404 lines
43 KiB
XML
404 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.272951" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2c88f4c-3ac2-45f9-95e4-99b75561a081" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="272951" ID-ZooBank="6D68A019-6F63-4AA4-A8B3-92D351F1F69B" checkinTime="1484409208030" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van, Rob W. M." docDate="2017" docId="03A80010770CFFF0FF14A3F3925EFD82" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4217.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@5ce3343f" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.monograph" docTitle="Penares sineastra Van, 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="93" masterDocId="FF9178687757FFACFF83A36B907DFF9A" masterDocTitle="Sponges of the Guyana Shelf" masterLastPageNumber="225" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="92" updateTime="1645784257244" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Sponges of the Guyana Shelf</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Van, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>225</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.272951</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">e2c88f4c-3ac2-45f9-95e4-99b75561a081</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">272951</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">6D68A019-6F63-4AA4-A8B3-92D351F1F69B</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698640" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127419929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5698640" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A80010770CFFF0FF14A3F3925EFD82" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A80010770CFFF0FF14A3F3925EFD82" lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,466,152,211]" box="[151,466,152,178]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[151,466,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,466,152,178]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,365,152,178]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sineastra" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,365,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Penares sineastra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[372,466,152,178]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,466,152,211]" box="[151,309,186,211]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[151,270,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 57. Penares sineastra sp. nov., a, habitus of fragmented holotype RMNH Por. 9735 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, detail of b, c, dichotriaenes, c 1, anomalous dichotriaene, d, orthotriaene, d 1, anomalous orthotriaene, e, large microrhabd, e 1, smaller version of e, e 1 a, detail of spined apex of e 1, e 2, intermediate microrhabd, e 2 a, detail of spined apex of e 2, e 3, smallest microrhabd." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273008/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Figures 57</figureCitation>
|
||
a–e
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726226" collectingDate="1970-08-28" collectionCode="RMNH" country="Suriname" elevation="100" latitude="7.2833" location="Material" longLatPrecision="551" longitude="-53.95" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,390,258,283]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A80010770CFFF0FF14A3F3925EFD82:8EDEE7DD770CFFF7FF14A2699082FE81" box="[151,255,258,283]" country="Suriname" latitude="7.2833" longLatPrecision="551" longitude="-53.95" name="Material" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Material</location>
|
||
examined.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus box="[403,507,258,283]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[520,604,259,282]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
Por. 9735,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[750,860,258,283]" name="Suriname" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
, ‘Luymes’
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[999,1086,259,283]" name="Guyana" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
Shelf Expedition, station 38,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[151,260,295,319]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" precision="5" value="7.2833">7.2833°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[266,367,294,319]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" precision="555" value="-53.95">53.95°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity box="[447,520,295,319]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="100.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[447,520,295,319]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, bottom shell gravel, trawl,
|
||
<date box="[834,1017,295,319]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" value="1970-08-28">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[834,1017,295,319]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" value="1970-08-28">28 August 1970</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,330,355]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Thin branch fragments (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[627,709,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 57. Penares sineastra sp. nov., a, habitus of fragmented holotype RMNH Por. 9735 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, detail of b, c, dichotriaenes, c 1, anomalous dichotriaene, d, orthotriaene, d 1, anomalous orthotriaene, e, large microrhabd, e 1, smaller version of e, e 1 a, detail of spined apex of e 1, e 2, intermediate microrhabd, e 2 a, detail of spined apex of e 2, e 3, smallest microrhabd." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273008/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
|
||
a) with smooth but irregular surface, possibly part of a group of branches but this cannot be determined with certainty. Nevertheless it is here proposed to treat the fragments as part of a single
|
||
<typeStatus box="[280,382,402,427]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Color in alcohol cream or pale beige.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[830,864,403,426]" country="Haiti" name="Nord" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
obvious apertures are visible. Largest fragment is approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[321,377,438,463]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
|
||
long and has a greatest diameter of
|
||
<quantity box="[792,861,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, other fragments are thinner or thicker, up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1380,1436,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
thick. Three of the four branch fragments are encrusted by small hydroids. The interior of the sponge is not entirely hollow but is ‘cavernous’ with elongated open spaces; inside it has the same color as outside. Consistency compressible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,309,582,607]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
The surface skeleton is a crust, thickness 40–150 µm in cross section, of microrhabds of various sizes forming a dense reticulation around small rounded apertures approximately 50–100 µm in diameter. The crust of microrhabds is carried by the cladomes of individual triaenes and bundles of oxeas. The choanosome has large lacunae of
|
||
<quantity box="[282,400,690,715]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter flanked by axially directed bundles and sheets of oxeas. Diameters of these bundles vary between 200 and 300 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" box="[199,1134,762,787]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,304,762,787]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Spicules.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[319,403,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 57. Penares sineastra sp. nov., a, habitus of fragmented holotype RMNH Por. 9735 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, detail of b, c, dichotriaenes, c 1, anomalous dichotriaene, d, orthotriaene, d 1, anomalous orthotriaene, e, large microrhabd, e 1, smaller version of e, e 1 a, detail of spined apex of e 1, e 2, intermediate microrhabd, e 2 a, detail of spined apex of e 2, e 3, smallest microrhabd." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273008/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Figs 57</figureCitation>
|
||
b–e) Oxeas, dichotriaenes, orthotriaenes, microrhabds.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1022,1056,763,786]" country="Haiti" name="Nord" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
asters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Oxeas (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[284,373,798,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 57. Penares sineastra sp. nov., a, habitus of fragmented holotype RMNH Por. 9735 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, detail of b, c, dichotriaenes, c 1, anomalous dichotriaene, d, orthotriaene, d 1, anomalous orthotriaene, e, large microrhabd, e 1, smaller version of e, e 1 a, detail of spined apex of e 1, e 2, intermediate microrhabd, e 2 a, detail of spined apex of e 2, e 3, smallest microrhabd." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273008/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Figs 57</figureCitation>
|
||
b,b1), fusiform, often curved, with sharp or more often bluntly rounded endings, in a large size range, possibly with two overlapping size categories, larger (700–1263 µm) and smaller (354–700 µm), overall size 354–
|
||
<emphasis box="[257,299,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">801</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<date box="[314,409,870,895]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" value="1263-10-08">1263 x 8</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis box="[425,474,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">21.5</emphasis>
|
||
–34 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Dichotriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[370,460,906,931]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 57. Penares sineastra sp. nov., a, habitus of fragmented holotype RMNH Por. 9735 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, detail of b, c, dichotriaenes, c 1, anomalous dichotriaene, d, orthotriaene, d 1, anomalous orthotriaene, e, large microrhabd, e 1, smaller version of e, e 1 a, detail of spined apex of e 1, e 2, intermediate microrhabd, e 2 a, detail of spined apex of e 2, e 3, smallest microrhabd." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273008/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Figs 57</figureCitation>
|
||
c,c1), with rhabdomes pointed and cladus length approximately the same, with primary cladi longer than secondary cladi; rhabdome sizes 282–
|
||
<emphasis box="[787,829,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">321</emphasis>
|
||
–336
|
||
<date box="[894,944,943,967]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" value="1928-10">x 28</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis box="[959,1008,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">31.2</emphasis>
|
||
–39 µm, cladomes 426–
|
||
<emphasis box="[1284,1326,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">527</emphasis>
|
||
–612 µm, primary cladi 164–
|
||
<emphasis box="[364,406,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">187</emphasis>
|
||
–207
|
||
<date box="[469,517,979,1003]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" value="1922-10">x 22</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis box="[532,581,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">30.4</emphasis>
|
||
–37 µm, secondary cladi 37–
|
||
<emphasis box="[906,934,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">98</emphasis>
|
||
–184
|
||
<date box="[996,1044,979,1003]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" value="2012-10">x 12</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis box="[1060,1109,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">21.9</emphasis>
|
||
–32 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Orthotriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[367,457,1014,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 57. Penares sineastra sp. nov., a, habitus of fragmented holotype RMNH Por. 9735 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, detail of b, c, dichotriaenes, c 1, anomalous dichotriaene, d, orthotriaene, d 1, anomalous orthotriaene, e, large microrhabd, e 1, smaller version of e, e 1 a, detail of spined apex of e 1, e 2, intermediate microrhabd, e 2 a, detail of spined apex of e 2, e 3, smallest microrhabd." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273008/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Figs 57</figureCitation>
|
||
d,d1), few in number, always smaller than the dichotriaenes, several occur with one of the cladi bifid, from which it is concluded these are in fact juvenile stages of the dichotriaenes, not a separate spicule
|
||
<typeStatus box="[237,289,1087,1111]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Microrhabds (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[361,451,1122,1147]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 57. Penares sineastra sp. nov., a, habitus of fragmented holotype RMNH Por. 9735 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, detail of b, c, dichotriaenes, c 1, anomalous dichotriaene, d, orthotriaene, d 1, anomalous orthotriaene, e, large microrhabd, e 1, smaller version of e, e 1 a, detail of spined apex of e 1, e 2, intermediate microrhabd, e 2 a, detail of spined apex of e 2, e 3, smallest microrhabd." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273008/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Figs 57</figureCitation>
|
||
e–e3), oxea-like with pointed ends which are microspined in adult condition, overall 42–246 x 2.5–12 µm, divisible rather arbitrarily in three (or four) overlapping size categories, (1) large (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 57. Penares sineastra sp. nov., a, habitus of fragmented holotype RMNH Por. 9735 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, detail of b, c, dichotriaenes, c 1, anomalous dichotriaene, d, orthotriaene, d 1, anomalous orthotriaene, e, large microrhabd, e 1, smaller version of e, e 1 a, detail of spined apex of e 1, e 2, intermediate microrhabd, e 2 a, detail of spined apex of e 2, e 3, smallest microrhabd." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273008/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Figs 57</figureCitation>
|
||
e,e1,e1a), 141–
|
||
<emphasis box="[351,393,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">182</emphasis>
|
||
–246 x 6.5–
|
||
<emphasis box="[529,564,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">9.4</emphasis>
|
||
–12 µm, (2) middle-sized (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[869,956,1194,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 57. Penares sineastra sp. nov., a, habitus of fragmented holotype RMNH Por. 9735 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, detail of b, c, dichotriaenes, c 1, anomalous dichotriaene, d, orthotriaene, d 1, anomalous orthotriaene, e, large microrhabd, e 1, smaller version of e, e 1 a, detail of spined apex of e 1, e 2, intermediate microrhabd, e 2 a, detail of spined apex of e 2, e 3, smallest microrhabd." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273008/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Figs 57</figureCitation>
|
||
e2,e2a) 63–
|
||
<emphasis box="[1086,1114,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">80</emphasis>
|
||
–102 x 3.5–
|
||
<emphasis box="[1250,1285,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">4.8</emphasis>
|
||
–5.5 µm, and (3) small (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[267,350,1230,1255]" captionStart="FIGURE 57" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1553,1575]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetId="figure@92.[151,1436,591,1531]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 57. Penares sineastra sp. nov., a, habitus of fragmented holotype RMNH Por. 9735 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, oxea, b 1, detail of b, c, dichotriaenes, c 1, anomalous dichotriaene, d, orthotriaene, d 1, anomalous orthotriaene, e, large microrhabd, e 1, smaller version of e, e 1 a, detail of spined apex of e 1, e 2, intermediate microrhabd, e 2 a, detail of spined apex of e 2, e 3, smallest microrhabd." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273008/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
|
||
e3), 42–
|
||
<emphasis box="[438,466,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">49</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<date box="[481,530,1230,1255]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" value="1954-10">54 x</date>
|
||
2.5–
|
||
<emphasis box="[585,620,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">3.4</emphasis>
|
||
–4 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[199,1113,1266,1291]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" box="[199,1113,1266,1291]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,498,1266,1291]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[505,592,1267,1291]" name="Guyana" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
Shelf, on shell gravel bottom, at
|
||
<quantity box="[965,1036,1267,1291]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,334,1302,1327]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name is a composite noun combining the words sine (L. = without) and astrum, plural astra (L.), referring to the absence of aster microscleres in this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,315,1374,1399]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The characteristic features of the new species are the fistule-like shape and the absence of aster microscleres. Among the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[442,533,1411,1434]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Western" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Western</collectingRegion>
|
||
Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[639,730,1412,1435]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[639,730,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Penares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species none have been reported to lack aster microscleres.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Uliczka, 1929" authorityName="Uliczka" authorityYear="1929" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hartmeyeri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. hartmeyeri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Uliczka" box="[288,447,1446,1471]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Uliczka, E. (1929) Die tetraxonen Schwamme Westindiens (auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Reise Kukenthal-Hartmeyer). In: Kukenthal, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Forschungsreise nach Westindien. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, Supplement 16, 35 - 62." type="journal article" year="1929">Uliczka, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[523,629,1446,1471]" name="Barbados" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
is encrusting, has only orthotriaenes, no dichotriaenes, and oxyasters.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1880" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1880" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mastoidea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. mastoidea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt" box="[282,450,1482,1507]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Schmidt, O. (1880) Die Spongien des Meerbusen von Mexico (Und des caraibischen Meeres). Heft II. Abtheilung II." type="journal volume" year="1880">Schmidt, 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[508,599,1482,1507]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[508,599,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Stelletta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[679,777,1482,1507]" name="Grenada" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Grenada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, re-described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent" box="[973,1144,1483,1507]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Topsent, E. (1923) Spongiaires du Musee Zoologique de Strasbourg. Choristides. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 435, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1923">Topsent (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(p. 9), and reported from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[151,257,1518,1543]" name="Barbados" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[308,643,1518,1543]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados Deep-Water Sponges. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 122. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 70 (215), 1 - 175. Avaliable from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 549872 (Accessed 11 Jan. 2017)" type="journal article">Van Soest & Stentoft (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(p. 29), is lobate, has very much longer oxeas (up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1295,1369,1519,1543]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
), rare dichotriaene modifications of the orthotriaenes, and large acanthoxyasters.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[987,1134,1554,1579]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="chelotropa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[987,1134,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. chelotropa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cf. above) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Boury-Esnault, 1973" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="anisoxia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1314,1436,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. anisoxia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Boury-Esnault" box="[151,384,1590,1615]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la " Calypso "." type="book" year="1973">Boury-Esnault, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not have dichotriaenes and possess oxyasters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="91.[151,1437,258,2011]" lastBlockId="92.[151,1437,151,536]" lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="93" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Elsewhere, there are eight
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[521,612,1628,1651]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[521,612,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Penares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species sharing the lack of aster microscleres with the new species: Mediterranean
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" box="[322,652,1662,1687]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="candidata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[322,462,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. candidata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt" box="[477,644,1662,1687]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Schmidt, O. (1868) Die Spongien der Kuste von Algier. Mit Nachtragen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, i - iv, 44 pp." type="book" year="1868">Schmidt, 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(p. 18, pl. IV fig. 19, originally as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1051,1155,1662,1687]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1051,1155,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Papyrula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1886" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1886" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ochracea">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1303,1436,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. ochracea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[158,301,1698,1723]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Carter, H. J. (1886) Supplement to the descriptions of Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson's Australian sponges. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 18, 271 - 290, 369 - 379, 445 - 466." type="journal article" year="1886">Carter, 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(p. 458, originally as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[564,721,1698,1723]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Pachamphilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[564,721,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Pachamphilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Japanese
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Thiele, 1898" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1898" box="[853,1158,1698,1723]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Pachamphilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[853,1007,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. hilgendorfi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thiele" box="[1015,1158,1698,1723]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Thiele, J. (1898) Studien uber pazifische Spongien. I. Japanische Demospongien. Zoologica, Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie, Stuttgart, 24 (1), 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1898">Thiele, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(p. 18, pl. 5 fig. 1, pl. 7 figs 9–10, originally as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[416,536,1735,1758]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Ecionemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[416,536,1735,1758]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Ecionemia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[559,624,1734,1759]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
East African
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Von Lendenfeld, 1907" authorityName="Von Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1907" box="[779,1139,1734,1759]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Pachamphilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="alata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[779,860,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. alata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Von" box="[878,1131,1734,1759]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Von Lendenfeld, R. (1907) Die Tetraxonia. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf der Dampfer Faldivia 1898 - 1899, 11 (1 - 2), i - iv, 59 - 374." type="journal article" year="1907">Von Lendenfeld, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(p. 195, pl. 39 figs 14–25, originally as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[306,463,1770,1795]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Pachamphilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[306,463,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Pachamphilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Californian
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="De Laubenfels, 1930" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityYear="1930" box="[629,1023,1770,1795]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Pachamphilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="saccharis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[629,769,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. saccharis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="De" box="[780,1023,1770,1795]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1930) The Sponges of California. Abstracts of dissertations for the degree of doctor of philosophy. Stanford University Bulletin, 5 (98), 24 - 29." type="journal article" year="1930">De Laubenfels, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels" box="[1042,1102,1771,1795]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1932) The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81 (2927), 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1932">1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 37, fig. 16, originally as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,255,1806,1831]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,255,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Papyrula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also reported from the Galapagos Islands by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Desqueyroux-Faundez" box="[771,1238,1806,1831]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (1997) Shallow waters Demosponges of the Galapagos Islands. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 104 (2), 379 - 467." type="journal article" year="1997">Desqueyroux-Faúndez & Van Soest 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 394) and New Caledonian
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Levi, 1993" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[288,606,1842,1867]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="palmatoclada">
|
||
<emphasis box="[288,472,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. palmatoclada</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Levi" box="[482,606,1842,1867]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot'. Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, Volume 11. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie), 158, 9 - 87." type="journal article" year="1993">Lévi, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(p. 16, fig. 2C, originally as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[951,1055,1842,1867]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[951,1055,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Papyrula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1081,1146,1842,1867]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
African
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Von Lendenfeld, 1907" authorityName="Von Lendenfeld" authorityYear="1907" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sphaera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1252,1369,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. sphaera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Von" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Von Lendenfeld, R. (1907) Die Tetraxonia. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf der Dampfer Faldivia 1898 - 1899, 11 (1 - 2), i - iv, 59 - 374." type="journal article" year="1907">Von Lendenfeld, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(p. 227, pl. XXXVII figs 24–35, pl. XXXVIII fig. 1, originally as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1115,1219,1878,1903]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1115,1219,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Papyrula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Indonesian
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hentschel, 1912" authorityName="Hentschel" authorityYear="1912" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dendyi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">P. dendyi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hentschel" box="[240,424,1914,1939]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refString="Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448." type="journal article" year="1912">Hentschel, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(p. 308, pl. 13 fig. 5, pl. 17 fig. 3, originally as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[960,1117,1914,1939]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Pachamphilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[960,1117,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Pachamphilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) share dichotriaenes and the absence of aster microscleres with these species, but they do have microscleres in the form of small spheres (which may under SEM turn out to be asters after all). For all these aster-lacking
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1014,1105,1988,2011]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1014,1105,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Penares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="92" lastPageNumber="93" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1332,1437,1986,2011]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Papyrula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt" box="[151,318,151,176]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refString="Schmidt, O. (1868) Die Spongien der Kuste von Algier. Mit Nachtragen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, i - iv, 44 pp." type="book" year="1868">Schmidt, 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is available. Most species of this ‘group’ also share the possession of dichotriaenes, but that is where the shared features end: there are large differences among these species in the shape of the body, and the sizes of the megascleres, overlapping with the remaining species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[953,1044,225,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[953,1044,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Penares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. So far no molecular evidence is available to indicate the lack of asters is a genuine synapomorphy. Thus, the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1184,1275,261,284]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1184,1275,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Penares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1332,1437,260,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Papyrula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1332,1437,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Papyrula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears well supported.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="92.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
|
||
The presence of spines on the microrhabd apices reminds of those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1049,1327,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rhabdocoronatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1049,1327,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Erylus rhabdocoronatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1340,1436,332,357]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1340,1436,332,357]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
described above. It strengthens the bond between
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[739,812,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[739,812,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Erylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[875,966,369,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[875,966,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Penares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is based primarily on molecular studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cardenas" box="[251,513,404,429]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refString="Cardenas, P., Rapp, H. T., Schander, C. & Tendal, O. S. (2010) Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of the Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida) - combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification. Zoologica Scripta, 39, 89 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2009.00402. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Cárdenas
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,438,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tangential surface sections of many
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[992,1083,405,428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[992,1083,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Penares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are very difficult to differentiate from such sections from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[599,672,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[599,672,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Erylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, especially in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Topsent, 1927" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1927" box="[1085,1399,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Erylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deficiens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1085,1221,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">E. deficiens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Topsent" box="[1233,1399,440,464]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refString="Topsent, E. (1927) Diagnoses d'Eponges nouvelles recueillies par le Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique, Monaco, 502, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1927">Topsent, 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A rearranged generic composition of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[702,797,476,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" phylum="Porifera" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Erylinae">Erylinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be necessary in which the distinction between these two genera should be reconsidered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |