330 lines
33 KiB
XML
330 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.272951" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2c88f4c-3ac2-45f9-95e4-99b75561a081" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="272951" ID-ZooBank="6D68A019-6F63-4AA4-A8B3-92D351F1F69B" checkinTime="1484409208030" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van, Rob W. M." docDate="2017" docId="03A80010773FFFC6FF14A43E9434FAAA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4217.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@5ce3343f" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.monograph" docTitle="Thrombus kittonii Carter 1874" docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="107" masterDocId="FF9178687757FFACFF83A36B907DFF9A" masterDocTitle="Sponges of the Guyana Shelf" masterLastPageNumber="225" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="105" updateTime="1645784257244" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Sponges of the Guyana Shelf</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Van, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>225</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.272951</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">e2c88f4c-3ac2-45f9-95e4-99b75561a081</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">272951</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">6D68A019-6F63-4AA4-A8B3-92D351F1F69B</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698656" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127419910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5698656" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A80010773FFFC6FF14A43E9434FAAA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010773FFFC6FF14A43E9434FAAA" lastPageId="106" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="105" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="104.[151,551,1877,1936]" box="[151,551,1877,1903]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,551,1877,1903]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1874" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,551,1877,1903]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kittonii">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,551,1877,1903]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,370,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Thrombus kittonii</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[385,543,1877,1903]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" refString="Carter, H. J. (1874) Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869; with figures and descriptions of some remarkable spicules from the Agulhas Shoal and Colon, Panama. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4) 14 (79), 207 - 221, 245 - 257." type="journal article" year="1874">Carter, 1874</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="104.[151,551,1877,1936]" box="[151,310,1911,1936]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<figureCitation box="[151,269,1911,1936]" captionStart="FIGURE 65" captionStartId="105.[151,250,1488,1510]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@105.[151,1436,195,1466]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 65. Thrombus kittonii (Carter, 1874), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9995 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, cladomes of small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from above, b 1, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, b 2, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c 1, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, c 2, smooth larger trichotriaene, d, acanthoplagiotriaenes, d 1, smooth plagiotriaene." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273016/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Figures 65</figureCitation>
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a–d
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="104" pageNumber="105" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="104.[151,777,1984,2036]" box="[151,716,1984,2006]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,716,1984,2006]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1874: 253" authorityName="Carter" authorityPageNumber="253" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,517,1984,2006]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Corticium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kittonii">
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<emphasis box="[151,332,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Corticium kittonii</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation author="Carter" box="[338,517,1984,2006]" page="253" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" year="1874">
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[338,467,1984,2006]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" refString="Carter, H. J. (1874) Descriptions and figures of deep-sea sponges and their spicules from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869; with figures and descriptions of some remarkable spicules from the Agulhas Shoal and Colon, Panama. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (4) 14 (79), 207 - 221, 245 - 257." type="journal article" year="1874">Carter, 1874</bibRefCitation>
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: 253
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Pl. XV figs 48a–c.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="104.[151,777,1984,2036]" box="[151,777,2014,2036]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,777,2014,2036]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<taxonomicName box="[151,324,2014,2036]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kittoni">
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<emphasis box="[151,324,2014,2036]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Thrombus kittoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Van" box="[337,648,2014,2036]" page="40" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" year="1988">
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<bibRefCitation author="Van" box="[337,610,2014,2036]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 122. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 70 (215), 1 - 175. Avaliable from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 549872 (Accessed 11 Jan. 2017)" type="journal article" year="1988">Van Soest & Stentoft 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: 40
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</treatmentCitation>
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, text-fig. 18.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273016/files/figure.png" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1466]" targetPageId="105">
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<paragraph blockId="105.[151,1436,1488,1602]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,291,1488,1510]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">FIGURE 65.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1874" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1874" box="[301,644,1488,1510]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kittonii">
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<emphasis box="[301,485,1488,1510]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Thrombus kittonii</emphasis>
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(Carter, 1874)
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</taxonomicName>
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, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9995 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, cladomes of small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from above, b1, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, b2, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c1, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, c2, smooth larger trichotriaene, d, acanthoplagiotriaenes, d1, smooth plagiotriaene.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection pageId="105" pageNumber="106" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="105.[151,1437,1641,2026]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726362" collectingDate="1966-05-11" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="Snellius O. C. P. S." country="Guyana" elevation="94" latitude="7.595" location="Guyana" longLatPrecision="55" longitude="-56.8767" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" specimenCount="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,391,1641,1666]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode box="[404,488,1642,1665]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">RMNH</collectionCode>
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Por. 9995,
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<collectingCountry box="[637,727,1642,1666]" name="Guyana" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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, ‘
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<collectorName box="[749,956,1641,1666]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Snellius O.C.P.S.</collectorName>
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’
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<collectingCountry box="[975,1062,1642,1666]" name="Guyana" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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Shelf Expedition, station H57,
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<geoCoordinate box="[151,245,1677,1702]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" precision="55" value="7.595">7.595°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate box="[252,381,1677,1702]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" precision="5" value="-56.8767">56.8767°W</geoCoordinate>
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, depth
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<quantity box="[462,520,1678,1702]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="94.0">
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<elevation box="[462,520,1678,1702]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="94.0">94 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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, bottom coarse sand shells,
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<date box="[833,985,1677,1702]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" value="1966-05-11">
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<collectingDate box="[833,985,1677,1702]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" value="1966-05-11">11 May 1966</collectingDate>
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</date>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="106" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="105.[151,1437,1641,2026]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,1713,1738]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Description.</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[360,442,1713,1738]" captionStart="FIGURE 65" captionStartId="105.[151,250,1488,1510]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@105.[151,1436,195,1466]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 65. Thrombus kittonii (Carter, 1874), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9995 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, cladomes of small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from above, b 1, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, b 2, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c 1, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, c 2, smooth larger trichotriaene, d, acanthoplagiotriaenes, d 1, smooth plagiotriaene." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273016/files/figure.png" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
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a) Dark brown (alcohol), massive specimen, riddled with vermetid shells. Size 7
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<date box="[1356,1392,1713,1738]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">x 5</date>
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<date box="[1400,1436,1714,1738]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
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x
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<quantity box="[1422,1436,1714,1738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" unit="cm" value="4.0">4</quantity>
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</date>
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cm. Surface optically smooth between the shells that are partially protruding. Microscopically irregular and rough to the touch.
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<collectingRegion box="[297,331,1786,1809]" country="Haiti" name="Nord" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">No</collectingRegion>
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oscules, apart from the many open shells. Consistency hard, crumbly.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="105.[151,1437,1641,2026]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,309,1821,1846]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Skeleton.</emphasis>
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The ectosomal skeleton consists of the upward directed cladi of the plagiotriaenes and larger trichotriaenes, in the choanosome all triaene
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<typeStatus box="[650,709,1858,1882]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">types</typeStatus>
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are strewn in the collagenous tissue between the vermetid shells. The latter form the main support of the sponge mass, which would otherwise likely be encrusting, because larger megascleres, which would provide structure, are lacking.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="105.[151,1437,1641,2026]" box="[199,1284,1965,1990]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,304,1965,1990]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Spicules.</emphasis>
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(Figs b–d) Acanthotrichotriaenes, trichotriaenes, acanthoplagiotriaenes, plagiotriaenes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="105.[151,1437,1641,2026]" lastBlockId="106.[151,1437,151,1328]" lastPageId="106" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
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Acanthotrichotriaenes (
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<figureCitation box="[461,547,2001,2026]" captionStart="FIGURE 64" captionStartId="104.[151,250,1577,1599]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1555]" captionTargetId="figure@104.[151,1436,195,1555]" captionTargetPageId="104" captionText="FIGURE 64. Theonella atlantica Van Soest & Stentoft, 1988, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9825 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, SEM image of desma skeleton, c, oxeote, c 1, details of c, d, phyllotriaenes underside, d 1, phyllotriaene upperside, e, juvenile phyllotriaene, f, acanthomicrorhabds." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273015/files/figure.png" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Figs 64</figureCitation>
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b–c), heavily spined on rhabdome and cladi, but with smooth areas at the centre where rhabdome and cladi meet; cladi trifid, branching almost in one plane; rhabdome and cladi endings bluntly rounded. There appear to be two overlapping categories, (1) rarer (n=6), smaller (
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<figureCitation box="[1070,1158,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 65" captionStartId="105.[151,250,1488,1510]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@105.[151,1436,195,1466]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 65. Thrombus kittonii (Carter, 1874), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9995 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, cladomes of small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from above, b 1, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, b 2, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c 1, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, c 2, smooth larger trichotriaene, d, acanthoplagiotriaenes, d 1, smooth plagiotriaene." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273016/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Figs 65</figureCitation>
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b,b1,b2) with rhabdomes 40–
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<date box="[194,319,223,248]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="1969-10-12" valueMax="1969-10-17" valueMin="1969-10-12">69 x 12–17</date>
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µm, primary cladi 13–
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<date box="[575,688,224,248]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="1920-10-09" valueMax="1920-10-12" valueMin="1920-10-09">20 x 9–12</date>
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µm, secondary cladi 20–
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<date box="[972,1097,223,248]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="1929-10-10" valueMax="1929-10-16" valueMin="1929-10-10">29 x 10–16</date>
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µm, (2) more common, larger (
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<figureCitation box="[159,256,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 64" captionStartId="104.[151,250,1577,1599]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1555]" captionTargetId="figure@104.[151,1436,195,1555]" captionTargetPageId="104" captionText="FIGURE 64. Theonella atlantica Van Soest & Stentoft, 1988, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9825 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, SEM image of desma skeleton, c, oxeote, c 1, details of c, d, phyllotriaenes underside, d 1, phyllotriaene upperside, e, juvenile phyllotriaene, f, acanthomicrorhabds." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273015/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Figs 64</figureCitation>
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||
c,c1) with rhabdomes 72–
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||
<emphasis box="[563,591,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">91</emphasis>
|
||
–108
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||
<date box="[662,716,260,285]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="2016-10">x 16</date>
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||
–
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||
<emphasis box="[732,781,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">19.4</emphasis>
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||
–21 µm, primary cladi 12–
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||
<emphasis box="[1110,1159,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">18.3</emphasis>
|
||
–
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||
<date box="[1174,1271,260,284]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="2012-10-30">30 x 12</date>
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||
–
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||
<emphasis box="[1286,1335,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">15.6</emphasis>
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||
–18 µm, secondary cladi 20–
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||
<emphasis box="[375,424,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">23.8</emphasis>
|
||
–
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||
<date box="[438,520,295,320]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="2013-10-26">26 x 13</date>
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||
–
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||
<emphasis box="[536,585,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">14.6</emphasis>
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||
–18 µm.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="106.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
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Trichotriaenes (
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||
<figureCitation box="[375,458,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 64" captionStartId="104.[151,250,1577,1599]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1555]" captionTargetId="figure@104.[151,1436,195,1555]" captionTargetPageId="104" captionText="FIGURE 64. Theonella atlantica Van Soest & Stentoft, 1988, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9825 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, SEM image of desma skeleton, c, oxeote, c 1, details of c, d, phyllotriaenes underside, d 1, phyllotriaene upperside, e, juvenile phyllotriaene, f, acanthomicrorhabds." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273015/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
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c2), smooth or very lightly spined, probably incipient acanthotrichotriaenes, rhabdomes 72–
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<date box="[194,305,368,392]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="1998-10-04" valueMax="1998-10-10" valueMin="1998-10-04">98 x 4–10</date>
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µm, primary cladi 20–
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||
<date box="[564,661,368,392]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="1933-10-04" valueMax="1933-10-09" valueMin="1933-10-04">33 x 4–9</date>
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µm, secondary cladi 21–
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||
<date box="[944,1042,367,392]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="1927-10-05" valueMax="1927-10-09" valueMin="1927-10-05">27 x 5–9</date>
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µm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="106.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
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Acanthoplagiotriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[471,563,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 65" captionStartId="105.[151,250,1488,1510]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@105.[151,1436,195,1466]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 65. Thrombus kittonii (Carter, 1874), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9995 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, cladomes of small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from above, b 1, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, b 2, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c 1, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, c 2, smooth larger trichotriaene, d, acanthoplagiotriaenes, d 1, smooth plagiotriaene." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273016/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Figs 65</figureCitation>
|
||
d), heavily spined with conical spines, with thick blunt-ending rhabdomes thicker than cladi; spines of the rhabdome may be verticillated; cladi are characteristically incurved near the base, but turn outwards at the apices; rhabdomes 144–
|
||
<emphasis box="[694,736,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">159</emphasis>
|
||
–171
|
||
<date box="[799,847,476,500]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="1921-10">x 21</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis box="[862,911,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">30.4</emphasis>
|
||
–42 µm, cladi 78–
|
||
<emphasis box="[1116,1144,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">88</emphasis>
|
||
–108
|
||
<date box="[1207,1255,476,500]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="1921-10">x 21</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis box="[1269,1318,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">26.6</emphasis>
|
||
–33 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="106.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
|
||
Plagiotriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[375,462,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 65" captionStartId="105.[151,250,1488,1510]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@105.[151,1436,195,1466]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 65. Thrombus kittonii (Carter, 1874), a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9995 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, cladomes of small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from above, b 1, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, b 2, small acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from the side, c 1, large acanthotrichotriaene viewed from below, c 2, smooth larger trichotriaene, d, acanthoplagiotriaenes, d 1, smooth plagiotriaene." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273016/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
|
||
d1), smooth or very lightly spined, presumably incipient acanthoplagiotriaenes as the cladi are also first incurved and then outcurved; rhabdomes 114–
|
||
<emphasis box="[913,955,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">121</emphasis>
|
||
–126
|
||
<date box="[1022,1060,548,572]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">x 9</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis box="[1075,1124,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">10.7</emphasis>
|
||
–12 µm, cladi 57–
|
||
<emphasis box="[1341,1369,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">69</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<date pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="1975-10-06">75 x 6</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis box="[179,214,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">7.7</emphasis>
|
||
–9 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[199,1437,620,645]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="106.[151,1437,151,1328]" box="[199,1437,620,645]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,498,620,645]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[504,591,620,644]" name="Guyana" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
Shelf,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[670,762,621,644]" name="Panama" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[670,762,621,644]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Panama</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[773,882,620,645]" name="Barbados" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
, coarse sand and shell bottom at
|
||
<quantity box="[1248,1361,620,644]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.4" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" unit="m" value="97.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="94.0">94–100 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="106.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726352" collectorName="Van Soest" country="Panama" location="Colon" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Colon" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,315,655,680]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This is the first time a fullgrown specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[857,1058,655,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kittonii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[857,1058,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Thrombus kittonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported. Carter’s (1874)
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1387,1435,656,680]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">type</typeStatus>
|
||
consisted of loose spicules in a sandy deposit near
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[718,789,692,717]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Colon</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[801,893,693,716]" name="Panama" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<collectorName box="[1002,1114,692,716]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Van Soest</collectorName>
|
||
& Stentoft’s (1988) material was a thin encrustation. The latter was reexamined and was found to have closely similar spicules and sizes: acanthoplagiotriaenes were common, but not as abundant as in the present specimen, whereas the smaller category of acanthotrichotriaenes was the most abundant
|
||
<typeStatus box="[700,752,800,824]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">type</typeStatus>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Some smooth triaenes were also observed. Both specimens lack the amphiaster microscleres characteristic for the type species and several other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1220,1333,836,861]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1220,1333,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Thrombus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="106.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas" box="[199,352,871,896]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (new series), 5, 177 - 199." type="journal article" year="1886">Sollas (1886)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
already noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[581,691,871,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kittonii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[581,691,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">T. kittonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite similar to the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[963,1018,872,895]" country="Tanzania" name="Mjini Magharibi" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">West</collectingRegion>
|
||
Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Sollas, 1886" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1886" box="[1118,1432,871,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1118,1276,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">T. challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas" box="[1287,1432,871,896]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1886) Preliminary account of the Tetractinellid sponges dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger' 1872 - 76. Part I. The Choristida. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society (new series), 5, 177 - 199." type="journal article" year="1886">Sollas, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sharing most of the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[380,439,909,933]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and size categories of the acanthotriaenes. With the present specimen we can establish that also the habitus including the vermetid shells is very similar in the two species. The differences are found in the sizes, especially the rhabdomes, of the acanthoplagiotriaenes, which are only about half the length of those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kittonii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">T. kittonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[318,455,1015,1040]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Thrombidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[659,742,1015,1040]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Central" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Central</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[750,805,1016,1039]" country="Tanzania" name="Mjini Magharibi" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">West</collectingRegion>
|
||
Atlantic region,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Lehnert, 1998" authorityName="Lehnert" authorityYear="1998" box="[1000,1267,1015,1040]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="jancai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1000,1099,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">T. jancai</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lehnert" box="[1108,1267,1015,1040]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refString="Lehnert, H. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (1998) Shallow water sponges of Jamaica. Beaufortia, 48 (5), 71 - 103. Avaliable from: http: / / www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 548808 (Accessed 11 Jan. 2017)" type="journal article" year="1998">Lehnert, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hartman & Hubbard, 1999" authorityName="Hartman & Hubbard" authorityYear="1999" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Yucatania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sphaeroidocladus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Yucatania sphaeroidocladus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hartman" box="[372,704,1052,1077]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refString="Hartman, W. D. & Hubbard, R. (1999) A new species of Thrombus (Porifera: Demospongiae: Astrophorida) from Trinidad, West Indies. Bulletin of Marine Science, 64 (1), 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1999">Hartman & Hubbard, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(originally as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[902,1014,1052,1077]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[902,1014,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Thrombus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) differ clearly, o.a. by possessing amphiaster microscleres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="106.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[199,445,1124,1149]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refString="Cardenas, P., Xavier, J. A., Reveillaud, J., Schander, C. & Rapp, H. T. (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae) reveals an unexpected hight level of spicule homoplasy. PLOS ONE, 6 (4), e 18318. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018318" type="journal article">
|
||
Cárdenas
|
||
<emphasis box="[309,365,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in their molecular phylogenetic study of the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[945,1093,1124,1149]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Astrophorina">Astrophorina</taxonomicName>
|
||
found
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1171,1308,1124,1149]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Thrombidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be at the base of the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[279,427,1159,1184]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Astrophorina">Astrophorina</taxonomicName>
|
||
tree, isolated and well away from mainstream astrophorine groups. This corresponds with the peculiar small-sized acanthose ‘triaenes’ of the group, which may not be homologous to the long-shafted smooth triaenes of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[482,647,1231,1256]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Tetractinellida</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only in the thrombid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Gomez, 2006" authorityName="Gomez" authorityYear="2006" box="[986,1259,1231,1256]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Yucatania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[986,1094,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Yucatania</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gomez" box="[1105,1259,1231,1256]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refString="Gomez, P. (2006) Yucatania clavus, new genus and species of the family Thrombidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Astrophorida) from the continental shelf off Yucatan, Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 119 (3), 339 - 345." type="journal article" year="2006">Gómez, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there are longshafted spicules (termed demotriaenes), lacking in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[753,865,1268,1293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thrombidae" genus="Thrombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[753,865,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Thrombus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that may be considered homologous to normal triaenes, but for their heavy spination and small cladi. The group remains enigmatic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |