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<document id="EE85AF448AE1FF9CEC9FFF44F02F3002" ID-DOI="10.1080/0022293021000007426" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5250340" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629850225605" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Avanzati, Anna Maria, Salomone, Nicola, Baratti, Mariella &amp; Bernini, Fabio" docDate="2004" docId="039FA42C9972FF8C3A230FC25CBFFBEE" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.38.15.1927-1940.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 38 (15)" docSource="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0022293021000007426" docStyle="DocumentStyle:443144A73DAE3E092C51A378E4CD0138.2:JNatHist.2003-2004.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="443144A73DAE3E092C51A378E4CD0138" docStyleName="JNatHist.2003-2004.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Carabodes marginatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="1938" masterDocId="FFA6DC549975FF803B1A0A735D1AFFE4" masterDocTitle="Genetic diversity in the Carabodes marginatus species group (Acarida, Oribatida, Carabodidae) as inferred from allozymes" masterLastPageNumber="1940" masterPageNumber="1927" pageNumber="1933" updateTime="1699120826084" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="8AE0D7B381A268AA6228C68A8943D817" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B8873DBD1E15CB2E543DE3782171C4EF">
<mods:title id="13B201E5E08D8F7714401D88589D5DE5">Genetic diversity in the Carabodes marginatus species group (Acarida, Oribatida, Carabodidae) as inferred from allozymes</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="7DA3CD01A5EB91EA0824A9C4D605C657" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5E946EF3E1B4FCC64BD6075258E6FB95">Avanzati, Anna Maria</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="F660DBD8AE6CCE3D6EB94CD413321144" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="94787E0866705FD677F92F9B1DF0B4E1">Salomone, Nicola</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E6AF5317EBB24873942CA36BAC225BE3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="1C75E5BF8F3E38658C9885E16703A6D9">
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<mods:namePart id="8F025116456DE5183D64D6A2BCED7511">Baratti, Mariella</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="273EBC7E28DD3C79C1D8626B5A39FDB6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3DEA28D2DE666D324FDF02B452363375">
<mods:roleTerm id="2AEDF8673D28F28F463A79AA5BE1BE9A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="6DCF238D6138A2F4561B34B34D49BE94">Bernini, Fabio</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title id="2783079F8956CDD4E91289828166CE35">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="C23B311DD79ECED4A7930B768F20CAC6">
<mods:date id="9ED3D9C5505CB4BC20E9EF6FF8EAC937">2004</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="96434B8D0D8EBC2A0269D7C7D95378A2" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="67D26C7FF05E5D3DFED7849424583F48">2004-08-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3A4F07B49BC27029A462837B635E321F" type="volume">
<mods:number id="B672B7DD411FAA03FA35CCB4E9406053">38</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3A8AEDA6B717A1DA93408699FC9BB0DF">15</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="936B48CE57FC38908F3DC0FCEE67B84A">1927</mods:start>
<mods:end id="9E5E449BC72189D8737B9B51E70CF655">1940</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="9F7D9D4850A5DF2B3B848F4691A1BF02">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0022293021000007426</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="D9D699C24CBC925F384AF7089D0820BA">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="1267BFB62F67F150BFC0BED0C48B6F42" type="DOI">10.1080/0022293021000007426</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="44296A91632B66A09CA40F7E637E0ACA" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3575041BE565BBD205A35F871B46DB2D" type="Zenodo-Dep">5250340</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039FA42C9972FF8C3A230FC25CBFFBEE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039FA42C9972FF8C3A230FC25CBFFBEE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039FA42C9972FF8C3A230FC25CBFFBEE" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="1938" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933">
<subSubSection id="C32C46B19972FF873A230FC25F49F94C" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B89153A9972FF873A230FC259FEFA2C" blockId="7.[313,1252,1456,1480]" box="[313,1252,1456,1480]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933">
<heading id="D0C1A2569972FF873A230FC259FEFA2C" box="[313,1252,1456,1480]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933" reason="7">
<emphasis id="B942C9289972FF873A230FC25C78FA2C" box="[313,354,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933">Are</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB99972FF873A710FC35F76FA2C" ID-CoL="7RXDS" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[363,620,1456,1480]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">Carabodes marginatus</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B942C9289972FF87396C0FC359FEFA2C" box="[630,1252,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933">and closely related taxa separating evolving gene pools?</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A9972FF873A7B0FA35F49F94C" blockId="7.[313,1268,1488,1736]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933">
According to our data, these taxonomic entities of soil oribatid mites would represent different evolutionary lineages, as suggested by the observed mean genetic divergence (from D=0.187 to D=0.827). Previous works indicate that the critical genetic distance (D) for distinguishing between morphologically differentiated species in oribatid mites is
<geoCoordinate id="EE0273FD9972FF87393B0C3C5F44F98C" box="[545,606,1615,1640]" degrees="0.125" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933" precision="55" value="0.125">0.125</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0273FD9972FF8739470C3C5FB2F98C" box="[605,680,1615,1640]" degrees="0.328" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933" precision="55" value="-0.328">–0.328</geoCoordinate>
(Bernini
<emphasis id="B942C9289972FF8738060C225E4DF98C" box="[796,855,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933">et al.</emphasis>
, 1988; Bernini and Avanzati, 1989; Pigliucci
<emphasis id="B942C9289972FF873AB90C025CC7F96C" box="[419,477,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933">et al.</emphasis>
, 1990), and observed values justify the distinction between the four taxa at the specific level.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32C46B19972FF8C3A7B0CC35CBFFBEE" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="1938" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B89153A9972FF873A7B0CC359EEF92C" blockId="7.[313,1268,1488,1736]" box="[353,1268,1712,1736]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933">
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB99972FF873A7B0CC35F2CF92C" box="[353,566,1712,1736]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arduinii">
<emphasis id="B942C9289972FF873A7B0CC35F2CF92C" box="[353,566,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1933">Carabodes arduinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a taxon distantly related to all the studied species. This
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4945B2997DFF8839DF082158BCFD8D" box="[709,1446,594,617]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934" startId="8.[709,765,594,617]">
<paragraph id="8B89153A997DFF8839DF082158BCFD8D" blockId="8.[709,1446,594,617]" box="[709,1446,594,617]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">Table 3. Nei’s (1972) unbiased genetic identities (above diagonal) and</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997DFF88390208F55AE6FC3D" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<table id="F936E79A997D007F390208F55AE5FC3F" box="[536,2047,646,987]" gridcols="12" gridrows="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<tr id="35061778997D007F390208F55AE5FD79" box="[536,2047,646,669]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390208F55E1AFD79" box="[536,768,646,669]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">Population</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F386808F55EB3FD79" box="[882,937,646,669]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">1</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F38FB08F5590DFD79" box="[993,1047,646,669]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">2</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A08F5599CFD79" box="[1104,1158,646,669]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">3</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F3FA508F559EFFD79" box="[1215,1269,646,669]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">4</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F3E3408F5587EFD79" box="[1326,1380,646,669]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">5</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F3E8708F558C9FD79" box="[1437,1491,646,669]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">6</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F3D1608F55B58FD79" box="[1548,1602,646,669]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">7</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F3D6108F55BABFD79" box="[1659,1713,646,669]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">8</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F3DF008F55A3AFD79" box="[1770,1824,646,669]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">9</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F3C4308F55A8AFD79" box="[1881,1936,646,669]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">10</th>
<th id="76D77E04997D007F3CD208F55AE5FD79" box="[1992,2047,646,669]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">11</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F390208C85AE5FD36" box="[536,2047,699,722]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390208C85E1AFD36" box="[536,768,699,722]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">1 CMFtyp (typicus)</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F386808C85EB3FD36" box="[882,937,699,722]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB08C8590DFD36" box="[993,1047,699,722]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.993</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A08C8599CFD36" box="[1104,1158,699,722]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.996</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA508C859EFFD36" box="[1215,1269,699,722]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.943</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E3408C8587EFD36" box="[1326,1380,699,722]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.958</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E8708C858C9FD36" box="[1437,1491,699,722]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.992</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D1608C85B58FD36" box="[1548,1602,699,722]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.994</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D6108C85BABFD36" box="[1659,1713,699,722]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.751</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF008C85A3AFD36" box="[1770,1824,699,722]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.590</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C4308C85A8AFD36" box="[1881,1936,699,722]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.683</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD208C85AE5FD36" box="[1992,2047,699,722]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.555</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F390208A55AE5FD09" box="[536,2047,726,749]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390208A55E1AFD09" box="[536,768,726,749]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">2 CMFs (short setae)</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F386808A55EB3FD09" box="[882,937,726,749]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.007</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB08A5590DFD09" box="[993,1047,726,749]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A08A5599CFD09" box="[1104,1158,726,749]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.993</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA508A559EFFD09" box="[1215,1269,726,749]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.938</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E3408A5587EFD09" box="[1326,1380,726,749]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.953</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E8708A558C9FD09" box="[1437,1491,726,749]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.988</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D1608A55B58FD09" box="[1548,1602,726,749]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.990</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D6108A55BABFD09" box="[1659,1713,726,749]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.737</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF008A55A3AFD09" box="[1770,1824,726,749]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.584</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C4308A55A8AFD09" box="[1881,1936,726,749]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.701</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD208A55AE5FD09" box="[1992,2047,726,749]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.563</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F390208835AE5FCE3" box="[536,2047,752,775]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390208835E1AFCE3" box="[536,768,752,775]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">3 CMAtyp</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F386808835EB3FCE3" box="[882,937,752,775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.004</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB0883590DFCE3" box="[993,1047,752,775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.007</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A0883599CFCE3" box="[1104,1158,752,775]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA5088359EFFCE3" box="[1215,1269,752,775]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.952</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E340883587EFCE3" box="[1326,1380,752,775]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.962</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E87088358C9FCE3" box="[1437,1491,752,775]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.994</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D1608835B58FCE3" box="[1548,1602,752,775]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.995</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D6108835BABFCE3" box="[1659,1713,752,775]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.750</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF008835A3AFCE3" box="[1770,1824,752,775]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.597</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C4308835A8AFCE3" box="[1881,1936,752,775]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.683</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD208835AE5FCE3" box="[1992,2047,752,775]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.564</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F390209785AE5FCC6" box="[536,2047,779,802]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390209785E1AFCC6" box="[536,768,779,802]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">4 CMAs</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F386809785EB3FCC6" box="[882,937,779,802]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.059</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB0978590DFCC6" box="[993,1047,779,802]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.064</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A0978599CFCC6" box="[1104,1158,779,802]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.049</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA5097859EFFCC6" box="[1215,1269,779,802]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E340978587EFCC6" box="[1326,1380,779,802]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.957</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E87097858C9FCC6" box="[1437,1491,779,802]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.958</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D1609785B58FCC6" box="[1548,1602,779,802]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.950</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D6109785BABFCC6" box="[1659,1713,779,802]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.679</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF009785A3AFCC6" box="[1770,1824,779,802]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.593</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C4309785A8AFCC6" box="[1881,1936,779,802]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.667</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD209785AE5FCC6" box="[1992,2047,779,802]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.614</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F390209565AE5FCD8" box="[536,2047,805,828]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390209565E1AFCD8" box="[536,768,805,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">5 CMPtyp</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F386809565EB3FCD8" box="[882,937,805,828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.043</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB0956590DFCD8" box="[993,1047,805,828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.048</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A0956599CFCD8" box="[1104,1158,805,828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.038</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA5095659EFFCD8" box="[1215,1269,805,828]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.044</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E340956587EFCD8" box="[1326,1380,805,828]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E87095658C9FCD8" box="[1437,1491,805,828]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.980</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D1609565B58FCD8" box="[1548,1602,805,828]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.966</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D6109565BABFCD8" box="[1659,1713,805,828]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.687</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF009565A3AFCD8" box="[1770,1824,805,828]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.591</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C4309565A8AFCD8" box="[1881,1936,805,828]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.670</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD209565AE5FCD8" box="[1992,2047,805,828]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.562</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F3902094C5AE5FCB2" box="[536,2047,831,854]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F3902094C5E1AFCB2" box="[536,768,831,854]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">6 CMPs</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3868094C5EB3FCB2" box="[882,937,831,854]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.008</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB094C590DFCB2" box="[993,1047,831,854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.012</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A094C599CFCB2" box="[1104,1158,831,854]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.006</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA5094C59EFFCB2" box="[1215,1269,831,854]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.043</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E34094C587EFCB2" box="[1326,1380,831,854]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.020</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E87094C58C9FCB2" box="[1437,1491,831,854]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D16094C5B58FCB2" box="[1548,1602,831,854]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.998</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D61094C5BABFCB2" box="[1659,1713,831,854]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.723</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF0094C5A3AFCB2" box="[1770,1824,831,854]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.590</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C43094C5A8AFCB2" box="[1881,1936,831,854]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.673</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD2094C5AE5FCB2" box="[1992,2047,831,854]" gridcol="11" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.561</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F390209295AE5FC95" box="[536,2047,858,881]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390209295E1AFC95" box="[536,768,858,881]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">7 CMSs</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F386809295EB3FC95" box="[882,937,858,881]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.006</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB0929590DFC95" box="[993,1047,858,881]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.010</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A0929599CFC95" box="[1104,1158,858,881]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.005</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA5092959EFFC95" box="[1215,1269,858,881]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.051</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E340929587EFC95" box="[1326,1380,858,881]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.034</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E87092958C9FC95" box="[1437,1491,858,881]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.002</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D1609295B58FC95" box="[1548,1602,858,881]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D6109295BABFC95" box="[1659,1713,858,881]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.729</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF009295A3AFC95" box="[1770,1824,858,881]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.585</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C4309295A8AFC95" box="[1881,1936,858,881]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.667</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD209295AE5FC95" box="[1992,2047,858,881]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.556</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F390209075AE5FC6F" box="[536,2047,884,907]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390209075E1AFC6F" box="[536,768,884,907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">8 CAFF</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F386809075EB3FC6F" box="[882,937,884,907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.287</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB0907590DFC6F" box="[993,1047,884,907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.305</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A0907599CFC6F" box="[1104,1158,884,907]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.287</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA5090759EFFC6F" box="[1215,1269,884,907]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.388</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E340907587EFC6F" box="[1326,1380,884,907]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.375</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E87090758C9FC6F" box="[1437,1491,884,907]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.324</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D1609075B58FC6F" box="[1548,1602,884,907]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.317</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D6109075BABFC6F" box="[1659,1713,884,907]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF009075A3AFC6F" box="[1770,1824,884,907]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.829</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C4309075A8AFC6F" box="[1881,1936,884,907]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.454</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD209075AE5FC6F" box="[1992,2047,884,907]" gridcol="11" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.300</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F390209FC5AE5FC42" box="[536,2047,911,934]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390209FC5E1AFC42" box="[536,768,911,934]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">9 CQUAF</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F386809FC5EB3FC42" box="[882,937,911,934]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.527</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB09FC590DFC42" box="[993,1047,911,934]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.539</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A09FC599CFC42" box="[1104,1158,911,934]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.515</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA509FC59EFFC42" box="[1215,1269,911,934]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.522</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E3409FC587EFC42" box="[1326,1380,911,934]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.525</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E8709FC58C9FC42" box="[1437,1491,911,934]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.528</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D1609FC5B58FC42" box="[1548,1602,911,934]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.536</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D6109FC5BABFC42" box="[1659,1713,911,934]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.187</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF009FC5A3AFC42" box="[1770,1824,911,934]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C4309FC5A8AFC42" box="[1881,1936,911,934]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.437</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD209FC5AE5FC42" box="[1992,2047,911,934]" gridcol="11" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.342</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F390209DA5AE5FC24" box="[536,2047,937,960]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390209DA5E1AFC24" box="[536,768,937,960]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">10 CMOA</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F386809DA5EB3FC24" box="[882,937,937,960]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.381</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB09DA590DFC24" box="[993,1047,937,960]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.356</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A09DA599CFC24" box="[1104,1158,937,960]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.381</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA509DA59EFFC24" box="[1215,1269,937,960]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.405</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E3409DA587EFC24" box="[1326,1380,937,960]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.400</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E8709DA58C9FC24" box="[1437,1491,937,960]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.396</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D1609DA5B58FC24" box="[1548,1602,937,960]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.405</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D6109DA5BABFC24" box="[1659,1713,937,960]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.790</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF009DA5A3AFC24" box="[1770,1824,937,960]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.827</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C4309DA5A8AFC24" box="[1881,1936,937,960]" gridcol="10" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD209DA5AE5FC24" box="[1992,2047,937,960]" gridcol="11" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.604</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997D007F390209B75AE5FC3F" box="[536,2047,964,987]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">
<th id="76D77E04997D007F390209B75E1AFC3F" box="[536,768,964,987]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">11 CARDF</th>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F386809B75EB3FC3F" box="[882,937,964,987]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.589</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F38FB09B7590DFC3F" box="[993,1047,964,987]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.574</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3F4A09B7599CFC3F" box="[1104,1158,964,987]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.572</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3FA509B759EFFC3F" box="[1215,1269,964,987]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.487</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E3409B7587EFC3F" box="[1326,1380,964,987]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.577</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3E8709B758C9FC3F" box="[1437,1491,964,987]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.578</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D1609B75B58FC3F" box="[1548,1602,964,987]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.587</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3D6109B75BABFC3F" box="[1659,1713,964,987]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">1.205</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3DF009B75A3AFC3F" box="[1770,1824,964,987]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">1.072</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3C4309B75A8AFC3F" box="[1881,1936,964,987]" gridcol="10" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">0.504</td>
<td id="76D77E04997D007F3CD209B75AE5FC3F" box="[1992,2047,964,987]" gridcol="11" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="1934">****</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4945B2997CFF893A2308EE5ED0FD29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250344" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5250344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250344/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935" startId="9.[313,329,669,690]" targetBox="[316,1266,182,639]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B89153A997CFF893A2308EE5ED0FD29" blockId="9.[313,1268,668,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">F. 2. Cladogram based on UPGMA clustering of genetic distance data showing genetic relationships between populations.</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4945B2997CFF893A230FE25E70FA25" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5250348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250348/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935" startId="9.[313,329,1425,1446]" targetBox="[315,1267,762,1397]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B89153A997CFF893A230FE25E70FA25" blockId="9.[313,1268,1424,1473]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">F. 3. Two-dimensional plot of multilocus genotype profiles based on principal component analysis (PCA).</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997CFF893A230F835F18F9CD" blockId="9.[313,1269,1520,1736]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">
result is in agreement with morphological evidence which includes this species in the ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997CFF893A5A0C625CBCF9CC" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1835" box="[320,422,1553,1576]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coriaceus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997CFF893A5A0C625CBCF9CC" box="[320,422,1553,1576]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">coriaceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997CFF8A3A7B0C4259EEFD17" blockId="9.[313,1269,1520,1736]" lastBlockId="10.[313,1269,706,795]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1936" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">
Two features regarding the species of the ‘
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997CFF89384A0C425ED1F9AC" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[848,971,1585,1608]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997CFF89384A0C425ED1F9AC" box="[848,971,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ group are worth noting. First,
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997CFF893A9B0C235F3BF98C" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[385,545,1616,1640]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997CFF893A9B0C235F3BF98C" box="[385,545,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">C. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be more closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997CFF8938CD0C23597CF98C" box="[983,1126,1616,1640]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997CFF8938CD0C23597CF98C" box="[983,1126,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">C. montanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to the morphologically similar
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997CFF89394F0C035FA6F96C" box="[597,700,1648,1672]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B942C928997CFF89394F0C035FA6F96C" box="[597,700,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">C. affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Second, there is a high genetic affinity between
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997CFF893A230CE35CBFF943" box="[313,421,1680,1704]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B942C928997CFF893A230CE35CBFF943" box="[313,421,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">C. affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997CFF893AF70CE35FB3F94C" box="[493,681,1680,1704]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrangulus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997CFF893AF70CE35FB3F94C" box="[493,681,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1935">C. quadrangulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(separated by a level of divergence D=0.187). Although the D value is sufficient to determine the two taxa at the specific
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3A9B08AD5C97FD17" box="[385,397,734,755]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">p</emphasis>
(1): average frequency of private alleles; N
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A384708AD5E75FD17" box="[861,879,734,755]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">m</emphasis>
and N
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A38A508AD5ECBFD17" box="[959,977,734,755]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">m</emphasis>
: quantitative estimates of
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4945B2997FFF8A3ADC0AC25972FF23" box="[454,1128,177,199]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" startId="10.[454,511,177,199]">
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3ADC0AC25972FF23" blockId="10.[454,1128,177,199]" box="[454,1128,177,199]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">Table 4. Genetic variability at 16 loci in the eleven populations.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3A230A9459D5FD68" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<table id="F936E79A997F007F3A230A9459D5FD68" box="[313,1231,231,652]" gridcols="5" gridrows="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A230A9459D5FF19" box="[313,1231,231,253]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A230A945F50FF19" box="[313,586,231,253]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">Population</th>
<th id="76D77E04997F007F39C60A945E09FF19" box="[732,787,231,253]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">Ho</th>
<th id="76D77E04997F007F38710A945EBBFF19" box="[875,929,231,253]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">He</th>
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0A94592EFF19" box="[1046,1076,231,253]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">A</th>
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3F830A9459D5FF19" box="[1177,1231,231,253]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">P</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A230B6859D5FED6" box="[313,1231,283,306]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A230B685F50FED6" box="[313,586,283,306]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">CMFtyp</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C60B685E09FED6" box="[732,787,283,306]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.034</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F38710B685EBBFED6" box="[875,929,283,306]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.059</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0B68592EFED6" box="[1046,1076,283,306]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.2</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F830B6859D5FED6" box="[1177,1231,283,306]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.188</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A230B4559D5FEA8" box="[313,1231,310,332]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A230B455F50FEA8" box="[313,586,310,332]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">CMFs</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C60B455E09FEA8" box="[732,787,310,332]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.026</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F38710B455EBBFEA8" box="[875,929,310,332]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.032</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0B45592EFEA8" box="[1046,1076,310,332]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.1</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F830B4559D5FEA8" box="[1177,1231,310,332]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.063</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A230B2359D5FE83" box="[313,1231,336,359]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A230B235F50FE83" box="[313,586,336,359]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">CMAtyp</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C60B235E09FE83" box="[732,787,336,359]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.029</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F38710B235EBBFE83" box="[875,929,336,359]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.081</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0B23592EFE83" box="[1046,1076,336,359]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.6</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F830B2359D5FE83" box="[1177,1231,336,359]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.375</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A230B1859D5FE78" box="[313,1231,363,412]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A230B185F50FE78" box="[313,586,363,412]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">CMAs CMPtyp</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C60B185E09FE78" box="[732,787,363,412]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.005 0.000</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F38710B185EBBFE78" box="[875,929,363,412]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.024 0.025</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0B18592EFE78" box="[1046,1076,363,412]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.3 1.1</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F830B1859D5FE78" box="[1177,1231,363,412]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.250 0.063</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A230BD359D5FE53" box="[313,1231,416,439]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A230BD35F50FE53" box="[313,586,416,439]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">CMPs</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C60BD35E09FE53" box="[732,787,416,439]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.006</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F38710BD35EBBFE53" box="[875,929,416,439]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.024</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0BD3592EFE53" box="[1046,1076,416,439]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.1</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F830BD359D5FE53" box="[1177,1231,416,439]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.125</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A230BC859D5FE36" box="[313,1231,443,466]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A230BC85F50FE36" box="[313,586,443,466]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">CMSs</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C60BC85E09FE36" box="[732,787,443,466]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.007</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F38710BC85EBBFE36" box="[875,929,443,466]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.007</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0BC8592EFE36" box="[1046,1076,443,466]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.1</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F830BC859D5FE36" box="[1177,1231,443,466]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.125</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A230BA659D5FE08" box="[313,1231,469,492]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A230BA65F50FE08" box="[313,586,469,492]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
AVERAGE
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997FFF8A3AA10BA55F50FE0F" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[443,586,470,491]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3AA10BA55F50FE0F" box="[443,586,470,491]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">C. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C60BA65E09FE08" box="[732,787,469,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.015</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F38710BA65EBBFE08" box="[875,929,469,492]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.036</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0BA6592EFE08" box="[1046,1076,469,492]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.2</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F830BA659D5FE08" box="[1177,1231,469,492]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.170</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A230B8D59D5FDF0" box="[313,1231,510,532]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A230B8D5F50FDF0" box="[313,586,510,532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997FFF8A3A4B0B8D5CE5FDF0" authority="Fioreta" authorityName="Fioreta" box="[337,511,510,532]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3A4B0B8D5CB6FDF7" box="[337,428,510,532]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">C. affinis</emphasis>
Fioreta
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C60B8D5E09FDF0" box="[732,787,510,532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.034</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F38710B8D5EBBFDF0" box="[875,929,510,532]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.083</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0B8D592EFDF0" box="[1046,1076,510,532]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.4</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F830B8D59D5FDF0" box="[1177,1231,510,532]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.313</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A23086B59D5FDCB" box="[313,1231,536,559]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A23086B5F50FDCB" box="[313,586,536,559]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997FFF8A3A4B086A5F5DFDCA" authority="Fioreta" authorityName="Fioreta" box="[337,583,536,558]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrangulus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3A4B086A5CEFFDC9" box="[337,501,536,558]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">C. quadrangulus</emphasis>
Fioreta
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C6086B5E09FDCB" box="[732,787,536,559]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.044</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3871086B5EBBFDCB" box="[875,929,536,559]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.050</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C086B592EFDCB" box="[1046,1076,536,559]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.1</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F83086B59D5FDCB" box="[1177,1231,536,559]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.125</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A23084059D5FDAD" box="[313,1231,563,585]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A2308405F50FDAD" box="[313,586,563,585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997FFF8A3A4B08405F3EFDAD" authority="Amiata" authorityName="Amiata" box="[337,548,563,585]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3A4B08405CCAFDAD" box="[337,464,563,585]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">C. montanus</emphasis>
Amiata
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C608405E09FDAD" box="[732,787,563,585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.033</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F387108405EBBFDAD" box="[875,929,563,585]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.037</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0840592EFDAD" box="[1046,1076,563,585]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.2</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F83084059D5FDAD" box="[1177,1231,563,585]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.188</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A23083E59D5FD80" box="[313,1231,589,612]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A23083E5F50FD80" box="[313,586,589,612]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997FFF8A3A4B083D5F0AFD87" authority="Fioreta" authorityName="Fioreta" box="[337,528,589,611]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arduinii">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3A4B083D5CA7FD86" box="[337,445,589,611]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">C. arduinii</emphasis>
Fioreta
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C6083E5E09FD80" box="[732,787,589,612]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.031</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3871083E5EBBFD80" box="[875,929,589,612]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.051</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C083E592EFD80" box="[1046,1076,589,612]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.3</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F83083E59D5FD80" box="[1177,1231,589,612]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.125</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35061778997F007F3A23080659D5FD68" box="[313,1231,629,652]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<th id="76D77E04997F007F3A2308065F50FD68" box="[313,586,629,652]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">AVERAGE (11 pop.)</th>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F39C608065E09FD68" box="[732,787,629,652]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.022</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F387108065EBBFD68" box="[875,929,629,652]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.042</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F0C0806592EFD68" box="[1046,1076,629,652]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">1.2</td>
<td id="76D77E04997F007F3F83080659D5FD68" box="[1177,1231,629,652]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">0.165</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4945B2997FFF8A3A2308B159EEFD3C" box="[313,1268,706,729]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" startId="10.[313,370,706,728]">
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3A2308B159EEFD3C" blockId="10.[313,1269,706,795]" box="[313,1268,706,729]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
Table 5. Estimated gene flow in
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997FFF8A398A08B05E07FD3C" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[656,797,707,728]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A398A08B05E07FD3C" box="[656,797,707,728]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">C. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations. n.p.a.: number of private alleles;
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A38C808985EC4FCE4" blockId="10.[313,1269,706,795]" box="[978,990,747,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">w</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3A9B088B59EFFCE9" blockId="10.[313,1269,706,795]" box="[385,1269,759,782]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">gene flow based on Slatkin’s (1985a,b) method and F (Nei, 1977) values respectively.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A38B909775EB5FCFF" blockId="10.[313,1269,706,795]" box="[931,943,772,795]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A38B909775EB5FCFF" bold="true" box="[931,943,772,795]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">st</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3939095E59C7FCB4" blockId="10.[547,1245,813,848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
n.p.a. Sample size
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A387D095E5E69FCA6" box="[871,883,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">p</emphasis>
(1) N
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A38F5095E591BFCA6" box="[1007,1025,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">m</emphasis>
F N
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3FA5095E59CBFCA6" box="[1215,1233,813,834]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">m</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3F45094A5971FCB4" bold="true" box="[1119,1131,825,848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">st</emphasis>
w
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3A23091159C5FC9C" blockId="10.[313,1247,865,888]" box="[313,1247,865,888]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997FFF8A3A2309115CD2FC93" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[313,456,866,887]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3A2309115CD2FC93" box="[313,456,866,887]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">C. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
5 23.68 0.055 2.489 0.382 0.405
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3A2309C15FD7FC0E" blockId="10.[313,1268,946,1417]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
level, this finding is surprising because the two species are morphologically well differentiated (Baratti
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A392109A05F77FC0E" box="[571,621,978,1002]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">et al</emphasis>
., 1995).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3A7B09805F52FA6D" blockId="10.[313,1268,946,1417]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
It seems that morphological differentiation in these species is not accompanied by a similar degree of genetic differentiation. Data from previous studies have also failed to find any correlation between morphological and genetic variation in oribatid mites (Bernini and Avanzati, 1987, 1989; Bernini
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A38750E205EB2FB8E" box="[879,936,1106,1130]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">et al.</emphasis>
, 1988; Pigliucci
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3F7E0E205987FB8E" box="[1124,1181,1106,1130]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">et al.</emphasis>
, 1990). It is generally accepted that different processes influence molecular and morphological evolution. Molecular rates are mostly determined by the rate of neutral mutations, while rates of morphological evolution are assumed to be controlled by the fluctuating pressure of natural selection (Kimura, 1983). Another possible explanation for the lack of correlation between the two kinds of data is that the genic regulation of some diagnostic characters is unknown and probably not related to protein-coding genes. Clearly, more detailed analyses are necessary to determine the mechanisms governing the many aspects of both molecular and morphological evolution in
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3AD10F025F52FA6D" box="[459,584,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997FFF8A3AD10F025F5EFA6D" authorityName=", C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1836" box="[459,580,1393,1417]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carabodes</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3A230FC25EFEFA2C" blockId="10.[313,1268,1456,1736]" box="[313,996,1456,1481]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3A230FC25E22FA2C" box="[313,824,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">Comparisons of inferred levels of gene flow in</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997FFF8A385B0FC25EFEFA2C" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[833,996,1456,1481]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">C. marginatus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3A7B0FA259EEF9CC" blockId="10.[313,1268,1456,1736]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
Gene flow analysis provides information about the genetic structure of
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997FFF8A3F860FA25C92F9EC" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3F860FA25C92F9EC" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">C. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations and related morphotypes. However, the two different methods of estimating gene flow from allele frequency data (F values and number of private
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A38890C6D5E4AF9AC" blockId="10.[313,1268,1456,1736]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A38890C6D5EBAF9D3" bold="true" box="[915,928,1566,1591]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">st</emphasis>
alleles
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3A9C0C425C89F9AC" box="[390,403,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">p</emphasis>
(1)) led to conflicting results (table 5).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8A3A7B0C2359EEF98C" blockId="10.[313,1268,1456,1736]" box="[353,1268,1616,1640]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">Based on F values from this study, the high degree of population subdivision</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997FFF8B3AFD0C2D5F4EFEE9" blockId="10.[313,1268,1456,1736]" lastBlockId="11.[313,1269,181,684]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1937" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">
<emphasis id="B942C928997FFF8A3AFD0C2D5CEEF993" bold="true" box="[487,500,1630,1655]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1936">st</emphasis>
indicates very low gene-flow among such geographically grouped oribatid mite populations. Even in sympatric populations, genetic heterogeneity between the two setal forms can be detected. Different evidence was obtained in the quantitative analysis of gene flow by the method of rare alleles. The N
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B38E30AC55917FF29" box="[1017,1037,182,205]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">m</emphasis>
estimate using this approach is much higher, suggesting a considerably higher level of gene exchange between subpopulations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8B3A7B0B665C86FE78" blockId="11.[313,1269,181,684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">
Similar discrepancies in the two estimates have already been described, as for example in Collembola (Frati
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B39950B465FDCFEA9" box="[655,710,309,333]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">et al.</emphasis>
, 1992) and cave crickets (Caccone and Sbordoni, 1987). It has been suggested (Slatkin and Barton, 1989) that, in analysing ideal data, F and rare-allele methods are equally effective for describing the extent of
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B3A950BF05C86FE78" bold="true" box="[399,412,387,412]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">st</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8B3A230BE75CC8FE3F" blockId="11.[313,1269,181,684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">
variation in allele frequency among demes. In reality there are practical reasons for preferring F to
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B3AE40BC65F11FE28" box="[510,523,437,460]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">p</emphasis>
(1): the first can be estimated from data from any polymorphic
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B3ADF0BB15CC8FE3F" bold="true" box="[453,466,450,475]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">st</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8B3A230BA75F75FDFF" blockId="11.[313,1269,181,684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">
loci, whereas
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B3AC20BA65CFFFE08" box="[472,485,469,492]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">p</emphasis>
(1) requires that a reasonable number of private alleles be present. Another advantage of F is that it is probably less sensitive to errors in the
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B397808715F75FDFF" bold="true" box="[610,623,514,539]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">st</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8B3A2308675CE5FD9F" blockId="11.[313,1269,181,684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">
interpretation of electrophoretic data. The results obtained with Slatkin’s method could be misleading due to the low number of detected private alleles. On the other hand, even if F estimates support a genetic discontinuity between the two setal
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B3AE808115CE5FD9F" bold="true" box="[498,511,610,635]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">st</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8B3A2308005F90FD4F" blockId="11.[313,1269,181,684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">forms, in this situation discrepancies in the two methods make it hard to give a precise estimate of gene flow.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8B3A2308A0598EFD0F" blockId="11.[313,1269,723,1736]" box="[313,1172,723,747]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B3A2308A05EC5FD0F" box="[313,991,723,747]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">Which is the taxonomic status of the morphotypes related to</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997EFF8B38F208A05990FD0F" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[1000,1162,723,747]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">C. marginatus</taxonomicName>
?
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8B3A7B08805EA2FBCD" blockId="11.[313,1269,723,1736]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">
Based on morphological evidence, the only remarkable difference between the seven analysed
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997EFF8B3AF309605F9DFCCF" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[489,647,787,811]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B3AF309605F9DFCCF" box="[489,647,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">C. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations (including both setal forms) is essentially related to the length of the marginal notogastral setae (Baratti
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B38E70947592EFCAF" box="[1021,1076,819,843]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">et al.</emphasis>
, in preparation). The presence of both morphs in the same natural environment leads to the exclusion of major ecological factors as possible causes for differentiation. The intra-specific variation of setal length is a well-known feature (McMurthry, 1980; Abou-Setta
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B3A2309C05C6EFC2E" box="[313,372,946,970]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">et al.</emphasis>
, 1991) and among closely related species intra-specific variation may exceed inter-specific variation (Mayr, 1978). According to morphological and ecological evidence,
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997EFF8B3AB609805F57FBEE" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[428,589,1011,1034]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B3AB609805F57FBEE" box="[428,589,1011,1034]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">C. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be characterized by a high degree of intra-specific variation concerning the shape of the notogastral setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8B3A7B0E415CDCFB8E" blockId="11.[313,1269,723,1736]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">Although this conclusion seems plausible, some data suggest an alternative explanation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8B3A7B0E01595DFB0D" blockId="11.[313,1269,723,1736]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">
The population from the Sibillini Mts. seems to be exclusively characterized by morphotypes with short marginal notogastral setae. No specimens characterized by long marginal setae (
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997EFF8B39370EC15FD7FB2D" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[557,717,1202,1225]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B39370EC15FD7FB2D" box="[557,717,1202,1225]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">C. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typicus) were found among the approximately 1000 individuals collected at this site and analysed morphologically.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8B3A7B0E825F6FF94C" blockId="11.[313,1269,723,1736]" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">
Further evidence contrasting the intra-specific morphological variation hypothesis is provided by allozyme data. Despite an overall low degree of molecular differentiation which distinguishes the tested populations, the UPGMA analysis yields a pattern of relationships that does not follow a geographic scheme, i.e. sympatric populations of the two setal forms are never clustered together. This is an interesting feature, because under the effect of gene exchange, conspecific specimens living in the same area are expected to share the same allelic frequencies. On the contrary, our data clearly indicate different patterns of allelic frequency among local populations. Despite the absence of fixed genetic differences, several loci show alleles with lower frequencies that are never present in both sympatric morphs. This is the case of the PGM locus, where populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB9997EFF8B38A80C42594EF9AC" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[946,1108,1585,1608]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C928997EFF8B38A80C42594EF9AC" box="[946,1108,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">C. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typicus from Fioreta and Mt. Amiata exhibit several allelic variants that are never detected in morphotypes with short marginal setae from the same area. These are both monomorphic at this locus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A997EFF8C3A7B0CC35CD1FDE8" blockId="11.[313,1269,723,1736]" lastBlockId="12.[313,1268,181,1034]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="1938" pageId="11" pageNumber="1937">
The EST-2 locus reflects other important genetic differences. On Mt. Amiata and in Poggibonsi the two sympatric setal forms share the same alleles, but their frequencies are significantly different. It is difficult to explain these important genetic differences between sympatric populations without assuming a lack of gene exchange and significant genetic drift in shaping the distribution of allele frequency. A barrier to gene flow among geographically grouped populations is likely moreover considering the inability of electrophoresis to detect all DNA substitutions. Previous analyses applied to the study of the genetic variability of natural populations demonstrated that allozyme analyses detect genetic differences above the species level, but fail to reveal sufficient polymorphism at the subspecies level due to the absence of change in electrophoretic mobility of many enzymes (Jenczenski
<emphasis id="B942C9289979FF8C3F0B0BA65952FE08" box="[1041,1096,468,492]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1938">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999; Thomas
<emphasis id="B942C9289979FF8C3A230B865C68FDE8" box="[313,370,500,524]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1938">et al.</emphasis>
, 1997).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A9979FF8C3A7B08675CE3FD4F" blockId="12.[313,1268,181,1034]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1938">One possible explanation, given the observed low genetic distances, is that these two setal forms diverged very recently, so that much sharing of alleles and lineage sorting is still occurring confounding the phylogenetic delimitation of species boundaries. This would explain why the UPGMA reconstruction partly failed to distinguish the two lineages.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89153A9979FF8C3A7B08C05CBFFBEE" blockId="12.[313,1268,181,1034]" pageId="12" pageNumber="1938">
This genetic diversification may have a historical basis in the recent Pleistocene glaciations. Based on molecular data, numerous cases of genetic divergence at subspecific and even specific level have already been reported as a consequence of glacial events in Europe. Interestingly, the highest number of sister species, subspecies and hybrid zone have been described in the southern regions of
<collectingCountry id="F32155AA9979FF8C3F2F09405977FCAF" box="[1077,1133,819,843]" name="Italy" pageId="12" pageNumber="1938">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32155AA9979FF8C3F66094059D8FCAF" box="[1148,1218,819,843]" name="Georgia" pageId="12" pageNumber="1938">Iberia</collectingCountry>
, the Balkans and
<collectingCountry id="F32155AA9979FF8C3AD609205F01FC8F" box="[460,539,851,875]" name="Greece" pageId="12" pageNumber="1938">Greece</collectingCountry>
which acted as refugia (see Hewitt, 1999 for a review). Similarly, climatic changes which determined the fragmentation of former populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C366EB99979FF8C3A2309E05CCCFC4E" baseAuthorityName="Michael" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[313,470,915,938]" class="Arachnida" family="Carabodidae" genus="Carabodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="1938" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="B942C9289979FF8C3A2309E05CCCFC4E" box="[313,470,915,938]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="1938">C. marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have created the necessary conditions for divergence in allopatry with secondary intergradation after range expansion from refugia. This would not exclude that occasional gene flow is actually eroding phylogenetic signals in the two taxa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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