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<mods:title id="CB9416912BD36435CF0419D329692A18">Taxonomy and palaeobiology of the largest-ever marsupial, Diprotodon Owen, 1838 (Diprotodontidae, Marsupialia)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03DC87E5D15CFFA82206FC09FA7BFA56" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5492644" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5492644" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DC87E5D15CFFA82206FC09FA7BFA56" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87E5D15CFFA82206FC09FA7BFA56" lastPageNumber="386" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">
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<heading id="D082819FD15CFFA82206FC09FD78FC1F" box="[281,661,986,1007]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" reason="2">
LAKE CALLABONNA
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA8211EFC09FD78FC1F" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[513,661,986,1007]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA8211EFC09FD78FC1F" box="[513,661,986,1007]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">DIPROTODON</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D15CFFA823BBFBD3FDB2FA13" blockId="17.[164,779,1024,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">
At least six large- and six small-form Lake Callabonna individuals were examined in this study, derived mostly from collections of the South Australian Museum. That result contrasts with
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA8218BFB8FFEC2FB63" author="Stirling EC &amp; Zietz AHC" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref18965" refString="Stirling EC, Zietz AHC. 1899. Fossil remains of Lake Callabonna: part 1 - Description of the manus and pes of Diprotodon australis, Owen. Memoirs of the Royal Society of South Australia 1: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1899">
<collectingRegion id="49B1F811D15CFFA8218BFB8FFD01FB80" box="[660,748,1116,1138]" country="United Kingdom" name="Stirling" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Stirling</collectingRegion>
&amp; Zietz (1899)
</bibRefCitation>
who suggested that the large form was significantly more common than the small form. The difference in perceived abundance of the large form over the small form may be a result of misidentification of size classes in the 1899 investigations, or alternatively, a greater number of specimens (dominated by large-form individuals) were available to
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA823BBFA82FE54FA95" author="Stirling EC &amp; Zietz AHC" box="[164,441,1361,1383]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref18965" refString="Stirling EC, Zietz AHC. 1899. Fossil remains of Lake Callabonna: part 1 - Description of the manus and pes of Diprotodon australis, Owen. Memoirs of the Royal Society of South Australia 1: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1899">
<collectingRegion id="49B1F811D15CFFA823BBFA82FF11FA95" box="[164,252,1361,1383]" country="United Kingdom" name="Stirling" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Stirling</collectingRegion>
&amp; Zietz (1899)
</bibRefCitation>
. However, it is pertinent to note that there are several unprepared and unregistered specimens (including several large-form individuals) in the South Australian Museum collections that were not examined in this study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D15CFFA823A3FA39FD2BF8C0" blockId="17.[164,779,1024,1903]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">
The Lake Callabonna
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA822CBFA39FDB9FA0D" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[468,596,1514,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA822CBFA39FDB9FA0D" box="[468,596,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assemblage is relatively autochthonous in comparison with most other assemblages examined in this study.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA821ABF9F4FF06F9AE" author="Tedford RH" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="349 - 354" refId="ref19071" refString="Tedford RH. 1973. The diprotodons of Lake Callabonna. Australian Natural History 17: 349 - 354." type="journal article" year="1973">Tedford (1973)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that several small groups of
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA821A6F995FF36F98B" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA821A6F995FF36F98B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
crossed the lake at various times of low water levels, eventually becoming mired in the muddy substrate. Both mature large- and small-form individuals undoubtedly occur in the deposits (
<figureCitation id="134E2A76D15CFFA82159F913FD65F924" box="[582,648,1728,1750]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="8.[144,223,847,866]" captionTargetBox="[148,756,199,817]" captionTargetId="graphics-650@8.[234,748,202,742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 8. Dimensions of Diprotodon dentaries at position below M3 for the Darling Downs (N = 34), Lake Callabonna (N = 19) and Bacchus Marsh (N = 23) assemblages. Closed markers indicate large-form individuals, open markers indicate small-form individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5447618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5447618/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). However, previous collecting procedures have mixed the samples and it cannot be determined if the social groups were body size (i.e. gender) segregated.
</paragraph>
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As with the Darling Downs, there are no significant or consistent dental morphological differences to warrant separation of more than one
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA827FAFF15FA88FF29" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1253,1381,198,219]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA827FAFF15FA88FF29" box="[1253,1381,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
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morphospecies in the Lake Callabonna assemblage. Coupled with the observations that a bimodal body size distribution exists in the assemblage, and the high probability that both size forms were temporally coeval, the data suggest that a single, sexually dimorphic
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA8206BFEAEFC19FE60" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[884,1012,381,402]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA8206BFEAEFC19FE60" box="[884,1012,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
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morphospecies is represented in the Lake Callabonna assemblage. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA82639FE4FFC2BFE23" author="Stirling EC &amp; Zietz AHC" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref18965" refString="Stirling EC, Zietz AHC. 1899. Fossil remains of Lake Callabonna: part 1 - Description of the manus and pes of Diprotodon australis, Owen. Memoirs of the Royal Society of South Australia 1: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1899">
<collectingRegion id="49B1F811D15CFFA82639FE4FFA93FE40" box="[1318,1406,412,434]" country="United Kingdom" name="Stirling" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Stirling</collectingRegion>
&amp; Zietz (1899)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested that there were at least two species represented at Lake Callabonna (based on the occurrence of two size classes), they did not discount the possibility that the differences in body size represented intraspecific, rather than interspecific variation within the
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA820EBFD87FB99FD9B" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1012,1140,596,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA820EBFD87FB99FD9B" box="[1012,1140,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
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assemblage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D15CFFA8204CFDA1FAD9FBC7" blockId="17.[826,1442,198,1444]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">
Again, as with other mentioned assemblages, it is not possible unambiguously to assign gender to either Lake Callabonna
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA82718FD7CFB6AFD36" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1031,1159,687,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA82718FD7CFB6AFD36" box="[1031,1159,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
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size form. Interestingly, at Lake Callabonna, neonatal remains of an individual
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA82095FD3EFBE7FCF0" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[906,1034,749,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA82095FD3EFBE7FCF0" box="[906,1034,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
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were recovered in association with an adult individual, and from the position where the pouch would have been located (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA827F6FCF9FA78FCB2" author="Tedford RH" box="[1257,1429,810,832]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="349 - 354" refId="ref19071" refString="Tedford RH. 1973. The diprotodons of Lake Callabonna. Australian Natural History 17: 349 - 354." type="journal article" year="1973">Tedford, 1973</bibRefCitation>
). Although some remains of the neonatal individual were accessioned into museum collections, they were separated from the putative mother (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA827E4FC55FA78FC6E" author="Pledge NS" box="[1275,1429,902,924]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="65 - 77" refId="ref18481" refString="Pledge NS. 1994. Fossils of the Lake: a history of the Lake Callabonna excavations. Records of the South Australian Museum 27: 65 - 77." type="journal article" year="1994">Pledge, 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the question of gender within
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA8263EFC76FA4CFC48" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1313,1441,933,954]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="optatum">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA8263EFC76FA4CFC48" box="[1313,1441,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">D. optatum</emphasis>
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remains unresolved and ‘the most wonderful discovery ever made in the world’, according to George Hurst, discoverer of those Lake Callabonna specimens (
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA82096FBCCFC5FFBC6" box="[905,946,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA820A3FBCCFBB6FBC7" author="Tedford RH" box="[956,1115,1055,1077]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="349 - 354" refId="ref19071" refString="Tedford RH. 1973. The diprotodons of Lake Callabonna. Australian Natural History 17: 349 - 354." type="journal article" year="1973">Tedford, 1973</bibRefCitation>
), was squandered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D15CFFA8204CFBEEFA7BFA56" blockId="17.[826,1442,198,1444]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">
Lake Callabonna
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA8273CFBEEFB4EFBA0" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1059,1187,1085,1106]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA8273CFBEEFB4EFBA0" box="[1059,1187,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dental morphometric COV values are higher relative to Bacchus Marsh and extant populations of grey kangaroos, but are more similar to those of the Darling Downs (
<tableCitation id="C6F70348D15CFFA82607FB4AFA7BFB5D" box="[1304,1430,1177,1199]" captionStart-0="Table 2" captionStart-1="Table 3" captionStart-2="Table 4" captionStartId-0="11.[164,228,200,219]" captionStartId-1="12.[144,208,200,219]" captionStartId-2="16.[144,208,198,217]" captionText-0="Table 2. Upper cheek teeth dimensions (mm) for Diprotodon" captionText-1="Table 3. Lower cheek teeth dimensions (mm) for Diprotodon" captionText-2="Table 4. Coefficient of variation (COV) values for cheek teeth of extant grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) from Warwick, Darling Downs" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Tables 2–4</tableCitation>
). That may indicate that there was a different temporal sampling range at Lake Callabonna (presumably of longer duration) than those other assemblages. Again, that hypothesis is difficult to test, but it would support
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA82085FAE1FBBCFABA" author="Tedford RH" box="[922,1105,1330,1352]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="349 - 354" refId="ref19071" refString="Tedford RH. 1973. The diprotodons of Lake Callabonna. Australian Natural History 17: 349 - 354." type="journal article" year="1973">Tedford’s (1973)</bibRefCitation>
suggestion that the accumulation of individuals was quite slow, possibly occurring over several thousands of years, and would be consistent with sampling from more than one herd.
</paragraph>
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