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<document id="7534807B5707EEE9D6AFC4F770F27C08" ID-CLB-Dataset="5071" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3857.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b8178736-7493-4f74-bc85-0188fc50473d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930056" ID-ZooBank="76021E0C-7542-455B-82F4-C670A3DC8806" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623441838049" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Mooi, Rich, Kroh, Andreas &amp; Srivastava, Dinesh K." docDate="2014" docId="0398C0247211D50DFF686AEA4608FA90" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03857p526.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3857 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Fibularia kieri" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="520" masterDocId="FFA1B85C7201D51EFFFF6C3A425CFFA0" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic re-evaluation of fossil and extant micro-echinoids with revision of Tridium, Cyamidia, and Lenicyamidia (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)" masterLastPageNumber="526" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="517" updateTime="1699012996579" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="19B8821DB2B67F3DAEAA48D5F1465F1D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="0C07C67118A434187A080D6E0B4D20BB">
<mods:title id="0C87C4AA8C73B7FDDA3B659B36B2C487">Phylogenetic re-evaluation of fossil and extant micro-echinoids with revision of Tridium, Cyamidia, and Lenicyamidia (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="9BBBB97E200D65A50E2AF96A8EC19AED" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6C6E7353699FE744719F20D10F9ADA82">
<mods:roleTerm id="F6EEDA4B4667BF4DEA188BE89462D4BA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0EEB37FBCFF7D95B713B7677FBABFB97">Mooi, Rich</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="44B938BDC2BAC20D084ABF0784883250">Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118, USA. E-mail: rmooi @ calacademy. org</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="69FF1EF8D5ED6CDEA3485BD68C126F1A" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C927A6C7AE487F5E05B1D24E504A8886">
<mods:roleTerm id="7E11A6D5260DF1421DF687DC42A02528">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E5D191669E42713C282BFD5AC18F287A">Kroh, Andreas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4A8E96C9EE3D6695C37C4857C607A424">Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria. E-mail: andreas. kroh @ nhm-wien. ac. at</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="C7B850C74FD297E8317267F12EB0492E" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E2398CC157CB778A2919651DD82490B6">
<mods:roleTerm id="774D0085A371D675037988779EB3582F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="742D741C655446C48A145210BB627952">Srivastava, Dinesh K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="3FB131146499C7175B4149C4AB14FA37">Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India. E-mail: deardrdk @ gmail. com Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="DE995603537B6867ABA5310BF430CE42">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="A226034B9AC68032271E9963AC24C4DE" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="A0283463D978A0EDD6D964AF938E2F33">
<mods:title id="4AB67F1860CF03363D753F34FD01FA48">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="3D26E099E676423B4D63B51677A47747">
<mods:date id="BB0E364D7F8E4E3578E81F6F641ACFD5">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="6D51FEACB8CA4004DE6B476D2F7A30AA" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="A08B84A248E149437EFD480FED4B08E0">2014-09-01</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="A761A6426BFD54648045E96D6EBB58AC" type="volume">
<mods:number id="0A7DFDC76FFC089CB6336A9FC291EE71">3857</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="DF4752265AA3CDC8142A71B83E909D5D" type="issue">
<mods:number id="F59DDAACDC101C83308DA367D048ED06">4</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="8C1C0F7DF114DF14B8D53622588B7DB3" unit="page">
<mods:start id="E1B876DEB245E7F48F95AF0842056150">501</mods:start>
<mods:end id="4AC31D9ECDE98B115124D8D158ADF52A">526</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="668C2F17140B370E26C9EF7025065CFD">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B2466F8A4D5B841E239EED4DB3799BF1" type="CLB-Dataset">5071</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FCDC31E24EB98E48E188E137BD2B6C84" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3857.4.3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2EDEC00ADC6D9924B7FB366D9D1E6496" type="GBIF-Dataset">b8178736-7493-4f74-bc85-0188fc50473d</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="70B413717988EB67B16BE264598CA6F4" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F8B72970B0EB88CD57957E2B4EB76038" type="Zenodo-Dep">4930056</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B1E7358FBEDBF1368A136B8FB5A690C7" type="ZooBank">76021E0C-7542-455B-82F4-C670A3DC8806</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="0398C0247211D50DFF686AEA4608FA90" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5169766" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183925369" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5169766" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0398C0247211D50DFF686AEA4608FA90" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398C0247211D50DFF686AEA4608FA90" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">
<subSubSection id="C32B22B97211D50EFF686AEA41F4F94B" box="[151,936,1744,1771]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8E71327211D50EFF686AEA41F4F94B" blockId="16.[151,936,1744,1804]" box="[151,936,1744,1771]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">
<heading id="D0C6C65E7211D50EFF686AEA41F4F94B" bold="true" box="[151,936,1744,1771]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B945AD207211D50EFF686AEA41F4F94B" bold="true" box="[151,936,1744,1771]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17211D50EFF686AEA40EBF94B" authority="(Tandon &amp; Srivastava, 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Tandon &amp; Srivastava" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[151,695,1744,1771]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kieri">
<emphasis id="B945AD207211D50EFF686AEA4315F94A" bold="true" box="[151,329,1744,1770]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">Fibularia kieri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37211D50EFEA76AEB40F3F94B" author="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K." box="[344,687,1745,1771]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref13454" refString="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K. (1980) A new genus and species of the clypeasteroid echinoid from the middle Eocene rocks of Kutch, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 23 / 24, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1980">Tandon &amp; Srivastava, 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(new combination)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B22B97211D50EFF686AC94158F8EA" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8E71327211D50EFF686AC9433EF8AC" blockId="16.[151,936,1744,1804]" box="[151,354,1779,1804]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">
<figureCitation id="130A6DB77211D50EFF686AC94342F8AC" box="[151,286,1779,1804]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="1.[151,250,1934,1956]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,250,780,802]" captionTargetBox-0="[238,1346,1173,1909]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,758]" captionTargetId-0="figure-533@1.[233,1354,1165,1913]" captionTargetId-1="figure-391@2.[151,1436,193,758]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. SEM images of the test of two specimens of Tridium (= Fibularia) kieri. A. NHMW 2011/0420/0001, aboral view. B. NHMW 2011/0420/0001, oral view. C. NHMW 2011/0420/0001, left lateral view. D. NHMW 2011/0420/0002, aboral view. E. NHMW 2011/0420/0002, oral view. F. NHMW 2011/0420/0002, right lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. SEM images showing details on test surface of Tridium (= Fibularia) kieri, NHMW 2011/0420/0001. A. Apical region, pores of each respiratory tube foot linked by dotted lines, other apertures labelled: H = hydropore; G1, G3, G4 = gonopores of interambulacra 1, 3, and 4 respectively; ocular pores indicated by arrows. B. Surface features of test just above ambitus in interambulacrum 2. C. Peristomial region showing circumoral ring, buccal pores, and proximal part of periproct (bottom of image). All scale bars 100 µm long." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930058" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930060" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4930058/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4930060/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">Figures 1–2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130A6DB77211D50EFED56AC94366F8AC" box="[298,314,1779,1804]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,935,957]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,415,893]" captionTargetId="figure-294@9.[151,1436,409,896]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphology of the peristomial region in six species of fibulariids, including Cyamidia, Tridium (= Fibularia), Lenicyamidia, and Leniechinus. On the left for each species is the oral view depicting tuberculation, sculpturing, and positions of buccal pores and sphaeridial chambers, with accompanying scale bar. On the right for each species is a sagittal section through the test (hatched) around the peristome, anterior to the left, with accompanying scale bar. In all cases, scale bar is 1.0 mm long." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930064/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130A6DB77211D50EFEB96AC9433EF8AC" box="[326,354,1779,1804]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1354,1376]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,186,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-248@17.[151,1436,177,1339]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 12. Plate architecture of Tridium (= Fibularia) kieri, CASG 72990. Labelling conventions in Fig. 6." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930084/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">12</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327211D50EFF686B0E4158F8EA" blockId="16.[151,772,1844,1866]" box="[151,772,1844,1866]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">
1980
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17211D50EFF2F6B0E4069F8EA" authority="Tandon &amp; Srivastava" authorityName="Tandon &amp; Srivastava" authorityYear="1980" box="[208,565,1844,1866]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Tridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kieri">
<emphasis id="B945AD207211D50EFF2F6B0E4308F8EA" box="[208,340,1844,1866]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">Tridium kieri</emphasis>
Tandon &amp; Srivastava
</taxonomicName>
: 1–3, pl. 1: figs. 1–6
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B22B97211D50FFF686B4A46E6F891" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="518" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8E71327211D50EFF686B4A473BF829" blockId="16.[151,1436,1904,2037]" box="[151,1383,1904,1929]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">
<emphasis id="B945AD207211D50EFF686B4A4319F829" bold="true" box="[151,325,1904,1929]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" reason="1">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B597B6F7211D50EFEB36B4B473FF829" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3331843303" box="[332,1379,1904,1929]" collectorName="Lucknow, K" location="Department of Geology" municipality="University of Lucknow" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
<location id="8EEE27E97211D50EFEB36B4B400BF829" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0398C0247211D50DFF686AEA4608FA90:8EEE27E97211D50EFEB36B4B400BF829" box="[332,599,1904,1929]" municipality="University of Lucknow" name="Department of Geology" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">Department of Geology</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BEAEB487211D50EFD9D6B4A4134F829" box="[610,872,1904,1929]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">
University of
<collectorName id="26C414E47211D50EFD026B4A4134F829" box="[765,872,1904,1929]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">Lucknow</collectorName>
</collectingMunicipality>
, K 651 (
<typeStatus id="548ACF907211D50EFC386B4A4673F829" box="[967,1071,1904,1929]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), K 652–K 653 (
<typeStatus id="548ACF907211D50EFB166B4A4707F829" box="[1257,1371,1904,1929]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327211D50EFF386BAE4374F855" blockId="16.[151,1436,1904,2037]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">
<emphasis id="B945AD207211D50EFF386BAE43C0F80D" bold="true" box="[199,412,1940,1965]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" reason="1">Material studied.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B597B6F7211D50EFE546BAE4126F80D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3331843309" box="[427,890,1940,1965]" collectionCode="DGUL" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" specimenCount="10">
<collectionCode id="ED20E9F77211D50EFE546BAE43A1F80D" box="[427,509,1940,1965]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">DGUL</collectionCode>
:
<specimenCount id="9D37BABB7211D50EFDF06BAE40F3F80D" box="[527,687,1940,1965]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
(K 654–K 663)
</materialsCitation>
, and numerous specimens without repository numbers;
<materialsCitation id="3B597B6F7211D50EFEF76B8240F0F871" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3331843310" box="[264,684,1976,2001]" collectionCode="CASG" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" specimenCount="4">
<collectionCode id="ED20E9F77211D50EFEF76B82430BF871" box="[264,343,1976,2001]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">CASG</collectionCode>
:
<specimenCount id="9D37BABB7211D50EFE9B6B8243ADF871" box="[356,497,1976,2001]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
(72990, 72991)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="3B597B6F7211D50EFD456B834378F855" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3331843304" collectionCode="NHMW" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" specimenCode="NHMW 2011" specimenCount="5">
<collectionCode id="ED20E9F77211D50EFD456B834145F870" box="[698,793,1977,2000]" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/91g3-0mnw" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" type="Museum">NHMW</collectionCode>
:
<specimenCount id="9D37BABB7211D50EFCD96B8241EFF871" box="[806,947,1976,2001]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="DB97D9497211D50EFC3C6B82463DF871" box="[963,1121,1976,2001]" collectionCode="NHMW" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/91g3-0mnw" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="16" pageNumber="517" type="Museum">NHMW 2011</specimenCode>
/0420/0001–0005), all from
<typeStatus id="548ACF907211D50EFF686BE7429BF855" box="[151,199,2013,2037]" pageId="16" pageNumber="517">type</typeStatus>
locality
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4E21BA7210D50FFF68697046ADFAC0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930084" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930084" box="[151,1265,1354,1376]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930084/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" startId="17.[151,250,1354,1376]" targetBox="[163,1422,186,1333]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8B8E71327210D50FFF68697046ADFAC0" blockId="17.[151,1265,1354,1376]" box="[151,1265,1354,1376]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFF6869704343FAFF" bold="true" box="[151,287,1354,1376]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Plate architecture of
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17210D50FFE0769704016FAC0" authorityName="Tandon &amp; Srivastava" authorityYear="1980" box="[504,586,1354,1376]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Tridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFE0769704016FAC0" box="[504,586,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Tridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17210D50FFD9369704091FAC0" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[620,717,1354,1376]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFD9369704091FAC0" box="[620,717,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Fibularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17210D50FFD2369704106FAC0" authority=", CASG" authorityName="CASG" box="[732,858,1354,1376]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Tridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kieri">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFD2369704156FAC0" box="[732,778,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">kieri</emphasis>
, CASG
</taxonomicName>
72990. Labelling conventions in Fig. 6.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327210D50FFF3869B64601FA05" blockId="17.[151,1436,1420,2022]" box="[199,1117,1420,1445]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<materialsCitation id="3B597B6F7210D50FFF3869B64605FA05" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3331843305" box="[199,1113,1420,1445]" country="India" county="Kachchh" latitude="23.63611" location="Near village" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="68.541664" municipality="Guvar" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFF3869B64339FA05" bold="true" box="[199,357,1420,1445]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" reason="1">
<typeStatus id="548ACF907210D50FFF3869B6435EFA05" box="[199,258,1420,1445]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<location id="8EEE27E97210D50FFE9369B743A9FA05" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0398C0247211D50DFF686AEA4608FA90:8EEE27E97210D50FFE9369B743A9FA05" box="[364,501,1420,1445]" country="India" county="Kachchh" latitude="23.63611" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="68.541664" municipality="Guvar" name="Near village" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Near village</location>
of
<collectingMunicipality id="6BEAEB487210D50FFDE469B6403FFA05" box="[539,611,1420,1445]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Guvar</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="62EF09BE7210D50FFD9169B64089FA05" box="[622,725,1420,1445]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Kachchh</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32631A27210D50FFD2069B64145FA05" box="[735,793,1420,1445]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">India</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE0517F57210D50FFCD769B641E4FA04" box="[808,952,1420,1445]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" precision="15" seconds="10" value="23.63611">23°38′10″ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0517F57210D50FFC3C69B6460CFA05" box="[963,1104,1420,1445]" degrees="68" direction="east" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" precision="15" seconds="30" value="68.541664">68°32′30″ E</geoCoordinate>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327210D50FFF38698A461FFA68" blockId="17.[151,1436,1420,2022]" box="[199,1091,1456,1481]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFF38698A4332FA69" bold="true" box="[199,366,1456,1481]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" reason="1">
<typeStatus id="548ACF907210D50FFF38698A435EFA69" box="[199,258,1456,1481]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Type</typeStatus>
stratum.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17210D50FFE8A698A40E5FA68" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[373,697,1456,1481]" class="Globothalamea" family="Nummulitidae" genus="Nummulites" kingdom="Chromista" order="Rotaliida" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Foraminifera" rank="species" species="beaumonti">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFE8A698A4024FA69" box="[373,632,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Nummulites beaumonti</emphasis>
Zone
</taxonomicName>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37210D50FFD21698A41D9FA69" author="Tandon, K. K." box="[734,901,1456,1481]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" pagination="71 - 88" refId="ref13415" refString="Tandon, K. K. (1976) Biostratigraphic classification of the Middle Eocene rocks of a part of southwestern Kutch, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 19, 71 - 88." type="journal article" year="1976">Tandon (1976)</bibRefCitation>
, Middle Eocene.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327210D50FFF3869EE46FFF9B1" blockId="17.[151,1436,1420,2022]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFF3869EE43ECFA4D" bold="true" box="[199,432,1492,1517]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" reason="1">Other occurrences.</emphasis>
Jhadwa (
<geoCoordinate id="EE0517F57210D50FFDDC69EE40E4FA4C" box="[547,696,1492,1517]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" precision="15" seconds="30" value="23.508333">23°30′30″ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0517F57210D50FFD3769EE4105FA4D" box="[712,857,1492,1517]" degrees="68" direction="east" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" precision="15" seconds="30" value="68.60833">68°36′30″ E</geoCoordinate>
), Panandro (
<geoCoordinate id="EE0517F57210D50FFC0F69EE4601FA4C" box="[1008,1117,1492,1517]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" precision="925" value="23.683332">23°41′ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0517F57210D50FFB9169EE46A0FA4D" box="[1134,1276,1492,1517]" degrees="68" direction="east" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" precision="15" seconds="05" value="68.75139">68°45′05″ E</geoCoordinate>
) villages and Ratchelo nala, 3.2 km south of
<location id="8EEE27E97210D50FFE0A69C240F9F9B1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0398C0247211D50DFF686AEA4608FA90:8EEE27E97210D50FFE0A69C240F9F9B1" box="[501,677,1528,1553]" country="India" latitude="23.572224" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="68.719444" municipality="Kachchh" name="Baranda village" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Baranda village</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE0517F57210D50FFD4B69C24119F9B0" box="[692,837,1528,1553]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="34" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" precision="15" seconds="20" value="23.572224">23°34′20″ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE0517F57210D50FFCAF69C24180F9B1" box="[848,988,1528,1553]" degrees="68" direction="east" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" precision="15" seconds="10" value="68.719444">68°43′10″ E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingMunicipality id="6BEAEB487210D50FFC0F69C2460BF9B1" box="[1008,1111,1528,1553]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Kachchh</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32631A27210D50FFB9D69C246C3F9B1" box="[1122,1183,1528,1553]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327210D50FFF386A274333F8AE" blockId="17.[151,1436,1420,2022]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFF386A2743E6F996" bold="true" box="[199,442,1565,1590]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" reason="1">Emended diagnosis.</emphasis>
Very small, almost spherical
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17210D50FFCE26A2741D5F996" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[797,905,1565,1590]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFCE26A2741D5F996" box="[797,905,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Fibularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
unique among laganiforms in having only 3 gonopores, lacking gonopore in interambulacrum 2 position; infundibulum completely lacking, with peristomial region everted outwards until even with surrounding oral surface; buccal pores facing directly downwards, not into peristome; distinct circumoral ring proximal to buccal pores; periproct surrounded by slight, spout-like ridge; density of spine tubercles greatly reduced, only 2 to 4 primary tubercles found in tight grouping near centre of ambital plates; sutures of ambital plates smooth, lacking external structures such as spine or pedicellaria tubercles or glassy tubercles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327210D50FFF386B2246E6F891" blockId="17.[151,1436,1420,2022]" box="[199,1210,1816,1841]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFF386B2243D9F891" bold="true" box="[199,389,1816,1841]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
ZooBank
<collectionCode id="ED20E9F77210D50FFEC36B224323F891" box="[316,383,1816,1841]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">LSID</collectionCode>
.
</emphasis>
<uri id="FFA07D307210D50FFE736B2246E6F891" box="[396,1210,1816,1841]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FF974BE77210D50FFD626B2246E6F891" box="[669,1210,1816,1841]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">8AC353E9-96E0-4274-BC94-561CC0AA8130</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B22B97210D50CFF386B0740FEFA60" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="519" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8E71327210D50FFF386B07472FF83E" blockId="17.[151,1436,1420,2022]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFF386B074304F8F6" bold="true" box="[199,344,1853,1878]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" reason="1">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFE9B6B07404EF8F6" box="[356,530,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Size and shape</emphasis>
—Corona small, largest specimens not exceeding
<quantity id="4CC9DCD77210D50FFBA36B0746FDF8F4" box="[1116,1185,1853,1878]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
TL; corona globular, almost spherical, with barely subequal length, width and height; aboral outline nearly circular, very slightly acuminate posteriorly; profile of corona likewise circular, very slightly flattened adorally in peristomial region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327210D50FFF386B92404AF861" blockId="17.[151,1436,1420,2022]" box="[199,534,1960,1985]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFF386B9243FFF861" box="[199,419,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Internal buttressing</emphasis>
—Absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327210D50CFF386BF7473EFF75" blockId="17.[151,1436,1420,2022]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="519" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="B945AD207210D50FFF386BF7433EF845" box="[199,354,1997,2022]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Apical system</emphasis>
—Central in aboral view; monobasal, with three gonopores, lacking gonopore in interambulacral position 2; gonopores well within madreporic plate; single, central hydropore, opening flush with plate surface, not in pit or groove; ocular pores small and indistinct, almost directly between most proximal pores in each petal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327213D50CFF386CE54007FD9D" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFF386CE5431FFF58" box="[199,323,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Ambulacra</emphasis>
—Ambulacral plating simple; petals short, consisting of 4 to 6 large, faintly conjugate respiratory pore pairs in each ambulacrum; pore pairs lying strongly oblique, crossing ambulacral plates; distal pore pairs becoming even more strongly oblique with distance between pores in each pair slightly decreasing; width of interporiferous zones remaining largely constant in adapical two thirds of each petal, but decreasing slightly towards distal end; distally, obliqueness of pore pairs increases so that most distal pore pairs are oriented almost parallel to radius; in some adapical pore pairs, outer pore pierces interambulacral plate rather than ambulacral; petaloid region large, extending almost 70% of TL in aboral view; buccal pores large, facing downwards rather than into the peristome; accessory pores small, barely larger than openings in stereom meshwork; usually crowded in patches around large tubercles in middle of plates; except for very well-preserved specimens, pores only visible close to peristome; food grooves absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327213D50CFF386E7D4023FD50" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFF386E7D432BFDC0" box="[199,375,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Interambulacra</emphasis>
—Adapically, two unpaired plates lie in tandem adjacent to apical system; four, occasionally five post-basicoronal interambulacrals in each column visible in oral view; interambulacrum 5 not expanding in region accommodating periproct, but continuously divergent in oral view; a few scattered accessory pores visible in some interambulacrals; at ambitus, interambulacra at least as wide as ambulacra; each column comprising large, hexagonal plates of equal height and width.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327213D50CFF386EC64763FC20" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFF386EC6433FFCB5" box="[199,355,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Tuberculation</emphasis>
—Patchy and sparse, with 1 to 4 tubercles concentrated in small clusters separated from tubercles in adjacent plates by areas of unornamented stereom; areoles wide, approximately three times diameter of boss, slightly sunken; miliary tubercles indistinct, although small tubercles about 20% diameter of the primary tubercles likely represent miliaries, or perhaps attachment points for pedicellariae; glassy tubercles absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327213D50CFF386FB743FAFBDD" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFF386FB74365FC04" box="[199,313,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Peristome</emphasis>
—Small, approximately 17% TL; circular; facing directly downwards almost centrally on oral surface but slightly displaced approximately 1–2% TL posteriorly; opening not sunken, lacking infundibulum; rimmed by sharp, raised ridge of relatively dense stereom forming circumoral ring; framed by basicoronal circlet in which ambulacral plates are approximately same length as adjacent interambulacrals; 4 to 6 enlarged primary tubercles, areoles abutting, in each interambulacral area adjacent to peristome; in each ambulacrum, slightly elevated ridge or bar of stereom just distal to buccal pores, extending only slightly laterally from perradial bulge containing sphaeridium.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327213D50CFF3868B242AEFAAD" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFF3868B2436DFB3F" box="[199,305,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Periproct</emphasis>
—Small, about 13% TL; subcircular to subpentagonal in outline, sometimes slightly anteroposteriorly elongated; facing downwards halfway between peristome and posterior margin; bounded by first (5.a.2, 5.b.2) and second (5.a.3, 5.b.3) pairs of post-basicoronal plates; margin of periproct very slightly raised into slight &quot;spout&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327213D50CFF38692D438AFAF5" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFF38692D43C0FA90" box="[199,412,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Perignathic girdle</emphasis>
—Consisting of five small processes (auricles), one on the internal surface of each interambulacral basicoronal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327213D50CFF3869654287FA3B" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17213D50CFF386965431EFAD8" box="[199,322,1375,1400]" class="Entognatha" family="Sminthurididae" genus="Sphaeridia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFF386965431EFAD8" box="[199,322,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Sphaeridia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—One per ambulacrum; fully enclosed; situated beneath low transverse bar just distal to buccal pores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327213D50CFF38699240FEFA60" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,674,1447,1472]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFF386992404DFA60" box="[199,529,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Spines, pedicellariae, lantern</emphasis>
—Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B22B97213D50DFF3869F64608FA90" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8E71327213D50CFF3869F64155F8D0" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFF3869F64367FA45" bold="true" box="[199,315,1484,1509]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
In the original description
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37213D50CFD7969F64193FA45" author="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K." box="[646,975,1484,1509]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref13454" refString="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K. (1980) A new genus and species of the clypeasteroid echinoid from the middle Eocene rocks of Kutch, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 23 / 24, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1980">Tandon &amp; Srivastava (1980</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2) showed the third pair of postbasicoronal plates forming part of the periproctal margin, but this was not in agreement with their own description in the text. We were able to determine that the third pair of post-basicoronals plays no part in the construction of the periproctal margin. In addition,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37213D50CFDEF6A0D410BF9F0" author="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K." box="[528,855,1591,1616]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref13454" refString="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K. (1980) A new genus and species of the clypeasteroid echinoid from the middle Eocene rocks of Kutch, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 23 / 24, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1980">Tandon &amp; Srivastava (1980</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2) depicted a small plate just distal to each ambulacral basicoronal, which in turn suggested that the ambulacral basicoronals were significantly shorter than the interambulacral basicoronals, causing the ambulacral basicoronals to be isolated from the adjacent interambulacral first post-basicoronals in every case. However, these small, additional plates are not apparent from our observations. In fact, the ambulacral basicoronals are nearly equal in length to the interambulacral basicoronals. The ambulacral basicoronals are in contact with the adjacent interambulacral first post-basicoronals in nearly every radius, as in other fibulariids. The illustration in
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37213D50CFC976B3546FDF888" author="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K." box="[872,1185,1807,1832]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref13454" refString="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K. (1980) A new genus and species of the clypeasteroid echinoid from the middle Eocene rocks of Kutch, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 23 / 24, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1980">Tandon &amp; Srivastava (1980</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1) also shows the outer pores of the petals not piercing the interambulacra, but we have identified several outer pores proximal to the apical system that emerge through the interambulacrals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327213D50DFF386B464343FEC5" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,1328]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37213D50CFF386B464055F835" author="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K." box="[199,521,1916,1941]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref13454" refString="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K. (1980) A new genus and species of the clypeasteroid echinoid from the middle Eocene rocks of Kutch, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 23 / 24, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1980">Tandon &amp; Srivastava (1980)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37213D50CFDBC6B464165F835" author="Smith, A. B. &amp; Kroh, A." box="[579,825,1916,1941]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" refId="ref13330" refString="Smith, A. B. &amp; Kroh, A. (Eds.) (2011) The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / research-curation / projects / echinoid-directory / index (accessed 8 October 2013)" type="url" year="2011">Smith &amp; Kroh (2011)</bibRefCitation>
identified the presence of just three gonopores as the sole autapomorphy of the genus, thereby distinguishing it from
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17213D50CFCA36B9A4194F819" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[860,968,1952,1977]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFCA36B9A4194F819" box="[860,968,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Fibularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have identified several other features that are autapomorpic in
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17213D50CFE4D6BFF405DF87D" box="[434,513,1988,2013]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Tridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kieri">
<emphasis id="B945AD207213D50CFE4D6BFF405DF87D" box="[434,513,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">T. kieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see diagnosis above), but these unique, phylogeneticially uninformative features do not serve to distinguish
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFE276CA34077FF10" box="[472,555,151,176]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Tridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kieri">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFE276CA34077FF10" box="[472,555,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">T. kieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFD886CAD40BFFF10" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[631,739,151,176]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFD886CAD40BFFF10" box="[631,739,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Fibularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a cladistic sense, and we here consider
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFB216CAD476BFF10" authorityName="Tandon &amp; Srivastava" authorityYear="1980" box="[1246,1335,151,176]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Tridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFB216CAD476BFF10" box="[1246,1335,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Tridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFED96C8643CDFF75" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[294,401,188,213]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFED96C8643CDFF75" box="[294,401,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Fibularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37212D50DFE5E6C8640CAFF75" author="Smith, A. B. &amp; Kroh, A." box="[417,662,188,213]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" refId="ref13330" refString="Smith, A. B. &amp; Kroh, A. (Eds.) (2011) The Echinoid Directory. World Wide Web electronic publication. http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / research-curation / projects / echinoid-directory / index (accessed 8 October 2013)" type="url" year="2011">Smith &amp; Kroh (2011)</bibRefCitation>
additionally questioned whether three gonopores were consistent in larger populations. Genital pore 2, however, is missing in all known specimens (N&gt; 350) and it is unlikely that this is a case of abnormal development. Except in rare cases of specimens obviously affected by sublethal predation or other growth deformations, gonopore development is usually consistent within clypeasteroid species and not prone to variation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327212D50DFF386D5543B5FD9D" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
Curiously,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37212D50DFEBA6D5540D5FE28" author="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K." box="[325,649,367,392]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref13454" refString="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K. (1980) A new genus and species of the clypeasteroid echinoid from the middle Eocene rocks of Kutch, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 23 / 24, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1980">Tandon &amp; Srivastava (1980</bibRefCitation>
: p. 2) indicated that &quot;no female was found&quot;. Sexual dimorphism in clypeasteroids, and even in micro-echinoids such as
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFD206DAE41C3FE0D" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1928" box="[735,927,404,429]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="plateia">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFD206DAE41C3FE0D" box="[735,927,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Fibularia plateia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFC536DAF466EFE0D" authorityName="de Meijere" authorityYear="1903" box="[940,1074,404,429]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cribellum">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFC536DAF466EFE0D" box="[940,1074,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">F. cribellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFB906DAF46B0FE0C" authorityName="Shigei" authorityYear="1982" box="[1135,1260,405,428]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFB906DAF46B0FE0C" box="[1135,1260,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">F. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is known from differences in gonopore diameter and sometimes even from the presence of brood pouches, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFAE66D8347C9FE6F" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1909" box="[1305,1429,440,464]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nutriens">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFAE66D8347C9FE6F" box="[1305,1429,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">F. nutriens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37212D50DFEF36DE64010FE55" author="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K." box="[268,588,476,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref13454" refString="Tandon, K. K. &amp; Srivastava, D. K. (1980) A new genus and species of the clypeasteroid echinoid from the middle Eocene rocks of Kutch, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 23 / 24, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1980">Tandon &amp; Srivastava (1980)</bibRefCitation>
made no such measurements. It is most likely that this species exhibits no readily detectable sexual dimorphism than the rather low likelihood that there were no females represented in the over
<specimenCount id="9D37BABB7212D50DFF2F6E1E432AFD9D" box="[208,374,548,573]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" type="generic">350 specimens</specimenCount>
collected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327212D50DFF386E7D4182FC98" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
Re-examination of
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFE616E7D401FFDC0" baseAuthorityName="Tandon &amp; Srivastava" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[414,579,583,608]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kieri">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFE616E7D401FFDC0" box="[414,579,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Fibularia kieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows that the missing gonopore is not the sole autapomorphy of that taxon. The patchy tuberculation, with concomitant lack of ornamentation in proximity to the plate sutures, and especially features of the peristomial region are very different from what is usually observed in fibulariids or in other echinoids in general. The most adoral tubercles usually support spines that are internally directed towards the mouth in the centre of the peristomial membrane, more or less parallel or at low angles to the surface of that membrane. Likewise, the buccal podia (and the pores supporting them) are directed towards the mouth in most clypeasteroids, so that the podia can more easily reach into it (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA00CC37212D50DFCB06F25418DFC98" author="Mooi, R." box="[847,977,799,824]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="21 - 30" refId="ref13021" refString="Mooi, R. (1986) Non-respiratory podia of clypeasteroids (Echinodermata, Echinoides): I. Functional anatomy. Zoomorphology, 106, 21 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00311943" type="journal article" year="1986">Mooi 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327212D50DFF386F7E42E9FBF8" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
In
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFF186F7F436BFCFD" baseAuthorityName="Tandon &amp; Srivastava" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[231,311,836,861]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Fibularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="kieri">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFF186F7F436BFCFD" box="[231,311,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">F. kieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the situation is quite different. Here the adoral tubercles and buccal pores face downwards rather than towards the peristome. The tubercles would have supported spines that extended at right angles to the test and to the plane of the peristomial membrane. Unless they were significantly bent inwards, they would not have formed a grill across the membrane as seen in other clypeasteroids. In addition, the buccal podia would have been well situated to reach downwards at right angles to the test, but not into the mouth region. A peristomial infundibulum, observed in almost all other clypeasteroids, is lacking, giving the peristomial region a flat aspect flush with the surrounding corona. The entire organization has the appearance of having been everted, or “turned outwards” (
<figureCitation id="130A6DB77212D50DFA90682642F4FBF8" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,935,957]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,415,893]" captionTargetId="figure-294@9.[151,1436,409,896]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphology of the peristomial region in six species of fibulariids, including Cyamidia, Tridium (= Fibularia), Lenicyamidia, and Leniechinus. On the left for each species is the oral view depicting tuberculation, sculpturing, and positions of buccal pores and sphaeridial chambers, with accompanying scale bar. On the right for each species is a sagittal section through the test (hatched) around the peristome, anterior to the left, with accompanying scale bar. In all cases, scale bar is 1.0 mm long." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930064/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E71327212D50DFF38685E4608FA90" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
The function of the inner circumoral ring is unclear. In comparison with taxa in which the infundibulum is not everted, the position of the ring would correspond to the line of insertion of the peristomial membrane. No similar structure has been observed in other clypeasteroids. A superficially similar ring is developed in
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFB1C68964736FB65" authorityName="Kier" authorityYear="1968" box="[1251,1386,1196,1221]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Leniechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFB1C68964736FB65" box="[1251,1386,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Leniechinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFF6868F54358FB48" authorityName="Lambert &amp; Thiery" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,260,1231,1256]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Cyamidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFF6868F54358FB48" box="[151,260,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Cyamidia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this lies more distally, aboral to the buccal pores. In these taxa, this outer ring is formed by lateral expansion of the ambulacral bars overlying the
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFD5268CE4178FAAD" box="[685,804,1268,1293]" class="Entognatha" family="Sminthurididae" genus="Sphaeridia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="19" pageNumber="522" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">sphaeridia</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="4C310AB17212D50DFCB368CE41F9FAAD" authorityName="Tandon &amp; Srivastava" authorityYear="1980" box="[844,933,1268,1293]" class="Echinoidea" family="Fibulariidae" genus="Tridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clypeasteroida" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945AD207212D50DFCB368CE41F9FAAD" box="[844,933,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Tridium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
these are slightly expanded laterally as well, but fail to meet interradially, being separated by wide gaps across the interambulacra.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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