diphylla ecaudata). Tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2010">Obregón 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The pancreas is in the abdominal cavity; the right lobe is close to and parallel to the descending duodenum, and the left lobe transversely extends caudally to the stomach. The mean mass of the pancreas is
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FD13C386FC86FE37" box="[739,792,393,416]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="g" value="0.1">0.1 g</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FF86C3A6FF1DFE57" box="[118,131,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 6; mean body mass =
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FE74C3A6FE5BFE57" box="[388,453,425,448]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.44" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="g" value="24.4">24.4 g</quantity>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FE11C3A6FC96FE57" author="Machado-Santos C. & Aquino J. C. & Mikalauka J. S. & Abidu-Figueiredo M. & Mendes R. M. & Sales A." box="[481,776,425,448]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="62 - 68" refId="ref12954" refString="Machado-Santos C., Aquino J. C., Mikalauka J. S., Abidu-Figueiredo M., Mendes R. M., Sales A. 2013. What difference exists in the pancreas of mammals with sanguivorous diet? A morphological, stereological and immunohistochemical study of the pancreatic islets of the hematophagous bat Diphylla ecaudata. Regulatory Peptides 183: 62 - 68." type="journal article" year="2013">Machado-Santos et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is covered by a thin capsule of loose connective tissue that extends into the organ forming a series of septa, which subdivide the gland into visibly distinct lobes. It consists of an exocrine portion with acini and a duct system starting with small central acinar cells that lead to the intralobe ducts covered by a simple squamous or cuboid epithelium, and an endocrine portion comprised of Islets of Langerhans. These islets are irregular in shape and easily identified by their eosinophilic staining properties. The average number (±
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FE1CC0C6FD93FD77" box="[492,525,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) of Islets of Langerhans is 23,900 ± 9,770.54, with an average diameter of 56.94 µm, and a mass of about
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FED0C106FEE2FCB7" box="[288,380,777,800]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="mg" value="0.48">0.48 mg</quantity>
|
||
, their volumetric density is 4.1% (
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FD03C106FC9EFCB7" box="[755,768,777,800]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFD8FD0BFF872E36FF9DC126FF20FCD7" box="[109,190,809,832]" count="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" type="male">6 males</specimenCount>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FF2AC126FD9DFCD7" author="Machado-Santos C. & Aquino J. C. & Mikalauka J. S. & Abidu-Figueiredo M. & Mendes R. M. & Sales A." box="[218,515,809,832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="62 - 68" refId="ref12954" refString="Machado-Santos C., Aquino J. C., Mikalauka J. S., Abidu-Figueiredo M., Mendes R. M., Sales A. 2013. What difference exists in the pancreas of mammals with sanguivorous diet? A morphological, stereological and immunohistochemical study of the pancreatic islets of the hematophagous bat Diphylla ecaudata. Regulatory Peptides 183: 62 - 68." type="journal article" year="2013">Machado-Santos et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Insulin-immunoreactive (IR) cells occur in the middle of the islets, and glucagon-IR and somatostatin-IR cells are located peripherally; somatostatinsecreting cells are also found in isolation. As for the volume density of endocrine cells, it is larger for β cells (54.8%) and then decreases for α cells (16.2%) and δ cells (14.3%—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FD5FC1C6FEB5FB97" author="Machado-Santos C. & Aquino J. C. & Mikalauka J. S. & Abidu-Figueiredo M. & Mendes R. M. & Sales A." pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="62 - 68" refId="ref12954" refString="Machado-Santos C., Aquino J. C., Mikalauka J. S., Abidu-Figueiredo M., Mendes R. M., Sales A. 2013. What difference exists in the pancreas of mammals with sanguivorous diet? A morphological, stereological and immunohistochemical study of the pancreatic islets of the hematophagous bat Diphylla ecaudata. Regulatory Peptides 183: 62 - 68." type="journal article" year="2013">Machado-Santos et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF872E36FF68C606FE1EFAD7" blockId="8.[109,795,201,1920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Ovaries are oval-shaped, and average
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FDDDC606FDE0FBB7" box="[557,638,1033,1056]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(0.7–2.0 mm) long and
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FF3FC626FE80FBD7" box="[207,286,1065,1088]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FEDCC626FE30FBD7" box="[300,430,1065,1088]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="0.3">0.3–2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) wide (
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FE0DC626FD94FBD7" box="[509,522,1065,1088]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 18—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FDAAC626FF3CFBF7" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Oviducts (called “uterine tubes” in anatomic literature) are short and contoured around the ovaries. The uterus is bicornuate and symmetrical, with thin uterine horns in nonpregnant individuals but these enlarge noticeably during early gestation. A uterine horn with implanted fetuses can distend up to 27 times its original size as the fetus develops, whereas the nonimplanted uterine horn becomes imperceptible. Females are monotocous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FF86C726FEF1FAD7" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." box="[118,367,1321,1344]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF872E36FF68C746FE45F997" blockId="8.[109,795,201,1920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The penis has an average length of
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FDE5C746FDEAFAF7" box="[533,628,1353,1376]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="12.2">12.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(9.5–14.1;
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FD01C746FC86FAF7" box="[753,792,1353,1376]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">n =</emphasis>
|
||
12), lacks a baculum, and is covered with a thick foreskin with numerous folds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FED3C786FD82FA37" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." box="[291,540,1417,1440]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Accessory sex glands such as bulbourethral (formerly called, “Cowper’s glands”) and seminal vesicles have not been reported in this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FD47C7C6FF5DF997" author="Brown R. E. & Genoways H. H. & Jones J. K." pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="456 - 464" refId="ref9813" refString="Brown R. E., Genoways H. H., Jones J. K. 1971. Bacula of some neotropical bats. Mammalia 35 (3): 456 - 464." type="journal article" year="1971">Brown et al. 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FF21C7E6FE55F997" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." box="[209,459,1513,1536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF872E36FF68C406FBC4FE97" blockId="8.[109,795,201,1920]" lastBlockId="8.[840,1523,201,1120]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Males have ovoid testicles with an average length of
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FF9DC426FF30F9D7" box="[109,174,1577,1600]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
(2.8–5.0 mm) and width of
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FE02C426FDD9F9D7" box="[498,583,1577,1600]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FDAAC426FD7DF9D7" box="[602,739,1577,1600]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="3.2" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="2.6">2.6–3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FD01C426FD60F9D7" box="[753,766,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FF53C446FE3EF9F7" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." box="[163,416,1609,1632]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Position and size of the testicle are related to age: newborns and juveniles have abdominally positioned testicles, subadults have scrotal or inguinal testicles, whereas adults, after 231 days of age, have permanent scrotal testicles throughout the year, indicating they are sexually active continuously (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FEC5C4E6FDD2F897" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." box="[309,588,1769,1792]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FDAAC4E6FF3CF8B7" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The testicles and epididymides are joined longitudinally and have a highly related degree of development. The cauda of each epididymis is continuous with the deferent duct and joins the dorsal part of the prostate. The ventral part of the prostate joins with the bladder and the distal part with the urethra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FCA1C2E6FBD4FE97" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." box="[849,1098,233,256]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF872E36FC83C306FBAFFCB7" blockId="8.[840,1523,201,1120]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
As for testicular characterization and spermatogenesis, the species has a gonadosomatic index (%) of 0.49 ± 0.17 (±
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FCB8C346FCF7FEF7" box="[840,873,329,352]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">SD</emphasis>
|
||
), a tubulesomatic index (%) of 0.47 ± 0.16 (±
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FA9BC346FA12FEF7" box="[1387,1420,329,352]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">SD</emphasis>
|
||
), and the length of the seminiferous tubules per gram of testis (m/g) is 32.20 ± 2.00 (±
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FC0FC386FBBEFE37" box="[1023,1056,393,416]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">SD</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FBC1C386FBA0FE37" box="[1073,1086,393,416]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 6—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FB78C386FAA3FE37" author="Silva S. F. Md. & Silva C. H. S. & Dias F. C. R. & Cordero-Schmidt E. & Vargas-Mena J. C. & Silva I. G. M. D. & Bao S. N. & Carvalho T. G. & Araujo Junior R. F. & Moura C. E. B." box="[1160,1341,393,416]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="0226558" refId="ref14588" refString="Silva S. F. Md., Silva C. H. S., Dias F. C. R., Cordero-Schmidt E., Vargas-Mena J. C., Silva I. G. M. D., Bao S. N., Carvalho T. G., Araujo Junior R. F., Moura C. E. B., et al. 2019. Testicular characterization and spermatogenesis of the hematophagous bat Diphylla ecaudata. PLoS One 14: e 0226558." type="journal article" year="2019">Silva et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The frequency of phases within the seminiferous epithelium cycle is 56.20% premeiotic phase, 9.30% meiotic phase, and 34.50% in the postmeiotic phase. Its testicular pattern includes common characteristics present in other bat species and is similar to that of other mammals.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF872E36FC09C026FB20FDD7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[1017,1214,553,576]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FC09C026FB20FDD7" box="[1017,1214,553,576]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a notably high efficiency of Sertoli cells, which are adept at sustaining germinal cells, and it has one of the highest sperm production rates of all bat species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FCA1C086FC5AFD37" author="Silva S. F. Md." box="[849,964,649,672]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref14540" refString="Silva S. F. Md. 2018. Estudo do processo espermatogenico nos morcegos hematofagos Desmodus rotundus e Diphylla ecaudata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). M. C. tese, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil." type="book" year="2018">Silva 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FC23C086FB1DFD37" author="Silva S. F. Md. & Silva C. H. S. & Dias F. C. R. & Cordero-Schmidt E. & Vargas-Mena J. C. & Silva I. G. M. D. & Bao S. N. & Carvalho T. G. & Araujo Junior R. F. & Moura C. E. B." box="[979,1155,649,672]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="0226558" refId="ref14588" refString="Silva S. F. Md., Silva C. H. S., Dias F. C. R., Cordero-Schmidt E., Vargas-Mena J. C., Silva I. G. M. D., Bao S. N., Carvalho T. G., Araujo Junior R. F., Moura C. E. B., et al. 2019. Testicular characterization and spermatogenesis of the hematophagous bat Diphylla ecaudata. PLoS One 14: e 0226558." type="journal article" year="2019">Silva et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mean measurements (µm) ±
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FA22C086FA6DFD37" box="[1490,1523,649,672]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">SD</emphasis>
|
||
characterizing spermatozoa are head length 4.57 ± 0.160, head width 3.46 ± 0.126, acrosome length 2.89 ± 0.154, nuclear length 4.22 ± 0.154, and medium piece 9.60 ± 0.294 (
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FABBC0E6FAC6FC97" box="[1355,1368,745,768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 3—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FA50C0E6FBBEFCB7" author="Forman G. L. & Genoways H. H." pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="177 - 204" refId="ref11656" refString="Forman G. L., Genoways H. H. 1979. Sperm morphology. In: Baker R. J., Jones J. K., Carter D. C., editors. Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae, part III. Special Publications of the Museum. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, USA; p. 177 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1979">Forman and Genoways 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF872E36FC83C126FB51FBF7" blockId="8.[840,1523,201,1120]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF872E36FC83C126FBA1FCD7" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[883,1087,809,832]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FC83C126FBA1FCD7" box="[883,1087,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is capable of postprandial thermoregulation. In this phase, oxygen uptake increases by 50%, and average body temperature (32.4°C) increases by around 2°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FCA1C186FC7EFC37" author="McNab B. K." box="[849,992,905,928]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="227 - 268" refId="ref13215" refString="McNab B. K. 1969. The economics of temperature regulation in neotropical bats. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 31 (2): 227 - 268." type="journal article" year="1969">McNab 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FC01C186FBB8FC37" author="McNab B. K." box="[1009,1062,905,928]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="131 - 144" refId="ref13244" refString="McNab B. K. 1973. Energetics and the distribution of vampires. Journal of Mammalogy 54 (1): 131 - 144." type="journal article" year="1973">1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has a metabolic pattern characterized by small carbohydrate and lipid reserves during fasting, which makes it highly susceptible to food restriction in periods over 36 h, suggesting it cannot live over 24–36 h without food. Glucogenesis pathway deficiency has been suggested, so their hematophagous diet may be associated with a high susceptibility to food scarcity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FC0DC646FB20FBF7" author="Dias-Gomes C. I." box="[1021,1214,1097,1120]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref10975" refString="Dias-Gomes C. I. 2008. Metabolismo energetico e resposta ao jejum do morcego hematofago Diphylla ecaudata. M. S. tese, Universidad de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brasil." type="book" year="2008">Dias-Gomes 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF872E36FC5AC690FA0FFB2E" blockId="8.[938,1425,1183,1209]" box="[938,1425,1183,1209]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FC5AC690FA0FFB2E" bold="true" box="[938,1425,1183,1209]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF872E37FC83C6E1FEB5FEB7" blockId="8.[840,1523,1262,1925]" lastBlockId="9.[109,793,201,1280]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FC83C6E1FB9EFA92" bold="true" box="[883,1024,1262,1285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Ontogeny.—</emphasis>
|
||
The oocyte pellucid zone is lost after fertilization during its passage through the oviduct. Embryo implantation is ipsilateral and reaches amniogenesis within 3 months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FCA1C741FBCAFAF2" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." box="[849,1108,1358,1381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Gestation is palpable at 141 days. Newborn
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF872E36FC48C761FB19FA12" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[952,1159,1390,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FC48C761FB19FA12" box="[952,1159,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are precocious, with open eyes and bodies covered in fur; weight at birth ranges between 7.5 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FCA1C7A1FBF1FA52" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." box="[849,1135,1454,1477]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FB5FC7A1FB4FFA52" box="[1199,1233,1454,1477]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="g" value="9.0">9 g</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FB13C7A1FA7CFA52" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." box="[1251,1506,1454,1477]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and mean forearm length (mm ±
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FB45C7C1FB48FA72" box="[1205,1238,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) is 26.2 ±
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FABFC7C1FA13FA72" box="[1359,1421,1486,1509]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="0.2">0.2 in</quantity>
|
||
males (
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FA15C7C1FA6CFA72" box="[1509,1522,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5) and 26.4 ±
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FC0FC7E1FBD2F992" box="[1023,1100,1518,1541]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9718" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="1.17">1.17 in</quantity>
|
||
females (
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FB4BC7E1FB56F992" box="[1211,1224,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 6—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FAE1C7E1FCE0F9B2" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Upon birth, deciduous teeth with a dental formula of i 2/2, c 1/1, p 2/2, total 20 are present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FB1BC421FA75F9D2" author="Birney E. C. & Timm R. M." box="[1259,1515,1582,1605]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="204 - 207" refId="ref9631" refString="Birney E. C., Timm R. M. 1975. Dental ontogeny and adaptation in Diphylla ecaudata. Journal of Mammalogy 56 (1): 204 - 207." type="journal article" year="1975">Birney and Timm 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FCB8C441FC67F9F2" author="Bhatnagar K. P." box="[840,1017,1614,1637]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="41 - 70" refId="ref9501" refString="Bhatnagar K. P. 1988. Anatomy. In: Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 41 - 70." type="book chapter" year="1988">Bhatnagar 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During their first 17 days, young strongly adhered to their mother’s nipples, with their eyes constantly open and wary of objects moving around them. Lactation is long, and weaning occurs after 217 days on average (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FA7CC4A1FC65F972" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which contrasts with most other bats (e.g., 23 days in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF872E36FC4CC4E1FB39F892" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[956,1191,1774,1797]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Carollia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perspicillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FC4CC4E1FB39F892" box="[956,1191,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Carollia perspicillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Seba’s short-tailed bat],
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FA4DC4E1FA6DF892" box="[1469,1523,1774,1797]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="25.0">25 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FCB8C501FC61F8B2" box="[840,1023,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Myotis lucifugus</emphasis>
|
||
[little brown myotis],
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FB0CC501FAABF8B2" box="[1276,1333,1806,1829]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="35.0">35 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF872E36FACEC501FA6DF8B2" baseAuthorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" baseAuthorityYear="1796" box="[1342,1523,1806,1829]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FACEC501FA6DF8B2" box="[1342,1523,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Eptesicus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[big brown bat],
|
||
<quantity id="2E269B67FF872E36FBFAC521FBDAF8D2" box="[1034,1092,1838,1861]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6764" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="66.0">66 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF872E36FBBFC521FAA9F8D2" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[1103,1335,1838,1861]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FBBFC521FAA9F8D2" box="[1103,1335,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Jamaican fruit-eating bat]—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E36FC2AC541FB52F8F2" author="Kunz T. H. & Hood W. R." box="[986,1228,1870,1893]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="415 - 468" refId="ref12613" refString="Kunz T. H., Hood W. R. 2000. Parental care and postnatal growth in the Chiroptera. In: Crichton E. G., Krutzsch P. H., editors. Reproductive biology of bats. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom; p. 415 - 468." type="book chapter" year="2000">Kunz and Hood 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, it is similar to other vampire bats (278 days in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF872E36FB6BC561FAEEF812" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[1179,1392,1902,1925]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF872E36FB6BC561FAEEF812" box="[1179,1392,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Desmodus rotundus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF872E37FA7CC561FE83FF77" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). After weaning, young are fed by the mother by regurgitation of blood until they are 223 days old (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FD41C2E6FE85FEB7" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF862E37FF68C326FF2DFDB7" blockId="9.[109,793,201,1280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Young have slow postnatal growth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FDA8C326FF3DFEF7" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." pageId="9" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); they first fly at around 57 days of age, reach their adult weight in an average of 178 days, and epiphyseal–diaphyseal fusion of the metacarpal and phalangeal bones occurs at 215 days. Young males present scrotal testes at 231 days and distance themselves from the main colony at 235 days. The first gestation in females happens at 367 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FDCBC3E6FF3DFDB7" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF862E37FF68C026FF6EFCF7" blockId="9.[109,793,201,1280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF862E37FF68C026FECDFDD7" bold="true" box="[152,339,553,576]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Reproduction.—</emphasis>
|
||
In general, hematophagous bats are thought to have a continuous polyestrous reproductive pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FF86C066FE0EFD17" author="Racey P. A. & Entwistle A. C." box="[118,400,617,640]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="363 - 414" refId="ref13682" refString="Racey P. A., Entwistle A. C. 2000. Life-history and reproductive strategies of bats. In: Crichton E. G., Krutzsch P. H., editors. Reproductive biology of bats. Academic Press, London United Kingdom; p. 363 - 414." type="book chapter" year="2000">Racey and Entwistle 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); nonetheless, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EDE4D01FF862E37FDBFC066FC86FD17" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1823" box="[591,792,617,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBAAEA90FF862E37FDBFC066FC86FD17" box="[591,792,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Diphylla ecaudata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
some studies assume the existence of a reproductive season in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF862E37FF9DC0A6FF21FD57" box="[109,191,681,704]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FF23C0A6FEEDFD57" author="Dalquest W. W." box="[211,371,681,704]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="79 - 87" refId="ref10745" refString="Dalquest W. W. 1955. Natural history of the vampire bats of Eastern Mexico. American Midland Naturalist 53 (1): 79 - 87." type="journal article" year="1955">Dalquest 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF862E37FE45C0A6FDBFFD57" box="[437,545,681,704]" name="Argentina" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FDC4C0A6FF3DFD77" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where 92% of births are recorded in spring–summer. Vaginal cytology has helped identify all four phases of the estrous cycle (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus), although the duration of each is still unknown (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FDA6C126FF7EFCF7" author="Elizalde-Arellano C. & Lopez V. J. C. & Uria G. E. & Montellano R. H. & Arroyo C. J. & Medellin R. A." pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="253 - 268" refId="ref11253" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C., Lopez V. J. C., Uria G. E., Montellano R. H., Arroyo C. J., Medellin R. A. 2008. Citologia vaginal y ciclo estral de Diphylla ecaudata. En: Lorenzo C., Espinoza E., Ortega J., editores. Avances en el Estudio de los Mamiferos de Mexico II. Asociacion Mexicana de Mastozoologia, A. C., Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; p. 253 - 268." type="book chapter" year="2008">Elizalde-Arellano et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E9613682FF862E37FF68C166FF64FA97" blockId="9.[109,793,201,1280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Female individuals are deemed sexually mature at 9 months old (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FF51C186FEE6FC37" author="Scheffer K. C. & de Barros R. F. & Iamamoto K. & Mori E. & Miyuki A. & Achkar S. M. & Estevez G. A. I. & Lima J. Y. O. & Fahl W. O." box="[161,376,905,928]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="436 - 445" refId="ref14158" refString="Scheffer K. C., de Barros R. F., Iamamoto K., Mori E., Miyuki A., Achkar S. M., Estevez G. A. I., Lima J. Y. O., Fahl W. O. 2015. Diphylla ecaudata y Diaemus youngi: biologia y comportamiento. Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.) 31 (3): 436 - 445." type="journal article" year="2015">Scheffer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FE61C186FD21FC37" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." box="[401,703,905,928]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggest that the gestation period could last 151–166 days, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FD48C1A6FE86FC77" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." pageId="9" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
estimates it could last 5–7 months. Females bear offspring once a year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FEABC1E6FD9AFB97" author="Bhatnagar K. P." box="[347,516,1001,1024]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="864 - 866" refId="ref9472" refString="Bhatnagar K. P. 1978. Breech presentation in the hairy-legged vampire, Diphylla ecaudata. Journal of Mammalogy 59 (4): 864 - 866." type="journal article" year="1978">Bhatnagar 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FDE2C1E6FD38FB97" author="Schmidt C." box="[530,678,1001,1024]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="99 - 109" refId="ref14240" refString="Schmidt C. 1988. Reproduction. In: Greenhall A. M., Schmidt U., editors. Natural history of vampire bats. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA; p. 99 - 109." type="book chapter" year="1988">Schmidt 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FD43C1E6FEB7FBB7" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FEB1C606FDDDFBB7" author="Elizalde-Arellano C." box="[321,579,1033,1056]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11164" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C. 2003. Aspectos reproductivos y de historia de vida del vampiro Diphylla ecaudata (Mammalia, Chiroptera). M. C. tesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico." type="book" year="2003">Elizalde-Arellano 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FDAAC606FF7CFBD7" author="Elizalde-Arellano C. & Lopez V. J. C. & Uria G. E. & Montellano R. H. & Arroyo C. J. & Medellin R. A." pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="253 - 268" refId="ref11253" refString="Elizalde-Arellano C., Lopez V. J. C., Uria G. E., Montellano R. H., Arroyo C. J., Medellin R. A. 2008. Citologia vaginal y ciclo estral de Diphylla ecaudata. En: Lorenzo C., Espinoza E., Ortega J., editores. Avances en el Estudio de los Mamiferos de Mexico II. Asociacion Mexicana de Mastozoologia, A. C., Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; p. 253 - 268." type="book chapter" year="2008">Elizalde-Arellano et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although biyearly births have been reported in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91C97612FF862E37FCF0C626FF55FBF7" name="El Salvador" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">El Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FF2EC646FEF2FBF7" author="Felten H." box="[222,364,1097,1120]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="153" refId="ref11604" refString="Felten H. 1956 b. Quiropteros (Mammalia: Chiroptera) en El Salvador. Comunicaciones del Instituto Tropical de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de El Salvador 5: 153." type="journal article" year="1956">Felten 1956b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is one report of a breech birth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FF86C666FEBEFB17" author="Bhatnagar K. P." box="[118,288,1129,1152]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="864 - 866" refId="ref9472" refString="Bhatnagar K. P. 1978. Breech presentation in the hairy-legged vampire, Diphylla ecaudata. Journal of Mammalogy 59 (4): 864 - 866." type="journal article" year="1978">Bhatnagar 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Lactating females who lose their young have been observed to continue feeding the young of other females. In these cases, adoptive mothers and biological mothers usually wean the young and get pregnant at the same time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D4F4B73FF862E37FD77C6C6FF74FA97" author="Delpietro V. H. A. & Russo R. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref10930" refString="Delpietro V. H. A., Russo R. G. 2002. Observations of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) in captivity. Mammalian Biology 67: 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Delpietro and Russo 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |