843 lines
96 KiB
XML
843 lines
96 KiB
XML
<document id="563C58D12B96E82AF21D105EE85160EE" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.190197" ID-GBIF-Dataset="795ecc39-424a-4d62-8d45-1acf32ce8479" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="190197" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461108341095" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harrison, James G." docDate="2009" docId="6151D1301E41FF9B63A6FF6EAE18D95D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02225p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2225" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Asthenopholis Brenske 1898" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="9D68A9481E42FF9E6331FFF9AD21DF7F" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the African leaf chafer genus Asthenopholis Brenske, 1898 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): a SEM study" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698593895012" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="42D22B10E3D57E98C2A803DB9D8A7442">A taxonomic revision of the African leaf chafer genus Asthenopholis Brenske, 1898 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae): a SEM study</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1D7ABD20A33ED16CDD3B9760EEBA37E5">Harrison, James G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DB047DD78BD833A2C70AD862AFA56F28">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="14129DCE8B274EBC737097FF06D1BD8C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="932C840B515F3358418BD80438F7404E">
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<mods:date id="0ECA45B14A92FF6E33D6557F8D104008">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="70FEAA56D4DFE49FB5B01126D30D04EF" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="B8CAD971F8293D3F2B7F3DBEC8705521">2225</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="250B34004A23E6F45D6CA7672BDD03D0">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="DFEC75E1F943DF1047445C3DC995A392">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A60766EF4C3F55996492B569769ED826" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.190197</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6151D1301E41FF9B63A6FF6EAE18D95D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6225799" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119623767" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6225799" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6151D1301E41FF9B63A6FF6EAE18D95D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6151D1301E41FF9B63A6FF6EAE18D95D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="A1E233AD1E41FF9D63A6FF6EAF70DFCE" box="[151,593,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E94760261E41FF9D63A6FF6EAF70DFCE" blockId="3.[151,593,151,177]" box="[151,593,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="B20FD74A1E41FF9D63A6FF6EAF70DFCE" bold="true" box="[151,593,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D63A6FF6EAF70DFCE" bold="true" box="[151,593,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D63DFFF6EAF70DFCE" authority="Brenske, 1898" authorityName="Brenske" authorityYear="1898" box="[238,593,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D63DFFF6EACBADFCE" bold="true" box="[238,411,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D6293FF6EAF70DFCE" author="Brenske" box="[418,593,151,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Brenske, E. (1898) Melolonthiden aus Afrika. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 59 (10 - 12) (iv), 333 - 394." type="journal article" year="1898">Brenske, 1898</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A1E233AD1E41FF9D63A6FF18AF7CDAA2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="E94760261E41FF9D63A6FF18AE6DDE27" blockId="3.[151,1436,225,345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C9E847081E41FF9D63A6FF18AE6DDE27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D63A6FF18ACDFDF87" authority="Brenske 1898: 388" authorityName="Brenske" authorityPageNumber="388" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,510,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D63A6FF18AC0FDF87" box="[151,302,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="685946371E41FF9D6205FF18ACDFDF87" author="Brenske" box="[308,510,225,248]" page="388" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1898">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D6205FF18ACEADF87" author="Brenske" box="[308,459,225,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Brenske, E. (1898) Melolonthiden aus Afrika. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 59 (10 - 12) (iv), 333 - 394." type="journal article" year="1898">Brenske 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 388
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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–390.
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<treatmentCitation id="685946371E41FF9D610EFF18AFC8DF87" author="Arrow" box="[575,745,225,248]" page="97" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1902">
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<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D610EFF18AFE5DF87" author="Arrow" box="[575,708,225,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Arrow, G. J. (1902) On rutelid and melolonthid beetles from Mashonaland and East Africa. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, volume 9, 89 - 101." type="journal article" year="1902">Arrow 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 97
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
–98;
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<treatmentCitation id="685946371E41FF9D602FFF18AEDADF87" author="Peringuey" box="[798,1019,225,248]" page="277" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1904">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D602FFF18AEE8DF87" author="Peringuey" box="[798,969,225,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Peringuey, L. (1904) Descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa (Lucanidae and Scarabaeidae). Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, 13, 1 - 293 + 4 plates." type="book chapter" year="1904">Péringuey 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 277
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
(key), 285–288;
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<treatmentCitation id="685946371E41FF9D6780FF18A8BDDF87" author="Dalla" box="[1201,1436,225,248]" page="182" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1912">
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<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D6780FF18A84BDF87" author="Dalla" box="[1201,1386,225,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1912) Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae III. Melolonthini, Pars 49, Vol. 20 (4), pp. 135 - 290. In: S. Schenkling (ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus, W. Junk, Berlin, 450 pp." type="book chapter" year="1912">Dalla Torre 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 182
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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(catalogue);
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<treatmentCitation id="685946371E41FF9D627EFEF8AF2BDE67" author="Moser" box="[335,522,257,280]" page="341" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1913">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D627EFEF8ACF7DE67" author="Moser" box="[335,470,257,280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Moser, J. (1913) Beitrag zur kenntnis der Melolonthiden II. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 57 (5 - 12), 331 - 345." type="journal article" year="1913">Moser 1913</bibRefCitation>
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: 341
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
–342;
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<treatmentCitation id="685946371E41FF9D6161FEF8AE2ADE67" author="Kolbe" box="[592,779,257,280]" page="352" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1914">
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<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D6161FEF8AFF2DE67" author="Kolbe" box="[592,723,257,280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Kolbe, H. (1914) Scarabaeiden. In: Schubotz, H. (ed.) Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika- Expedition 1907 - 1908. Band V, Zoologie III, Lieferung 3. Klinkhardt & Biermann, Leipzig, pp. 261 - 416." type="journal article" year="1914">Kolbe 1914</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 352
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="685946371E41FF9D6029FEF8AEE8DE67" author="Arrow" box="[792,969,257,280]" page="60" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1917">
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<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D6029FEF8AE81DE67" author="Arrow" box="[792,928,257,280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Arrow, G. J. (1917) Some systematic notes on melolonthine Coleoptera. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 8, volume 19, 59 - 65." type="journal article" year="1917">Arrow 1917</bibRefCitation>
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: 60
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</treatmentCitation>
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–61;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="685946371E41FF9D60CEFEF8A99FDE67" author="Arrow" box="[1023,1214,257,280]" page="784" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1943">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D60CEFEF8A9A7DE67" author="Arrow" box="[1023,1158,257,280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Arrow, G. J. (1943) Systematic notes on the melolonthine beetles belonging to the genus Lepidiota and some related genera. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 11, volume 10, 773 - 785." type="journal article" year="1943">Arrow 1943</bibRefCitation>
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: 784
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="685946371E41FF9D67FAFEF8A8B9DE67" author="Lacroix" box="[1227,1432,257,280]" page="236" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="2008">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D67FAFEF8A840DE67" author="Lacroix" box="[1227,1377,257,280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Lacroix, M. (2008) Tanzanilepis badia, nouveau genre et nouvelle espece de Leucopholini d'Afrique orientale (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae). Coleopteres, 14 (20), 229 - 240." type="journal article" year="2008">Lacroix 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 236
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 239 (key); 2009 (website).
|
||
<typeStatus id="3643DE841E41FF9D62C7FED8AF0ADE47" box="[502,555,289,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
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||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D61A5FED8A991DE47" authority="Brenske, 1898: 389" authorityName="Brenske" authorityPageNumber="389" authorityYear="1898" box="[660,1200,289,312]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transvaalensis">
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||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D61A5FED8AEEEDE47" box="[660,975,289,312]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Asthenopholis transvaalensis</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="685946371E41FF9D60E8FED8A991DE47" author="Brenske" box="[985,1200,289,312]" page="389" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1898">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D60E8FED8A95BDE47" author="Brenske" box="[985,1146,289,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Brenske, E. (1898) Melolonthiden aus Afrika. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 59 (10 - 12) (iv), 333 - 394." type="journal article" year="1898">Brenske, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 389
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
a junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D63F6FEB8AFA9DE27" authority="Boheman, 1857" authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1857" box="[199,648,321,344]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adspersa">
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||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D63F6FEB8ACE4DE27" box="[199,453,321,344]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Asthenopholis adspersa</emphasis>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D62E3FEB8AFA1DE27" author="Boheman" box="[466,640,321,344]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Boheman, C. H. (1857) Insecta Caffrariae annis 1838 - 1845 a J. A. Wahlberg collecta. Coleoptera, Stockholm, 2, 1 - 395 + 1 plate." type="book chapter" year="1857">Boheman, 1857</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D61A2FEB8AE64DE26" bold="true" box="[659,837,321,345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">here designated</emphasis>
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||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E94760261E41FF9D63AEFE7EAF7CDAA2" blockId="3.[151,1437,391,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D63AEFE7EAC77DEDE" bold="true" box="[159,342,391,417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Redescription.</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D626FFE71AC96DEDE" box="[350,439,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Colour.</emphasis>
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Cuticle brown to black; russet red elytra in some forms of
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||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D674AFE71A9C2DEDE" box="[1147,1251,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
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<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D674AFE71A9C2DEDE" box="[1147,1251,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. minor</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D662FFE71A8B5DEDE" box="[1310,1428,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypsis">
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||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D662FFE71A8B5DEDE" box="[1310,1428,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. crypsis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
; white to tan, lanceolate to blunt-ended setae (rounded setae) or scales (flattened setae) covering the dorsum (Figs. 1–8).
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||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D621FFE2CAC59DE91" box="[302,376,469,494]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head.</emphasis>
|
||
Anterior clypeal margin slightly reflexed and emarginate medially, with frontoclypeal suture usually distinct, fine, arcuate medially. Clypeal suture less distinct in
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||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6707FE05A986DD6A" box="[1078,1191,508,533]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassa">
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||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6707FE05A986DD6A" box="[1078,1191,508,533]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. crassa</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6786FE05A841DD6A" box="[1207,1376,508,533]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">
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||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6786FE05A841DD6A" box="[1207,1376,508,533]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. ugandensis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D63ECFDDBAC64DD44" box="[221,325,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D63ECFDDBAC64DD44" box="[221,325,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs. 28, 30, 36). Single setiferous protuberance (tubercle) on the frons adjacent to each eye (Figs. 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38); partial setiferous ocular canthus present. Setiferous punctures covering entire head; setae or scales directed posteriorly. Antennae in both sexes with 10 antennomeres (Fig. 9), the three-antennomere club slightly longer in males.
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D61D4FD6EAE51DDCF" box="[741,880,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
(Figs. 13–20). Epipharynx: (Fig. 17) Bilobed, with a deep notch; stiff setae on the apical margin; lateral combs form a setal patch. Mandibles: (Figs. 15–16, 18) Asymmetrical, heavily sclerotised, posses dentate apicali and prosthecae; molar lobes large with rough ridges and mandibular brushes. Maxillae: (Figs. 19–20) palps with 3 palpomeres, lacini form oval lobes with stiff setae; each galea with five teeth. Labium: (Figs. 13–14) Labium, mentum, prementum, and submentum partly fused; palps with 3 palpomeres; ligula bilobed. Tentorium: following
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D676DFCA1A84CDC0D" author="Nel" box="[1116,1389,856,882]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Nel, A. & Scholtz, C. H. (1990) Comparative morphology of the mouthparts of adult Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera). Entomology Memoir, 80, 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="1990">Nel & Scholtz (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the tentorium is in “group 2”.
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D62E9FC86AF76DCE7" box="[472,599,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pronotum.</emphasis>
|
||
Anterior lateral margins crenulate and setiferous; surface covered by scaliferous or setiferous punctures (Figs. 54, 59, 64, 69, 74, 79, 84, 89), lateral margins with an oblique angle in the middle (Figs. 1–8), long fine setae on the periphery (view in lateral aspect), especially the anterior margin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D622FFC0BACAFDB74" box="[286,398,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D622FFC0BACAFDB74" box="[286,398,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D62AEFC0BAF3EDB74" box="[415,543,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D62AEFC0BAF3EDB74" box="[415,543,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. crypsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6159FC0BAE01DB74" box="[616,800,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancylonycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6159FC0BAE01DB74" box="[616,800,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6086FC0BA96EDB74" box="[951,1103,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adspersa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6086FC0BA96EDB74" box="[951,1103,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. adspersa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6750FC0BA98FDB74" box="[1121,1198,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6750FC0BA98FDB74" box="[1121,1198,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D67F1FC0BA818DB74" box="[1216,1337,1010,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D67F1FC0BA818DB74" box="[1216,1337,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. crassa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D66B0FC0BAC3ADB4D" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D66B0FC0BAC3ADB4D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. ugandensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D621BFBE0AC87DB4D" box="[298,422,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Scutellum.</emphasis>
|
||
Broadly triangular, almost rounded, either without scaliferous or setiferous punctures (
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6393FBB9AF3ADB26" box="[162,539,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6393FBB9AC1ADB26" box="[162,315,1088,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adspersa">A. adspersa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6279FBB9ACE3DB26" box="[328,450,1088,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassa">A. crassa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D62E1FBB9AF3ADB26" box="[464,539,1088,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">A. rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6152FBB9AE35DB26" box="[611,788,1088,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6152FBB9AE35DB26" box="[611,788,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. ugandensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
see Figs. 94–101) or with scaliferous or setiferous punctures (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D622BFB9EACAFDBFF" box="[282,398,1127,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D622BFB9EACAFDBFF" box="[282,398,1127,1152]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. crypsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D62ACFB9EAF22DBFF" box="[413,515,1127,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D62ACFB9EAF22DBFF" box="[413,515,1127,1152]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6175FB9EAFCADBFF" box="[580,747,1127,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancylonycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6175FB9EAFCADBFF" box="[580,747,1127,1152]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see Figs. 102–109).
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D60D8FB9EA91BDBFF" box="[1001,1082,1127,1152]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Elytra.</emphasis>
|
||
Covered by fine lanceolate to blunt ended scales (Figs. 110–133); two to three bare areas at the base of the elytra for most species except some populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D62A9FB4DAF23DBB2" box="[408,514,1204,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D62A9FB4DAF23DBB2" box="[408,514,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Elytra lacking distinct elytral stria or insterstria, or if present stria weakly developed. Humeral calli lacking setae or scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D61EAFB22AE70DB8B" box="[731,849,1243,1268]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||
Propygidium with medial longitudinal groove (or propygidial groove) (Fig. 12). Sternites with fine setae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6011FAF8AEB3DA64" box="[800,914,1281,1307]" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Pygidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pygidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
triangular and covered by scales (Figs. 134– 139, 142–149), or setae (Figs. 140–141).
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D61B9FAD1AFE9DA3E" box="[648,712,1320,1345]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Legs.</emphasis>
|
||
Protibia tridentate (Figs. 1–8, 11), basal tooth reduced, with straight, protarsal spur. Protarsal claws symmetrical, toothed medially and at base (Fig. 10).
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D67D7FAB6A8BDDA17" box="[1254,1436,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Male genitalia.</emphasis>
|
||
Parameres simple and symmetrical (Figs. 150–173). The parameres of the male genitalia are quite similar among morphologically and geographically distinct species. This makes species level identifications based solely on the male genitalia unreliable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1E233AD1E41FF9B63F4FA11AC66DFA7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E41FF9D63F4FA11A981D9E1" blockId="3.[151,1437,391,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D63F4FA11ACE4D97D" bold="true" box="[197,453,1512,1538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
|
||
Male and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6191FA10AE6BD97D" box="[672,842,1513,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6191FA10AE6BD97D" box="[672,842,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, unlike some other melolonthine scarabs, are not easily distinguished by their antennae and protibiae. However, within species, the relative width of the metafemora, metatibiae, metatibial corbulae, and metatibial spurs can be useful in separating males and females. This works especially well for the larger species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D607CF9A4AEF8D909" box="[845,985,1629,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adspersa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D607CF9A4AEF8D909" box="[845,985,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. adspersa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D60D9F9A4A90CD909" box="[1000,1069,1629,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D60D9F9A4A90CD909" box="[1000,1069,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D670CF9A4A98AD909" box="[1085,1195,1629,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D670CF9A4A98AD909" box="[1085,1195,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. crassa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D67DCF9A4A8B3D909" box="[1261,1426,1629,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D67DCF9A4A8B3D909" box="[1261,1426,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. ugandensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and, to a lesser degree, for the smaller species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D61F0F97DAE15D9E2" box="[705,820,1668,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D61F0F97DAE15D9E2" box="[705,820,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. crypsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6072F97DAE89D9E2" box="[835,936,1668,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6072F97DAE89D9E2" box="[835,936,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D60D8F97DA9AFD9E2" box="[1001,1166,1668,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancylonycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D60D8F97DA9AFD9E2" box="[1001,1166,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E41FF9D63F4F953AFC6D820" blockId="3.[151,1437,391,2003]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D63F4F953AC9CD9BB" bold="true" box="[197,445,1706,1732]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Propygidial groove.</emphasis>
|
||
All species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6143F952AE3BD9BB" box="[626,794,1707,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6143F952AE3BD9BB" box="[626,794,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a propygidial groove (Fig. 12).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D67EBF953A8BDD9BB" author="Crowson" box="[1242,1436,1706,1732]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Crowson, R. A. (1981) Some skeletal peculiarities of the adults, chapter 2. In: Crowson, R. A., Biology of Coleoptera, Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 75." type="book chapter" year="1981">Crowson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discusses this “median groove” as a mechanism that allows beetles to lock the elytra onto the abdominal sternites in order to protect their hind wings from abrasion and saturation. The configuration of this structure in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D6385F8E6AC7BD847" box="[180,346,1823,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D6385F8E6AC7BD847" box="[180,346,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests the same function. The elytral apices have hooks that can lock them into the groove, as evidenced by many of the examined specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E41FF9A63F4F895ACA5DFA7" blockId="3.[151,1437,391,2003]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D63F4F895ACA2D8F9" author="Brenske" box="[197,387,1900,1926]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Brenske, E. (1898) Melolonthiden aus Afrika. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 59 (10 - 12) (iv), 333 - 394." type="journal article" year="1898">Brenske (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included the propygidial groove in his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D672EF895A9D2D8FA" box="[1055,1267,1900,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transvaalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D672EF895A9D2D8FA" box="[1055,1267,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. transvaalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but made no mention of it in his generic description of the genus, nor in his brief description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D674EF86AA9C7D8D3" box="[1151,1254,1939,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D674EF86AA9C7D8D3" box="[1151,1254,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E41FF9D67C7F86BA8BCD8D3" author="Arrow" box="[1270,1437,1938,1964]" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" refString="Arrow, G. J. (1902) On rutelid and melolonthid beetles from Mashonaland and East Africa. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, volume 9, 89 - 101." type="journal article" year="1902">Arrow (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested its use as a distinctive generic character for recognizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E41FF9D60AEF840A964D8AD" box="[927,1093,1977,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E41FF9D60AEF840A964D8AD" box="[927,1093,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He used this character again when describing the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A62EEFF61AF54DFCE" box="[479,629,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Stenopegylis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A62EEFF61AF54DFCE" box="[479,629,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stenopegylis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and noted the superficial resemblance of the two genera with each other (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A63D3FF47AC56DFA7" author="Arrow" box="[226,375,190,216]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" refString="Arrow, G. J. (1943) Systematic notes on the melolonthine beetles belonging to the genus Lepidiota and some related genera. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 11, volume 10, 773 - 785." type="journal article" year="1943">Arrow 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E46FF9A63F4FF1CAFCCDE33" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The only other Afrotropical melolonthine genera, known to me, with propygidial grooves are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A663FFF1CAC3ADE59" authority="Burmeister" authorityName="Burmeister" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Psilonychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A663FFF1CA8BADF81" box="[1294,1435,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Psilonychus</emphasis>
|
||
Burmeister
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A626AFEF5AF3BDE59" author="Peringuey" box="[347,538,268,294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Peringuey, L. (1904) Descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa (Lucanidae and Scarabaeidae). Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, 13, 1 - 293 + 4 plates." type="book chapter" year="1904">Péringuey 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6101FEF5AFE7DE5A" box="[560,710,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Wernophylla</emphasis>
|
||
Lacroix (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A605AFEF5A92FDE59" author="Lacroix" box="[875,1038,268,294]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" refString="Lacroix, M. (2001) Pachydeminae de l'Est africain (Kenya et Tanzanie) (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae). Coleopteres, 7 (13), 173 - 226." type="journal article" year="2001">Lacroix 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the Madagascan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6611FEF5ADE4DE33" authority="Ley" authorityName="Ley" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Leptolepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6611FEF5A8BADE5A" box="[1312,1435,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leptolepis</emphasis>
|
||
Ley
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A63CCFECBAF21DE33" authority="Blanchard" authorityName="Blanchard" box="[253,512,306,332]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Tricholepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A63CCFECBACA0DE34" box="[253,385,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tricholepis</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A610FFECBAFC1DE33" author="Lacroix" box="[574,736,306,332]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" refString="Lacroix, M. (1989) Insectes Coleopteres Melolonthidae (1 partie). Faune de Madagascar, 73 (1), 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1989">Lacroix 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E46FF9A63F4FEA0AF7ADD24" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A63F4FEA0ACCCDE0C" author="Warner" box="[197,493,345,371]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Warner, W. B. & Moron, M. A. (1992) A revision of the subgenus Triodonyx Saylor (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 65 (3), 321 - 340." type="journal article" year="1992">Warner & Morón (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
use a propygidial groove to help distinguish the New World
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A67FCFEA0A8BDDE0C" authority="Saylor" authorityName="Saylor" box="[1229,1436,345,371]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Triodonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A67FCFEA0A867DE0D" box="[1229,1350,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Triodonyx</emphasis>
|
||
Saylor
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other subgenera of the diverse genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A61AEFE79A973DEE5" authority="Harris. Paulsen (2007)" authorityName="Harris. Paulsen" authorityYear="2007" box="[671,1106,384,410]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Phyllophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A61AEFE79AE18DEE6" box="[671,825,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Phyllophaga</emphasis>
|
||
Harris.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A60ADFE79A973DEE5" author="Paulsen" box="[924,1106,384,410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Paulsen, M. J. (2007) Nomenclatural changes in the Neartic Ochodaeinae and description of two new genera (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Ochodaeidae). Insecta Mundi, 21, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2007">Paulsen (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
notes that both the Neartic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A63A6FE5EAC84DEBF" authority="Paulsen" authorityName="Paulsen" box="[151,421,422,448]" class="Insecta" family="Ochodaeidae" genus="Xenochodaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A63A6FE5EAC63DEBF" box="[151,322,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Xenochodaeus</emphasis>
|
||
Paulsen
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A62EEFE5EAE8CDEBF" authority="Nikolajev" authorityName="Nikolajev" box="[479,941,422,448]" class="Insecta" family="Ochodaeidae" genus="Neochodaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A62EEFE5EAF5CDEBF" box="[479,637,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Neochodaeus</emphasis>
|
||
Nikolajev (Ochodaeidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have propygidial grooves and uses it as a generic level character. Within the dung beetles
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A61FDFE34AE91DE98" author="Philips" box="[716,944,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Philips, T. K., Scholtz, C. H. & Ocampo, F. C. (2002) A phylogenetic analysis of the Eucraniini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 33, 241 - 252." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Philips
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6014FE34AE78DE99" box="[805,857,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A608DFE34AED9DE98" author="Philips" box="[956,1016,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Philips, T. K., Pretorius, E. & Scholtz, C. H. (2004) A phylogenetic analysis of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): unrolling an evolutionary history. Invertebrate Systematics, 18, 53 - 88." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) includes the propygidial groove as a character for phylogenetic analyses of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A618CFE0DAE1FDD71" box="[701,830,500,526]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eucraniini">Eucraniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A604DFE0DA93FDD71" box="[892,1054,500,526]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scarabaeinae">Scarabaeinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
respectively. A morphological equivalent on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A62B1FDE3ACDFDD4B" box="[384,510,538,564]" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Pygidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">pygidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
, i.e., a pygidial groove, is also found in the Neotropical tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6614FDE3AC12DD24" authority="(Aphodiinae)" baseAuthorityName="Aphodiinae" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini (Aphodiinae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A6273FDB8AF6EDD24" author="Smith" box="[322,591,577,603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Smith, A. B. T. & Skelley, P. E. (2007) A review of the Aphodiinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of southern South America. Zootaxa, 1458, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2007">Smith & Skelley 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E46FF9A63FDFD9EACEBDDB0" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A63FDFD9EAF72DDFE" bold="true" box="[204,595,615,641]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Natural history and pest status.</emphasis>
|
||
The larval and adult mouthparts (Figs. 13–20) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A67ABFD91A861DDFE" box="[1178,1344,616,641]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A67ABFD91A861DDFE" box="[1178,1344,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are well developed for plant feeding and both are capable of becoming agricultural pests under appropriate environmental conditions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E46FF9A63F4FD25A98CDB7B" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A63F4FD25AC7FDD89" author="Petty" box="[197,350,732,758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (1977 a) White-grub rears head in Eastern Cape. Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute Information Bulletin, 53 (January), 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="a">Petty (1977a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A625AFD25AC5ADD89" author="Petty" box="[363,379,732,758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (1977 b) Beetle pests of pineapples: some biological aspects. The Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Journal, (December), 4 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) recorded the first outbreak of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A61DCFD25AEB4DD8A" box="[749,917,732,757]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancylonycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A61DCFD25AEB4DD8A" box="[749,917,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on pineapple from
|
||
<date id="9D4646E61E46FF9A674FFD25A8BDDD89" box="[1150,1436,732,758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1976-08" valueMax="1976-10-31" valueMin="1976-08-00">
|
||
August to October
|
||
<quantity id="2E00CDC31E46FF9A6650FD25A8BDDD89" box="[1377,1436,732,758]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0190399999999995" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="1976.0">1976</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in the Eastern Cape of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A6293FCFBAF1DDC63" box="[418,572,770,796]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The larvae caused severe damage by feeding on the roots and boring into the stumps of pineapple plants.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A612FFCD0AF8EDC3C" author="Petty" box="[542,687,809,835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (1982) Isazophos, a promising new insecticide for control of larvae of fossorial rhizophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in pineapple fields. Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 45 (1), 33 - 41." type="journal article" year="1982">Petty (1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A618CFCD0AFDCDC3C" author="Petty" box="[701,765,809,835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (1990) White grubs in pineapples. Farming in South Africa, H [andbook] 12, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A603BFCD0AE6BDC3C" author="Petty" box="[778,842,809,835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (1994) White grubs in pineapples: an alternative prevention strategy. Institute for Tropical and sub-tropical Crops Information Bulletin, 265 (September), 11 - 12." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A6066FCD0AEB4DC3C" author="Petty" box="[855,917,809,835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (2001) Order Coleoptera: family Scarabaeidae: white grubs. In: van den Berg, M. A., de Villiers, E. A. & Joubert, P. H. (eds.), Pests and Beneficial Arthropods of Tropical and Non-Citrus Subtropical Crops in South Africa. Agricultural Research Institute, pp. 247 - 257." type="book chapter" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A60EAFCD0A99BDC3C" box="[987,1210,809,835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J., Stirling, G. R. & Bartholomew, D. P. (2002) Pests of pineapple. In: Pena, J. E., Sharp, J. L. & Wysoki, M., (eds.), Tropical Fruit Pests and Pollinators: biology, economic importance, natural enemies and control. CABI publishing, pp. 157 - 189." type="book chapter">
|
||
Petty
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6712FCD0A978DC3D" box="[1059,1113,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conducted further studies on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6227FCA9AC9DDC16" box="[278,444,848,873]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancylonycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6227FCA9AC9DDC16" box="[278,444,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and concluded that it was an important pest of pineapple in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A67B9FCA9A802DC15" box="[1160,1315,848,874]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Based on his work he found that adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A62DAFC8EAFB0DCEF" box="[491,657,887,912]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancylonycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A62DAFC8EAFB0DCEF" box="[491,657,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are active from November through January. First instar larvae are present in the soil in April/May, 2nd instars in May/June, and 3rd instars in October/November. Pupae occur in October/December. Most individuals have a 1-year life cycle, but a few take two years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A67F6FC3DA8AEDCA1" author="Petty" box="[1223,1423,964,990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J., Stirling, G. R. & Bartholomew, D. P. (2002) Pests of pineapple. In: Pena, J. E., Sharp, J. L. & Wysoki, M., (eds.), Tropical Fruit Pests and Pollinators: biology, economic importance, natural enemies and control. CABI publishing, pp. 157 - 189." type="book chapter" year="2002">
|
||
Petty
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A663CFC3DA860DCA2" box="[1293,1345,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), possibly as a result of completely developed adults remaining in the soil for another year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E46FF9A63F4FBE8A9EADBB9" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The most successful chemical control was achieved when insecticides were sprayed to coincide with the adult beetle emergence and egg laying (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A6143FBC1AFD9DB2D" author="Petty" box="[626,760,1080,1106]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (1976) The bionomics and control of pineapple white grubs Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in the eastern Cape. Crop Production, 5, 55 - 59." type="journal article" year="1976">Petty 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A6034FBC1AE64DB2D" author="Petty" box="[773,837,1080,1106]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (2001) Order Coleoptera: family Scarabaeidae: white grubs. In: van den Berg, M. A., de Villiers, E. A. & Joubert, P. H. (eds.), Pests and Beneficial Arthropods of Tropical and Non-Citrus Subtropical Crops in South Africa. Agricultural Research Institute, pp. 247 - 257." type="book chapter" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, since Eastern Cape pineapple growers (in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A63F0FBA7AC7FDB07" box="[193,350,1118,1144]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
) have been applying chlorpyriphos as a pre-plant soil treatment they have not had further outbreaks of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6200FB7CACF6DBE1" box="[305,471,1157,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancylonycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6200FB7CACF6DBE1" box="[305,471,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or other white grub species (G. D. Petty, Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Bathurst,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A6181FB55AE6ADBB9" box="[688,843,1196,1222]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
; personal communication 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E46FF9A63F4FB2AA9D0DAAA" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A63F4FB2AACB1DB92" author="Williams" box="[197,400,1235,1261]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Williams, J. R. (1985) White grubs in sugar cane: Report on a visit to Swaziland 30 July to 4 September 1985. Swaziland Sugar Association, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
records
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A62CCFB2AAF48DB93" box="[509,617,1235,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A62CCFB2AAF48DB93" box="[509,617,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6191FB2AAE71DB93" box="[672,848,1235,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancylonycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6191FB2AAE71DB93" box="[672,848,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to have a limited distribution in the Nokwane (Mhlume) and S.I.S. (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A62A7FB00AF33DA6C" box="[406,530,1273,1299]" name="Swaziland" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
||
Irrigation Scheme) sugarcane farms in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A60D0FB00A97EDA6C" box="[993,1119,1273,1299]" name="Swaziland" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A675BFB00A80BDA6C" author="Carnegie" box="[1130,1322,1273,1299]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" refString="Carnegie, A. J. M. (1988) White grubs (Scarabaeoidea) continue to cause sporadic damage to sugarcane in South Africa and Swaziland. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists' Association (June), 161 - 163." type="proceedings paper" year="1988">Carnegie (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentions
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A63A6FAD9ADDCDA46" box="[151,253,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A63A6FAD9ADDCDA46" box="[151,253,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6205FAD9ACF8DA46" box="[308,473,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancylonycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6205FAD9ACF8DA46" box="[308,473,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sugarcane pests in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A61E8FAD9AE72DA45" box="[729,851,1312,1338]" name="Swaziland" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Emoyeni, KwaZulu–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A67B2FAD9A9E5DA45" box="[1155,1220,1312,1338]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
||
. White grubs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A66B2FAD9AF3ADA1F" authority="Anonymous 1992" authorityName="Anonymous" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ancylonycha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A66B2FAD9AC02DA1F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
(Anonymous 1992)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported from sugarcane fields from the Mhlume area (Vuvulane) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A63A6FA94AC34DAF8" box="[151,277,1389,1415]" name="Swaziland" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However, the present study establishes that these are misidentifications.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A675BFA94A8BADAF9" box="[1130,1435,1389,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A675BFA94A8BADAF9" box="[1130,1435,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Asthenopholis subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A6255FA6DACFFDAD1" box="[356,478,1428,1454]" name="Swaziland" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
||
or KwaZulu–
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A61B3FA6DAFE3DAD1" box="[642,706,1428,1454]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
||
(i.e. Port
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A6005FA6DAE52DAD1" box="[820,883,1428,1454]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
||
= Durban), save for a few old and questionable records.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A63CDFA42ACCEDAAB" box="[252,495,1467,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A63CDFA42ACCEDAAB" box="[252,495,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Asthenopholis minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more likely to be a sporadic pest of sugarcane in these regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E46FF9A63F4FA18AC2ED9E9" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A63F4FA18AC06DA84" bold="true" box="[197,295,1505,1531]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Larvae.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A621EFA18AF33DA84" author="Oberholzer" box="[303,530,1505,1531]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Oberholzer, J. J. (1959 a) A morphological study of some South African Lamellicorn larvae. I-Descriptions of the third instar larvae. South African Journal of Agricultural Science, 2 (1), 41 - 74." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Oberholzer (1959a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A612EFA18AF0EDA84" author="Oberholzer" box="[543,559,1505,1531]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Oberholzer, J. J. (1959 b) A morphological study of some South African Lamellicorn larvae. II-Comparative morphology. South African Journal of Agricultural Science, 2 (1), 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) described the third instar larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A60D5FA18A9ACDA85" box="[996,1165,1505,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A60D5FA18A9ACDA85" box="[996,1165,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using specimens from the “Pineapple Research Station, Bathurst” suggesting an earlier infestation than the one reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A666FF9F1ADCED937" author="Petty" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (1977 a) White-grub rears head in Eastern Cape. Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute Information Bulletin, 53 (January), 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="a">Petty (1977a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A63CFF9D7AC30D937" author="Petty" box="[254,273,1582,1608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (1977 b) Beetle pests of pineapples: some biological aspects. The Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Journal, (December), 4 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A6218F9D7AF37D937" box="[297,534,1582,1608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Smith, T. J., Petty, G. J., & Villet, M. H. (1995) Description and identification of white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) that attack pineapple crops in South Africa. African Entomology, 3 (2), 153 - 166." type="journal article">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A624AF9D6AC92D937" box="[379,435,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in a paper describing a variety of pineapple scarab pests redescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A66B3F9D6AC3FD911" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A66B3F9D6AC3FD911" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without referring to the
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A6175F9ACAE06D910" author="Oberholzer" box="[580,807,1621,1647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Oberholzer, J. J. (1959 a) A morphological study of some South African Lamellicorn larvae. I-Descriptions of the third instar larvae. South African Journal of Agricultural Science, 2 (1), 41 - 74." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Oberholzer (1959a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A6005F9ACAE65D910" author="Oberholzer" box="[820,836,1621,1647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Oberholzer, J. J. (1959 b) A morphological study of some South African Lamellicorn larvae. II-Comparative morphology. South African Journal of Agricultural Science, 2 (1), 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) papers. No other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6712F9ACA9EAD911" box="[1059,1227,1621,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6712F9ACA9EAD911" box="[1059,1227,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have been described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E46FF9B63FCF95BAC66DFA7" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2034]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1438,152,1570]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A63FCF95BACB0D9C3" bold="true" box="[205,401,1698,1724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Soil preference.</emphasis>
|
||
The worst outbreaks of the pineapple pest,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A60A9F95AA961D9C3" box="[920,1088,1699,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A60A9F95AA961D9C3" box="[920,1088,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, occurred on red-sandy-loam soil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A63E0F930AC43D99C" author="Petty" box="[209,354,1737,1763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (1977 a) White-grub rears head in Eastern Cape. Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute Information Bulletin, 53 (January), 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="a">Petty 1977a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with the following profile: 51.9% clay; 32% fine sand; 16% silt (G. D. Petty, Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Bathurst,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E46FF9A6741F909A83ED875" box="[1136,1311,1776,1802]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
; personal communication 2007). This suggests that the larvae prefer this soil
|
||
<typeStatus id="3643DE841E46FF9A609FF8EFAEC0D84F" box="[942,993,1814,1840]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A60DEF8EFA952D84F" author="Petty" box="[1007,1139,1814,1840]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (1990) White grubs in pineapples. Farming in South Africa, H [andbook] 12, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1990">Petty 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A67B1F8EFA99FD84F" author="Petty" box="[1152,1214,1814,1840]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J. (2001) Order Coleoptera: family Scarabaeidae: white grubs. In: van den Berg, M. A., de Villiers, E. A. & Joubert, P. H. (eds.), Pests and Beneficial Arthropods of Tropical and Non-Citrus Subtropical Crops in South Africa. Agricultural Research Institute, pp. 247 - 257." type="book chapter" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A67FBF8EFA8AED84F" author="Petty" box="[1226,1423,1814,1840]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Petty, G. J., Stirling, G. R. & Bartholomew, D. P. (2002) Pests of pineapple. In: Pena, J. E., Sharp, J. L. & Wysoki, M., (eds.), Tropical Fruit Pests and Pollinators: biology, economic importance, natural enemies and control. CABI publishing, pp. 157 - 189." type="book chapter" year="2002">
|
||
Petty
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A663FF8EEA863D84F" box="[1294,1346,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E46FF9A63A6F8C4ACA6D828" author="Sweeney" box="[151,391,1853,1879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="44" refString="Sweeney, C. (1967) The Scarabaeoidea associated with sugar-cane in Swaziland; an account of preliminary investigations into the bionomics and control, August 1965 - June 1967. Swaziland Ministry of Agriculture Research Bulletin, 16, 1 - 163." type="journal article" year="1967">Sweeney (1967: 40)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
claims that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6128F8C4AFA0D829" box="[537,641,1853,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6128F8C4AFA0D829" box="[537,641,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6184F8C4AE7CD829" box="[693,861,1853,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6184F8C4AE7CD829" box="[693,861,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is a localized species that occurs in heavy clay soils, or pockets of these soils in sandy fields. The localised distribution (Figs. 21–22) of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A67C7F89DA8BDD802" box="[1270,1436,1892,1917]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A67C7F89DA8BDD802" box="[1270,1436,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6202F872ACE2D8DB" box="[307,451,1931,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adspersa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6202F872ACE2D8DB" box="[307,451,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. adspersa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A62E2F872AF6DD8DB" box="[467,588,1931,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A62E2F872AF6DD8DB" box="[467,588,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. crypsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A61A1F872AE1CD8DB" box="[656,829,1931,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A61A1F872AE1CD8DB" box="[656,829,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also suggests, in part, preference for specific soil
|
||
<typeStatus id="3643DE841E46FF9A63A6F848ADF9D8B4" box="[151,216,1969,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">types</typeStatus>
|
||
. Other melolonthine grubs, such as Australian canegrubs (white grubs, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A6766F848A8BDD8B4" authority="Britton" authorityName="Britton" box="[1111,1436,1969,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Antitrogus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A6766F848A860D8B5" box="[1111,1345,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Antitrogus parvulus</emphasis>
|
||
Britton
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E46FF9A63FBF821AF1DD88D" authority="Blackburn" authorityName="Blackburn" box="[202,572,2008,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Lepidiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="negatoria">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E46FF9A63FBF821AC96D88E" box="[202,439,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lepidiota negatoria</emphasis>
|
||
Blackburn
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are known to be associated with specific soil
|
||
<typeStatus id="3643DE841E46FF9A675DF821A98FD88D" box="[1132,1198,2008,2034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, while species from the same genus (i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B62A8FF61AFFDDFCD" authority="Brenske" authorityName="Brenske" box="[409,732,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Lepidiota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crinita">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B62A8FF61AF4ADFCE" box="[409,619,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepidiota crinita</emphasis>
|
||
Brenske
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) had no significant correlation with soil
|
||
<typeStatus id="3643DE841E47FF9B67ECFF61A832DFCD" box="[1245,1299,152,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E47FF9B6615FF61AC1BDFA7" author="Cherry" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refString="Cherry, R. H. & Allsopp, P. G. (1991) Soil texture and the distribution of Antitrogus parvulus Britton, Lepidiota crinita Brenske and L. negatoria Blackburn (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in South Queensland sugarcane fields. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 30, 89 - 92." type="journal article" year="1991">Cherry & Allsopp 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1E233AD1E47FF9B63F4FF1CA972DD24" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E47FF9B63F4FF1CAF21DEBF" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,1570]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B63F4FF1CAC48DF80" bold="true" box="[197,361,229,255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diel activity.</emphasis>
|
||
Many melolonthines are assumed to be crepuscular or nocturnal in their flight activity patterns. Direct (i.e. pairs mating during the day) (M. Way,
|
||
<collectionCode id="8FE9F8E31E47FF9B60B4FEF5AEF7DE59" box="[901,982,268,294]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">SASR</collectionCode>
|
||
; personal communication 2008) and indirect evidence (i.e. no records from light traps) indicates that at least one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B67E0FECBA85EDE34" box="[1233,1407,306,331]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B67E0FECBA85EDE34" box="[1233,1407,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diurnal (i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6219FEA0ACAEDE0D" box="[296,399,345,370]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6219FEA0ACAEDE0D" box="[296,399,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B62DBFEA0AF7EDE0D" box="[490,607,345,370]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B62DBFEA0AF7EDE0D" box="[490,607,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. crypsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is suspected to also be day active. Based on the material examined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B66B2FEA0AC20DEE6" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adspersa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B66B2FEA0AC20DEE6" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. adspersa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6209FE79ACFCDEE6" box="[312,477,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6209FE79ACFCDEE6" box="[312,477,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are nocturnal, and the diel activity for these species is unknown (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B67E7FE79A83BDEE6" box="[1238,1306,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B67E7FE79A83BDEE6" box="[1238,1306,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6619FE79A8B5DEE6" box="[1320,1428,384,409]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6619FE79A8B5DEE6" box="[1320,1428,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. crassa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B63A6FE5EAC1ADEBF" box="[151,315,423,448]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ugandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B63A6FE5EAC1ADEBF" box="[151,315,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. ugandensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B624DFE5EACCEDEBF" box="[380,495,423,448]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crypsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B624DFE5EACCEDEBF" box="[380,495,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. crypsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E47FF9B63FCFE34A972DD24" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,1570]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B63FCFE34AC77DE98" bold="true" box="[205,342,461,487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Phenology.</emphasis>
|
||
The known phenologies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6195FE34AE6ADE99" box="[676,843,461,486]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6195FE34AE6ADE99" box="[676,843,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are summarised in figures 174–180. Peak activity occurs in summer (October through December), with few or no records during winter. The activity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B63A6FDE3ACEBDD4C" box="[151,458,538,563]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B63A6FDE3ACEBDD4C" box="[151,458,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asthenopholis subfasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 180) provides the best available estimate (based on 82 records for
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFFEABAF1E47FF9B6615FDE3A8BADD4B" box="[1316,1435,538,564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="male">211 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="FFFEABAF1E47FF9B63F9FDB8AC6BDD24" box="[200,330,577,603]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="female">42 females</specimenCount>
|
||
) of a southern African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B616BFDB8AE21DD25" box="[602,768,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B616BFDB8AE21DD25" box="[602,768,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species seasonal abundance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1E233AD1E47FF9B63F4FD9EAE18D95D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E47FF9B63F4FD9EAC81DCA1" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,1570]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B63F4FD9EAC5ADDFE" bold="true" box="[197,379,615,641]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Biogeography.</emphasis>
|
||
The known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B61F4FD91AE4CDDFE" box="[709,877,616,641]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B61F4FD91AE4CDDFE" box="[709,877,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Fig. 23) is undoubtedly biased by the low collecting intensity of leaf chafers in certain parts of southern and eastern Africa. Thus, additional country records or even species are expected in the future from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E47FF9B6004FD4CAEF3DDB0" box="[821,978,693,719]" name="Mozambique" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
(e.g. range expansion for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6621FD4CA876DDB1" box="[1296,1367,693,718]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6621FD4CA876DDB1" box="[1296,1367,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and probably from the highlands of eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E47FF9B61BEFD25AE35DD89" box="[655,788,732,758]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E47FF9B6062FD25AE96DD89" box="[851,951,732,758]" name="Malawi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Consequently, with this in mind their distribution can be classified as a typical cool highland and cool or wet coastline distribution. Two closely related dung beetle species show a similar pattern:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B61CFFCD0A9A4DC3C" authority="Harold" authorityName="Harold" box="[766,1157,809,835]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Euoniticellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B61CFFCD0A934DC3D" box="[766,1045,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Euoniticellus africanus</emphasis>
|
||
(Harold)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E47FF9B679CFCD0A866DC3C" box="[1197,1351,809,835]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B66B3FCD0ACA7DC15" authority="Reiche" authorityName="Reiche" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Euoniticellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B66B3FCD0AC37DC16" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. inaequalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Reiche)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in East Africa. Other relatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B601BFCA9A91DDC15" authority="Janssens" authorityName="Janssens" box="[810,1084,848,874]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Euoniticellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B601BFCA9AEEADC16" box="[810,971,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Euoniticellus</emphasis>
|
||
Janssens
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found on intervening highlands in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E47FF9B6295FC8FAF0EDCEF" box="[420,559,886,912]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E47FF9B610CFC8FAF83DCEF" box="[573,674,886,912]" name="Malawi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E47FF9B606EFC8FAEF3DCEF" box="[863,978,886,912]" name="Tanzania" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E47FF9B60D5FC8FA9EBDCEF" author="Davis" box="[996,1226,886,912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refString="Davis, A. L. V., Frolov, A. V., & Scholtz, C. H. (2008) The African dung beetle genera. Protea Book House, Pretoria, 1 - 272." type="book chapter" year="2008">
|
||
Davis
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B670BFC8EA955DCEF" box="[1082,1140,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; A. L. V. Davis, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="91EF20B61E47FF9B6740FC64A801DCC8" box="[1137,1312,925,951]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
; personal communication 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E94760261E47FF9B63FCFC13AE18D95D" blockId="5.[151,1438,152,1570]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B63FCFC13AC8ADB7B" bold="true" box="[205,427,1002,1028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tribal placement.</emphasis>
|
||
Authors to consider the tribal placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B608BFC13A940DB7C" box="[954,1121,1002,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B608BFC13A940DB7C" box="[954,1121,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E47FF9B679BFC13A840DB7B" author="Brenske" box="[1194,1377,1002,1028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refString="Brenske, E. (1898) Melolonthiden aus Afrika. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 59 (10 - 12) (iv), 333 - 394." type="journal article" year="1898">Brenske (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who placed the genus within “the Leucopholidarum” (= Leucopholini / Leucopholina) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E47FF9B67A5FBE8A840DB54" author="Peringuey" box="[1172,1377,1041,1067]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Peringuey, L. (1904) Descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa (Lucanidae and Scarabaeidae). Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, 13, 1 - 293 + 4 plates." type="book chapter" year="1904">Péringuey (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B623BFBC1AC9BDB2E" box="[266,442,1080,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B623BFBC1AC9BDB2E" box="[266,442,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, together with several genera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6071FBC1A90DDB2D" authority="Kolbe" authorityName="Kolbe" box="[832,1068,1080,1106]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Brachylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6071FBC1AEF5DB2E" box="[832,980,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brachylepis</emphasis>
|
||
Kolbe
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6708FBC1A820DB2D" authority="Kolbe" authorityName="Kolbe" box="[1081,1281,1080,1106]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Eulepida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6708FBC1A988DB2E" box="[1081,1193,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eulepida</emphasis>
|
||
Kolbe
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B663FFBC1AC29DB07" authority="Erichson" authorityName="Erichson" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Hypopholis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B663FFBC1A8BDDB2E" box="[1294,1436,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hypopholis</emphasis>
|
||
Erichson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6224FBA6AF3FDB07" authority="Peringuey" authorityName="Peringuey" box="[277,542,1118,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pegylidius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6224FBA6ACB9DB07" box="[277,408,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pegylidius</emphasis>
|
||
Péringuey
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6150FBA6AE15DB07" authority="Erichson" authorityName="Erichson" box="[609,820,1118,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pegylis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6150FBA6AF9DDB07" box="[609,700,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pegylis</emphasis>
|
||
Erichson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in his “Group Leucopholides” (= Leucopholini / Leucopholina).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E47FF9B6262FB7CAF24DBE0" author="Lacroix" box="[339,517,1157,1183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Lacroix, M. (2009) Genera des Melolonthinae: Leucopholini: Generes afrotropicaux Asthenopholis Brenske, 1898. Available from http: // hannetons. free. fr / asthenopholis. htm (Accessed: 20 April 2009)." type="journal article" year="2009">Lacroix (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
hosts a website where many African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B60F6FB7CA952DBE0" box="[967,1139,1157,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Melolonthinae">Melolonthinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera are arranged into tribes, but these are intuitive groupings based on limited characters rather than a classification based upon a phylogenetic analysis. Lacroix’s (1989, 2008, 2009) African Leucopholini includes the following 13 genera:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B63A6FB00AC44DA6C" authority="Decelle" authorityName="Decelle" box="[151,357,1273,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Afrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B63A6FB00AC23DA6D" box="[151,258,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Afrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
Decelle
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6243FB00AFA2DA6C" authority="Brenske" authorityName="Brenske" box="[370,643,1273,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6243FB00AF39DA6D" box="[370,536,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
Brenske
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B61A1FB00A940DA6C" authority="Kolbe, Brysalepis Brenske" authorityName="Kolbe, Brysalepis Brenske" box="[656,1121,1273,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Brachylepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B61A1FB00AE3DDA6D" box="[656,796,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brachylepis</emphasis>
|
||
Kolbe,
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B604AFB00AED6DA6D" box="[891,1015,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brysalepis</emphasis>
|
||
Brenske
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B675FFB00A8B6DA6C" authority="Lacroix" authorityName="Lacroix" box="[1134,1431,1273,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Camerunopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B675FFB00A810DA6D" box="[1134,1329,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Camerunopholis</emphasis>
|
||
Lacroix
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B63A6FAD9AC59DA45" authority="Kolbe" authorityName="Kolbe" box="[151,376,1312,1338]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Cochliotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B63A6FAD9AC3CDA46" box="[151,285,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cochliotis</emphasis>
|
||
Kolbe
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B62B7FAD9AF88DA45" authority="Burgeon" authorityName="Burgeon" box="[390,681,1312,1338]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Eulepidopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B62B7FAD9AF0CDA46" box="[390,557,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eulepidopsis</emphasis>
|
||
Burgeon
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6187FAD9AEA7DA45" authority="Kolbe" authorityName="Kolbe" box="[694,902,1312,1338]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Eulepida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6187FAD9AE0BDA46" box="[694,810,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eulepida</emphasis>
|
||
Kolbe
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B60A5FAD9A9A6DA45" authority="Kolbe" authorityName="Kolbe" box="[916,1159,1312,1338]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Lepidomela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B60A5FAD9A90DDA46" box="[916,1068,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepidomela</emphasis>
|
||
Kolbe
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B67A7FAD9A8B9DA45" authority="Kolbe" authorityName="Kolbe" box="[1174,1432,1312,1338]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pholidochris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B67A7FAD9A81CDA46" box="[1174,1341,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pholidochris</emphasis>
|
||
Kolbe
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B63A6FABEAC8CDA1F" authority="Duvivier" authorityName="Duvivier" box="[151,429,1350,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pseudopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B63A6FABEAC18DA1F" box="[151,313,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pseudopholis</emphasis>
|
||
Duvivier
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B628BFABEAFBBDA1F" authority="Kolbe" authorityName="Kolbe" box="[442,666,1350,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Spaniolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B628BFABEAF67DA1F" box="[442,582,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Spaniolepis</emphasis>
|
||
Kolbe
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B61EAFABEA9BDDA1F" authority="Lacroix. Lacroix (1989)" authorityName="Lacroix. Lacroix" authorityYear="1989" box="[731,1180,1350,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Tanzanilepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B61EAFABEAE53DA1F" box="[731,882,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tanzanilepis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D691DD71E47FF9B6048FABFA9BDDA1F" box="[889,1180,1350,1376]" pageId="5" pageNumber="43" refString="Lacroix, M. (1989) Insectes Coleopteres Melolonthidae (1 partie). Faune de Madagascar, 73 (1), 1 - 302." type="journal article">Lacroix. Lacroix (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
placed the following genera in the tribe Pegylini:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B62C0FA94AFFDDAF8" authority="Duvivier" authorityName="Duvivier" box="[497,732,1389,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Eupegylis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B62C0FA94AF46DAF9" box="[497,615,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eupegylis</emphasis>
|
||
Duvivier
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B61D8FA94AECBDAF8" authority="Erichson" authorityName="Erichson" box="[745,1002,1389,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Hypopholis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B61D8FA94AE52DAF9" box="[745,883,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hypopholis</emphasis>
|
||
Erichson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B60C7FA94A9E4DAF8" authority="Erichson" authorityName="Erichson" box="[1014,1221,1389,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Pegylis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B60C7FA94A96EDAF9" box="[1014,1103,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pegylis</emphasis>
|
||
Erichson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6634FA94ACB5DAD1" authority="Arrow. Consequently" authorityName="Arrow. Consequently" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Stenopegylis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6634FA94A8BDDAF9" box="[1285,1436,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stenopegylis</emphasis>
|
||
Arrow. Consequently
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a tentative tribal placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6039FA6DAE8FDAD2" box="[776,942,1428,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Melolonthidae" genus="Asthenopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB8CBC341E47FF9B6039FA6DAE8FDAD2" box="[776,942,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Asthenopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based only on the above would be within the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EF81BA51E47FF9B6230FA43ACBADAAB" box="[257,411,1466,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Melolonthini">Melolonthini</taxonomicName>
|
||
Leach and subtribe Leucopholina Burmeister following Smith’s (2006) Scarabaeoidea classification. However, this placement awaits confirmation from a forthcoming phylogenetic analysis of the southern African Leucopholina (Harrison in preparation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |