treatments-xml/data/03/EC/87/03EC87F8A147806AAAB7FE4C1878FF0C.xml

<document id="84D3B9D0E0F1B2E3C24D1CBCD96F1738" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3616.2.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="aa0551b8-1e8d-488b-848a-cfb5f1bfd2ab" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="222757" ID-ZooBank="A2ACEBB4-02E6-4041-BC2F-1C7564BE92AC" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460575672562" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Arnal, Michelle &amp; Pérez, María E." docDate="2013" docId="03EC87F8A147806AAAB7FE4C1878FF0C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03616p134.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3616 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Sciamys petisensis Arnal &amp; Pérez, 2013, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="128" masterDocId="FFD5FF80A1438060AA20FF811908FFFB" masterDocTitle="A new acaremyid rodent (Hystricognathi: Octodontoidea) from the middle Miocene of Patagonia (South America) and considerations on the early evolution of Octodontoidea" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="119" pageNumber="123" updateTime="1698323066605" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="93DDC0E80C9D051BECE989444F6DBF34">A new acaremyid rodent (Hystricognathi: Octodontoidea) from the middle Miocene of Patagonia (South America) and considerations on the early evolution of Octodontoidea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6167AB01FB8128ED6B40B69DCAC95DC2">Arnal, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="306ACC128D878CA38C097DBBB45724CE">Pérez, María E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="8FB6DAABBE6388067C1333D7198BF97D">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03EC87F8A147806AAAB7FE4C1878FF0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6150430" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119559988" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6150430" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC87F8A147806AAAB7FE4C1878FF0C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC87F8A147806AAAB7FE4C1878FF0C" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<subSubSection id="C35F6565A1478064AAB7FE4C187BFDFC" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1478064AAB7FE4C18D2FE1C" blockId="4.[151,474,461,519]" box="[151,474,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<heading id="D0B28182A1478064AAB7FE4C18D2FE1C" bold="true" box="[151,474,461,487]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAB7FE4C18D2FE1C" bold="true" box="[151,474,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AAB7FE4C187DFE1C" box="[151,373,461,487]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAB7FE4C187DFE1C" bold="true" box="[151,373,461,487]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Sciamys petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2025787A1478064AB5CFE4C18D2FE1C" box="[380,474,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1478064AAB7FE6E187BFDFC" blockId="4.[151,474,461,519]" box="[151,371,495,519]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
(
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1478064AABEFE6E1801FDFC" box="[158,265,495,519]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1282,1305]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,193,1261]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison between Sciamys petisensis and Sciamys principalis. S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (A), and S. principalis, MACN PV SC 2394, right dp 4 - m 1 (B). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; med I, metalophulid I; med II, metalophulid II. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222759/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Figures 2</figureCitation>
A, 3A, 4)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35F6565A1478064AAB7FDB91D72FD24" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1478064AAB7FDB91A84FDB4" blockId="4.[151,1436,567,2032]" box="[151,908,567,592]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAB7FDB91803FDAB" bold="true" box="[151,267,568,592]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<typeStatus id="54FE884CA1478064AAB7FDB9180EFDAB" box="[151,262,568,592]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
MPEF-PV 3560, right mandibular fragment with p4-m3.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1478064AAE9FDDA1D72FD24" blockId="4.[151,1436,567,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAE9FDDA18B9FD8F" bold="true" box="[201,433,603,628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Referred material.</emphasis>
MPEF-PV 3561, right mandibular fragment with dp4-m1; MPEF-PV 3562, left mandibular fragment with p4-m3; MPEF-PV 3563, left mandibular fragment with m1-m3; MPEF-PV 3564, right mandibular fragment with i, posterior lobe of m1, and m2; MPEF-PV 3565, right mandibular fragment with i, posterior lobe of m1, and m2; MPEF-PV 3566, left mandibular fragment with i, dp4-m2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35F6565A1478064AAE9FD6A1A05FB23" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1478064AAE9FD6A1B96FBDF" blockId="4.[151,1436,567,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAE9FD6A184BFCFF" bold="true" box="[201,323,747,772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Medium size octodontoid, somewhat larger and higher crowned than 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AE8FFD6C18A7FCD3" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AE8FFD6C1C9FFCFF" box="[1199,1431,748,772]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">Sciamys principalis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AAB7FC9118A2FCD3" box="[151,426,784,808]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antelucanus">Galileomys antelucanus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064ABCCFC911BB6FCD3" box="[492,702,784,808]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064ABCCFC911BB6FCD3" box="[492,702,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Acaremys murinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; dp4 with the posterolabial corner of the protoconid forming a right angle; p4 with an ephemeral or without a flexid on the anterior face of the tooth separating protoconid from metaconid unlike other acaremyids, mesolophid? more developed than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AE05FCD91DCBFC8B" box="[1061,1219,856,880]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AE05FCD91D3BFC94" box="[1061,1075,856,879]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AE6AFCD91DCBFC8B" box="[1098,1219,856,880]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and rudimentary hypolophid. Molars with metalophulid II longer and extending from the ectolophid in a more posterior position, near the hypolophid, delimiting a broader anterofossettid than in others acaremyids. Mandible with the notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle oblique anterodorsal–posteroventrally and aligned with the masseteric crest, unlike 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064A9D2FC691D80FBFB" box="[1010,1160,1000,1024]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A9D2FC691D08FC04" box="[1010,1024,1000,1023]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AE2FFC691D80FBFB" box="[1039,1160,1000,1024]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Anterior portion of the masseteric fossa shallower than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064A83CFB8D1B90FBDF" box="[540,664,1036,1060]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A83CFB8D1B25FBDF" box="[540,557,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A81CFB8C1B90FBDF" box="[572,664,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">murinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1478064AAE9FBAE1A05FB23" blockId="4.[151,1436,567,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAE9FBAE18DAFBB3" bold="true" box="[201,466,1071,1096]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Locality and horizon.</emphasis>
Materials were found in the locality El Petiso, Northwestern of Chubut Province, central Patagonia, 
<collectingCountry id="F352767EA1478064AB50FBD518D7FB97" box="[368,479,1108,1132]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1478064ABD3FBD51B33FB97" box="[499,571,1108,1132]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,922,1679]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[167,1419,922,1679]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Location map of El Petiso Locality (Chubut Province), Argentina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222758/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
; Villafañe 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A8E0FBD41BFDFB97" box="[704,757,1108,1132]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">et al</emphasis>
. 2008; Pérez 2010). The faunal assemblage found at this locality indicates a middle Miocene age, probably post-Colloncuran (early–middle Miocene; Villafañe 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AF35FBF81C4EFB6B" box="[1301,1350,1144,1168]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">et al</emphasis>
. 2008). Precise coordinates of the fossiliferous locality of the 
<typeStatus id="54FE884CA1478064A8CEFB1C1A16FB4E" box="[750,798,1181,1205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">type</typeStatus>
material are housed at the MPEF-PV collections and can be obtained from one of the author (MEP) upon request.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35F6565A1478064AAE9FB651C34FB07" box="[201,1340,1252,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1478064AAE9FB651C34FB07" blockId="4.[151,1436,567,2032]" box="[201,1340,1252,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAE9FB651847FB07" bold="true" box="[201,335,1252,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet refers to the locality name &quot;El Petiso&quot; (Chubut Province, 
<collectingCountry id="F352767EA1478064AE9CFB651C39FB07" box="[1212,1329,1252,1276]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Argentina</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35F6565A147806AAAE9FA861878FF0C" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1478064AAE9FA86181BFA93" blockId="4.[151,1436,567,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAE9FA861B2FFADB" bold="true" box="[201,551,1287,1312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Description and comparison</emphasis>
. The cheek teeth of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064A90CFA891D0AFADB" box="[812,1026,1288,1312]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A90CFA891D0AFADB" box="[812,1026,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Sciamys petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are higher crowned than in other acaremyids (
<tableCitation id="C6C70355A1478064AB04FAAD1870FABF" box="[292,376,1324,1348]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,235,440,461]" captionText="TABLE 1. Dental measurements of S. petisensis, including the hypsodonty index (HI). Measurements are in milimeters and were taken in juvenile specimens. Abbreviations: A-P = antero-posterior length of the occlusal surface; AW = anterior transverse; CH = crown height; PW = posterior transverse. CH and PW were measured at the level of the protoconid." pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Cusps are strongly embedded within crests, unlike the species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AE4BFAAD1DE3FABF" box="[1131,1259,1324,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AE4BFAAD1DE3FABF" box="[1131,1259,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Galileomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AED8FAAD1C6DFABF" box="[1272,1381,1324,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AED8FAAD1C6DFABF" box="[1272,1381,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Acaremys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AAB7FAD11804FA93" box="[151,268,1360,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAB7FAD119ADFA9C" box="[151,165,1360,1383]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AA93FAD11804FA93" box="[179,268,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">latidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1478064AAE9FAF51BF1FA2F" blockId="4.[151,1436,567,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAE9FAF51B19FA77" bold="true" box="[201,529,1395,1420]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Lower deciduous premolar.</emphasis>
The dp4 morphology is in general terms as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AE3DFAF41DBBFA77" box="[1053,1203,1396,1420]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AE3DFAF41D23FA77" box="[1053,1067,1397,1420]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AE1AFAF51DBBFA77" box="[1082,1203,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AECAFAF51C6DFA77" box="[1258,1381,1396,1420]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AECAFAF51DF3FA77" box="[1258,1275,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AF29FAF41C6DFA77" box="[1289,1381,1397,1420]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">murinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and unlike 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AAC6FA191899FA4B" box="[230,401,1432,1456]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eurygnathus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAC6FA1919FFFA54" box="[230,247,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AB27FA191899FA4B" box="[263,401,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">eurygnathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(dp4 of the 
<typeStatus id="54FE884CA1478064A803FA181B5BFA4A" box="[547,595,1433,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064A8F7FA191A5FFA4B" box="[727,855,1432,1456]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A8F7FA191A5FFA4B" box="[727,855,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Galileomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064A946FA191D07FA4B" box="[870,1039,1432,1456]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antelucanus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A946FA191A7FFA54" box="[870,887,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A9A8FA191D07FA4B" box="[904,1039,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">antelucanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are unknown), since it has a well developed metalophulid II, and a reduced mesolophid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1478064AAE9FA611BD7F80B" blockId="4.[151,1436,567,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">
The dp4 present a metalophulid I and a mesolophid delimiting an anterior lobe, as in other acaremyids. The ectolophid is very oblique and extends from the protoconid to the anterior arm of the hypoconid (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1478064AEDEF9851C4CF9E7" box="[1278,1348,1540,1564]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1282,1305]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,193,1261]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison between Sciamys petisensis and Sciamys principalis. S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (A), and S. principalis, MACN PV SC 2394, right dp 4 - m 1 (B). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; med I, metalophulid I; med II, metalophulid II. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222759/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A). The mesolophid is long, unlike 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064ABFEF9A81B85F9BB" box="[478,653,1576,1600]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eurygnathus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064ABFEF9A818E7F9BB" box="[478,495,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A823F9A91B85F9BB" box="[515,653,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">eurygnathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and extends from the ectolophid near the hypolophid in a more posterior position than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AB9EF9CC1B5DF99F" box="[446,597,1612,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AB9EF9CC18C4F99F" box="[446,460,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064ABFCF9CD1B5DF99F" box="[476,597,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064A8AFF9CD1A04F99F" box="[655,780,1612,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A8AFF9CD1BA8F99F" box="[655,672,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A890F9CC1A04F99F" box="[688,780,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">murinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1478064A93DF9CD1A6AF99F" box="[797,866,1612,1636]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1282,1305]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,193,1261]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison between Sciamys petisensis and Sciamys principalis. S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (A), and S. principalis, MACN PV SC 2394, right dp 4 - m 1 (B). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; med I, metalophulid I; med II, metalophulid II. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222759/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–B). In juvenile specimens the anterofossettid is divided by an anterior-posterior oriented crest of uncertain homologies (neolophid?, Candela 2002; metalophulid II?, Arnal 2012), because it is not possible to distinguish if this crest is an anterior extension of the mesolophid as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AAB7F9391827F92B" box="[151,303,1720,1744]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAB7F93919ADF934" box="[151,165,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AA96F9391827F92B" box="[182,303,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1478064AB62F9361881F934" box="[322,393,1719,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1282,1305]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,193,1261]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison between Sciamys petisensis and Sciamys principalis. S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (A), and S. principalis, MACN PV SC 2394, right dp 4 - m 1 (B). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; med I, metalophulid I; med II, metalophulid II. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222759/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064ABC0F9391B57F92B" box="[480,607,1720,1744]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064ABC0F93918F9F92B" box="[480,497,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A823F9381B57F92B" box="[515,607,1721,1744]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">murinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or a posterior extension of the metalophulid I. The lingual fossettid is shallower than the labial one, and disappears with little wear (in 
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1478064A948F95D1AA0F90F" box="[872,936,1756,1780]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1282,1305]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,193,1261]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison between Sciamys petisensis and Sciamys principalis. S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (A), and S. principalis, MACN PV SC 2394, right dp 4 - m 1 (B). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; med I, metalophulid I; med II, metalophulid II. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222759/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A this fossetid is nearly unnoticeable), while in 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AA96F8811845F8E3" box="[182,333,1792,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AA96F88119CCF8EC" box="[182,196,1792,1815]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AAF4F8811845F8E3" box="[212,333,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is evident in the same stage of wear. Unlike other acaremyids, the posterolabial corner of the protocone forms a right angle (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1478064ABDFF8A51B4DF8C7" box="[511,581,1828,1852]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1282,1305]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,193,1261]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison between Sciamys petisensis and Sciamys principalis. S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (A), and S. principalis, MACN PV SC 2394, right dp 4 - m 1 (B). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; med I, metalophulid I; med II, metalophulid II. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222759/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A). The hypolophid extends lingually from the point where the ectolophid contacts the anterior arm of the hypocone, and reaches the lingual margin of the tooth. The posterolophid is anteriorly concave and is as long (transversally) as the hypolophid. The mesoflexid penetrates half of the crown, and is more posteriorly oriented and narrower than 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064A8F8F8111A65F853" box="[728,877,1936,1960]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A8F8F8111BEEF85C" box="[728,742,1936,1959]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A8D4F8111A65F853" box="[756,877,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1478064A95DF80E1AC8F85C" box="[893,960,1935,1959]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1282,1305]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,193,1261]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison between Sciamys petisensis and Sciamys principalis. S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (A), and S. principalis, MACN PV SC 2394, right dp 4 - m 1 (B). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; med I, metalophulid I; med II, metalophulid II. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222759/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–B). The posteroflexid is transverse, and is as deep and penetrating as the mesoflexid, like 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064A8F8F8341A8CF837" box="[728,900,1972,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eurygnathus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A8F8F8341BE1F837" box="[728,745,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">G</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064A8DAF8351A8CF837" box="[762,900,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">eurygnathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and unlike 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AE2FF8341DAFF837" box="[1039,1191,1972,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AE2FF8341D15F837" box="[1039,1053,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AE0EF8351DAFF837" box="[1070,1191,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1478064AEC3F8351C68F837" box="[1251,1376,1972,1996]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AEC3F8351DFCF837" box="[1251,1268,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1478064AF24F8341C68F837" box="[1284,1376,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="123">murinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The hypoflexid is the deepest and broadest of all flexids.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3A6666A1468065AAB7FA831B2EFAAE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222759/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" targetBox="[226,1360,193,1260]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1468065AAB7FA831B2EFAAE" blockId="5.[151,1435,1282,1366]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AAB7FA831803FAE3" bold="true" box="[151,267,1282,1305]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Comparison between 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065ABD4FA821BA6FAE2" box="[500,686,1283,1305]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065ABD4FA821BA6FAE2" box="[500,686,1283,1305]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Sciamys petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065A8FFFA821AADFAE2" box="[735,933,1283,1305]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065A8FFFA821AADFAE2" box="[735,933,1283,1305]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Sciamys principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065A991FA821D24FAE2" box="[945,1068,1283,1305]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065A991FA821AB6FAE3" box="[945,958,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065A9EAFA851D24FAE2" box="[970,1068,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MPEF-PV 3561, right dp4-m1 (A), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AAE2FAA31842FACC" box="[194,330,1313,1335]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AAE2FAA319C6FACC" box="[194,206,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AAFCFAA01842FACC" box="[220,330,1313,1335]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MACN PV SC 2394, right dp4-m1 (B). Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065A9ACFAA01AA7FAC3" bold="true" box="[908,943,1313,1336]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">afd</emphasis>
, anterofossettid; 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AE7FFAA31D96FACC" bold="true" box="[1119,1182,1314,1335]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">med I</emphasis>
, metalophulid I; 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AF6DFAA31C9DFACC" bold="true" box="[1357,1429,1314,1335]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">med II</emphasis>
, metalophulid II. Scale bars equal 1mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1468065AAE9FA021D87F8B1" blockId="5.[151,1436,1410,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AAE9FA021B12FA60" bold="true" box="[201,538,1411,1435]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Lower permanent premolar.</emphasis>
The p4 is more complex than in most acaremyids, except for some specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AAB7FA26183AFA44" box="[151,306,1447,1471]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AAB7FA2619ADFA45" box="[151,165,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AA99FA26183AFA44" box="[185,306,1447,1471]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and has the typical acaremyid morphology (Vucetich &amp; Ribeiro 2003). In the 
<typeStatus id="54FE884CA1468065AED3FA261C5DFA44" box="[1267,1365,1447,1471]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AFA7FA26180CFA18" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AFA7FA26180CFA18" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S. petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MPEF-PV 3560) the metalophulid I is complete and there is no a flexid separating protoconid and metaconid (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1468065AB3DFA6E1869F9FC" box="[285,353,1519,1543]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Nevertheless, this could be by the presence of a minute flexid that disappears rapidly with wear, or by the absence of such a flexid. Regardless the case, it differs from the species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AE80F9921C17F9D0" box="[1184,1311,1555,1579]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AE80F9921C17F9D0" box="[1184,1311,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Galileomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AF0EF9921C93F9D0" box="[1326,1435,1555,1579]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AF0EF9921C93F9D0" box="[1326,1435,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Acaremys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and most specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AB8BF9B61B0FF9B5" box="[427,519,1591,1614]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AB8BF9B61B0FF9B5" box="[427,519,1591,1614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Sciamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where this flexid is conspicuous. From the posterior border of the protoconid extends the ectolophid that is oblique and reaches the posterolophid. A second crest in position, anterolingually oriented, extends from the ectolophid to the metaconid, delimiting a subcircular anterofossettid (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1468065AED6F9FE1C33F96C" box="[1270,1339,1663,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). This crest seems to correspond to the mesolophid of some specimens assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065A9CCF9221D89F940" box="[1004,1153,1699,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065A9CCF9221AF2F941" box="[1004,1018,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AE28F9221D89F940" box="[1032,1153,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1468065AEB1F9231DDAF941" box="[1169,1234,1698,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AF05F9221C9DF940" box="[1317,1429,1699,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varians">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AF05F9221C3BF941" box="[1317,1331,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AF61F9251C9DF940" box="[1345,1429,1700,1723]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">varians</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and its identification is based on its more posterior origin in the ectolophid (the metalophulid II, or the posterior arm of the protoconid, would has an anterior origin). An anteriorly concave posterolophid delimits the posterior rim of the tooth, as in other acaremyids. 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065A847F88E1BF9F8DC" box="[615,753,1807,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065A847F88E1BF9F8DC" box="[615,753,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S. petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a small hypolophid (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1468065AE30F88E1D5BF8DC" box="[1040,1107,1807,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A) as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AE97F88E1C46F8DC" box="[1207,1358,1807,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AE97F88E1DCDF8DD" box="[1207,1221,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AEF4F88E1C46F8DC" box="[1236,1358,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AFA7F88E19E3F8B0" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varians">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AFA7F88E1C9DF8DD" box="[1415,1429,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AAB7F8B519E3F8B0" box="[151,235,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">varians</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and unlike 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AB55F8B218E4F8B0" box="[373,492,1843,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AB55F8B2188BF8B1" box="[373,387,1843,1866]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065ABB1F8B218E4F8B0" box="[401,492,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">latidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that is separated from the posterolophid by a minute flexid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1468065AAE7F8D61C94F821" blockId="5.[151,1436,1410,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AAE7F8D6187EF894" bold="true" box="[199,374,1879,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Lower molars.</emphasis>
Molar morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065A858F8D61A0AF894" box="[632,770,1879,1903]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065A858F8D61A0AF894" box="[632,770,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S. petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to other acaremyids, with a few differences (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1468065AF4EF8D619ADF869" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1282,1305]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,193,1261]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison between Sciamys petisensis and Sciamys principalis. S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (A), and S. principalis, MACN PV SC 2394, right dp 4 - m 1 (B). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; med I, metalophulid I; med II, metalophulid II. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222759/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1468065AAC2F8FB19FAF869" box="[226,242,1914,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">3</figureCitation>
). Metalophulid I unites protoconid and metaconid and is straight, unlike 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AE66F8FA1DB7F868" box="[1094,1215,1915,1939]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AE66F8FA1D5CF869" box="[1094,1108,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AE46F8FA1DB7F868" box="[1126,1215,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">latidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where this crest is oblique. Metalophulid II is long; unlike other acaremyids, it contacts the ectolophid in a posterior position, near the hypolophid, and extends to the metaconid delimiting a broader anterofossettid than in the species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1468065AF23F8421C57F821" box="[1283,1375,1987,2010]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1468065AF23F8421C57F821" box="[1283,1375,1987,2010]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Sciamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1468065AF4EF8431C94F821" box="[1390,1436,1986,2010]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1282,1305]" captionTargetBox="[226,1360,193,1260]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[226,1361,193,1261]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison between Sciamys petisensis and Sciamys principalis. S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (A), and S. principalis, MACN PV SC 2394, right dp 4 - m 1 (B). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; med I, metalophulid I; med II, metalophulid II. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222759/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Fig.</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1458066AAB7FF161DE5FE7C" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,391]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
2A–B). This anterofossettid disappears with little wear (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1458066A917FF161A88FF54" box="[823,896,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). This is the most important character that differentiate the molars of this new species from others acaremyids; nevertheless, it is only evident in teeth without or with little wear. The posterolophid is long, reaching the lingual margin of the tooth, as in the species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1458066AF60FF611C94FF0C" box="[1344,1436,224,247]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AF60FF611C94FF0C" box="[1344,1436,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Sciamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1458066AAE7FE85183DFEE7" box="[199,309,260,284]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AAE7FE85183DFEE7" box="[199,309,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Acaremys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and unlike species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1458066A81EFE851BB6FEE7" box="[574,702,260,284]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066A81EFE851BB6FEE7" box="[574,702,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Galileomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1458066A8D7FE851D17FEE7" box="[759,1055,260,284]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Platypittamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyodon">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066A8D7FE851D17FEE7" box="[759,1055,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Platypittamys brachyodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<collectingCountry id="F352767EA1458066AE0FFE851D46FEE7" box="[1071,1102,260,284]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">As</collectingCountry>
in the dp4, the mesoflexid is little more penetrating and deeper than the posteroflexid. Hypoflexid is little posteriorly oblique and is the broadest and deepest of all flexids. 
<collectingCountry id="F352767EA1458066AB9CFECD18D3FE9F" box="[444,475,332,356]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">As</collectingCountry>
is usual in octodontoids, m3 is labio-lingually shorter in its posterior half. This is due to a shorter posterolophid and the lingual position of the hypocone respect the protocone (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1458066AEA5FEEE1DC0FE7C" box="[1157,1224,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3A6666A1458066AAB7F9251C95F8EC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" targetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1458066AAB7F9251C95F8EC" blockId="6.[151,1437,1700,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AAB7F9251803F941" bold="true" box="[151,267,1700,1723]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1458066AB38F92718DCF940" box="[280,468,1702,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AB38F92718DCF940" box="[280,468,1702,1723]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Sciamys petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p4-m3 (A); 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1458066A994F9271D73F940" box="[948,1147,1701,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066A994F9271D73F940" box="[948,1147,1701,1723]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Sciamys principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MACN PV FSC2314, right p4-m3 (B); 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1458066AB2EF9451882F921" box="[270,394,1732,1754]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AB2EF9451813F922" box="[270,283,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AB08F9441882F921" box="[296,394,1733,1754]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp4-m1 (C); 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1458066A9BBF9451D1EF921" box="[923,1046,1732,1754]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066A9BBF9451AA0F922" box="[923,936,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066A994F9441D1EF921" box="[948,1046,1733,1754]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p4-m3 (D). Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AB8CF96318C7F902" bold="true" box="[428,463,1762,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">afd</emphasis>
, anterofossettid; 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066A85EF9621BA9F903" bold="true" box="[638,673,1763,1784]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">hld</emphasis>
, hypolophid; 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066A90EF9631A50F902" bold="true" box="[814,856,1762,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">maf</emphasis>
, masseteric fossa; 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AE38F9631D3DF902" bold="true" box="[1048,1077,1762,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">mf</emphasis>
, metal foramen; 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AEC2F9631C3EF902" bold="true" box="[1250,1334,1762,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">mmpim</emphasis>
, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066A912F8831A57F8EC" bold="true" box="[818,863,1794,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">msd</emphasis>
, mesolophid; 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066A9CEF8831D1CF8EC" bold="true" box="[1006,1044,1794,1815]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">psd</emphasis>
, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1458066AAE7F8C21DC5F83C" blockId="6.[151,1436,1859,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AAE7F8C21825F8A7" bold="true" box="[199,301,1859,1884]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Incisors.</emphasis>
In most specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1458066A80CF8C41BBEF8A7" box="[556,694,1861,1884]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066A80CF8C41BBEF8A7" box="[556,694,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">S. petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, incisors are broken near the outer border of their alveolus. In the specimen MPEF-PV 3566 the incisor is oval in section (the tooth is broken off above m1 alveolus). The anterior face of the tooth forms a straight medial angle, being the lateral one curved. The incisors are long and extend below the tooth row as far as m3, where they rise up to the coronoid process, as is usual in acaremyids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1458067AAE7F8521D51FE34" blockId="6.[151,1436,1859,2029]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,535]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1458066AAE7F8521849F817" bold="true" box="[199,321,2003,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Mandible.</emphasis>
Available dentaries have some damage, and the posterior part is not preserved in any specimen. The body of the mandible, the tooth bearing horizontal part, is high and broad. Anterior to the tooth row the diastema is concave and not very deep (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1448067ABF6FF3D1B11FF2F" box="[470,537,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C). The mental foramen is well developed and is located slightly in front of the deepest point of the diastema, far from the p4 (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1448067A88DFF5E1BF9FF0C" box="[685,753,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C). The notch for the insertion of the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle (
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067A80CFE841B62FEE7" box="[556,618,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">sensu</emphasis>
Woods &amp; 
<collectingCountry id="F352767EA1448067A8C3FE851A42FEE7" box="[739,842,260,284]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Howland</collectingCountry>
1979) is long anteroposteriorly, and lies beneath p4- m1 (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1448067AAEAFEA61805FEC4" box="[202,269,295,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D); it is oblique unlike in species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1448067A885FEA91A09FEC4" box="[677,769,296,319]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067A885FEA91A09FEC4" box="[677,769,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Sciamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and is continuously aligned with the masseteric crest (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1448067AF4EFEA619ADFE9F" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1700,1723]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,464,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[156,1431,445,1680]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sciamys petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560 (Holotype), right p 4 - m 3 (A); Sciamys principalis, MACN PV FSC 2314, right p 4 - m 3 (B); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3561, right mandible with dp 4 - m 1 (C); S. petisensis, MPEF-PV 3560, right mandible with p 4 - m 3 (D). Abbreviations: afd, anterofossettid; hld, hypolophid; maf, masseteric fossa; mf, metal foramen; mmpim, insertion for the tendon of the masseter medialis pars infraorbitalis muscle; msd, mesolophid; psd, posterolophid. Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222760/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D). The masseteric fossa extends forward beneath the anterior lobe of the m1 and its anterior portion is shallower than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1448067AAD2FEF11878FE73" box="[242,368,368,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067AAD2FEF1180BFE73" box="[242,259,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067AB34FEF01878FE73" box="[276,368,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">murinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1448067ABA2FEF11B23FE73" box="[386,555,368,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antelucanus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067ABA2FEF11B23FE73" box="[386,555,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">G. antelucanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1448067A850FEF11A14FE73" box="[624,796,368,392]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eurygnathus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067A850FEF11A14FE73" box="[624,796,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">G. eurygnathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the posterodorsal portion of the fossa is a rounded prominence that corresponds to the base of the incisor. The coronoid process rises at the m3 level, and the retromolar fossa (
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067AB7EFE381894FE2B" box="[350,412,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">sensu</emphasis>
Woods &amp; 
<collectingCountry id="F352767EA1448067A834FE361B73FE34" box="[532,635,439,463]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Howland</collectingCountry>
1979) is mostly posterior to the tooth row.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1448067AAE7FE5D1C19FDEC" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,535]" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067AAE7FE5D1896FE0F" bold="true" box="[199,414,475,500]" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Dental Ontogeny.</emphasis>
The availability of specimens with different stages of wear enables us to study the ontogenetic sequences of flexid closure, as well the formation and disappearance of fossettids (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1448067AE9FFE7E1C0CFDEC" box="[1215,1284,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3A6666A1448067AAB7F8981D96F896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" targetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1448067AAB7F8981D96F896" blockId="7.[151,1436,1817,1902]" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067AAB7F8981805F8D4" bold="true" box="[151,269,1817,1840]" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA1448067AE39F89A1D9DF8CB" box="[1049,1173,1819,1840]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067AE39F89A1D2EF8CB" box="[1049,1062,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA1448067AE13F89A1D9DF8CB" box="[1075,1173,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2025787A1448067AEBCF89A1DE3F8CB" box="[1180,1259,1819,1840]" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
MPEF-PV 3561, right dp4-m1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp4 (partially preserved)-m2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p4-m3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m1-m3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p4-m3 (E). Scale bars equal 1mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA1448068AAE7F8141BBEFEE7" blockId="7.[151,1436,1941,2037]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">
The MPEF-PV 3561 and MPEF-PV 3563 (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1448067A88EF8141BF9F856" box="[686,753,1941,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–B) represent the most juvenile available specimens, since both retain the dp4. Of the two fossettids present in the anterofossettid of the dp4, the lingual one is shallower and disappears with little wear (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1448067ABEEF85C1B1AF80E" box="[462,530,2013,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A). With a little more wear the labial fossetid disappears (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA1448067AEBAF85C1DD7F80E" box="[1178,1247,2013,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B). In MPEF-PV 3561 (an almost unworn specimen) the posteroflexid is broad and more penetrating than the mesoflexid, while in MPEF-PV 3563, which is little more-worn, the posteroflexid is narrower and less penetrating than the mesoflexid. In MPEF-PV 3561 the hypoflexid is wide, with its anterior border nearly C shaped (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068AE72FF5E1D9EFF0C" box="[1106,1174,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A), while in MPEF-PV 3563 it is much narrower and U shape (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068A871FE851B9DFEE7" box="[593,661,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA14B8068AAE7FEA61BD8FE57" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
The 
<typeStatus id="54FE884CA14B8068AADBFEA61855FEC4" box="[251,349,295,319]" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(MPEF-PV 3560) and the specimen MPEF-PV 3562 had replaced the deciduous premolars by permanent ones. Little-worn p4s have conspicuous anterofossettid and a distinct hypolophid (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068AEECFECD1C1BFE9F" box="[1228,1299,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C), while in more-worn premolars the anterofossettid is entirely worn away and the hypolophid is fused with the posterolophid, resulting in a simplified occlusal surface (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068A84BFE151BB8FE57" box="[619,688,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA14B8068AAE7FE391D1DFCA7" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
Unworn molars have a broad and shallow anterofossettid (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068A970FE361A9AFE34" box="[848,914,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A) that disappears with little wear (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068AF3BFE361C56FE34" box="[1307,1374,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B-C). The posterolophid is long and seems to reach the lingual border of the tooth. The posteroflexid is broad and deep in unworn specimens, but with little wear it becomes narrower and less penetrating in the occlusal surface (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068AF16FE7E1C73FDEC" box="[1334,1403,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B), and in adult specimens it is transformed into an ephemeral posterofossettid (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068A9D7FDA51D34FDC7" box="[1015,1084,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C) that rapidly disappears (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068AF4FFDA519ADFDA4" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D-E). In worn molars (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068AB85FDC618E0FDA4" box="[421,488,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D) a temporary octodontiform occlusal pattern is observable, as in other acaremyids, which has led many authors to propose the acaremyids as being octodontids, or the ancestors of modern octodontids (Wood &amp; Patterson 1959; Pascual 1967; Patterson &amp; Wood 1982). Nevertheless, the octodontiform pattern present in acaremyids and octodontids is not homologous; in acaremyids the lingual flexid corresponds to the mesoflexid while in octodontids it is the mesoflexid+anteroflexid (the metalophulid II is reduced or absent in the latter). In most-worn specimens (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068A868FD7D1B87FCEF" box="[584,655,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E) the mesoflexid is transformed into mesofossettid, except in m3, where an octodontiform molar pattern is still present (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068A8D6FC9E1A32FCCC" box="[758,826,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E). The hypoflexid is the deepest flexid; in most-worn specimens it remains open, and becomes more straight and transverse (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068A991FCC51AFDFCA7" box="[945,1013,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[329,1249,621,1785]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,620,1797]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Ontogenetic series showing the transitional octodontiform molar pattern in S. petisensis sp. nov. MPEF-PV 3561, right dp 4 - m 1 (shown as left) (A); MPEF-PV 3563, left dp 4 (partially preserved) - m 2 (B); MPEF-PV 3560, right p 4 - m 3 (shown as left) (C); MPEF-PV 3566, left m 1 - m 3 (D); MPEF-PV 3562, left p 4 - m 3 (E). Scale bars equal 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222761/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA14B8068AAE7FCE61876FB64" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068AAE7FCE618C4FC7B" bold="true" box="[199,460,871,896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Phylogenetic analysis.</emphasis>
The parsimony analysis resulted in one most parsimonious tree (MPT) of 40.178 steps (CI=0.600 RI=0.727). The decimal values in the Tree lengths correspond to the use of a continuous character for the character on the degree of hypdodonty (see above). The MPT is shown in 
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068AE4EFC2E1DDFFC3C" box="[1134,1239,943,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1535,1558]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,449,1511]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,445,1514]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Strict consensus of the most parsimonious tree (Length = 40.178; CI = 0.600, RI = 0.727) resulting from cladistic analysis of a modified matrix of Vucetich &amp; Kramarz (2003). The numbers in bold indicate Bremer indices, numbers in italics represent absolute Jackknife values, and numbers in gray represent GC Jackknife values." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222762/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Figure 5</figureCitation>
. The only most parsimonious hypothesis of this analysis found 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A8E4FC551A51FC17" box="[708,857,980,1004]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acaremyidae</taxonomicName>
to be a monophyletic group (
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068AE9DFC551C0CFC17" box="[1213,1284,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1535,1558]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,449,1511]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,445,1514]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Strict consensus of the most parsimonious tree (Length = 40.178; CI = 0.600, RI = 0.727) resulting from cladistic analysis of a modified matrix of Vucetich &amp; Kramarz (2003). The numbers in bold indicate Bremer indices, numbers in italics represent absolute Jackknife values, and numbers in gray represent GC Jackknife values." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222762/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), and placed 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068AAB7FC791864FBEB" box="[151,364,1016,1040]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068AAB7FC791864FBEB" box="[151,364,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Sciamys petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a sister relationship with 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A8EAFC791A6DFBEB" box="[714,869,1016,1040]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068A8EAFC791A6DFBEB" box="[714,869,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">S. principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068A95AFC761ACAFBF4" box="[890,962,1015,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1535,1558]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,449,1511]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,445,1514]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Strict consensus of the most parsimonious tree (Length = 40.178; CI = 0.600, RI = 0.727) resulting from cladistic analysis of a modified matrix of Vucetich &amp; Kramarz (2003). The numbers in bold indicate Bremer indices, numbers in italics represent absolute Jackknife values, and numbers in gray represent GC Jackknife values." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222762/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, node 7), thereby justifying the generic assignment of the new taxon. One unambiguous synapomorphy supports this clade in the MPT: cusps not distinguishable from their respective crests (character 2[1]). 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A91DFBC11D43FBA3" box="[829,1099,1088,1112]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antelucanus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068A91DFBC11D43FBA3" box="[829,1099,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Galileomys antelucanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the sister group of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068AF60FBC11C94FBAC" box="[1344,1436,1088,1111]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068AF60FBC11C94FBAC" box="[1344,1436,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Sciamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137E2A6BA14B8068AABFFBE519ECFB87" box="[159,228,1124,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1535,1558]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,449,1511]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,445,1514]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Strict consensus of the most parsimonious tree (Length = 40.178; CI = 0.600, RI = 0.727) resulting from cladistic analysis of a modified matrix of Vucetich &amp; Kramarz (2003). The numbers in bold indicate Bremer indices, numbers in italics represent absolute Jackknife values, and numbers in gray represent GC Jackknife values." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222762/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, node 6), and one unambiguous synapomorphy supports its position: degree of hypsodonty larger than 0.9 (character 1[0.941]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA14B8068AAE7FB2D1893FAAF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068AAE7FB2D1891FB3F" box="[199,409,1196,1220]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="murinus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068AAE7FB2D1891FB3F" box="[199,409,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Acaremys murinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the basalmost species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A8FAFB2D1A7BFB3F" box="[730,883,1196,1220]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acaremyidae</taxonomicName>
, and four unambiguous synapomorphies support this clade in the MPT: 1) hypoflexus in the upper premolar poorly developed (character 5[1]); 2) presence of the figure-eight-shaped in the upper cheek teeth (character 7[1]); 3) presence of the figure-eight-shaped in the lower cheek teeth (character 13[1]); and, 4) presence of a conspicuous anterodorsal limit of the mandibular masseteric fossa (character 19[1]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA14B8068AAE7FADE1D16F947" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
The topology obtained in this analysis coincides with the results of Vucetich &amp; Kramarz (2003), in retrieving a monophyletic 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068AB1CFA0518DCFA67" box="[316,468,1412,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acaremyidae</taxonomicName>
, which is supported by the same unambiguous synapomorphies (see Appendix 3). Here, we decided to consider the figure-eight-shaped occlusal surface of the lower and upper cheek teeth as two separated characters (character 7, and 13), given that 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A922FA4C1AFFFA1F" box="[770,1015,1484,1508]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Massoiamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068A922FA4C1AFFFA1F" box="[770,1015,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Massoiamys obliquus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents a different condition in the upper and lower toothrow [lower tooth presents an octodontiform molar pattern (MLP 
<date id="FFFB102EA14B8068AE7FFA6E1DFEF9FC" box="[1119,1270,1519,1543]" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" value="1976-08-30" valueMax="1976-08-02" valueMin="1976-08-30">76-VIII-30-2</date>
), but the upper tooth does not (MPL 
<date id="FFFB102EA14B8068ABA4F99518DDF9D7" box="[388,469,1556,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" value="1991-05-01">91-V-1</date>
-36)], demonstrating that these two characters varied independently in the evolutionary history of the group. On the other hand, unlike the results of Vucetich &amp; Kramarz (2003), 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068AEBFF9B91DF3F9B4" box="[1183,1275,1592,1615]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068AEBFF9B91DF3F9B4" box="[1183,1275,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Sciamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is depicted in our analysis as more closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A842F9DD1BE9F98F" box="[610,737,1628,1652]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068A842F9DD1BE9F98F" box="[610,737,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Galileomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A979F9DD1ACFF98F" box="[857,967,1628,1652]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Acaremys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068A979F9DD1ACFF98F" box="[857,967,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Acaremys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the basalmost taxa of this clade. The grouping of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068AB09F90118DBF963" box="[297,467,1664,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antelucanus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068AB09F90118DBF963" box="[297,467,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">G. antelucanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A832F9011B66F96C" box="[530,622,1664,1687]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068A832F9011B66F96C" box="[530,622,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Sciamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is supported by their more developed degree of hypsodonty (c.1), as reflected by the hypsodonty index that here we treated as a continuous character.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA14B8069AAE7F9461DABFE7C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,391]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">
The support values in the strict consensus are low, but 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A906F9461AB3F924" box="[806,955,1735,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acaremyidae</taxonomicName>
is the node with the highest support values (Bremer = 1.602; jackknife absolute frequency = 69; jackknife GC frequency = 66; see fig. 5, node 5). The relationships within 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068AB5BF88E1B19F8DC" box="[379,529,1807,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acaremyidae</taxonomicName>
are not strongly supported within the context of this dataset, and the treatment of the hypsodonty index as a continuous character provides information to resolve their relationships in absence of other phylogenetically informative discrete characters. It has been noted that the use of continuous characters avoids making arbitrary character state delimitations (Goloboff 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068A94BF8FC1A96F86F" box="[875,926,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">et al</emphasis>
. 2006) but also their use allows using subtle morphological variations at low taxonomic levels (Escapa &amp; Pol 2011). This is reflected in the support values of the groups within 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068AB41F84518F2F827" box="[353,506,1988,2012]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acaremyidae</taxonomicName>
. For instance the clade of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A93CF8451A94F827" box="[796,924,1988,2012]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" genus="Galileomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068A93CF8451A94F827" box="[796,924,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Galileomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14B8068A98BF8441D0FF827" box="[939,1031,1989,2012]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14B8068A98BF8441D0FF827" box="[939,1031,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">Sciamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has lower support values (Bremer = 0.348; jackknife absolute frequency &lt;20; jackknife GC frequency = 19; see fig. 5, node 6) because the close affinity of these taxa is mostly the result of being the acaremyids with the highest degree of hypsodonty. Discrete morphological characters provide the basis for their inclusion in this family (see synapomorphic features of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14A8069AAB7FE851824FEE7" box="[151,300,260,284]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acaremyidae</taxonomicName>
above), whereas the continuous character is critical for resolving the internal relationships within this clade. This also happens in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14A8069A82FFEA91B63FEC4" box="[527,619,296,319]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14A8069A82FFEA91B63FEC4" box="[527,619,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Sciamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14A8069A8DAFEA91A8FFEBB" box="[762,903,296,320]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14A8069A8DAFEA91A00FEC4" box="[762,776,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14A8069A93AFEA81A8FFEBB" box="[794,903,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14A8069A98DFEA91D4FFEBB" box="[941,1095,296,320]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14A8069A98DFEA91D4FFEBB" box="[941,1095,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">S. principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) where nodal support is low (Bremer = 0.348; jackknife absolute frequency &lt;20; jackknife GC frequency = 21; see fig. 5, node 7), but the affinity of these two species results from both having a high hypsodonty index (see 
<tableCitation id="C6C70355A14A8069AE60FEEE1D9AFE7C" box="[1088,1170,367,391]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,235,440,461]" captionText="TABLE 1. Dental measurements of S. petisensis, including the hypsodonty index (HI). Measurements are in milimeters and were taken in juvenile specimens. Abbreviations: A-P = antero-posterior length of the occlusal surface; AW = anterior transverse; CH = crown height; PW = posterior transverse. CH and PW were measured at the level of the protoconid." pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3A6666A14A8069AAB7FA7E1D13F9A8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/222762/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" targetBox="[151,1432,449,1511]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA14A8069AAB7FA7E1D13F9A8" blockId="9.[151,1436,1535,1619]" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14A8069AAB7FA7E1807F9EE" bold="true" box="[151,271,1535,1558]" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. Strict consensus of the most parsimonious tree (Length=40.178; CI=0.600, RI=0.727) resulting from cladistic analysis of a modified matrix of Vucetich &amp; Kramarz (2003). The numbers in bold indicate Bremer indices, numbers in italics represent absolute Jackknife values, and numbers in gray represent GC Jackknife values.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFA36EEA14A806AAAE7F9011878FF0C" blockId="9.[151,1437,1664,2012]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,247]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
These cases exemplify the potential use of continuous characters for resolving phylogenetic problems in the absence of large morphological variation, or when examining partially preserved remains in fossil taxa. Continuous characters can be especially useful at low taxonomic scales (Escapa &amp; Pol 2011). In such cases, phylogenetic hypotheses are bound to have low support values, but are nonetheless the most parsimonious interpretation of the available data. For instance, if 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14A8069ABD4F8901B76F8D3" box="[500,638,1809,1832]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="petisensis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14A8069ABD4F8901B76F8D3" box="[500,638,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">S. petisensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were located elsewhere within the clade 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14A8069AE71F8911DE1F8D3" box="[1105,1257,1808,1832]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acaremyidae</taxonomicName>
, it would imply that the high hypsodonty of this taxon was acquired independently from that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14A8069AE31F8B41DAFF8B7" box="[1041,1191,1844,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Octodontidae" genus="Sciamys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="principalis">
<emphasis id="B931EAFCA14A8069AE31F8B41DAFF8B7" box="[1041,1191,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">S. principalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or that this character had a reversal in other members of the family). Previous cladistic analyses (Vucetich &amp; Kramarz 2003; Pérez 2010; Pérez &amp; Pol 2012) treated the degree of hypsodonty as a discrete character, building arbitrary characters states (generally poorly defined). Nevertheless, the results obtained by Vucetich &amp; Kramarz (2003) showed the internal relationships of 
<taxonomicName id="4C454D6DA14A8069AB74F84518E2F827" box="[340,490,1988,2012]" class="Mammalia" family="Acaremyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acaremyidae</taxonomicName>
totally resolved using the hypsodont index as a discrete character. Our use of a continuous character to describe degree of hypsodonty is a first in studies of fossil rodents. While all measurements should ideally be taken in specimens without wear, we have taken the measurements in juvenile specimens with the least possible wear.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>