273 lines
37 KiB
XML
273 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BAF101E88C3B6B66E5E52A9FD7F7FA37">First records of diapsid Palacrodon from the Norian, Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona, and their biogeographic implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="305A82637518636F0A5177E9C289FF7E">Kligman, Ben T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EB64B81A57027BBECF7A416855B630D0">Marsh, Adam D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="32A9D8BDF3229C0E16ACC0F9D14A661E">Parker, William G.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03FF265F4F4E766EB0B1FAB9FE41FE92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986605" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10986605" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FF265F4F4E766EB0B1FAB9FE41FE92" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FF265F4F4E766EB0B1FAB9FE41FE92" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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<subSubSection id="C34CC4C24F4E766CB0B1FAB9FEC5FAD8" box="[151,345,1335,1363]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB0B1FAB9FEC5FAD8" blockId="4.[151,345,1335,1363]" box="[151,345,1335,1363]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4E766CB0B1FAB9FEC5FAD8" box="[151,345,1335,1363]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Palacrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sp.">
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<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB0B1FAB9FEB1FAD8" box="[151,301,1335,1363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Palacrodon</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34CC4C24F4E766CB0B1FAEDFF48FAF3" box="[151,212,1379,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB0B1FAEDFF48FAF3" blockId="4.[151,212,1379,1400]" box="[151,212,1379,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4E766CB0B1FAEDFF4CFAF3" box="[151,208,1379,1400]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[98,131,1366,1386]" captionTargetBox="[103,1480,171,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-407@5.[99,1480,159,1342]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Diapsid Palacrodon sp. from Norian, Placerias Quarry, St. John’s, USA. A. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A1, A2), labial (A3, A4), lingual (A5), and oblique (A6) views. B. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B1) and distal (B2) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A6, B), explanatory drawings (A2, A4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980863/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34CC4C24F4E766CB0B1FA05FD7EF998" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB0B1FA05FD16FA2B" blockId="4.[151,738,1419,1555]" box="[151,650,1419,1440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB46B0674F4E766CB0B1FA05FD16FA2B" box="[151,650,1419,1440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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1980
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<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4E766CB0EBFA05FEEFFA2B" authority="Jacobs and Murry" box="[205,371,1419,1440]" family="Procolophonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procolophonidae</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF7B1584F4E766CB15BFA05FD1AFA2B" author="Jacobs, L. L. & Murry, P. A." box="[381,646,1419,1440]" page="63" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" year="1980">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F4E766CB15BFA05FD1AFA2B" author="Jacobs, L. L. & Murry, P. A." box="[381,646,1419,1440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" pagination="55 - 71" refId="ref8855" refString="Jacobs, L. L. and Murry, P. A. 1980. The vertebrate community of the Triassic Chinle Formation near St. Johns, Arizona. In: L. L. Jacobs (ed.), Aspects of Vertebrate History: Essays in Honor of Edwin Harris Colbert, 55 - 71. Museum of Northern Arizona Press, Flagstaff." type="book chapter" year="1980">Jacobs and Murry 1980: 63</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB0B1FA29FDC5FA37" blockId="4.[151,738,1419,1555]" box="[151,601,1447,1468]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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||
1983 Reptilia;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F4E766CB103FA29FE62FA37" author="Tannenbaum, F. A." box="[293,510,1447,1468]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" refId="ref11212" refString="Tannenbaum, F. A. 1983. The Microvertebrate Fauna of the Placerias and Downs' Quarries, Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) Near St. Johns, Arizona. 114 pp. Master's Thesis, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley." type="book" year="1983">Tannenbaum 1983: 63</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 109.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB0B1FA4AFDD1FA52" blockId="4.[151,738,1419,1555]" box="[151,589,1476,1497]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB46B0674F4E766CB0B1FA4AFDD1FA52" box="[151,589,1476,1497]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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1993
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<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4E766CB0EBFA4AFE0BFA52" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[205,407,1476,1497]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
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||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB0EBFA4AFE0BFA52" box="[205,407,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Clevosaurus latidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF7B1584F4E766CB182FA4AFDD5FA52" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[420,585,1476,1497]" page="138" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" year="1993">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F4E766CB182FA4AFDD5FA52" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[420,585,1476,1497]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" pagination="135 - 139" refId="ref8259" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1993. A new sphenodontian from the early Mesozoic of England and North America: implications for correlating early Mesozoic continental deposits. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 3: 135 - 139." type="journal article" year="1993">Fraser 1993: 138</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB0B1FA6FFD03FA7D" blockId="4.[151,738,1419,1555]" box="[151,671,1505,1526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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||
1994 Reptilia;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F4E766CB100FA6FFDADFA7D" author="Kaye, F. T. & Padian, K." box="[294,561,1505,1526]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" pagination="171 - 196" refId="ref8970" refString="Kaye, F. T. and Padian, K. 1994. Microvertebrates from the Placerias Quarry: a window on Late Triassic vertebrate diversity in the American Southwest. In: N. C. Fraser and H. D. Sues (eds.), In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods, 171 - 196. Cambridge University Press, New York." type="book chapter" year="1994">Kaye and Padian 1994: 189</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 9.109.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB0B1FA70FD7EF998" blockId="4.[151,738,1419,1555]" box="[151,738,1534,1555]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB46B0674F4E766CB0B1FA70FD7EF998" box="[151,738,1534,1555]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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2000
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<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4E766CB0EBFA70FEEFF998" authority="Edwards 2000" box="[205,371,1534,1555]" family="Procolophonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Procolophonidae</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF7B1584F4E766CB15BFA70FDF6F998" author="Edwards, B. T." box="[381,618,1534,1555]" page="320" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" year="2000">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F4E766CB15BFA70FDF6F998" author="Edwards, B. T." box="[381,618,1534,1555]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" refId="ref8063" refString="Edwards, B. T. 2000. The Upper Triassic Microvertebrate Assemblage of Ruthin Quarry, South Wales. 393 pp. Ph. D. Dissertation, University College London, London." type="book" year="2000">Edwards 2000: 320–321</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 4.6.3A.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34CC4C24F4E766EB0B1F9A8FE41FE92" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB0B1F9A8FCB3F823" blockId="4.[151,825,1574,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB0B1F9A8FE9EF9B4" box="[151,258,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Material.</emphasis>
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—
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<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4E766CB13AF9A8FEC6F9B4" box="[284,346,1574,1599]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e1gk-b74h" name="The Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide (Italian National Antarctic Museum in Genoa)." pageId="4" pageNumber="121">MNA</collectionCode>
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V3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth;
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<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4E766CB1F3F9C9FD8BF9EB" box="[469,535,1607,1632]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e1gk-b74h" name="The Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide (Italian National Antarctic Museum in Genoa)." pageId="4" pageNumber="121">MNA</collectionCode>
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||
V11247, isolated tooth. Obtained from
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<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4E766CB171F9E6FE05F90A" box="[343,409,1640,1665]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e1gk-b74h" name="The Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide (Italian National Antarctic Museum in Genoa)." pageId="4" pageNumber="121">MNA</collectionCode>
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||
207-2, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4E766CB215F9E6FCA4F90A" authority="Quarry, St." authorityName="Quarry, St." box="[563,824,1640,1665]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Placerias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB215F9E6FD3DF90A" box="[563,673,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Placerias</emphasis>
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||
Quarry, St.
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
John’s,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F341D7D94F4E766CB0C9F907FEB6F929" box="[239,298,1673,1698]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">USA</collectingCountry>
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||
. A fossiliferous horizon with abundant macrovertebrate and microvertebrate bones and carbonaceous nodules in a clay rich mudstone matrix (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F4E766CB27AF944FCADF968" author="Fiorillo, A. R. & Padian, K. & Musikasinthorn, C." box="[604,817,1738,1763]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" pagination="373 - 386" refId="ref8186" refString="Fiorillo, A. R., Padian, K., and Musikasinthorn, C. 2000. Taphonomy and depositional setting of the Placerias Quarry (Chinle Formation: Late Triassic, Arizona). Palaios 15: 373 - 386." type="journal article" year="2000">Fiorillo et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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||
) from the Chinle Formation, dated to 219.39 ± 0.16 Ma based on U-Pb detrital zircon dates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F4E766CB21FF882FCB1F8AE" author="Ramezani, R. & Fastovsky, D. E. & Bowring, S. A." box="[569,813,1804,1829]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" pagination="981 - 1008" refId="ref10632" refString="Ramezani, R., Fastovsky, D. E., and Bowring, S. A. 2014. Revised chronostratigraphy of the lower Chinle Formation strata in Arizona and New Mexico (USA): high-precision U-Pb geochronological constraints on the Late Triassic evolution of dinosaurs. American Journal of Science 314: 981 - 1008." type="journal article" year="2014">Ramezani et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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||
). These dates place the occurrence solidly in the Adamanian Land Vertebrate Estimated Holochron (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F4E766CB24EF8C3FF4CF80C" author="Martz, J. W. & Parker, W. G." pageId="4" pageNumber="121" pagination="39 - 113" refId="ref9786" refString="Martz, J. W. and Parker, W. G. 2017. Revised formulation of the Late Triassic land vertebrate " faunochrons " of Western North America: recommendations for codifying nascent systems of vertebrate biochronology. In: K. E. Zeigler and W. G. Parker (eds.), Terrestrial Depositional Systems: Deciphering Complexities through Multiple Stratigraphic Methods, 39 - 113. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam." type="book chapter" year="2017">Martz and Parker 2017</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Detailed locality information is on file at Museum of Northern
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||
<collectingRegion id="499259AB4F4E766CB120F801FEFFF823" box="[262,355,1935,1960]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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and is available to qualified researchers.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB378FDE5FC06FC41" blockId="4.[862,1535,619,970]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
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||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB378FDE5FC46FD0F" box="[862,986,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
—Differs from
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4E766CB4BDFDE5FA1CFD0F" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1906" box="[1179,1408,619,644]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Palacrodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="browni">
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||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB4BDFDE5FA1CFD0F" box="[1179,1408,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Palacrodon browni</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having teeth that have a bicuspid apex and a mesially recurved labial profile. The base of the distal shelf is concave in labial view, halfway towards the apex becoming convex to the apex of the tooth. The mesial tooth shelf is concave in labial view, and the apical edge of the tooth reaches an angle just greater than 90°. The labiolingually-broadened apex of the tooth possesses two cusps, one on the labial side, and one on the lingual side. These cusps are joined by a narrow ridge that forms a saddle between the cusps in mesiodistal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB378FC52FC4FFA90" blockId="4.[862,1535,988,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB378FC52FC70FC7E" box="[862,1004,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4E766CB42EFC52FBD6FC7E" box="[1032,1098,988,1013]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e1gk-b74h" name="The Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide (Italian National Antarctic Museum in Genoa)." pageId="4" pageNumber="121">MNA</collectionCode>
|
||
V3684 is a tooth-bearing fragment of a maxilla or dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4E766CB443FC73FB5DFB9D" box="[1125,1217,1021,1046]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[98,131,1366,1386]" captionTargetBox="[103,1480,171,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-407@5.[99,1480,159,1342]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Diapsid Palacrodon sp. from Norian, Placerias Quarry, St. John’s, USA. A. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A1, A2), labial (A3, A4), lingual (A5), and oblique (A6) views. B. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B1) and distal (B2) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A6, B), explanatory drawings (A2, A4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980863/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The assignment to either element is difficult because the bone is broken along all margins except for the tooth-bearing surface, and will be referred to as a dentary in this description. Two complete teeth are preserved. The jaw fragment has a mesiodistal length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F4E766CB3EBFB2EFBB9FB32" box="[973,1061,1184,1209]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and a labiolingual width of
|
||
<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F4E766CB549FB2EFA54FB32" box="[1391,1480,1184,1209]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and is incomplete on along its labial, lingual, ventral, posterior, and anterior surfaces. Measurements of the teeth are found in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D4A2F24F4E766CB35DFA8CFC51FA90" box="[891,973,1282,1307]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[151,204,160,181]" captionTargetId="graphics-788@4.[151,1534,235,577]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Comparisons of tooth measurements and quotients from Palacrodon specimens.Abbreviations: ant., anterior teeth; post., posterior teeth; NA, not available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF29C7C14F4E766CB0B1FF2EFED4FF59" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" tableUuid="DF29C7C14F4E766CB0B1FF2EFED4FF59">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766CB3A2FAADFA74F948" blockId="4.[862,1535,988,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Two teeth are present. One of the two complete teeth is larger than the other (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D4A2F24F4E766CB446FACDFB2AFAD7" box="[1120,1206,1347,1372]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[151,204,160,181]" captionTargetId="graphics-788@4.[151,1534,235,577]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Comparisons of tooth measurements and quotients from Palacrodon specimens.Abbreviations: ant., anterior teeth; post., posterior teeth; NA, not available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF29C7C14F4E766CB0B1FF2EFED4FF59" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" tableUuid="DF29C7C14F4E766CB0B1FF2EFED4FF59">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4E766CB4F6FACDFAC9FAD7" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1906" box="[1232,1365,1347,1372]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Palacrodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4E766CB4F6FACDFAC9FAD7" box="[1232,1365,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Palacrodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth increase in size distally, indicating that the larger tooth was further distal in the jaw than the smaller one (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F4E766CB520FA0BFAE0FA15" author="Gow, C. E." box="[1286,1404,1413,1438]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" pagination="21 - 23" refId="ref8369" refString="Gow, C. E. 1992. An enigmatic new reptile from the Lower Triassic Fremouw Formation of Antarctica. Palaeontologia Africana 29: 21 - 23." type="journal article" year="1992">Gow 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC7EAB84F4E766CB5A1FA0BFA5DFA15" author="Gow, C. E." box="[1415,1473,1413,1438]" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" pagination="21 - 23" refId="ref8398" refString="Gow, C. E. 1999. The Triassic reptile Palacrodon browni Broom, synonymy and a new specimen. Palaeontologia Africana 35: 21 - 23." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The teeth are ankylosed directly onto the apical surface of the dentary in an acrodont fashion, and are bulbous, bulging out slightly from the margins of the jaw. No tooth root is apparent in the jaw where it is fractured less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F4E766CB59FF989FA62F9AB" box="[1465,1534,1543,1568]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
below the tooth bases and it can be assumed that if rooting is present, it is very shallow. There is a row of small pits on the lingual side of the distal tooth, each with a diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F4E766CB378F904FC5DF928" box="[862,961,1674,1699]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
|
||
where the lingual margin of the tooth base meets bone, similar to the pitting seen in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4E766CB4C1F924FAB6F948" box="[1255,1322,1706,1731]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7x98-r3em" name="Petrified Forest" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">PEFO</collectionCode>
|
||
37247 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4E766CB5A2F924FA40F948" box="[1412,1500,1706,1731]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[97,130,1070,1090]" captionTargetBox="[103,1481,166,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-503@3.[100,1482,161,1046]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980861/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4E766DB3A2F945FABDFA70" blockId="4.[862,1535,988,1960]" lastBlockId="5.[808,1481,1473,1960]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="4" pageNumber="121">
|
||
The teeth are rectangular in occlusal view with most of their surface taken up by mesial and distal shelves that meet at the apex of the tooth. The base of the mesial shelf starts as a flange that meets and fuses to the tooth distal to it, and is concave in labial view. Halfway towards the apex the shelf becomes convex. The distal tooth shelf is concave in labial view and reaches an angle just greater than 90° with respect to the jaw, creating a recurved profile in labial view. The labiolingually-broadened apex of the teeth possesses two cusps, one on the labial side, and one on the lingual side
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4F766DB04CF9AAFF5EF9B6" box="[106,194,1572,1597]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[98,131,1366,1386]" captionTargetBox="[103,1480,171,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-407@5.[99,1480,159,1342]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Diapsid Palacrodon sp. from Norian, Placerias Quarry, St. John’s, USA. A. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A1, A2), labial (A3, A4), lingual (A5), and oblique (A6) views. B. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B1) and distal (B2) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A6, B), explanatory drawings (A2, A4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980863/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4F766DB0E4F9A1FF57F9CB" box="[194,203,1583,1600]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[97,130,1070,1090]" captionTargetBox="[103,1481,166,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-503@3.[100,1482,161,1046]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Diapsid Palacrodon browni Broom, 1906 (PEFO 37247) from Norian, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA; in occlusal (A), labial (B), lingual (C), and oblique (D) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, B1, C, D), explanatory drawings (A2, B2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980861/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB0E4F9A1FF57F9CB" attach="left" box="[194,203,1583,1600]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). These cusps are joined by a narrow ridge that forms a concave saddle between the cusps in mesial view
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4F766DB04CF9E8FF26F9F4" box="[106,186,1638,1663]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[98,131,1366,1386]" captionTargetBox="[103,1480,171,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-407@5.[99,1480,159,1342]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Diapsid Palacrodon sp. from Norian, Placerias Quarry, St. John’s, USA. A. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A1, A2), labial (A3, A4), lingual (A5), and oblique (A6) views. B. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B1) and distal (B2) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A6, B), explanatory drawings (A2, A4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980863/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4F766DB09CF9FFFF5FF909" box="[186,195,1649,1666]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1631,1651]" captionTargetBox="[244,450,1034,1592]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic context of Palacrodon occurrences in Arizona. A. Map of Arizona showing the locations of PFV 396 and MNA 207-2. Map of North America modified from www.lakodosajta.info. B. Stratigraphic chart of the Chinle Formation at PEFO and the Placerias Quarry, with detrital zircon dates from Ramezani et al. (2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980859/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB09CF9FFFF5FF909" attach="left" box="[186,195,1649,1666]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The mesial and distal shelves are concave basally, with maximum concavity at the labiolingual midline of the teeth forming a slight basin. The presence of these basins on the mesial and distal sides of the apex creates a constriction of the apical ridge at the labiolingual midline of the teeth, and the ridge expands to its widest at the cusps on either side of the apex. The apex of the posterior tooth exhibits a lemniscate wear facet spreading across both cusps and the saddle between them. The apex of the anterior tooth has slight wear facets on the tips of both cusps, but no wear on the saddle connecting them. These wear facets cut through a thin layer of enamel exposing dentine below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF29C7C14F4F766DB044FAD8FC05FA29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980863" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10980863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980863/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" startId="5.[98,131,1366,1386]" targetBox="[103,1480,171,1341]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4F766DB044FAD8FC05FA29" blockId="5.[98,1481,1365,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Fig. 3. Diapsid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4F766DB0D6FAD8FEE7FAE1" box="[240,379,1366,1386]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Palacrodon" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4F766DB0D6FAD8FEC6FAE1" box="[240,346,1366,1386]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Palacrodon</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Norian,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4F766DB1D8FAD8FD26FAE1" authority="Quarry, St." authorityName="Quarry, St." box="[510,698,1366,1386]" family="Kannemeyeriidae" genus="Placerias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Placerias Quarry, St.</taxonomicName>
|
||
John’s, USA.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4F766DB318FADBFCD2FAE1" bold="true" box="[830,846,1365,1386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">A</emphasis>
|
||
. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB0C7FAF5FF75FA02" attach="right" box="[225,233,1403,1417]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">1</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB125FAF5FE97FA02" attach="left" box="[259,267,1403,1417]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">2</subScript>
|
||
), labial (A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB148FAF5FEEAFA02" attach="left" box="[366,374,1403,1417]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">3</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB1B7FAF5FE05FA02" attach="right" box="[401,409,1403,1417]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">4</subScript>
|
||
), lingual (A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB22EFAF5FD8CFA02" attach="left" box="[520,528,1403,1417]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">5</subScript>
|
||
), and oblique (A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB28AFAF5FD28FA02" attach="right" box="[684,692,1403,1417]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">6</subScript>
|
||
) views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4F766DB327FAFFFC8CFA0D" bold="true" box="[769,784,1393,1414]" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">B</emphasis>
|
||
. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB481FAF5FB33FA02" attach="left" box="[1191,1199,1403,1417]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">1</subScript>
|
||
) and distal (B
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB516FAF5FAA4FA02" attach="left" box="[1328,1336,1403,1417]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">2</subScript>
|
||
) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB1C2FA19FE70FA2E" attach="left" box="[484,492,1431,1445]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">1</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB220FA19FD92FA2E" attach="left" box="[518,526,1431,1445]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">3</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB20FFA19FDADFA2E" attach="right" box="[553,561,1431,1445]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">5</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB26DFA19FDCFFA2E" attach="left" box="[587,595,1431,1445]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">6</subScript>
|
||
, B), explanatory drawings (A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB344FA19FCF6FA2E" attach="right" box="[866,874,1431,1445]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">2</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17D2950C4F4F766DB3A2FA19FC10FA2E" attach="left" box="[900,908,1431,1445]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">4</subScript>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4F766DB368F98DFB34F94A" blockId="5.[808,1481,1473,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">
|
||
The tooth-bearing fragment described herein is likely from the posterior or middle of the maxilla or dentary, because as seen in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4F766DB3D1F9CBFB84F9D5" box="[1015,1048,1605,1630]" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">BP</collectionCode>
|
||
/1/5296 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4F766DB48CF9CBFA80F9D5" box="[1194,1308,1605,1630]" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">SAM-PK-</collectionCode>
|
||
6215, the teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C56ECCA4F4F766DB361F9E8FC50F9F4" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1906" box="[839,972,1638,1663]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Palacrodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9224B5B4F4F766DB361F9E8FC50F9F4" box="[839,972,1638,1663]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Palacrodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maxillae and dentaries become increasingly cylindrical and peg-like towards the anterior end of the jaw and lose their mesiodistal contact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE997494F4F766EB368F947FE41FE92" blockId="5.[808,1481,1473,1960]" lastBlockId="6.[151,824,160,281]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4F766DB368F947FC0DF969" box="[846,913,1737,1762]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e1gk-b74h" name="The Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide (Italian National Antarctic Museum in Genoa)." pageId="5" pageNumber="122">MNA</collectionCode>
|
||
V11247 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136D8BCC4F4F766DB421F947FBFDF969" box="[1031,1121,1737,1762]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[98,131,1366,1386]" captionTargetBox="[103,1480,171,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-407@5.[99,1480,159,1342]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Diapsid Palacrodon sp. from Norian, Placerias Quarry, St. John’s, USA. A. MNA 3684, fragment of marginal dentition with two complete teeth in occlusal (A1, A2), labial (A3, A4), lingual (A5), and oblique (A6) views. B. MNA V11247, isolated tooth in occlusal (B1) and distal (B2) views. Arrows point in anterior direction. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A6, B), explanatory drawings (A2, A4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980863/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="122">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is an isolated tooth attached to a fragment of jaw. The tooth is
|
||
<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F4F766DB4E5F964FA87F888" box="[1219,1307,1770,1795]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in mesiodistal length and
|
||
<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F4F766DB38EF885FC63F8AF" box="[936,1023,1803,1828]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in labiolingual width, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CAE3AAC4F4F766DB513F885FA17F8AF" box="[1333,1419,1803,1828]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
at its greatest apicobasal height. Remnant fragments of adjacent teeth can be seen fused to both the mesial and distal margins of this tooth and a small fragment of bone is attached to the base of the tooth on its labial or lingual side. Like the anteriormost tooth in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED470F8C4F4C766EB1E5FF2EFD9AFF32" box="[451,518,160,185]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e1gk-b74h" name="The Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide (Italian National Antarctic Museum in Genoa)." pageId="6" pageNumber="123">MNA</collectionCode>
|
||
V3684, this tooth is worn largely on the apex of both cusps exposing dentine, and the wear facets extend onto the saddle connecting the cusps creating a lemniscate shape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |