107 lines
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107 lines
14 KiB
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<document id="1F8DA212E6A1F79AD350444D85FCE9D3" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274039" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2d13c1a2-0d8f-4031-986a-3900e879582c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274039" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460040748274" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Oberprieler, Rolf G., Marvaldi, Adriana E. & Anderson, Robert S." docDate="2007" docId="0397878FFFB59933FF0ECDB46579C114" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01668p520.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1668" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Attelabidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="500" masterDocId="FFAEFFF7FFBC993AFF99CE6B6013C670" masterDocTitle="Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere *" masterLastPageNumber="520" masterPageNumber="491" pageNumber="500" updateTime="1698234316959" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F9A42ACC690B71B372317DB8DE9652BB">
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<mods:title id="C4D534B8542508B7C928F95468452499">Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere *</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="22ED917C432BEC629B16EF9BE8B0161E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="92E496B8869CA206921730D27BF1437D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3A421BF1AC694F46D892DB3D636965D8">Oberprieler, Rolf G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AB95AF9970B4F1E811FD12DFA525C429">Marvaldi, Adriana E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDDD6571F72B4E2F6CE6BEA9CBBC456A">Anderson, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4B6E02ED63DC752165D308B7D78A07A3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F1BAC4D2E40E63FA79F81216AD9186F6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="80FA8C9EAE69125D09D3F6D3C48C6EA4">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="043697B803F739635252E4AC4EC51B88" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="EE7B3CBD7B6456DA85CA3ADDDB68B324">1668</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="62356AF00FA0486EA097C7260FB45FCC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0893F1DD37021356C5DBC254601A45F3" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274039</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="67572E62CBB3993C5D7DE2FB3A8566F5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0397878FFFB59933FF0ECDB46579C114" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5626088" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135224" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5626088" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397878FFFB59933FF0ECDB46579C114" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0397878FFFB59933FF0ECDB46579C114" lastPageNumber="500" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">
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<subSubSection id="C3246512FFB59933FF0ECDB46579C3A4" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFB59933FF0ECDB4613BC589" blockId="9.[151,296,991,1017]" box="[151,296,991,1017]" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">
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<heading id="D0C981F5FFB59933FF0ECDB4613BC589" bold="true" box="[151,296,991,1017]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FF0ECDB4613BC589" ID-CoL="8HBPH" box="[151,296,991,1017]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B94AEA8BFFB59933FF0ECDB4613BC589" bold="true" box="[151,296,991,1017]" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">Attelabidae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFB59933FF0ECA416579C3A4" blockId="9.[151,1437,1066,1892]" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">
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With approximately 2 500 described species in 150 genera and a cosmopolitan distribution, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FA8CCA41658FC234" box="[1301,1436,1066,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Attelabidae</taxonomicName>
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are another successful group of weevils. Like
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FD2DCA396350C21C" box="[692,835,1106,1132]" class="Insecta" family="Anthribidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthribidae</taxonomicName>
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, they seem to have achieved their success in diversity also through association with fungi, their larvae developing on withering plant tissues that may be indirectly or directly infected with fungi. In contrast to anthribids, however, female attelabids prepare their oviposition site with their rostrum, which is further modified from the belid condition by the fusion of the gular sutures and the reduction of the ligula. The rostrum is used to variously sever the sap flow in a living plant organ (stem, leaf, bud, fruit) and cause it to wilt or drop off, with the larva feeding on the decaying tissues. In advanced
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FEF4CB2961E4C32C" box="[365,503,1346,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Attelabinae">Attelabinae</taxonomicName>
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, females roll leaves into elaborate, cigar-like nidi (nests) in which they lay their eggs and which they can inoculate with fungal spores carried in special mycetangia next to their hind coxae (fig. 5).
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FF6FCBF9616EC3DC" box="[246,381,1426,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Attelabidae</taxonomicName>
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are predominantly associated with angiosperms, only a few primitive ones living on conifers (
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FF4BCBD16164C3A4" box="[210,375,1466,1492]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FE1BCBD161FFC3A4" box="[386,492,1466,1492]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
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) but indicating these to probably constitute the ancestral hosts of the family.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3246512FFB59933FF5FCB896579C114" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B813699FFB59933FF5FCB896579C114" blockId="9.[151,1437,1066,1892]" pageId="9" pageNumber="500">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FE99CB896194C38C" ID-CoL="8HBPH" box="[256,391,1506,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Attelabidae</taxonomicName>
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generally comprise two subfamilies,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FCCFCB8963E1C38C" box="[854,1010,1506,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhynchitinae">Rhynchitinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FBACCB8964ACC38C" box="[1077,1215,1506,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Attelabinae">Attelabinae</taxonomicName>
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, with about equal numbers of described species. Though treated as separate families by some authors (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FB2DC8616584C054" author="Zimmerman" box="[1204,1431,1546,1572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="520" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1994 a) Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Volume I - Orthoceri, Anthribidae to Attelabidae. The Primitive Weevils. CSIRO, Australia, 741 pp." type="book" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Zimmerman 1994a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FF0EC8596152C03C" author="Legalov" box="[151,321,1586,1612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Legalov, A. A. (2004) Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Rhynchitids and leaf-rolling weevils (Coleoptera, Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae) using the Synap method: communication 1. Entomological Review, 84 (7), 764 - 770 (translated from Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 83 (12), 1427 - 1432.)." type="journal article" year="2004">Legalov 2004</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FEC8C8596183C03C" author="Legalov" box="[337,400,1586,1612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Legalov, A. A. (2005) Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Rhynchitids and leaf-rolling weevils (Coleoptera, Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae) using the Synap method: communication 2. - Entomological Review, 85 (2), 131 - 136 (translated from Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 84 (2), 190 - 194.)." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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), the two groups share several synapomorphic characters (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FBFBC8596538C03C" author="Thompson" box="[1122,1323,1586,1612]" pageId="9" pageNumber="519" refString="Thompson, R. T. (1992) Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) with a key to the major groups. Journal of natural History, 26, 835 - 891." type="journal article" year="1992">Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FAA5C85960C7C004" author="Kuschel" pageId="9" pageNumber="516" refString="Kuschel, G. (1995) A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 5 - 33." type="journal article" year="1995">Kuschel 1995</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FF7AC8316236C004" author="Marvaldi" box="[227,549,1626,1652]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Marvaldi, A. E. & Morrone, J. J. (2000) Phylogenetic systematics of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): a reappraisal based on larval and adult morphology. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 31, 43 - 58." type="journal article" year="2000">Marvaldi & Morrone 2000</bibRefCitation>
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) and together evidently constitute a monophyletic group. The
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FA8CC831658FC004" box="[1301,1436,1626,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Attelabinae">Attelabinae</taxonomicName>
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are strongly indicated to be monophyletic as well, but the same cannot be said for the
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FB0FC8E96521C0EC" box="[1174,1330,1666,1692]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhynchitinae">Rhynchitinae</taxonomicName>
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(defined only by the phylogenetically weak characters of appendiculate claws and exodont mandibles) and it remains to be demonstrated that they are not paraphyletic with respect to
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FC03C8B96436C09C" box="[922,1061,1746,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Attelabinae">Attelabinae</taxonomicName>
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. Phylogenetic analyses of tribal relationships in both subfamilies were recently published by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FCE5C891643CC164" author="Legalov" box="[892,1071,1786,1812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Legalov, A. A. (2004) Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Rhynchitids and leaf-rolling weevils (Coleoptera, Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae) using the Synap method: communication 1. Entomological Review, 84 (7), 764 - 770 (translated from Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 83 (12), 1427 - 1432.)." type="journal article" year="2004">Legalov (2004</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAF4B68FFB59933FBA7C891646EC164" author="Legalov" box="[1086,1149,1786,1812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="517" refString="Legalov, A. A. (2005) Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Rhynchitids and leaf-rolling weevils (Coleoptera, Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae) using the Synap method: communication 2. - Entomological Review, 85 (2), 131 - 136 (translated from Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 84 (2), 190 - 194.)." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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), but they are based on numerous spurious characters of doubtful phylogenetic value and an unproven cladistic algorithm and require critical assessment. Presently therefore, phylogenetic relationships within
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<taxonomicName id="4C3E4D1AFFB59933FC62C9216491C114" ID-CoL="8HBPH" box="[1019,1154,1866,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="500" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Attelabidae</taxonomicName>
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remain unresolved.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |