treatments-xml/data/03/D9/4B/03D94B58FFB8FFD59EB9AD82FBC73CA1.xml
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<mods:title id="EB3BAFE0BA79944444AB5175A395322D">The caudinid sea cucumbers of New Zealand (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Molpadida: Caudinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3B79D7ED5B1467E513A0FB19D287B68F">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D94B58FFB8FFD59EB9AD82FBC73CA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6153060" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119559910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6153060" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D94B58FFB8FFD59EB9AD82FBC73CA1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D94B58FFB8FFD59EB9AD82FBC73CA1" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="361" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<subSubSection id="C36AA9C5FFB8FFD09EB9AD82FECB3A06" pageId="1" pageNumber="358" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFB8FFD09EB9AD82FDC03B9E" blockId="1.[151,518,1694,1753]" box="[151,518,1694,1720]" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<heading id="D0874D22FFB8FFD09EB9AD82FDC03B9E" bold="true" box="[151,518,1694,1720]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="358" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFB8FFD09EB9AD82FDC03B9E" ID-CoL="6LH74" authority="Theel, 1886" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,518,1694,1720]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="1" pageNumber="358" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09EB9AD82FDC03B9E" bold="true" box="[151,518,1694,1720]" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09EB9AD82FE9A3B9E" bold="true" box="[151,348,1694,1720]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">Hedingia glabra</emphasis>
(Théel, 1886)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFB8FFD09EB9ADDDFEEE3BFF" blockId="1.[151,518,1694,1753]" box="[151,296,1729,1753]" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<figureCitation id="134BE6CBFFB8FFD09EB9ADDDFF3B3BFF" box="[151,253,1729,1753]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1868,1891]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,547,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,547,1847]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photos of preserved specimens of species in the family Caudinidae Heding, 1931: a, Hedingia glabra (Théel, 1886) (NIWA 64078); b, Paracaudina alta sp. nov. (NIWA 68129); c, Paracaudina chilensis (Müller, 1850) (NIWA 77411); d, Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton, 1872) (NIWA 70954); e, Paracaudina coriacea (Hutton, 1872) lectotype (NHMUK 98.10.8.1.2); f, Paracaudina reductia sp. nov. (NIWA 70957)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223159/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">Figures 1</figureCitation>
a, 2
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFB8FFD09EB9AC15FECB3A06" blockId="1.[151,1437,1801,2038]" box="[151,269,1801,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09EB9AC15FECB3A06" bold="true" box="[151,269,1801,1824]" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">Synonymy.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36AA9C5FFB8FFD39EB9AC34FD5B3D88" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="359" pageId="1" pageNumber="358" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFB8FFD09EB9AC34FC533A1B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1801,2038]" box="[151,917,1832,1854]" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFB8FFD09EB9AC34FEB03A18" box="[151,374,1832,1854]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Trochostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="1" pageNumber="358" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09EB9AC34FEB03A18" box="[151,374,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">Trochostoma albicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFB8FFD09F52AC35FE293A18" box="[380,495,1832,1854]" pageId="1" pageNumber="358" rank="variety" variety="glabra">
var.
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09F86AC34FE293A18" box="[424,495,1832,1854]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">glabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Théel, 1886: 46, pl. 3 fig. 2, pl. 11 fig. 3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFB8FFD09EB9AC5BFD5E3A5D" blockId="1.[151,1437,1801,2038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09EB9AC5BFE973A7B" box="[151,337,1863,1885]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFB8FFD09EB9AC5BFE8B3A7B" box="[151,333,1863,1885]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Caudina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="1" pageNumber="358" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">Caudina albicans</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
H. L. Clark, 1908: 174175, pl. 10 fig. 12. Deichmann, 1930: 201202, pl. 24 fig. 1. Heding, 1931: 283. H. L. Clark, 1935: 269, 271, 277, 278. [All part].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFB8FFD09EB9AC98FB073ABF" blockId="1.[151,1437,1801,2038]" box="[151,1217,1923,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09EB9AC98FE423ABC" box="[151,388,1924,1946]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFB8FFD09EB9AC98FE463ABC" box="[151,384,1924,1946]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Haplodactyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="1" pageNumber="358" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">Haplodactyla albicans</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Heding, 1935: 6567, fig. 18 (113), pl. 4 fig. 9, pl. 5 fig. 17, pl. 8 fig. 10. [part].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFB8FFD09EB9ACBEFEA63AD0" blockId="1.[151,1437,1801,2038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFB8FFD09EB9ACBEFE973A9E" box="[151,337,1954,1976]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="1" pageNumber="358" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09EB9ACBEFE973A9E" box="[151,337,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">Hedingia albicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Deichmann, 1938: 112113. Deichmann, 1940: 216217. Pawson, 1965: 2, 14. Pawson, 1970: 49. Pawson, 1977: 120.? Rowe &amp; Gates, 1995: 264. Pawson
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09C9AACDEFD2E3AF1" box="[692,744,1985,2007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">et al.</emphasis>
2001: 324325, fig. 4C. Pawson
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09A12ACDEFBB63AF1" box="[1084,1136,1985,2007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">et al.</emphasis>
2009: 1202. Mah
<emphasis id="B904265CFFB8FFD09B07ACDEFA9B3AF1" box="[1321,1373,1985,2007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="358">et al.</emphasis>
2009: 398. [All part].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFBBFFD39EB9AB84FD5B3D88" blockId="2.[151,669,152,174]" box="[151,669,152,174]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBBFFD39EB9AB84FE973D88" box="[151,337,152,174]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39EB9AB84FE973D88" box="[151,337,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">Hedingia albicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBBFFD39F79AB85FE013D88" box="[343,455,152,174]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" rank="variety" variety="glabra">
var.
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39FADAB84FE013D88" box="[387,455,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">glabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Madsen, 1953: 167.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36AA9C5FFBBFFD39EB9ABC6FE003CC8" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFBBFFD39EB9ABC6FE003CC8" blockId="2.[151,1436,218,494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39EB9ABC6FE473DD5" bold="true" box="[151,385,218,243]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">Material examined</emphasis>
(Number in bracket denotes number of specimens). NIWA registered specimens:
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: Hikurangi Margin: 63069 (4) Stn TAN1004/7,
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, 1323
<quantity id="4C8857ABFFBBFFD39EF3AACAFEF53CC8" box="[221,307,470,494]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.153" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" unit="m" value="1153.0">1153 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFCEDC8EFFBBFFD39F10AACAFE043CC8" box="[318,450,470,494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" value="2010-04-28">28/04/2010</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF0FAAC6FFBBFFD39EB9AC50FCC93A99" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223159/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" targetBox="[151,1435,547,1847]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFBBFFD39EB9AC50FCC93A99" blockId="2.[151,1436,1868,1984]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39EB9AC50FED03A44" bold="true" box="[151,278,1868,1891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Photos of preserved specimens of species in the family
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBBFFD39D45AC51FBBE3A44" authority="Heding, 1931" authorityName="Heding" authorityYear="1931" box="[875,1144,1869,1891]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Caudinidae Heding, 1931</taxonomicName>
: a,
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBBFFD39AB1AC51FF143AA7" authority="Theel, 1886" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1886" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39AB1AC51FA8C3A45" box="[1183,1354,1869,1891]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">Hedingia glabra</emphasis>
(Théel, 1886)
</taxonomicName>
(NIWA 64078); b,
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBBFFD39FB8AC70FD8E3AA4" box="[406,584,1900,1922]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Paracaudina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39FB8AC70FD8E3AA4" box="[406,584,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">Paracaudina alta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39C60AC70FD583AA7" bold="true" box="[590,670,1900,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2379B27FFBBFFD39C60AC70FD583AA7" box="[590,670,1900,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(NIWA 68129); c,
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBBFFD39D4CAC70FB183AA7" authority="Muller, 1850" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1850" box="[866,1246,1899,1922]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Paracaudina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39D4CAC70FB833AA4" box="[866,1093,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">Paracaudina chilensis</emphasis>
(Müller, 1850)
</taxonomicName>
(NIWA 77411); d,
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBBFFD39EB9AC96FDF43A87" authority="Hutton, 1872" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,562,1930,1953]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Paracaudina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="coriacea">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39EB9AC96FE453A86" box="[151,387,1930,1952]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">Paracaudina coriacea</emphasis>
(Hutton, 1872)
</taxonomicName>
(NIWA 70954); e,
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBBFFD39D32AC96FB7E3A87" authority="Hutton, 1872" authorityName="Hutton" authorityYear="1872" box="[796,1208,1930,1953]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Paracaudina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="coriacea">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39D32AC96FBCF3A86" box="[796,1033,1930,1952]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">Paracaudina coriacea</emphasis>
(Hutton, 1872)
</taxonomicName>
lectotype (NHMUK 98.10.8.1.2); f,
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBBFFD39F1AACB5FDD43A99" box="[308,530,1961,1983]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Paracaudina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="reductia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39F1AACB5FDD43A99" box="[308,530,1961,1983]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">Paracaudina reductia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBBFFD39C36ACB6FDAE3A99" bold="true" box="[536,616,1962,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2379B27FFBBFFD39C36ACB6FDAE3A99" box="[536,616,1962,1983]" pageId="2" pageNumber="359" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(NIWA 70957).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0FAAC6FFBAFFD29EB9AF2DFEE139A2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223160/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1051]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFBAFFD29EB9AF2DFEE139A2" blockId="3.[151,1436,1073,1156]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29EB9AF2DFED33961" bold="true" box="[151,277,1073,1096]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29F33AF2DFD9A3961" authority="Theel, 1886" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1886" box="[285,604,1073,1095]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29F33AF2DFE0E3961" box="[285,456,1073,1095]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">Hedingia glabra</emphasis>
(Théel, 1886)
</taxonomicName>
(NIWA 64137). SEM images AD showing form of large perforated table base ossicles with 36 central perforations; E, light microscopy image, side view of table ossicle showing central spire with pillars and crossbars.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C36AA9C5FFBAFFD29EE7AFB0FD453B77" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFBAFFD29EE7AFB0FAFD3816" blockId="3.[151,1436,1196,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29EE7AFB0FE9C39E3" bold="true" box="[201,346,1196,1221]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">Description.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29F4FAFB0FE0F39E2" box="[353,457,1196,1220]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29F4FAFB0FE0F39E2" box="[353,457,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">Hedingia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species up to
<quantity id="4C8857ABFFBAFFD29C49AFB0FD0539E2" box="[615,707,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 mm</quantity>
total length, diameter up to
<quantity id="4C8857ABFFBAFFD29DD3AFB0FB8939E2" box="[1021,1103,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
, caudal taper and tail up to
<quantity id="4C8857ABFFBAFFD29BAEAFB0FF0539CE" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
long (NIWA 64078); tail ranging from continuous taper through to discrete long thin tail, can be up to two thirds length of body; main body wall leathery, smooth or sparsely prickly, anterior and posterior fine wrinkling (preserved); tail leathery, parchment-like, distinctly prickly compared to main body, wrinkled (preserved).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFBAFFD29EE7AE20FE7F3B0A" blockId="3.[151,1436,1196,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">
Ossicles in mid-body wall predominantly absent, or can be sparse tables up to 250
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29A4BAE21FBB53872" box="[1125,1139,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">µ</emphasis>
m disc length; tail ossicles dense tables, table disc concave, extensively perforated, up to 360
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29DA8AE7DFC52385E" box="[902,916,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">µ</emphasis>
m length, variable in shape from triangular, to oval, to 45 lobed, with 36 central perforations, predominantly more than 3, disc surface smooth or sparsely finely spinous, disc margin with irregular, sometimes spinous projections (visible under high microscopy), table spire is predominantly 3 pillared but can be 24. Each pillar is attached to disc in two places and then fuses to a final distal pillar. This single pillar then splays out to 3 distally spinous teeth. Pillars often lost on preparation and discs appear with large holes in centre.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFBAFFD29EE7AD2BFD453B77" blockId="3.[151,1436,1196,2012]" box="[201,643,1591,1617]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29EE7AD2BFE753B76" bold="true" box="[201,435,1591,1616]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">Colour (preserved).</emphasis>
Off-white to grey.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36AA9C5FFBAFFD29EE7AD40FD993BBE" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFBAFFD29EE7AD40FD993BBE" blockId="3.[151,1436,1196,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29EE7AD40FEA43B53" bold="true" box="[201,354,1628,1653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F367BADEFFBAFFD29F44AD41FDC03B52" box="[362,518,1628,1652]" name="New Zealand" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
: Hikurangi Margin (material examined), East Cape (Théel 1886) (
<typeStatus id="54CB44ECFFBAFFD29ADFAD40FAE53B52" box="[1265,1315,1628,1652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">type</typeStatus>
specimen, existence unknown),
<quantity id="4C8857ABFFBAFFD29FABAD9CFDD43BBE" box="[389,530,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.139" metricValueMax="1.593" metricValueMin="0.6849999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" unit="m" value="1139.0" valueMax="1593.0" valueMin="685.0">6851593 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36AA9C5FFBAFFD59EE7ADB9FBC73CA1" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="361" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFBAFFD29EE7ADB9FED93AFA" blockId="3.[151,1436,1196,2012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29EE7ADB9FEFB3B9B" bold="true" box="[201,317,1701,1725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">Remarks.</emphasis>
We raise
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29F91ADB8FD7B3B9A" box="[447,701,1700,1724]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Trochostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29F91ADB8FD7B3B9A" box="[447,701,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">Trochostoma albicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29CE4ADB9FC203B9A" authority="Theel, 1886" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1886" box="[714,998,1700,1724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" rank="variety" variety="glabra">
var.
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29D2FADB8FC8A3B9A" box="[769,844,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">glabra</emphasis>
Théel, 1886
</taxonomicName>
out of synonymy with
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29B25ADB8FE4F3BC6" authority="Theel, 1886" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1886" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Trochostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29B25ADB8FF303BC6" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">Trochostoma albicans</emphasis>
Théel, 1886
</taxonomicName>
, and elevate to species status. The species is maintained in
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29A1DADD4FAB63BC6" authority="Deichmann, 1938" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1938" box="[1075,1392,1736,1760]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29A1DADD4FB5D3BC6" box="[1075,1179,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">Hedingia</emphasis>
Deichmann, 1938
</taxonomicName>
. As originally noted by Théel (1886), tables are rare to absent in the body wall of
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29DDAADF0FB6B3A22" box="[1012,1197,1772,1796]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29DDAADF0FB6B3A22" box="[1012,1197,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">Hedingia glabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the main body is consequently not calcareous but smooth. This is diagnostically different to
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29DC2AC0DFBA93A0E" box="[1004,1135,1808,1832]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Trochostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29DC2AC0DFBA93A0E" box="[1004,1135,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">H. albicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that has tables throughout the body wall but denser in the tail. Other diagnostic differences include the nature of the surface of the table discs in
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29E9DAC45FEE63A56" box="[179,288,1880,1904]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29E9DAC45FEE63A56" box="[179,288,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">H. glabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being frequently smooth and consisting of 36 central perforations compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29A8AAC45FAE33A56" box="[1188,1317,1880,1904]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Trochostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29A8AAC45FAE33A56" box="[1188,1317,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">H. albicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which has notably a spinous disc surface and 3 central perforations. The margins of the disc in
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29AAEAC61FB373AB2" box="[1152,1265,1916,1940]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29AAEAC61FB373AB2" box="[1152,1265,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">H. glabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are frequently spinous, and discs can be triangular to oval to rectangular or 5-lobed compared to the consistent triangular shape of
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBAFFD29EB9ACD9FEDE3AFA" box="[151,280,1988,2012]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Trochostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="3" pageNumber="360" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBAFFD29EB9ACD9FEDE3AFA" box="[151,280,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="360">H. albicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCFFA4EFFBDFFD59EE7AB84FBC73CA1" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,391]" pageId="4" pageNumber="361">
We note that Rowe and Gates (1995) reported specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBDFFD59D44AB84FBFE3D96" box="[874,1080,152,176]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="4" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBDFFD59D44AB84FBFE3D96" box="[874,1080,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="361">Hedingia albicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from New South
<collectingCountry id="F367BADEFFBDFFD59B2EAB8BFA823D89" box="[1280,1348,151,175]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="361">Wales</collectingCountry>
(NSW) at depths of
<quantity id="4C8857ABFFBDFFD59F05ABA0FE793DF2" box="[299,447,188,212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.773" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="0.8459999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="361" unit="m" value="1773.0" valueMax="2700.0" valueMin="846.0">8462700 m</quantity>
. We anticipate that this material is probably
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBDFFD59DE3ABA0FB573DF2" box="[973,1169,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBDFFD59DE3ABA0FB4B3DF2" box="[973,1165,188,212]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="4" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glabra">Hedingia glabra</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and have included the reference in our synonymy. However, it might also represent an unusual southern extension of the distribution of the species reported off
<collectingCountry id="F367BADEFFBDFFD59F89AA18FE273C3A" box="[423,481,260,284]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="361">India</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBDFFD59C26AA18FC8F3C3A" authority="Theel" authorityName="Theel" box="[520,841,260,284]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Trochostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="4" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBDFFD59C26AA18FCC73C3A" box="[520,769,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="361">Trochostoma albicans</emphasis>
Théel
</taxonomicName>
by Koehler and Vaney (1905). The drawings (Rowe and Gates, 1995) of the table discs are spinous, triangular and 3-perforated centrally suggesting
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBDFFD59AFFAA35FA953C66" box="[1233,1363,296,320]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Trochostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="4" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albicans">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBDFFD59AFFAA35FA953C66" box="[1233,1363,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="361">H. albicans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBDFFD59EE1AA51FEFB3C42" box="[207,317,332,356]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="4" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBDFFD59EE1AA51FEFB3C42" box="[207,317,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="361">H. glabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C7081CDFFBDFFD59C29AA51FDB23C42" box="[519,628,332,356]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Caudinidae" genus="Hedingia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Molpadida" pageId="4" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glabra">
<emphasis id="B904265CFFBDFFD59C29AA51FDB23C42" box="[519,628,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="361">H. glabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in NSW would extend the depth and geographic distribution. We leave this material out of the formal distribution above as it has not been confirmed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>