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<mods:title id="B98EE76C16D898261F5743771317F372">Megacraniinae-The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: “ Anareolatae ”)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="2570264FB321FFA998BCFF79F9FEFA27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4382765" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176232929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4382765" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2570264FB321FFA998BCFF79F9FEFA27" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2570264FB321FFA998BCFF79F9FEFA27" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B321FFA998BCFF79FF5AFF04" box="[151,613,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998BCFF79FF5AFF04" blockId="23.[151,613,151,213]" box="[151,613,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
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<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA998BCFF79FF5AFF04" bold="true" box="[151,613,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
Tribe
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA998C9FF79FF5AFF04" ID-CoL="8Q73J" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[226,613,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">
Stephanacridini
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99999FF79FF5AFF04" author="Gunther, K." box="[434,613,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B321FFA998BCFF55FC5AFF60" box="[151,357,187,213]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="description">
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998BCFF55FC5AFF60" blockId="23.[151,613,151,213]" box="[151,357,187,213]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
(
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB321FFA998B4FF55FDC3FF60" box="[159,252,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1586,1610]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,187,1561]" captionTargetId="figure-15@21.[237,1351,181,1562]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Habitus and details of members of Platycraninae: Stephanacridini Günther, 1953: A. Macrophasma oreitrephes (Günther, 1929) ♀: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0107-2]; B. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup &amp; Heyden, 1871) ♀: captive reared from ‘Australian Islands’ [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; C. Eucarcharus sp. ♂: captive reared from Philip- pines, Mindanao Island, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Apo [coll. FH, No. 0630-7]; D. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup &amp; Heyden, 1871) terminalia of ♀, lateral view: captive reared from ‘Australian Islands’ [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; E. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup &amp; Heyden, 1871) terminalia of ♀, dorsal view: captive reared from ‘Australian Islands’ [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; F. Hermarchus insignis (Kaup &amp; Heyden, 1871) terminalia of ♀, ventral view: captive reared from ‘Australian Islands’ [coll. FH, No. 0144-13]; G. Stephanacris draconius Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2006 terminalia of ♀, dorsal view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Wau [coll. FH, No. 0377-2]; H. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859) terminalia of ♂, lateral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-2]; J. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859) terminalia of ♂, ventral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-2]; K. Stephanacris globiceps Redtenbacher, 1908 terminalia of ♂, dorsal view: West Pa- pua, Arfak Mountains, Manokwari, Maibri village, 670m [coll. FH, No. 1000-1]; L. Phasmotaenia lanyuhensis Huang &amp; Brock, 2001 terminalia of ♂, ventral view: Taiwan, Lanyuh Island [coll. FH, No. 0616-2]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381400/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB321FFA99923FF55FC1DFF60" box="[264,290,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[347,1239,190,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-29@22.[339,1247,181,1541]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Eggs of Megacraniinae subfam. nov. (A-H), Platycraninae: Platycranini (J-K) and Platycraninae: Stephanacridini (L-M): A. Megacrania batesii Kirby, 1896, dorsolateral view: NE-Australia, Queensland, Cape Tribulation [coll. FH, No. 0175-E]; B. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, dorsolateral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-E]; C. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 dorsolateral view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-E]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; E. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; F. Ophicrania nigroplagiatus var. (Redtenbach- er, 1906), dorsolateral view: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-E]; G. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Melanesia, Fiji, Suva [coll. FH, No. 0204-E2]; H. Ophicrania apterus var. (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-E1], J. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), dorsal view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; K. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; L. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-E1]; M. Macrophasma lyratus (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1081-E]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381402/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">12</figureCitation>
L-M)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA998BCFEEEFC26FEAD" bold="true" box="[151,281,256,280]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<typeStatus id="726229FBB321FFA998BCFEEEFDF3FEAD" box="[151,204,256,280]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99934FEEEFF95FEAD" ID-CoL="8NZJX" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908: 441" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityPageNumber="441" authorityYear="1908" box="[287,682,256,280]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Stephanacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA99934FEEEFC9CFEAD" box="[287,419,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Stephanacris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99981FEEEFF95FEAD" author="Redtenbacher, J." box="[426,682,256,280]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="341 - 589" refId="ref18289" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylliini, Necrosciini). In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908: 441</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B321FFA998BCFEACFCDBFECC" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998BCFEACFF37FEEF" blockId="23.[151,802,322,561]" box="[151,520,322,346]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8DC9B077B321FFA998BCFEACFF37FEEF" box="[151,520,322,346]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitation id="2C78B148B321FFA998BCFEACFF3BFEEF" author="Gunther, K." box="[151,516,322,346]" page="555" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1953">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA998BCFEACFF3BFEEF" ID-CoL="8Q73J" authority="Gunther, 1953: 555" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="555" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,516,322,346]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">
Stephanacridini
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99916FEACFF3BFEEF" author="Gunther, K." box="[317,516,322,346]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953: 555</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998ECFE8FFCDBFECC" blockId="23.[151,802,322,561]" box="[199,484,353,377]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA998ECFE8FFCDFFECC" author="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S." box="[199,480,353,377]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="176 - 208" refId="ref15898" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79, 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977: 194</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B321FFA998ECFE6EFE1DFE60" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="description">
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998ECFE6EFF33FE2D" blockId="23.[151,802,322,561]" box="[199,524,384,408]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA998ECFE6EFF38FE2D" author="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V." box="[199,519,384,408]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="5 - 54" refId="ref17065" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2004) Revision of the tribe Achriopterini Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977, with the description of a new genus, three new species and a new subspecies from Madagascar (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae). Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 94, 5 - 54." type="journal article" year="2004">Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2004: 48</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998ECFE70FC81FE03" blockId="23.[151,802,322,561]" box="[199,446,414,438]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA998ECFE70FC85FE03" author="Otte, D. &amp; Brock, P. D." box="[199,442,414,438]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref18174" refString="Otte, D. &amp; Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmida Species File: Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. 2 nd Edition. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 414 pp." type="book" year="2005">Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 33</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998ECFE53FE1DFE60" blockId="23.[151,802,322,561]" box="[199,802,445,469]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA998ECFE53FF38FE60" author="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V." box="[199,519,445,469]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 316" refId="ref17193" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2008) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Gunther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, 1906 (1), 1 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1906.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2008: 54</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 37, 43, 60-61, 80-82.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B321FFA998BCFE32FF02FDA7" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998BCFE32FF0AFE41" blockId="23.[151,802,322,561]" box="[151,565,475,500]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="8DC9B077B321FFA998BCFE32FF0AFE41" box="[151,565,475,500]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<treatmentCitation id="2C78B148B321FFA998BCFE32FCE9FE46" author="Gunther, K." box="[151,470,475,500]" page="555" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" year="1953">
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA998BCFE32FCE9FE46" ID-CoL="8Q739" authority="Gunther, 1953: 555" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="555" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,470,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pharnaciini">
Pharnaciini
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA9993AFE32FCE9FE46" author="Gunther, K." box="[273,470,475,500]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953: 555</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998ECFE14FF02FDA7" blockId="23.[151,802,322,561]" box="[199,573,506,530]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA998ECFE14FCE2FDA7" author="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S." box="[199,477,506,530]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="176 - 208" refId="ref15898" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79, 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977: 193</bibRefCitation>
(in part).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B321FFA998ECFDF7FF28FD84" box="[199,535,537,561]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="description">
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998ECFDF7FF28FD84" blockId="23.[151,802,322,561]" box="[199,535,537,561]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA998ECFDF7FC88FD84" author="Otte, D. &amp; Brock, P. D." box="[199,439,537,561]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" refId="ref18174" refString="Otte, D. &amp; Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmida Species File: Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. 2 nd Edition. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 414 pp." type="book" year="2005">Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 32</bibRefCitation>
(in part).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B321FFA998BCFDB1F808FC08" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998BCFDB1F82AFCC0" blockId="23.[151,1437,607,1426]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA998BCFDB1FC5CFDC9" bold="true" box="[151,355,607,636]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
Diagnosis (♂,
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B321FFA99910FD8FFC6EFDC9" box="[315,337,609,636]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
):
</emphasis>
Variably sized often very large
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99AEBFDB1FE67FDCC" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityYear="1977" box="[704,856,607,633]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
(body length ♂♂ 76.0–
<quantity id="6A213ABCB321FFA99C49FDB1F9ECFDCF" box="[1122,1235,607,634]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8649999999999998" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" unit="mm" value="186.5">186.5 mm</quantity>
,
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B321FFA99CF6FD8EF838FDCF" box="[1245,1287,608,634]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
incl. subgenital plate 135.0-300.0 mm), shape very variable and ranging from very slender and stick-like to stocky and robust. ♂♂ apterous, brachypterous or with fully developed alae,
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B321FFA99B00FD46FE6AFD77" box="[811,853,680,706]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
mostly apterous but sometimes brachypterous with alae at best covering median segment and hardly longer than tegmina. If alae present, anal fan in ♂♂ transparent, in
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B321FFA998BCFD1EFDFEFCBF" box="[151,193,752,778]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
colourful. Pronotum longer than wide. Mesothorax elongate and&gt; 3.5x longer than prothorax; always slender in ♂♂. Mesonotum and mesopleurae often armed; in
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B321FFA99ACDFCFAFE2FFC9B" box="[742,784,788,814]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
lateral margins of mesonotum at best slightly widened and mesopleurae occasionally strongly deflexed. Abdominal segments II–VI of
<specimenCount id="BBDF5CD0B321FFA99BC3FCD6F92DFCE7" box="[1000,1042,824,850]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="female">♀♀</specimenCount>
longer than wide (quadrate only in one species). All extrimities armed, occasionally with single enlarged lobes. Basitarsi slender or lobed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998ECFC91F808FC08" blockId="23.[151,1437,607,1426]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA998ECFC91FC85FC2C" bold="true" box="[199,442,895,921]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
Eggs (
<figureCitation id="35E28BDCB321FFA9993BFC91FC52FC2C" box="[272,365,895,921]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[347,1239,190,1538]" captionTargetId="figure-29@22.[339,1247,181,1541]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Eggs of Megacraniinae subfam. nov. (A-H), Platycraninae: Platycranini (J-K) and Platycraninae: Stephanacridini (L-M): A. Megacrania batesii Kirby, 1896, dorsolateral view: NE-Australia, Queensland, Cape Tribulation [coll. FH, No. 0175-E]; B. Megacrania tsudai Shiraki, 1933, dorsolateral view: Taiwan, Pindang County, Gio-Pon [coll. FH, No. 0493-E]; C. Megacrania brocki Hsiung, 2002 dorsolateral view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Buru Island [coll. FH, No. 1012-E]; D. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; E. Erastus apalamnus Rehn, 1904, dorsal view: Indonesia, Prov. Maluku, Obi Island [coll. FH, No. 1212-E]; F. Ophicrania nigroplagiatus var. (Redtenbach- er, 1906), dorsolateral view: Philippines, Luzon Island [coll. FH, No. 0206-E]; G. Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou, 1841), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Melanesia, Fiji, Suva [coll. FH, No. 0204-E2]; H. Ophicrania apterus var. (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral view: Papua New Guinea, Morobe Prov., Aseki [coll. FH, No. 0222-E1], J. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), dorsal view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; K. Platycrana viridana (Olivier, 1792), lateral view: Philippines, Panay Island, Mt. Nangtud [coll. FH, No. 0173-E1]; L. Hermarchus pythonius var. (Westwood, 1859), dorsolateral view: captive reared from Fiji Islands [coll. FH, No. 0144-E1]; M. Macrophasma lyratus (Redtenbacher, 1908), dorsolateral: West Papua, Prov. Papua Barat, Fak-Fak [coll. FH, No. 1081-E]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4381402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4381402/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
L–M):
</emphasis>
Variable in shape, size and capsule sculpturing. Micropylar plate small, less than 2/3 the length of capsule and more or less rhomboidal in shape. Micropylar cup placed roughly in centre of plate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B321FFA998ECFC29FF44FAFC" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998ECFC29FE6EFB0F" blockId="23.[151,1437,607,1426]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA998ECFC29FC6DFC54" bold="true" box="[199,338,967,993]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Comments:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA9997CFC29FF38FC54" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[343,519,967,993]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">Stephanacridini</taxonomicName>
was originally established by
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99B78FC29F908FC57" author="Gunther, K." box="[851,1079,967,994]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther (1953: 555)</bibRefCitation>
as a tribe of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99D75FC29FDE4FBB0" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Phasminae">Phasminae</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA9992EFC05FFA7FBB0" authority="Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityYear="1977" box="[261,664,1003,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phasmatinae">
Phasmatinae
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA999B1FC05FFA7FBB0" author="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S." box="[410,664,1003,1029]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="176 - 208" refId="ref15898" refString="Bradley, J. C. &amp; Galil, B. S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79, 176 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and originally only contained the type-genus
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99C82FC05FC15FB9C" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Stephanacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA99C82FC05F804FBB0" box="[1193,1339,1003,1029]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Stephanacris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99D6FFC05FC15FB9C" author="Redtenbacher, J." pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="341 - 589" refId="ref18289" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophylliini, Necrosciini). In: Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. III. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 341 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The fundamental differences concerning to the morphology of the genitalia and eggs, that prove the tribe cannot be a member of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA999F3FBDDFF59FBF8" box="[472,614,1075,1101]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phasmatidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA99A47FBDAFF98FBF8" box="[620,679,1076,1101]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">s. str.</emphasis>
(= Lanceocercata) were summarized and illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99D3EFBDAFC48FBC7" author="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V." pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 316" refId="ref17193" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2008) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Gunther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: &quot; Anareolatae &quot;: Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, 1906 (1), 1 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1906.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Hennemann &amp; Conle (2008: 55)</bibRefCitation>
, who transferred several misplaced genera from
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99BB0FBB9F9FBFBC7" authority="Gunther, 1953" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[923,1220,1111,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pharnaciini">
Pharnaciini
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99C09FBB9F9FBFBC7" author="Gunther, K." box="[1058,1220,1111,1138]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="541 - 563" refId="ref17033" refString="Gunther, K. (1953) Uber die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beitrage zur Entomologie, Berlin, 3, 541 - 563." type="journal article" year="1953">Günther, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and provided a list of genera included in
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA999A3FB95FF03FB20" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[392,572,1147,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">Stephanacridini</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99A93FB95FE57FB20" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1953" box="[696,872,1147,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stephanacridini">Stephanacridini</taxonomicName>
has since remained without a definite affiliation to a subfamily and is here attributed to
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99A1AFB71FFF6FB0C" authorityName="Bradley &amp; Galil" authorityYear="1977" box="[561,713,1183,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Platycraninae">Platycraninae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA99AFBFB71FE75FB0C" bold="true" box="[720,842,1183,1209]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">sensu nov.</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998ECFB2DFF44FAFC" blockId="23.[151,1437,607,1426]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
The two New Guinean genera
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99A09FB2DFF8BFB68" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1908" box="[546,692,1219,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Stephanacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA99A09FB2DFF8BFB68" box="[546,692,1219,1245]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Stephanacris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99AC7FB2DF9F5FB68" authority="Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2006" authorityName="Hennemann &amp; Conle" authorityYear="2006" box="[748,1226,1219,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Macrophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA99AC7FB2DFEB2FB68" box="[748,909,1219,1245]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Macrophasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99BBFFB2AF9F5FB68" author="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V." box="[916,1226,1219,1246]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref17129" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2006) Studies on New Guinean giant stick-insects of the tribe Stephanacridini Gunther, 1953, with the description of a new genus and three new species of Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908 (Orthoptera: Phasmatodea: '' Anareolatae &quot;). Zootaxa, 1283, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2006">Hennemann &amp; Conle, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have been revised by
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99892FB06FCCAFAB7" author="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V." box="[185,501,1255,1282]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref17129" refString="Hennemann, F. H. &amp; Conle, O. V. (2006) Studies on New Guinean giant stick-insects of the tribe Stephanacridini Gunther, 1953, with the description of a new genus and three new species of Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908 (Orthoptera: Phasmatodea: '' Anareolatae &quot;). Zootaxa, 1283, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2006">Hennemann &amp; Conle (2006)</bibRefCitation>
and a revision of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99A9CFB09FED7FAB4" authority="Navas, 1907" authorityName="Navas" authorityYear="1907" box="[695,1000,1255,1281]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Phasmotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA99A9CFB09FE68FAB4" box="[695,855,1255,1281]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Phasmotaenia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99B76FB09FED7FAB4" author="Navas, R. P. L. S." box="[861,1000,1255,1281]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="10 - 11" refId="ref18136" refString="Navas, R. P. L. S. (1907) Sur quelques changement de nom generiques de Neuroptres et Orthoptres. Revue mensuelle de la Societe entomologique namuroise, 7, 10 - 11." type="journal article" year="1907">Návas, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was presented by Hennemann &amp; Conle (2009). A review of
<taxonomicName id="6AD9ECDAB321FFA99950FAE5FF85FA90" authority="Gunther, 1934" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1934" box="[379,698,1291,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Nesiophasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA99950FAE5FF2DFA90" box="[379,530,1291,1317]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Nesiophasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C948EAA8B321FFA99A32FAE5FF85FA90" author="Gunther, K." box="[537,698,1291,1317]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="5 - 9" refId="ref16916" refString="Gunther, K. (1934) Eine neue Stabschrecke von Kalao Tua. Nebst Bemerkungen uber dihre systematische und zoogeographische Stellung. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 5, 5 - 9." type="journal article" year="1934">Günther, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is in progress by the author and the remaining four genera are intended to be reviewed in the future as well.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5C3C4D2B321FFA998ECFABDF9FEFA27" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="AD669759B321FFA998ECFABDF9FEFA27" blockId="23.[151,1437,607,1426]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<emphasis id="9FAD4B4BB321FFA998ECFABDFC5CFAD8" bold="true" box="[199,355,1363,1389]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Distribution:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA99941FABDFC80FAD8" box="[362,447,1363,1389]" name="Taiwan" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, Borneo,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA99A00FABDFF93FAD8" box="[555,684,1363,1389]" name="Philippines" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, Wallacea, New
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA99B4CFABDFE84FAD8" box="[871,955,1363,1389]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Guinea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA99BEDFABDF9BAFAD8" box="[966,1157,1363,1389]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
, NE-Australia,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA99D1FFABDFD89FA24" name="Micronesia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
and Melanesia (
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA99944FA99FCA5FA24" box="[367,410,1399,1425]" name="Fiji" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fiji</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA9998EFA96FCD2FA27" box="[421,493,1400,1426]" name="Tonga" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Tonga</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA999D3FA99FF78FA24" box="[504,583,1399,1425]" name="Samoa" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Samoa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA99A79FA96FF8EFA27" box="[594,689,1400,1426]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA99A97FA96FE56FA24" box="[700,873,1399,1426]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
&amp; Western
<collectingCountry id="D5CED7C9B321FFA99BC5FA99F98AFA27" box="[1006,1205,1399,1426]" name="French Polynesia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">French Polynesia</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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