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<mods:title id="D223C316727D9350226CDDDCF64BC9B0">Disentangling the Pelomedusa complex using type specimens and historical DNA (Testudines: Pelomedusidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="E6C98355E9F61AF7D63A044F3512E2F5">Department of Zoology, Darwin Centre (DC 1), Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW 7 5 BD, England</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BC5B574E1A16E87A81807731B706A041">Hofmeyr, Margaretha D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AE78582D751630044A46A2E6EBE8DE60">Chelonian Biodiversity and Conservation, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F5EF811A5684B263E276D12DB700F1E0">Branch, William R.</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="D0E881FACF41103D18C3EE57FDC7FA2B" bold="true" box="[151,697,1390,1416]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D15CF41103D18C3EE57FDC7FA2B" authority="Hewitt, 1935" authorityName="Hewitt" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,697,1390,1416]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelomedusidae" genus="Pelomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galeata" subSpecies="orangensis">
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D18C3EE57FDC7FA2B" bold="true" box="[151,697,1390,1416]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D18C3EE57FD6DFA2B" bold="true" box="[151,531,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Pelomedusa galeata orangensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B67CF41103D1A4FEE57FDC7FA2B" author="Hewitt, J." box="[539,697,1390,1416]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" pagination="283 - 357" refId="ref12349" refString="Hewitt, J. (1935) Some new forms of batrachians and reptiles from South Africa. Records of the Albany Museum, 4, 283 - 357, plates XXVII - XXXVI." type="journal article" year="1935">Hewitt, 1935</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BA03696CF41103D18C3EE8CFC8AF969" blockId="17.[151,1437,1461,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B67CF41103D18C3EE8CFE51FA6D" author="Hewitt, J." box="[151,303,1461,1486]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" pagination="283 - 357" refId="ref12349" refString="Hewitt, J. (1935) Some new forms of batrachians and reptiles from South Africa. Records of the Albany Museum, 4, 283 - 357, plates XXVII - XXXVI." type="journal article" year="1935">Hewitt (1935</bibRefCitation>
: pp. 332335) based the description of his new subspecies
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D15CF41103D1BEBEE8CFA5AFA6E" authorityName="Hewitt" authorityYear="1935" box="[959,1316,1461,1486]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelomedusidae" genus="Pelomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galeata" subSpecies="orangensis">
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D1BEBEE8CFA5AFA6E" box="[959,1316,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Pelomedusa galeata orangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on several specimens from distinct collecting sites in
<collectingCountry id="F3087606CF41103D1A23EEE0FC75FA51" box="[631,779,1497,1522]" name="South Africa" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. However, on page 333 he explicitly named a male shown in his plate XXXII, fig. 4, “the type”, so that it is clear that this specimen represents in accordance with Article 73.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) the
<typeStatus id="54A48834CF41103D1C42ED18FB06F999" box="[1046,1144,1569,1594]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D15CF41103D1CFBED18FE6CF9FE" authorityName="Hewitt" authorityYear="1935" class="Reptilia" family="Pelomedusidae" genus="Pelomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galeata" subSpecies="orangensis">
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D1CFBED18FE6CF9FE" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Pelomedusa galeata orangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This terrapin was in the Kimberley Museum (now McGregor Museum, Kimberley) and originates “presumably from the Kimberley neighbourhood” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B67CF41103D1AB7ED50FC08F921" author="Hewitt, J." box="[739,886,1641,1666]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" pagination="283 - 357" refId="ref12349" refString="Hewitt, J. (1935) Some new forms of batrachians and reptiles from South Africa. Records of the Albany Museum, 4, 283 - 357, plates XXVII - XXXVI." type="journal article" year="1935">Hewitt 1935</bibRefCitation>
: p. 333). Following
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B67CF41103D1C35ED53FA72F921" author="Mertens, R." box="[1121,1292,1641,1666]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" pagination="139 - 142" refId="ref12650" refString="Mertens, R. (1937) Bemerkungen uber die Rassen von Pelomedusa subrufa (La Cepede). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 117, 139 - 142." type="journal article" year="1937">Mertens (1937</bibRefCitation>
: p. 139) and
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B67CF41103D18C3EDB4FE21F905" author="Loveridge, A." box="[151,351,1677,1702]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" pagination="467 - 524" refId="ref12616" refString="Loveridge, A. (1941) Revision of the African terrapin [sic] of the family Pelomedusidae. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 88, 467 - 524." type="journal article" year="1941">Loveridge (1941</bibRefCitation>
: p. 474),
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D15CF41103D19B4EDB4FC29F906" authorityName="Hewitt" authorityYear="1935" box="[480,855,1677,1702]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelomedusidae" genus="Pelomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galeata" subSpecies="orangensis">
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D19B4EDB4FC29F906" box="[480,855,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Pelomedusa galeata orangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was later synonymized with the nominotypical subspecies of the helmeted terrapin, if the species was regarded as polytypic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA03696CF41103D1893EDECFDA9F849" blockId="17.[151,1437,1461,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">
The
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of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D15CF41103D19D2EDECFD91F94E" authorityName="Hewitt" authorityYear="1935" box="[390,751,1749,1774]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelomedusidae" genus="Pelomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galeata" subSpecies="orangensis">
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D19D2EDECFD91F94E" box="[390,751,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Pelomedusa galeata orangensis</emphasis>
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could not be located in the McGregor Museum (B. Wilson, pers. comm.), and must be considered lost. Efforts to sequence mtDNA of
<specimenCount id="9D19FD1FCF41103D1B88EDC3FB06F8B1" box="[988,1144,1786,1810]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">two paratypes</specimenCount>
from the collection of the Port Elizabeth Museum (PEM R9404, Warrenton,
<collectingRegion id="49DBF874CF41103D1A83EC24FCFCF895" box="[727,898,1821,1846]" country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Northern Cape</collectingRegion>
; PEM R9408, Thaba Nchu,
<collectingRegion id="49DBF874CF41103D1C85EC27FA3BF895" box="[1233,1349,1821,1846]" country="South Africa" name="Free State" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Free State</collectingRegion>
) failed. However, genetic data were available for several South African localities encircling the type locality Kimberley (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B67CF41103D18CAEC5CFEA6F8DD" author="Vargas-Ramirez, M. &amp; Vences, M. &amp; Branch, W. R. &amp; Daniels, S. R. &amp; Glaw, F. &amp; Hofmeyr, M. D. &amp; Kuchling, G. &amp; Maran, J. &amp; Papenfuss, T. J. &amp; Siroky, P. &amp; Vieites, D. R. &amp; Fritz, U." box="[158,472,1893,1918]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" pagination="428 - 440" refId="ref13781" refString="Vargas-Ramirez, M., Vences, M., Branch, W. R., Daniels, S. R., Glaw, F., Hofmeyr, M. D., Kuchling, G., Maran, J., Papenfuss, T. J., Siroky, P., Vieites, D. R. &amp; Fritz, U. (2010) Deep genealogical lineages in the widely distributed African helmeted terrapin: evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Testudines: Pelomedusidae: Pelomedusa subrufa). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56, 428 - 440. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.03.019" type="journal article" year="2010">
Vargas-Ramírez
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D1908EC5FFEEBF8DD" box="[348,405,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
; this study), and all South African sequences correspond to lineage IX
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D1D55EC5FFA41F8DE" box="[1281,1343,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">sensu</emphasis>
Vargas- Ramírez
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D18AAECB3FE46F801" box="[254,312,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">et al.</emphasis>
(2010). Consequently, we identify
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D15CF41103D1A98ECB0FB4BF802" authorityName="Hewitt" authorityYear="1935" box="[716,1077,1929,1954]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelomedusidae" genus="Pelomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galeata" subSpecies="orangensis">
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D1A98ECB0FB4BF802" box="[716,1077,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Pelomedusa galeata orangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with this lineage. If lineage IX should be deemed taxonomically distinct,
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D15CF41103D1AD3EC94FBE7F865" authority="Hewitt, 1935" authorityName="Hewitt" authorityYear="1935" box="[647,1177,1965,1990]" class="Reptilia" family="Pelomedusidae" genus="Pelomedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galeata" subSpecies="orangensis">
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D1AD3EC94FC89F866" box="[647,1015,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Pelomedusa galeata orangensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B67CF41103D1C56EC94FBE7F865" author="Hewitt, J." box="[1026,1177,1965,1990]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" pagination="283 - 357" refId="ref12349" refString="Hewitt, J. (1935) Some new forms of batrachians and reptiles from South Africa. Records of the Albany Museum, 4, 283 - 357, plates XXVII - XXXVI." type="journal article" year="1935">Hewitt, 1935</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
becomes a subjective junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F4D15CF41103D1938ECE8FDADF849" authority="Schoepff, 1792" authorityName="Schoepff" authorityYear="1792" box="[364,723,2001,2026]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Testudo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galeata">
<emphasis id="B96BEA84CF41103D1938ECE8FD63F849" box="[364,541,2001,2026]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="518">Testudo galeata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E4B67CF41103D1A71ECE8FDADF849" author="Schoepff, I. D." box="[549,723,2001,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="518" refId="ref13074" refString="Schoepff, I. D. (1792) Historia Testudinum iconibus illustrata. Ioannes Iacobus Palm, Erlangen, XII + 136 pp., 31 plates. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5109" type="book" year="1792">Schoepff, 1792</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
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