164 lines
20 KiB
XML
164 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="73C90ED5CA008EDFC4FC8E14B34C97B5" ID-CLB-Dataset="7889" ID-DOI="10.1206/3864.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3bf6fc2c-fb02-4b86-a11d-6ef9255eb468" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566088" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614360144916" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rozen, Jerome G. & Praz, Christophe J." docDate="2016" docId="03ED8E304A4E8A0FACB8FC8D1D49FA13" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2016.3864.1-46.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2016 (3864)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3864.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Pseudoheriades GRANDICEPS PETERS" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="FFD4F6484A668A25AD05FFA91E6FF858" masterDocTitle="Mature Larvae and Nesting Biologies of Bees Currently Assigned to the Osmiini (Apoidea: Megachilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="41" updateTime="1698931392955" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="DC785FB1BB845DA3548B40140C32DD8D">Mature Larvae and Nesting Biologies of Bees Currently Assigned to the Osmiini (Apoidea: Megachilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9501EA115281784F9ACB4607A475DF41">Rozen, Jerome G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A1D2DAB7FE28E70DC5674C3AE92BCDD2">Praz, Christophe J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BF4EE9F4DF69FFDB56C2E4650FCE6C3A">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3977D94A1A5411F60DA2E1819546A12A">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03ED8E304A4E8A0FACB8FC8D1D49FA13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4583843" ID-GBIF-Taxon="179990474" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4583843" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED8E304A4E8A0FACB8FC8D1D49FA13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED8E304A4E8A0FACB8FC8D1D49FA13" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<subSubSection id="C35E6CAD4A4E8A0DACB8FC8D1DECFB66" box="[445,899,804,830]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A4E8A0DACB8FC8D1DECFB66" blockId="40.[445,899,804,830]" box="[445,899,804,830]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<heading id="D0B3884A4A4E8A0DACB8FC8D1DECFB66" allCaps="true" box="[445,899,804,830]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A4E8A0DACB8FC8D1DECFB66" ID-CoL="728S" authority="GRANDICEPS PETERS" authorityName="GRANDICEPS PETERS" box="[445,899,804,830]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4E8A0DACB8FC8D1D4BFB66" box="[445,804,804,830]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">PSEUDOHERIADES GRANDICEPS</emphasis>
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PETERS
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35E6CAD4A4E8A0CADADFCF41D5AFDCB" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A4E8A0DADADFCF41E86FCB3" blockId="40.[120,1225,860,1745]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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Notes on
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A4E8A0DAC25FCF51C0FFB2E" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" box="[288,608,860,886]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4E8A0DAC25FCF51C0FFB2E" box="[288,608,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are based on nest fragments and cocoons pinned with adults from the
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<collectingCountry id="F3537FB64A4E8A0DAC7CFC281CE6FBC3" box="[377,649,897,923]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
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. E.A. Sugden collected this material from trapnest blocks in which holes presumably
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in diameter had been drilled. J.G.R.’s original interpretation was that females first lined the burrows with small leaves (or large leaf pieces) (fig. 64) or less commonly with petals (fig. 65) after which she provisioned the cell, oviposited in it, and then constructed a cell partition presumably made with resin since it was partly transparent, with a reflective (glassy) surface. However, see Remarks, below, for another possible explanation provided by C.J.P. The next cell was provisioned in front of the first, i.e., in linear series. Because cell partitions were constructed after the tunnel had been lined with leaves (or petals), they were attached to the leaf lining and not to the burrow wall.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A4E8A0DADADFB5E1DD6FDFF" blockId="40.[120,1225,860,1745]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">An interesting feature that still needs confirmation was that the front end of the cocoon was apparently deposited before defecation started. This was revealed only with a close-up SEM micrograph of the glassy cell partition against which fecal pellets had been deposited (fig. 68). In normal light the transparent sheet of silk was invisible (fig. 66) but its texture with short silk threads was revealed on another specimen with the SEM (figs. 68, 69).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A4E8A0DADADFA1B1C15FE89" blockId="40.[120,1225,860,1745]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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At the beginning of defecation, the first fecal pellets deposited were dark, approximately
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<quantity id="4CBC92C34A4E8A0DAD7DFA7E1E81FDA9" box="[120,238,1495,1522]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="625.0">0.625 mm</quantity>
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long and 0.25 mm in maximum diameter, and rounded to tapering on the ends (fig. 68). Their shapes were discrete; when deposited, they did not fuse with one another (as they do in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A4E8A0DADC5F9881CF5FE64" authority=", Rozen et al., 2015" authorityName="Rozen" authorityYear="2015" box="[192,666,1569,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Ochreriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4E8A0DADC5F9881FDAFE64" box="[192,437,1569,1596]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Ochreriades fasciatus</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A4E8A0DACC1F98B1CF5FE64" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & H. H. Go" box="[452,666,1569,1596]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref23678" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and H. H. Go. 2015. Descriptions of the egg and mature larva of the bee Chelostoma (Prochelostoma) philadelphi with additional notes on nesting biology (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini). American Museum Novitates 3844: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2015">Rozen et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 15). A few pellets, possibly among the last to be deposited, were extremely pale (fig. 67), possibly a discharge from the Malpighian tubules, as has been noted with other megachilids (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A4E8A0DAFAAF9C51A41FEDE" authority=", Rozen and Hall, 2012" authorityName="Rozen and Hall" authorityYear="2012" box="[687,1070,1644,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Trachusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4E8A0DAFAAF9C51D77FEDE" box="[687,792,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Trachusa</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A4E8A0DAE2DF9C41A41FEDE" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & H. G. Hall" box="[808,1070,1644,1671]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref23793" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and H. G. Hall. 2012. Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). American Museum Novitates 3765: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2012">Rozen and Hall, 2012</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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). At the posterior end of cocoons flattened fecal streaks composed of opaque yellowish material as well as a few dark fecal pellets were often detected.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3B6FAE4A4F8A0CAD7DFC191C99FC63" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566127" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566127/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" startId="41.[120,218,944,965]" targetBox="[120,1224,224,916]" targetPageId="41">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A4F8A0CAD7DFC191C99FC63" blockId="41.[120,1225,941,1083]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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FIGURES 68–72. SEM micrographs of cell of
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4F8A0CAF41FC071D3CFB9E" box="[580,851,942,966]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A4F8A0CAF41FC071D20FB9E" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" box="[580,847,942,966]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4F8A0CAE5DFC041D18FB9D" bold="true" box="[856,887,941,965]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">68.</emphasis>
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Front end of cocoon from which air-exchange portal of inner layer has been removed showing discrete fecal pellets.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4F8A0CAEC2FC621D88FBBB" bold="true" box="[967,999,971,995]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">69.</emphasis>
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Close-up of rectangle identified in figure 68, showing fibrous nature believed to be inner surface of outer layer of cocoon.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4F8A0CA96FFC411AE5FC58" bold="true" box="[1130,1162,1000,1024]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">70.</emphasis>
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Front end of inner layer of cocoon showing air portal and smooth cocoon surface immediately behind it, side view.
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4F8A0CAD7DFB8A1ED1FC63" bold="true" box="[120,190,1059,1083]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">71, 72.</emphasis>
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Close-ups of same identified by rectangles in figure 70.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A4F8A0CADADFBE61D5AFDCB" blockId="41.[120,1225,1103,1727]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">At the front end of the cocoon but behind the transparent silk outer layer, the seemingly loose fecal pellets were actually tethered one to another by silk strands, which presumably represents part or the outer cocoon layer (figs. 68, 69). Immediately behind the feces was the broadly curved front of the inner cocoon layer. The dense, opaque, white air portal (figs. 67, 70–72), centrally located on the front of the inner layer, could be identified because it contrasted with thin semitransparent fabric of the rest of the cocoon. Likely, air exchange between the interior of the cocoon and the outside occurs through the portal and from there, air diffuses in and round the feces and around the leaves to the exterior. No immature stages were preserved, and, consequently, none is available for description.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35E6CAD4A4F8A0CADADFA361D8AFE5B" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A4F8A0CADADFA361D8AFE5B" blockId="41.[120,1225,1103,1727]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<materialsCitation id="3B2C357B4A4F8A0CADADFA361D8EFE5B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3045971302" collectionCode="USDA" collectorName="E. A. Sugden & Zabeel & D. From" country="United Arab Emirates" location="Dubai" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Dubayy">
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MATERIAL STUDIED: Two cocoons:
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<collectingCountry id="F3537FB64A4F8A0CAF53FA361D0CFDE1" box="[598,867,1439,1465]" name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
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: Nakhali,
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<quantity id="4CBC92C34A4F8A0CAEE5FA361A42FDE1" box="[992,1069,1439,1465]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
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inland from
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<collectingRegion id="4980F1C44A4F8A0CAD7DFA6D1EABFD86" box="[120,196,1476,1502]" country="United Arab Emirates" name="Dubayy" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Dubai</collectingRegion>
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. Reared blocks (
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<collectorName id="26B15AF04A4F8A0CAC86FA6D1C78FD87" box="[387,535,1476,1503]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">E.A. Sugden</collectorName>
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) 54095F, 54127F; 1 cocoon:
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<collectingRegion id="4980F1C44A4F8A0CAE66FA6D1DC3FD86" box="[867,940,1476,1502]" country="United Arab Emirates" name="Dubayy" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Dubai</collectingRegion>
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(
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<collectorName id="26B15AF04A4F8A0CAEBEFA6D1A7EFD87" box="[955,1041,1476,1503]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Zabeel</collectorName>
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). Reared blocks (
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<collectorName id="26B15AF04A4F8A0CAD84FA431F7AFE5C" box="[129,277,1513,1540]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">E.A. Sugden</collectorName>
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) 53888
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<collectorName id="26B15AF04A4F8A0CAC6AFA401FA0FE5C" box="[367,463,1513,1540]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">D. From</collectorName>
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collection in
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<collectionCode id="ED55A7E34A4F8A0CAF77FA431CD1FE5C" box="[626,702,1514,1540]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e3b9-k2i3" name="United States Department of Agriculture" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">USDA</collectionCode>
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laboratory, Logan, Utah
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35E6CAD4A4F8A0FADADF9A61D49FA13" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BFB3F264A4F8A0FADADF9A61D49FA13" blockId="41.[120,1225,1103,1727]" lastBlockId="42.[120,1225,225,588]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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REMARKS: When J.G.R first examined the three cocoons, two of which had been pinned with the adults and cells from their nests, he was impressed by the fact that nest partitions were attached to the leaf-/petal-lined burrow wall. He interpreted this to mean that the nest-making female had first lined the burrow wall with the plant material and subsequently started making and provisioning the series of cells, one after another. C.J.P. suggested another explanation: might the female have appropriated the vacated nest of a
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A4C8A0FAE11FF481DE8F8A3" box="[788,903,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4C8A0FAE11FF481DE8F8A3" box="[788,903,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Megachile</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the cell of which had been lined with leaves and petal snippets since no other megachilid is known to use both petal-leaflining and resin in nest construction? Although none of the preserved nest materials gave a hint of the cocoons or feces of an original owner of the cells, the preserved nest material is limited. It is hoped the discovery of the next nest of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A4C8A0FAE01FED11DF3F9C9" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" box="[772,924,375,401]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4C8A0FAE01FED11DF3F9C9" box="[772,924,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. grandiceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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will provide a definitive interpretation. Terry Griswold kindly pointed to us an account on the nest of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A4C8A0FA912FE351EA1F983" baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moricei">
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4C8A0FA912FE351EA1F983" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Pseudoheriades moricei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD542D74A4C8A0FADFDFE681FA8F984" author="Krombein, K. V." box="[248,455,449,476]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref22816" refString="Krombein, K. V. 1969. Life history notes on some Egyptian solitary wasps and bees and their associates (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 19: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1969">Krombein (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A4C8A0FACD7FE6B1C2DF983" baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[466,578,450,475]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moricei">
|
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<emphasis id="B930E3344A4C8A0FACD7FE6B1C2DF983" box="[466,578,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. moricei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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also uses trap nests and uses resin for the construction of both partitions and plug, the latter also including pebbles. No hint of the use of petals or leaves is given by Krombein, suggesting that the leaves and petals observed in nests of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4444A54A4C8A0FA96AFDA41ED2FA13" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B930E3344A4C8A0FA96AFDA41ED2FA13" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P.grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have been previously placed by leafcutter bees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |