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<document id="C5D9928A65B28460EFDA90B4AFB6FC98" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00387.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5447600" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630462611000" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Price, Gilbert J." docDate="2008" docId="03DC87E5D142FFA82234FE46FF0DFC6E" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2008.00387.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00387.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Diprotodon Owen 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="385" masterDocId="FFE5FF9DD14DFFB9231FFFD3FFEDFFF2" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and palaeobiology of the largest-ever marsupial, Diprotodon Owen, 1838 (Diprotodontidae, Marsupialia)" masterLastPageNumber="397" masterPageNumber="369" pageNumber="384" updateTime="1699279806033" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="C49750CFA8A3BD35832B36A6152F3D3B">Taxonomy and palaeobiology of the largest-ever marsupial, Diprotodon Owen, 1838 (Diprotodontidae, Marsupialia)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0799415F009C1D95E88904ED31D5C481">Price, Gilbert J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03DC87E5D142FFA82234FE46FF0DFC6E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DC87E5D142FFA82234FE46FF0DFC6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87E5D142FFA82234FE46FF0DFC6E" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="385" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
<subSubSection id="C36F6578D142FFB62234FE46FD69FE5B" box="[299,644,405,426]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D142FFB62234FE46FD69FE5B" blockId="15.[299,644,405,426]" box="[299,644,405,426]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
<heading id="D082819FD142FFB62234FE46FD69FE5B" box="[299,644,405,426]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" reason="2">
DARLING DOWNS
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D142FFB622EBFE4AFD69FE5B" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[500,644,409,425]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB622EBFE4AFD69FE5B" box="[500,644,409,425]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">DIPROTODON</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36F6578D142FFA823BBFE68FF0DFC6E" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="386" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D142FFB623BBFE68FE99FCB2" blockId="15.[164,779,443,955]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D142FFB623BBFE68FE21FE23" author="Molnar RE &amp; Kurz C" box="[164,460,443,465]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" pagination="107 - 134" refId="ref17861" refString="Molnar RE, Kurz C. 1997. The distribution of Pleistocene vertebrates on the eastern Darling Downs, based on the Queensland Museum collections. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 117: 107 - 134." type="journal article" year="1997">Molnar &amp; Kurz’s (1997)</bibRefCitation>
audit of the
<collectingRegion id="49B1F811D142FFB6219CFE68FCE6FE23" box="[643,779,443,465]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Queensland</collectingRegion>
Museum Darling Downs collections suggested that the large-form
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D142FFB62273FE2BFE01FDFF" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[364,492,504,525]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB62273FE2BFE01FDFF" box="[364,492,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is eight times more common than the small form. However, that audit did not challenge the identifications previously placed on specimens, and the ratio could be inaccurate. The present data suggest that the small form is represented by at least 30 individuals and the large form by 21 individuals. The differing results demonstrate the high degree of morphological similarity between the large- and small-form
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D142FFB622CBFD3EFDB9FCF0" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[468,596,749,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB622CBFD3EFDB9FCF0" box="[468,596,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and highlights the difficulties in assigning isolated specimens to a specific size class.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D142FFB623A3FC9AFC5AFD37" blockId="15.[164,779,443,955]" lastBlockId="15.[826,1442,198,954]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
Teeth of Darling Downs
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D142FFB622CFFC9AFDBDFCAC" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[464,592,841,862]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB622CFFC9AFDBDFCAC" box="[464,592,841,862]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
large-form individuals are slightly larger than corresponding teeth of small-form individuals. A similar morphometric relationship is exhibited in sexually dimorphic extant grey kangaroo (
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D142FFB62719FF14FA74FF2E" authority="Shaw, 1790" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1790" box="[1030,1433,198,220]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Macropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB62719FF14FB1BFF29" box="[1030,1270,198,220]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Macropus giganteus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D142FFB62615FF15FA74FF2E" author="Shaw G" box="[1290,1433,198,220]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" refId="ref18868" refString="Shaw G. 1790. The naturalist's miscellany: or coloured figures of natural objects, drawn and described immediately from nature. London: G. Kearsley." type="book" year="1790">Shaw, 1790</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) populations collected from the Warwick region (see supplementary Appendix S2 for list of specimens examined), southern Darling Downs (
<figureCitation id="134E2A76D142FFB62608FEF1FA8AFECA" box="[1303,1383,290,312]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="15.[164,243,1853,1872]" captionTargetBox="[387,1219,1029,1823]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 13. Length versus posterior width for sexed eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) lower molar teeth from Warwick, Darling Downs. A, M1. B, M2. C, M3. D, M4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5447628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5447628/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). In terms of dentary cheek teeth dimensions, grey kangaroo males are mostly ~4–10% larger than females, although a considerable degree of overlap exists between sexes. On average, COV and
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB627E9FE4EFAE5FE40" box="[1270,1288,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">R</emphasis>
<superScript id="7C009BBBD142FFB62617FE49FAFDFE54" attach="left" box="[1288,1296,410,422]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">2</superScript>
values indicate that the correlation between length and width of Darling Downs
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D142FFB620F3FE0AFB81FE1C" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1004,1132,473,494]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB620F3FE0AFB81FE1C" box="[1004,1132,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lower molar teeth (
<figureCitation id="134E2A76D142FFB62655FE0AFA75FE1D" box="[1354,1432,473,495]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="10.[144,223,1031,1050]" captionTargetBox="[367,1199,197,1001]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 10. Length versus posterior width for Darling Downs Diprotodon lower molar teeth. A, M1. B, M2. C, M3. D, M4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5447622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5447622/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) is similar to values for the corresponding teeth of the modern grey kangaroo population (
<figureCitation id="134E2A76D142FFB627C5FDC5FAC5FDDF" box="[1242,1320,534,557]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="15.[164,243,1853,1872]" captionTargetBox="[387,1219,1029,1823]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 13. Length versus posterior width for sexed eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) lower molar teeth from Warwick, Darling Downs. A, M1. B, M2. C, M3. D, M4." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5447628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5447628/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
) from the Darling Downs (
<tableCitation id="C6F70348D142FFB620EAFDE6FBB8FDB8" box="[1013,1109,565,587]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="12.[144,208,200,219]" captionText="Table 3. Lower cheek teeth dimensions (mm) for Diprotodon" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Tables 3</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6F70348D142FFB6277DFDE6FB9FFDB9" box="[1122,1138,565,587]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="16.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 4. Coefficient of variation (COV) values for cheek teeth of extant grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) from Warwick, Darling Downs" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">4</tableCitation>
). However, examination of COV values shows that Darling Downs
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D142FFB6263EFD87FA4CFD9B" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1313,1441,596,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB6263EFD87FA4CFD9B" box="[1313,1441,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
upper molar teeth are slightly more variable than for corresponding teeth of modern populations of grey kangaroos.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D142FFA9204CFD1DFE92FC6E" blockId="15.[826,1442,198,954]" lastBlockId="16.[144,759,749,1903]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="385" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
Following criteria established in the Introduction, the data collected from the assemblage are consistent with the hypothesis that Darling Downs
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D142FFB6263EFCD8FA4CFCD2" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1313,1441,779,800]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB6263EFCD8FA4CFCD2" box="[1313,1441,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is represented by a single, sexually dimorphic species. That interpretation is supported by the following observations: (1) other than differences in the size and shape of the dentary, there are no significant or consistent dental morphological differences (particularly in the systematically important upper premolar) between large- and small-form Darling Downs
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA921BAFCDFFF2AFCCD" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA921BAFCDFFF2AFCCD" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (2) both teeth and dentary size are consistent with a bimodal body size distribution within the assemblage; and (3) both size classes are temporally and spatially coeval.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0A667BD142FFB623BBF8EEFD09F89C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5447628" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5447628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5447628/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" startId="15.[164,243,1853,1872]" targetBox="[387,1219,1029,1823]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D142FFB623BBF8EEFD09F89C" blockId="15.[164,1441,1853,1902]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB623BBF8EEFEF4F8A2" bold="true" box="[164,281,1853,1872]" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Length versus posterior width for sexed eastern grey kangaroos (
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D142FFB620CFF8EDFB4CF8A2" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1790" box="[976,1185,1854,1872]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Macropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="15" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D142FFB620CFF8EDFB4CF8A2" box="[976,1185,1854,1872]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">Macropus giganteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) lower molar teeth from Warwick, Darling Downs. A, M
<subScript id="17F134B6D142FFB622EDF8B1FE14F89C" attach="right" box="[498,505,1890,1902]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">1</subScript>
. B, M
<subScript id="17F134B6D142FFB62122F8B1FDA9F89C" attach="left" box="[573,580,1890,1902]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">2</subScript>
. C, M
<subScript id="17F134B6D142FFB62196F8B1FD7DF89C" attach="left" box="[649,656,1890,1902]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">3</subScript>
. D, M
<subScript id="17F134B6D142FFB621C9F8B1FD30F89C" attach="left" box="[726,733,1890,1902]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="384">4</subScript>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0A667BD15DFFA9238FFF15FE76FEE4" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" startId="16.[144,208,198,217]">
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D15DFFA9238FFF15FE76FEE4" blockId="16.[144,759,198,278]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA9238FFF15FF04FF2B" bold="true" box="[144,233,198,217]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Table 4.</emphasis>
Coefficient of variation (COV) values for cheek teeth of extant grey kangaroos (
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA922FCFF37FD5BFF04" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1790" box="[483,694,228,246]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Macropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giganteus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA922FCFF37FD5BFF04" box="[483,694,228,246]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Macropus giganteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from Warwick, Darling Downs
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D15DFFA9238FFEEFFD1BFD62" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<table id="F975C453D15D0046238FFEEFFD1BFD63" box="[144,758,316,657]" gridcols="4" gridrows="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFEEFFD1BFEBD" box="[144,758,316,335]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFEEFFF27FEBD" box="[144,202,316,335]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Tooth</th>
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFEEFFE46FEBD" box="[293,427,316,335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Length COV</th>
<th id="76945DCDD15D00462118FEEFFD6FFEBD" box="[519,642,316,335]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Width COV</th>
<th id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FEEFFD1BFEBD" box="[733,758,316,335]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA921C2FEEEFD02FEBD" box="[733,751,317,335]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">N</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFEA5FD1BFE78" box="[144,758,374,394]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFEA5FF27FE78" box="[144,202,374,394]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">P3</th>
<td id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFEA5FE46FE78" box="[293,427,374,394]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">11.2</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D00462118FEA5FD6FFE78" box="[519,642,374,394]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">11.4</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FEA5FD1BFE78" box="[733,758,374,394]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">40</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFE40FD1BFE55" box="[144,758,403,423]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFE40FF27FE55" box="[144,202,403,423]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">M1</th>
<td id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFE40FE46FE55" box="[293,427,403,423]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">6.1</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D00462118FE40FD6FFE55" box="[519,642,403,423]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">6.5</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FE40FD1BFE55" box="[733,758,403,423]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">74</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFE63FD1BFE36" box="[144,758,432,452]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFE63FF27FE36" box="[144,202,432,452]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">M2</th>
<td id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFE63FE46FE36" box="[293,427,432,452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">6.7</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D00462118FE63FD6FFE36" box="[519,642,432,452]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">5.7</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FE63FD1BFE36" box="[733,758,432,452]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">82</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFE1DFD1BFE13" box="[144,758,462,481]" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFE1DFF27FE13" box="[144,202,462,481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">M3</th>
<td id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFE1DFE46FE13" box="[293,427,462,481]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">5.1</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D00462118FE1DFD6FFE13" box="[519,642,462,481]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">5.6</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FE1DFD1BFE13" box="[733,758,462,481]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">65</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFE38FD1BFE0D" box="[144,758,491,511]" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFE38FF27FE0D" box="[144,202,491,511]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">M4</th>
<td id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFE38FE46FE0D" box="[293,427,491,511]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">6.1</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D00462118FE38FD6FFE0D" box="[519,642,491,511]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">6.5</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FE38FD1BFE0D" box="[733,758,491,511]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">51</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFDD6FD1BFDEE" box="[144,758,517,540]" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFDD6FF27FDEE" box="[144,202,517,540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">P3</th>
<td id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFDD6FE46FDEE" box="[293,427,517,540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">7.0</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D00462118FDD6FD6FFDEE" box="[519,642,517,540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">9.8</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FDD6FD1BFDEE" box="[733,758,517,540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">35</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFDF1FD1BFDCB" box="[144,758,546,569]" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFDF1FF27FDCB" box="[144,202,546,569]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">M1</th>
<td id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFDF1FE46FDCB" box="[293,427,546,569]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">6.1</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D00462118FDF1FD6FFDCB" box="[519,642,546,569]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">4.7</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FDF1FD1BFDCB" box="[733,758,546,569]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFDECFD1BFDA4" box="[144,758,575,598]" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFDECFF27FDA4" box="[144,202,575,598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">M2</th>
<td id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFDECFE46FDA4" box="[293,427,575,598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">5.7</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D00462118FDECFD6FFDA4" box="[519,642,575,598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">4.5</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FDECFD1BFDA4" box="[733,758,575,598]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">58</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFD8FFD1BFD81" box="[144,758,604,627]" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFD8FFF27FD81" box="[144,202,604,627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">M3</th>
<td id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFD8FFE46FD81" box="[293,427,604,627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">4.5</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D00462118FD8FFD6FFD81" box="[519,642,604,627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">4.4</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FD8FFD1BFD81" box="[733,758,604,627]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">44</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354534B1D15D0046238FFDA9FD1BFD63" box="[144,758,634,657]" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<th id="76945DCDD15D0046238FFDA9FF27FD63" box="[144,202,634,657]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">M4</th>
<td id="76945DCDD15D0046223AFDA9FE46FD63" box="[293,427,634,657]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">3.9</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D00462118FDA9FD6FFD63" box="[519,642,634,657]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">4.3</td>
<td id="76945DCDD15D004621C2FDA9FD1BFD63" box="[733,758,634,657]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">29</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D15DFFA920B3FEEAFAE5FEBE" blockId="16.[940,1288,313,334]" box="[940,1288,313,334]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
<tableNote id="7693377DD15DFFA920B3FEEAFAE5FEBE" box="[940,1288,313,334]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" targetBox="[144,758,316,657]" targetPageId="16">
BACCHUS MARSH
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA92767FEEFFAE5FEBE" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1144,1288,316,332]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">DIPROTODON</taxonomicName>
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D15DFFA923B7FC76FB7BFF08" blockId="16.[144,759,749,1903]" lastBlockId="16.[806,1421,198,250]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
In sexually dimorphic mammals, males are generally larger than females (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA92101FC10FD06FC2B" author="Andersson M" box="[542,747,963,985]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" refId="ref15689" refString="Andersson M. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press." type="book" year="1994">Andersson, 1994</bibRefCitation>
). However, there are a few rare cases where the female is the larger sex (e.g. extant spotted hyena,
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA9238FFBCCFEA5FBC6" authority="crocuta" box="[144,328,1055,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Crocuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocuta">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA9238FFBCCFEA5FBC6" box="[144,328,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Crocuta crocuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although in that case, dimorphism is reflected in body size only and does not extend to tooth morphometrics) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA922ADFB8FFEBCFB63" author="Van Horn RC &amp; McElhinny TL &amp; Holekamp KE" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="1019 - 1030" refId="ref19209" refString="Van Horn RC, McElhinny TL, Holekamp KE. 2003. Age estimation and dispersal in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Mammology 84: 1019 - 1030." type="journal article" year="2003">Van Horn, McElhinny &amp; Holekamp, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Within Darling Downs
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA92169FBA9FD1BFB7D" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[630,758,1146,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA92169FBA9FD1BFB7D" box="[630,758,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA9220FFB4AFE7DFB5C" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[272,400,1177,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA9220FFB4AFE7DFB5C" box="[272,400,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assemblages in general, it is not possible unambiguously to assign gender on the basis of morphometric or morphological differences in dentary and tooth size. However, by drawing analogy to all extant megaherbivores, the male is almost invariably larger than the female (although extant black rhinos,
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA92289FA82FDB9FA94" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[406,596,1361,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA92289FA82FDB9FA94" box="[406,596,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diceros bicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are slightly more monomorphic) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA9228DFABCFD9FFA77" author="Owen-Smith RN" box="[402,626,1391,1413]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" refId="ref18418" refString="Owen-Smith RN. 1988. Megaherbivores: the influence of very large body size on ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." type="book" year="1988">Owen-Smith, 1988</bibRefCitation>
). Additionally, the male is significantly larger than the female in all sexually dimorphic extant marsupials greater than
<quantity id="4C8D9B16D15DFFA923C8FA18FEEAFA13" box="[215,263,1483,1505]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" unit="kg" value="5.0">5 kg</quantity>
in mean sexed body weight (predominantly macropodoids) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA922BAFA39FDA2F9F2" author="Jarman PJ" box="[421,591,1514,1536]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="432 - 447" refId="ref17082" refString="Jarman PJ. 1989. Sexual dimorphism in Macropodoidea. In: Grigg G, Jarman P, Hume I, eds. Kangaroos, wallabies and rat-kangaroos. Sydney, NSW: Surrey Beatty and Sons. 432 - 447." type="book chapter" year="1989">Jarman, 1989</bibRefCitation>
). By drawing such analogies for
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA92270F9DBFE02F9EF" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[367,495,1544,1565]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA92270F9DBFE02F9EF" box="[367,495,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is most likely that the large form is male and the small form is female. However, that hypothesis remains difficult to test. Although placentals show morphological and morphometric skeletal differences reflective of parturition and thus of gender (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA922C8F972FD75F945" author="Averianov AO" box="[471,664,1697,1719]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="260 - 267" refId="ref15850" refString="Averianov AO. 1996. Sexual dimorphism in the mammoth skull, teeth, and long bones. In: Shoshani J, Tassy P, eds. The Proboscidea: evolution and palaeoecology of elephants and their relatives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 260 - 267." type="book chapter" year="1996">Averianov, 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA921B2F972FF27F924" author="Lister AM" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="254 - 259" refId="ref17388" refString="Lister AM. 1996. Sexual dimorphism in the mammoth pelvis: an aid to gender determination. In: Shoshani J, Tassy P, eds. The Proboscidea: evolution and palaeoecology of elephants and their relatives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 254 - 259." type="book chapter" year="1996">Lister, 1996</bibRefCitation>
), such differences are less obvious in marsupials (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA923DBF90CFEBAF907" author="Tague RG" box="[196,343,1759,1781]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="1464 - 1473" refId="ref19043" refString="Tague RG. 2003. Pelvic sexual dimorphism in a metatherian, Didelphis virginiana: implications for eutherians. Journal of Mammology 84: 1464 - 1473." type="journal article" year="2003">Tague, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Some extant marsupials do show gender-related differences in skeletal limb portions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA92387F8CFFEA5F8C0" author="Jarman PJ" box="[152,328,1820,1842]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="432 - 447" refId="ref17082" refString="Jarman PJ. 1989. Sexual dimorphism in Macropodoidea. In: Grigg G, Jarman P, Hume I, eds. Kangaroos, wallabies and rat-kangaroos. Sydney, NSW: Surrey Beatty and Sons. 432 - 447." type="book chapter" year="1989">Jarman, 1989</bibRefCitation>
); however, demonstrating similar post-cranial, gender-related osteological differences in
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA923AEF88AFEDCF89C" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[177,305,1881,1902]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA923AEF88AFEDCF89C" box="[177,305,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is difficult because there are very few (if any) completely articulated or associated
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA92624FF15FCB0FF0B" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA92624FF15FCB0FF0B" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
skeletons for comparison.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D15DFFA92039FE8CFAE4FC0A" blockId="16.[806,1422,351,1903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
In most cases, COV values for Bacchus Marsh
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA92624FE8CFCB0FE60" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA92624FE8CFCB0FE60" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cheek teeth dimensions are more similar to those of the modern grey kangaroo population than to the Darling Downs
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA92719FE68FB6BFE22" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1030,1158,443,464]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA92719FE68FB6BFE22" box="[1030,1158,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assemblage (
<tableCitation id="C6F70348D15DFFA9263FFE68FCDBFE1D" captionStart-0="Table 2" captionStart-1="Table 3" captionStart-2="Table 4" captionStartId-0="11.[164,228,200,219]" captionStartId-1="12.[144,208,200,219]" captionStartId-2="16.[144,208,198,217]" captionText-0="Table 2. Upper cheek teeth dimensions (mm) for Diprotodon" captionText-1="Table 3. Lower cheek teeth dimensions (mm) for Diprotodon" captionText-2="Table 4. Coefficient of variation (COV) values for cheek teeth of extant grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) from Warwick, Darling Downs" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Tables 2– 4</tableCitation>
). That may reflect: (1) a different temporal sampling range at Bacchus Marsh than at the Darling Downs (presumably of less duration for Bacchus Marsh); (2) a condition inherent to either the Bacchus Marsh or the Darling Downs
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA9270AFD87FB78FD9B" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1045,1173,596,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA9270AFD87FB78FD9B" box="[1045,1173,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assemblages; and/or (3) simply reduced variation due to one size class being represented. Testing such hypotheses is difficult due to the paucity of material available for study. However, an extended temporal period of sampling would support recent sedimentological and taphonomic interpretations regarding the attritional nature of the majority of Darling Downs fossil assemblages (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA9209DFC9BFB91FCAC" author="Price GJ &amp; Sobbe IH" box="[898,1148,840,862]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="171 - 201" refId="ref18590" refString="Price GJ, Sobbe IH. 2005. Pleistocene palaeoecology and environmental change on the Darling Downs, southeastern Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 51: 171 - 201." type="journal article" year="2005">Price &amp; Sobbe, 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA92792FC9BFA6FFCAC" author="Price GJ &amp; Webb GE" box="[1165,1410,840,862]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="947 - 970" refId="ref18657" refString="Price GJ, Webb GE. 2006. Late Pleistocene sedimentology, taphonomy and megafauna extinction on the Darling Downs, southeastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 53: 947 - 970." type="journal article" year="2006">Price &amp; Webb, 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Additionally, taphonomic data for Bacchus Marsh indicate that the
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA920F4FC55FB86FC69" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1003,1131,902,923]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA920F4FC55FB86FC69" box="[1003,1131,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assemblage accumulated during a single, mass mortality event, suggesting that biotic sampling occurred over a particularly short temporal scale (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA920FFFC31FB10FC0A" author="Long J &amp; Mackness BS" box="[992,1277,993,1016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="95 - 110" refId="ref17470" refString="Long J, Mackness BS. 1994. Studies of the late Cainozoic diprotodontid marsupials of Australia. 4. The Bacchus Marsh diprotodons - Geology, sedimentology and taphonomy. Records of the South Australian Museum 27: 95 - 110." type="journal article" year="1994">Long &amp; Mackness, 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA36F3D15DFFA82020FBD3FF0DFC6E" blockId="16.[806,1422,351,1903]" lastBlockId="17.[164,779,198,924]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="386" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">
At face value, the data compiled for Bacchus Marsh
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA92039FBCCFC4BFBC6" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[806,934,1055,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA92039FBCCFC4BFBC6" box="[806,934,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not entirely consistent with an interpretation of sexual dimorphism within the assemblage. As with the Darling Downs, there are no consistent dental morphologies to warrant separation of more than one morphospecies in the assemblage. However, morphometric data suggest that the single morphospecies was monomorphic in body size, but similar in size to the small-form (?female) Darling Downs
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA9209FFAC0FBEDFADA" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[896,1024,1299,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA9209FFAC0FBEDFADA" box="[896,1024,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134E2A76D15DFFA92709FAC0FBB5FADB" box="[1046,1112,1299,1321]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="8.[144,223,847,866]" captionTargetBox="[148,756,199,817]" captionTargetId="graphics-650@8.[234,748,202,742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 8. Dimensions of Diprotodon dentaries at position below M3 for the Darling Downs (N = 34), Lake Callabonna (N = 19) and Bacchus Marsh (N = 23) assemblages. Closed markers indicate large-form individuals, open markers indicate small-form individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5447618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5447618/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6F70348D15DFFA92774FAC0FB0BFAD8" box="[1131,1254,1299,1322]" captionStart-0="Table 1" captionStart-1="Table 2" captionStart-2="Table 3" captionStartId-0="9.[164,228,1094,1113]" captionStartId-1="11.[164,228,200,219]" captionStartId-2="12.[144,208,200,219]" captionText-0="Table 1. Cheek tooth dimensions (mm) for large- and small-form Darling Downs Diprotodon" captionText-1="Table 2. Upper cheek teeth dimensions (mm) for Diprotodon" captionText-2="Table 3. Lower cheek teeth dimensions (mm) for Diprotodon" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Tables 1–3</tableCitation>
). It would be expected that a sexually dimorphic assemblage would contain members of both sexes (i.e. both size classes). However, biological and taphonomic information provides some evidence that the assemblage could represent a gender-segregated herd. Extant sexually dimorphic megafauna commonly occur in gendersegregated herds (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA920E1FA39FB34FA0D" author="Owen-Smith RN" box="[1022,1241,1514,1536]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" refId="ref18418" refString="Owen-Smith RN. 1988. Megaherbivores: the influence of very large body size on ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." type="book" year="1988">Owen-Smith, 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA927F7FA39FA65FA0D" author="Haynes G" box="[1256,1416,1514,1535]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" refId="ref16898" refString="Haynes G. 1991. Mammoths, mastodonts, and elephants: biology, behavior, and the fossil record. New York: Cambridge University Press." type="book" year="1991">Haynes, 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA92039F9DAFBEFF9EC" author="Berger J &amp; Dulamtseren S &amp; Cain S &amp; Enkkhbileg D &amp; Lichtman P &amp; Namshir Z &amp; Wingard G &amp; Reading R" box="[806,1026,1544,1566]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="131 - 139" refId="ref15996" refString="Berger J, Dulamtseren S, Cain S, Enkkhbileg D, Lichtman P, Namshir Z, Wingard G, Reading R. 2001. Backcasting sociality in extinct species: new perspectives using mass death assemblages and sex ratios. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 268: 131 - 139." type="journal article" year="2001">
Berger
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA92062F9DAFC5DF9EF" box="[893,944,1544,1566]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). As the assemblage is thought to represent individuals trapped in muds of a drying marsh (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA92060F996FB74F9A9" author="Long J &amp; Mackness BS" box="[895,1177,1605,1627]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="95 - 110" refId="ref17470" refString="Long J, Mackness BS. 1994. Studies of the late Cainozoic diprotodontid marsupials of Australia. 4. The Bacchus Marsh diprotodons - Geology, sedimentology and taphonomy. Records of the South Australian Museum 27: 95 - 110." type="journal article" year="1994">Long &amp; Mackness, 1994</bibRefCitation>
), it is possible that a single herd was sampled.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA9277CF9B7FA60F988" author="Long J &amp; Mackness BS" box="[1123,1421,1636,1658]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="95 - 110" refId="ref17470" refString="Long J, Mackness BS. 1994. Studies of the late Cainozoic diprotodontid marsupials of Australia. 4. The Bacchus Marsh diprotodons - Geology, sedimentology and taphonomy. Records of the South Australian Museum 27: 95 - 110." type="journal article" year="1994">Long &amp; Mackness (1994)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that the preponderance of subadult to adult individuals over juvenile and mature individuals in the Bacchus Marsh
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA9270CF913FB7EF927" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1043,1171,1728,1749]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA9270CF913FB7EF927" box="[1043,1171,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assemblage reflected a population that was stressed by drought. Similar demographic profiles have been observed in droughtstressed sexually dimorphic marsupials such as the extant red kangaroo,
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15DFFA92723F8E8FCB2F89C" authority="Desmarest, 1817" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Macropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15DFFA92723F8E8FB14F8BD" box="[1084,1273,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="385">Macropus rufus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA92613F8E8FCB2F89C" author="Desmarest AG" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" refId="ref16426" refString="Desmarest AG. 1817. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle appliquee aux arts. Paris: C. Deterville." type="book" year="1817">Desmarest, 1817</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and the grey kangaroo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15DFFA927DBF88AFA65F89D" author="Newsome AE" box="[1220,1416,1881,1903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="385" pagination="735 - 759" refId="ref18026" refString="Newsome AE. 1965. Reproduction in natural populations of the red kangaroo, Megaleia rufa (Demarest), in central Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 13: 735 - 759." type="journal article" year="1965">Newsome, 1965</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA823BBFF15FE08FF2E" author="Kirkpatric TH &amp; McEvoy JS" box="[164,485,198,220]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="439 - 442" refId="ref17154" refString="Kirkpatric TH, McEvoy JS. 1966. Studies of the Macropodidae in Queensland. 5. Effects of drought on reproduction in the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). Queensland Journal of Agriculture and Animal Sciences 23: 439 - 442." type="journal article" year="1966">Kirkpatric &amp; McEvoy, 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Red and grey kangaroo fecundity decreases in drought conditions and adults tend to be the dominant surviving group (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA82189FED0FF30FEC5" author="Newsome AE" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="735 - 759" refId="ref18026" refString="Newsome AE. 1965. Reproduction in natural populations of the red kangaroo, Megaleia rufa (Demarest), in central Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 13: 735 - 759." type="journal article" year="1965">Newsome, 1965</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA823F1FEF1FDD7FECA" author="Kirkpatric TH &amp; McEvoy JS" box="[238,570,290,312]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="439 - 442" refId="ref17154" refString="Kirkpatric TH, McEvoy JS. 1966. Studies of the Macropodidae in Queensland. 5. Effects of drought on reproduction in the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). Queensland Journal of Agriculture and Animal Sciences 23: 439 - 442." type="journal article" year="1966">Kirkpatric &amp; McEvoy, 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the overabundance of small-form (?female) individuals in the Bacchus Marsh
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA82266FE8CFE14FE86" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[377,505,351,372]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA82266FE8CFE14FE86" box="[377,505,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
assemblage may be explained by drought effects.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA82109FEAEFEA6FE40" author="Norbury GL &amp; Coulson GM &amp; Walters BL" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="257 - 266" refId="ref18060" refString="Norbury GL, Coulson GM, Walters BL. 1988. Aspects of the demography of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus melanops, in semiarid northwest Victoria. Wildlife Research 15: 257 - 266." type="journal article" year="1988">Norbury, Coulson &amp; Walters (1988)</bibRefCitation>
observed that male-biased mortality is extenuated by drought conditions in sexually dimorphic marsupials such as the western grey kangaroo,
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA823BBFE2AFD82FDFF" authority="Desmarest, 1817" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1817" box="[164,623,504,526]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Macropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuliginosus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA823BBFE2AFE71FDFF" box="[164,412,504,526]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Macropus fuliginosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA822B7FE2BFD82FDFF" author="Desmarest AG" box="[424,623,504,525]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" refId="ref16426" refString="Desmarest AG. 1817. Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle appliquee aux arts. Paris: C. Deterville." type="book" year="1817">Desmarest, 1817</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Such biased mortality patterns are similar in all age classes and reflect disparate energy costs imposed by sex differences in body size and mobility (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B02D15CFFA82109FD87FD12FD98" author="Norbury GL &amp; Coulson GM &amp; Walters BL" box="[534,767,596,618]" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" pagination="257 - 266" refId="ref18060" refString="Norbury GL, Coulson GM, Walters BL. 1988. Aspects of the demography of the western grey kangaroo, Macropus fuliginosus melanops, in semiarid northwest Victoria. Wildlife Research 15: 257 - 266." type="journal article" year="1988">
Norbury
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA82161FD87FD42FD9B" box="[638,687,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">et al</emphasis>
., 1988
</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, at Bacchus Marsh, large-form (?male)
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA821A6FDA0FF36FD54" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA821A6FDA0FF36FD54" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals of all age classes may have a succumbed to drought conditions before small-form (?female)
<taxonomicName id="4C754D70D15CFFA8220CFD1DFE7EFD11" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[275,403,718,739]" class="Mammalia" family="Diprotodontidae" genus="Diprotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="17" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EAE1D15CFFA8220CFD1DFE7EFD11" box="[275,403,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="386">Diprotodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals, and hence were not sampled in this chance event where one herd died around a drying water course. The other assemblages that contain both large- and small-form individuals all represent broader attritional accumulation processes that would be unlikely to sample only a single herd.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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