278 lines
36 KiB
XML
278 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="40C68DDFDB3C858427286101A6088504" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7909888" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7909888" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1683577450868" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Roff, John & Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie" docDate="2004" docId="039787CEFFDD1E1FFE76FF1ADDB3FCF4" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.45.1.1–6.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 45" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C20B10C002986E51083406A4EACF003A.3:AfrInvertebr.2001-2007.journal_article" docStyleId="C20B10C002986E51083406A4EACF003A" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2001-2007.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Cladomelea debeeri Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2004, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFAEFFB6FFDF1E1AFFAEFFD4DE2EFFC3" masterDocTitle="Description of a new species of Cladomelea bolas-spider from South Africa, with notes on its behaviour (Araneae: Araneidae)" masterLastPageNumber="6" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1699498620700" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="68D8C3EC4CF7A452205A3DF03062DC6A">
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<mods:title id="1906E0D300FBEB69A88E19BDCF3AF654">Description of a new species of Cladomelea bolas-spider from South Africa, with notes on its behaviour (Araneae: Araneidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="D6415156F4BEEC21AB946FE28DA61017" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B37F4C274CFFA7A19D130CAEEC904F3D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6AD6A02B964E0DA7951F74360527866D">Roff, John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="FF5905063B0FABEDCFC65B620ADF2EE5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="6E8F73D557614372BBAC3648841CD9FD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BEA92CB4369C405728263FF6529F175A">Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="50AB52ADE777E14D9D932C75AA6D9D18">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="88F4242282A0A21551406FF4726922E2">
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<mods:title id="DADA117AE6DCABB7F8B96E8FF1FFAF01">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="EC86A1E99A76DF273EF6DD7F3AECF64B">
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<mods:date id="A7B8D30EA3DD1B73B7D71D6DF1785A29">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="968B50C760205954FD63AAD179F51F5D" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="1C27F765E654DFAE28E997385E6E1F5A">2004-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="62E3AE499A8D8D616BEC35A518102B42">45</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="CAAFE6277ECE232B61715AC31C4366AA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="1BF58E6BD7567D1291521D9FE65C039F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7909888</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7F2BC2B82E8605C54A08C8A44CC6D88E" type="ISSN">2305-2562</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F2581B3E2E706DB73257EB8A67B7AFAD" type="Zenodo-Dep">7909888</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039787CEFFDD1E1FFE76FF1ADDB3FCF4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039787CEFFDD1E1FFE76FF1ADDB3FCF4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039787CEFFDD1E1FFE76FF1ADDB3FCF4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C3246553FFDD1E18FE76FF1ADD26FF24" box="[472,776,206,231]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FE76FF1ADD26FF24" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" box="[472,776,206,231]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0C981B4FFDD1E18FE76FF1ADD26FF24" box="[472,776,206,231]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDD1E18FE76FF1ADCEBFF24" ID-CoL="VP94" authority="Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2004" authorityName="Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman" authorityYear="2004" box="[472,709,206,231]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Cladomelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debeeri" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDD1E18FE76FF1ADCEBFF24" bold="true" box="[472,709,206,231]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cladomelea debeeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27957B1FFDD1E18FD62FF1ADD26FF24" box="[716,776,206,231]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3246553FFDD1E1FFD98FF22DDB3FCF4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FD98FF22DC84FECC" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" box="[566,682,246,271]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13052A5DFFDD1E18FD90FF22DC8FFECC" box="[574,673,246,271]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Figs 2–5" captionStartId-0="1.[413,446,1647,1667]" captionStartId-1="3.[182,221,1623,1643]" captionTargetBox-1="[208,1106,203,1573]" captionTargetId-1="figure-6@3.[213,1106,203,1254]" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n., dorsal view of body." captionText-1="Figs 2–5. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n. 2. Abdominal tubercle with tuft of setae. 3. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 4. Outline of body, lateral view. 5. Epigynum. 6. Egg sacs." figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909973" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7909973/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EFECADC71FEB4" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Type material:
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<materialsCitation id="3B563C85FFDD1E18FEE8FECADC71FEB4" collectingDate="2000-05-12" collectorName="J. Roff" country="South Africa" elevation="600" latitude="-29.633333" location="Milliken Road" longLatPrecision="1226" longitude="30.466667" municipality="Pietermaritzburg" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="5485887AFFDD1E18FEE8FECADF9FFEF4" box="[326,433,286,311]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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female collected at 45
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<location id="8EE16003FFDD1E18FD7EFECADD50FEF4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039787CEFFDD1E1FFE76FF1ADDB3FCF4:8EE16003FFDD1E18FD7EFECADD50FEF4" box="[720,894,286,311]" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.633333" longLatPrecision="1226" longitude="30.466667" municipality="Pietermaritzburg" name="Milliken Road" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Milliken Road</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BE5ACA2FFDD1E18FC20FECADA7EFEF4" box="[910,1104,286,311]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pietermaritzburg</collectingMunicipality>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0A501FFFDD1E18FF36FEEADEDBFE94" box="[152,245,318,343]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="-29.633333">29 38'S</geoCoordinate>
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:
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0A501FFFDD1E18FEAAFEEADF4FFE94" box="[260,353,318,343]" degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="925" value="30.466667">30 28'E</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<collectingRegion id="49FAF83AFFDD1E18FED7FEEADC03FE94" box="[377,557,318,343]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">KwaZuluNatal</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3297648FFDD1E18FD95FEEADCFFFE94" box="[571,721,318,343]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, approx.
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<elevation id="0013D1EBFFDD1E18FCEEFEEADA62FE94" box="[832,1100,318,343]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="600.0">
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<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDD1E18FCEEFEEADDA5FE94" box="[832,907,318,343]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
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above sea level
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</elevation>
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,
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<date id="FF801018FFDD1E18FF3EFE8ADF06FEB4" box="[144,296,350,375]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2000-05-12">
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<collectingDate id="EFC4E9F0FFDD1E18FF3EFE8ADF06FEB4" box="[144,296,350,375]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2000-05-12">12 May 2000</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName id="26CB530EFFDD1E18FE9DFE8ADF51FEB4" box="[307,383,350,375]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">J. Roff</collectorName>
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(NCA 2003/ 1657).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EFE52DD77FE7C" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Etymology: The species name is a patronym in honour of Len de Beer, a friend of the first author, who assisted in the collection of the
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<typeStatus id="5485887AFFDD1E18FD1FFE72DCCFFE7C" box="[689,737,422,447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
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specimen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EFE1ADF46FD64" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Diagnosis: The abdomen is triangular and bears prominent tubercles (
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<figureCitation id="13052A5DFFDD1E18FC35FE1ADDF5FE24" box="[923,987,462,487]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[413,446,1647,1667]" captionText="Fig. 1. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n., dorsal view of body." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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) arranged in clusters of five, each on the anteromedian corners of the abdomen. Each tubercle bears a tuft of long setae (
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<figureCitation id="13052A5DFFDD1E18FE0DFDDADFCBFDE4" box="[419,485,526,551]" captionStart="Figs 2–5" captionStartId="3.[182,221,1623,1643]" captionTargetBox="[208,1106,203,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[213,1106,203,1254]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 2–5. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n. 2. Abdominal tubercle with tuft of setae. 3. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 4. Outline of body, lateral view. 5. Epigynum. 6. Egg sacs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7909973/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). In the other three species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDD1E18FC88FDDADD82FDE5" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[806,940,526,550]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Cladomelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDD1E18FC88FDDADD82FDE5" box="[806,940,526,550]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cladomelea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the abdomens are decorated with short, blunt tubercles scattered over the dorsal surface, without tufts of setae.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDD1E18FF5FFD9ADFFCFDA5" authorityName="Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman" authorityYear="2004" box="[241,466,590,614]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Cladomelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debeeri">
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<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDD1E18FF5FFD9ADFFCFDA5" box="[241,466,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cladomelea debeeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
is distinct in having four short prominent tubercles on the carapace (
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<figureCitation id="13052A5DFFDD1E18FF51FDBADF71FD44" box="[255,351,622,647]" captionStart="Figs 2–5" captionStartId="3.[182,221,1623,1643]" captionTargetBox="[208,1106,203,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[213,1106,203,1254]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 2–5. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n. 2. Abdominal tubercle with tuft of setae. 3. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 4. Outline of body, lateral view. 5. Epigynum. 6. Egg sacs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7909973/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 3, 4</figureCitation>
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) compared to the three very long and slender tubercles present in the other three species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EFD62DF55FD0C" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" box="[144,379,694,719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description: Female.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EFD0ADDCAFCD4" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Total length
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||
<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDD1E18FEB7FD0ADFA5FD34" box="[281,395,734,759]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.584" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="15.84">15.84 mm</quantity>
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||
; carapace length
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||
<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDD1E18FDE8FD0ADC85FD34" box="[582,683,734,759]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.84" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="3.84">3.84 mm</quantity>
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||
; abdomen length
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||
<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDD1E18FCC5FD0ADDF5FD34" box="[875,987,734,759]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.258" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="12.58">12.58 mm</quantity>
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||
(abdomen partly covers carapace); carapace width
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||
<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDD1E18FDFCFD2ADC97FCD4" box="[594,697,766,791]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.92" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="3.92">3.92 mm</quantity>
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||
; abdomen width 12.0 mm.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EFCF2DC45FB7C" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDD1E18FF3EFCF2DF28FCFD" box="[144,262,806,830]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Carapace</emphasis>
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||
: Yellowish brown, decorated with an intricate dark brown pattern, consisting of medially dark spots and striae; pearshaped, truncated anteriorly; covered with long white woolly setae; cephalic region slightly raised, bearing a row of strong tubercles (1:1:2); the medial tubercle is the largest with a shorter tubercle in front and a pair of shorter tubercles behind (
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||
<figureCitation id="13052A5DFFDD1E18FCABFC72DD45FC7C" box="[773,875,934,959]" captionStart="Figs 2–5" captionStartId="3.[182,221,1623,1643]" captionTargetBox="[208,1106,203,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[213,1106,203,1254]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 2–5. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n. 2. Abdominal tubercle with tuft of setae. 3. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 4. Outline of body, lateral view. 5. Epigynum. 6. Egg sacs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7909973/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 3, 4</figureCitation>
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); clypeus yellowish brown with brown spots laterally; chelicerae yellowish brown with dark spots medially and brown markings laterally; sternum creamish white; mouthparts brown, paler around edge; eyes in two slightly recurved rows; anterior median eyes and posterior median eyes on common eye tubercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5DFFDD1E18FD47FBF2DD19FBFC" box="[745,823,1062,1087]" captionStart="Figs 2–5" captionStartId="3.[182,221,1623,1643]" captionTargetBox="[208,1106,203,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[213,1106,203,1254]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 2–5. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n. 2. Abdominal tubercle with tuft of setae. 3. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 4. Outline of body, lateral view. 5. Epigynum. 6. Egg sacs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7909973/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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); anterior median eyes slightly larger than posterior median eyes; lateral eyes adjacent on shallow tubercles, equal in size; median ocular quadrangle wider than long; cheliceral fang furrow with three teeth on posterior margin and a group of denticles scattered in between; sternum width
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||
<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDD1E18FEEFFB72DFB0FB7C" box="[321,414,1190,1215]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
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||
, length
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||
<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDD1E18FE52FB72DC49FB7C" box="[508,615,1190,1215]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.76">1.76 mm</quantity>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EFB1BDFACFA84" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDD1E18FF3EFB1BDED4FB24" box="[144,250,1231,1255]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Abdomen</emphasis>
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||
: Creamish yellow; triangular in shape (
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||
<figureCitation id="13052A5DFFDD1E18FD01FB1ADCDEFB24" box="[687,752,1230,1255]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[413,446,1647,1667]" captionText="Fig. 1. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n., dorsal view of body." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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||
); each corner studded with five prominent tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5DFFDD1E18FED0FB3ADFEDFAC4" box="[382,451,1262,1287]" captionStart="Figs 2–5" captionStartId="3.[182,221,1623,1643]" captionTargetBox="[208,1106,203,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[213,1106,203,1254]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 2–5. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n. 2. Abdominal tubercle with tuft of setae. 3. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 4. Outline of body, lateral view. 5. Epigynum. 6. Egg sacs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7909973/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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); each tubercle cream at base and dark at apices, bearing a tuft of long white setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5DFFDD1E18FE0DFADADFC6FAE4" box="[419,488,1294,1319]" captionStart="Figs 2–5" captionStartId="3.[182,221,1623,1643]" captionTargetBox="[208,1106,203,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[213,1106,203,1254]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 2–5. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n. 2. Abdominal tubercle with tuft of setae. 3. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 4. Outline of body, lateral view. 5. Epigynum. 6. Egg sacs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7909973/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
); posterior corner with six tubercles, each bearing hair tufts; spinnerets dark.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EFA83DD4AFAAC" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" box="[144,868,1366,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDD1E18FF3EFA83DF7DFAAC" authority=": Lacks" authorityName="Lacks" box="[144,339,1366,1391]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Epigynum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDD1E18FF3EFA83DF2FFAAC" box="[144,257,1367,1391]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Epigynum</emphasis>
|
||
: Lacks
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a scape, with only a small rounded lip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13052A5DFFDD1E18FCBFFA82DD78FAAC" box="[785,854,1366,1391]" captionStart="Figs 2–5" captionStartId="3.[182,221,1623,1643]" captionTargetBox="[208,1106,203,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-6@3.[213,1106,203,1254]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 2–5. Cladomelea debeeri sp. n. 2. Abdominal tubercle with tuft of setae. 3. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 4. Outline of body, lateral view. 5. Epigynum. 6. Egg sacs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7909973/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EFAABDF88FA14" blockId="2.[144,1104,206,1495]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDD1E18FF3EFAABDEEAFA54" box="[144,196,1407,1431]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
: Creamish white with dark spiralling bands on femora, patellae and tibiae; metatarsi with longitudinal bands; legs without strong setae but bearing dense long hairlike setae; leg measurements (mm):
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FEB4FA3ADA2CF9C4" blockId="2.[144,1039,1518,1671]" box="[282,1026,1518,1543]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">femur patella tibia metatarsus tarsus total</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EF9DADA21F9E4" blockId="2.[144,1039,1518,1671]" box="[144,1039,1550,1575]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I 4.24 1.92 4.0 3.6 0.96 14.72</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EF9FADA21F984" blockId="2.[144,1039,1518,1671]" box="[144,1039,1582,1607]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">II 4.40 1.76 4.0 3.3 0.80 14.26</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EF99ADD58F9A4" blockId="2.[144,1039,1518,1671]" box="[144,886,1614,1639]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">III 2.40 0.96 1.6 1.2 0.56</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDD1E18FF3EF9BADD58F944" blockId="2.[144,1039,1518,1671]" box="[144,886,1646,1671]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">IV 3.44 1.60 1.12 1.84 0.56</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF416650FFDC1E19FF18F983DD70F940" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7909973" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7909973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7909973/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[182,221,1623,1643]" targetBox="[208,1106,203,1573]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDC1E19FF18F983DD70F940" blockId="3.[182,1141,1623,1667]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Figs 2–5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDC1E19FEBFF983DFE7F9A8" authority="Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2004" authorityName="Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman" authorityYear="2004" box="[273,457,1623,1643]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Cladomelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debeeri" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDC1E19FEBFF983DFE7F9A8" box="[273,457,1623,1643]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cladomelea debeeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27957B1FFDC1E19FE61F983DC2FF9A8" box="[463,513,1623,1643]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
2. Abdominal tubercle with tuft of setae. 3. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 4. Outline of body, lateral view. 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDC1E19FD28F9BBDCC9F940" box="[646,743,1647,1667]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Epigynum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Epigynum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 6. Egg sacs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF3EFF1ADF23FF24" blockId="4.[144,1104,206,903]" box="[144,269,206,231]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Behaviour:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF3EFF22DC9FFEEC" blockId="4.[144,1104,206,903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The spider was first encountered at 07:45 on
|
||
<date id="FF801018FFDB1E1EFD22FF22DD37FECC" box="[652,793,246,271]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2000-05-08">8 May 2000</date>
|
||
. Observations on the spider were made on four consecutive nights thereafter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF3EFEEADFC8FDD4" blockId="4.[144,1104,206,903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFF3EFEEADECFFE95" box="[144,225,318,342]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Retreat</emphasis>
|
||
: The spider was first observed hanging from a trapezeline made about
|
||
<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDB1E1EFBA1FEEADA7EFE94" box="[1039,1104,318,343]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1.8">1.8 m</quantity>
|
||
above the soil surface. The threads were attached to a branch of an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDB1E1EFCD6FE8ADDEAFEB5" box="[888,964,350,374]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Azalea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFCD6FE8ADDEAFEB5" box="[888,964,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Azalea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bush. When found, the spider was feeding on a moth, which it dropped when disturbed. The spider moved up the trapezeline to a retreat consisting of two leaves pulled together with a few strands of silk. The spider remained in the retreat throughout the day until the evening (17:44) when it was found hanging from the trapezeline, below the retreat, busy constructing a bolasline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF3EFDF2DC27FCDC" blockId="4.[144,1104,206,903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFF3EFDF2DF2DFDFD" box="[144,259,550,574]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bolasline</emphasis>
|
||
: The bolasline consisted of a thread constructed of multiple strands of silk, with three sticky droplets adhering to it. Each droplet was approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDB1E1EFC7AFD92DA1CFD9C" box="[980,1074,582,607]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. First a long silk thread with a single droplet was produced; a slightly shorter thread with a second droplet was then made; a third thread, which was the shortest, with another droplet, was finally made. The end result was a threestrand thread held together with three droplets, positioned one above the other. Observations on two other nights showed that the spider made a bolasline in the same fashion, but the number of droplets varied from two to three.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF3EFCFADA7EFC44" blockId="4.[144,1104,206,903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFF3EFCFADF8BFC85" box="[144,421,814,838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Operating the bolasline</emphasis>
|
||
: The spider used its fourth leg to hold onto the trapezeline. The bolasline was then whirled at intervals, using the second pair of legs. Initially, the whirling happened at intervals of about five minutes, but later became more frequent,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFDEDFC70DCB2FC7B" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" box="[579,668,932,952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TABLE 1</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF50FC10DCD4FC33" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Comparison of the behaviour of two South African species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDB1E1EFCB0FC10DDC9FC1B" authorityName="Hewitt" authorityYear="1923" box="[798,999,964,984]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Cladomelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akermani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFCB0FC10DDC9FC1B" box="[798,999,964,984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cladomelea akermani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDB1E1EFDA2FC08DCEDFC33" authority="Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2004" authorityName="Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman" authorityYear="2004" box="[524,707,988,1008]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Cladomelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debeeri" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFDA2FC08DCEDFC33" box="[524,707,988,1008]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cladomelea debeeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27957B1FFDB1E1EFD67FC08DCD4FC33" box="[713,762,988,1008]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF32FBD5DCBCFBF3" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFF32FBD5DD06FBD6" box="[156,808,1025,1045]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDB1E1EFF32FBD5DF4BFBD6" authorityName="Hewitt" authorityYear="1923" box="[156,357,1025,1045]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Cladomelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akermani">Cladomelea akermani</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDB1E1EFDDFFBD5DD06FBD6" authority="Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2004" authorityName="Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman" authorityYear="2004" box="[625,808,1025,1045]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Cladomelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debeeri" status="sp. nov.">Cladomelea debeeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27957B1FFDB1E1EFC80FBD4DD71FBD7" box="[814,863,1024,1044]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFD8DFBC8DCBCFBF3" box="[547,658,1052,1072]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hunting site</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF32FBE8DD3AFBAB" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Generally found on grass stems Collected from tree layer up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDB1E1EFC20FBE8DDECFB93" box="[910,962,1084,1104]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1.8">1.8 m</quantity>
|
||
above soil surface
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFD97FBA0DC55FB4B" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" box="[569,635,1140,1160]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFD97FBA0DC55FB4B" box="[569,635,1140,1160]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Retreat</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF32FB40DD28FB03" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">None. Spider found on grass with legs Found in retreat made of leaves attached curled up around body with silk threads</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFDB9FB18DCB3FB23" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" box="[535,669,1228,1248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFDB9FB18DCB3FB23" box="[535,669,1228,1248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Activity period</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF32FB38DD24FAC3" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" box="[156,778,1260,1280]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sunset to about midnight Sunset to sunrise</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFD80FAD8DCA5FAE3" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" box="[558,651,1292,1312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFD80FAD8DCA5FAE3" box="[558,651,1292,1312]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bolasline</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF32FAF8DD50FA83" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" box="[156,894,1324,1344]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Single thread with 1–2 droplet 2–3 threads with 2–3 droplets</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFDBCFA98DC89FAA3" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" box="[530,679,1356,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFDBCFA98DC89FAA3" box="[530,679,1356,1376]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leg involvement</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF32FAB8DEC0FA5B" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leg I held straight out and swung back Leg I held straight out and forth</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF32FA70DF05FA2B" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leg II held bolasline and acts as the axis Leg II used to hold and whirl the bolasline around which the body oscillates and bolas rotate</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF32FA20DCD8F9CB" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" box="[156,758,1524,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leg III hold onto trapezeline Leg III unused</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFF32F9C0DD50F9EB" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" box="[156,894,1556,1576]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leg IV hold onto trapezeline Leg IV hold onto trapezeline</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1EFDB9F9E0DC84F98B" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" box="[535,682,1588,1608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDB1E1EFDB9F9E0DC84F98B" box="[535,682,1588,1608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Whirling of web</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDB1E1FFF32F980DF55FE04" blockId="4.[156,1017,932,1664]" lastBlockId="5.[181,1142,206,823]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Vigorous whirling Less vigorous, erratic whirling with intervals of 1–5 min with intervals of between one to two minutes. The third pair of legs did not seem to be used during the preycatching process. The spider constructed a new bolas every one to two hours. On the evening of 10 May the spider responded to the noise of a nearby car engine by rapidly increasing the rate of whirling. This suggests that the vibration of a moth’s wings while in flight would elicit a similar response. Except for the first evening, when the spider was observed feeding on a moth, no prey was caught during the observation period. The female was eventually collected and preserved in 70 % alcohol on the
|
||
<date id="FF801018FFDA1E1FFF71FE7ADF56FE04" box="[223,376,430,455]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2000-05-12">12 May 2000</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDA1E1FFF1BFE02DA65FD6C" blockId="5.[181,1142,206,823]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDA1E1FFF1BFE02DF37FE2D" box="[181,281,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Egg sacs</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig. 6): The female was found with
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D38FD51FFDA1E1FFD14FE02DD3DFE2C" box="[698,787,470,495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="egg">two egg</specimenCount>
|
||
sacs attached to a twig near the spider’s retreat. They were fastened to the twig with irregular silken threads on the lower side and resembled dead leaves. The egg sacs were round (diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CC69B3DFFDA1E1FFC23FDC2DDF2FDEC" box="[909,988,534,559]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
|
||
), beige, with a very tough outer layer consisting of closely woven silk. One egg sac was manually opened on 15 June but the spiderlings were still underdeveloped. The young spiders (between 150 and 200) emerged from this egg sac on 16 July, clustering close to the cocoon. They dispersed fairly rapidly, some by ballooning, and by 18 June only two or three were left.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8136D8FFDA1E1FFF1BFD6ADDB3FCF4" blockId="5.[181,1142,206,823]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
In Table 1 the behaviour of the two South African bolas spiders is compared. The behaviour of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D5BFFDA1E1FFEFEFD0ADFF0FD35" authorityName="Hewitt" authorityYear="1923" box="[336,478,734,758]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Cladomelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akermani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDA1E1FFEFEFD0ADFF0FD35" box="[336,478,734,758]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. akermani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the observations of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B29FFDA1E1FFCF9FD0ADA0DFD34" author="LEROY, J. - M. & JOCQUE, R. & LEROY, A." box="[855,1059,734,759]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref2474" refString="LEROY, J. - M., JOCQUE, R. & LEROY, A. 1998. On the behaviour of the African bolas-spider Cladomelea akermani Hewitt (Araneae, Araneidae, Cyrtarachninae), with description of the male. Annals of the Natal Museum 39: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Leroy
|
||
<emphasis id="B94AEACAFFDA1E1FFC0AFD0ADDF6FD35" box="[932,984,734,758]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which differ from those of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B29FFDA1E1FFE0EFD2ADC4EFCD4" author="AKERMAN, C." box="[416,608,766,791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="83 - 88" refId="ref2309" refString="AKERMAN, C. 1923. A comparison of the habits of a South African spider, Cladomelea, with those of an Australian Dicrostichus. Annals of the Natal Museum 5: 83 - 88." type="journal article" year="1923">Akerman (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The two species differ both in their choice of hunting site and in the construction and handling of the bolasline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |