300 lines
34 KiB
XML
300 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="AAA3144B4342E7B9F6789432F7BF9604" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2bf9de45-df17-4f15-b5be-31d9f26a9621" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287578" ID-ZooBank="1D415B70-A128-4605-9C60-BDF6E3FE7CF5" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460995678348" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik" docDate="2014" docId="03EC87DCB835FFDBB0F1F9E514BCF972" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03893p488.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3893 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Raorchestes echinatus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="470" masterDocId="FFD5FFA4B824FFC8B066FFA5167CFFB0" masterDocTitle="Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment" masterLastPageNumber="488" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="468" updateTime="1698562711362" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="502966950370C4D8CD951AFA3A0D6D8B">
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<mods:title id="D19B293D66F8DF18425D9E1262A31392">Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9168CBEA49D2E5E925801C621D604654">Vijayakumar, S. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="166636EE3FF08647E52F5EB84ABC2C93">Dinesh, K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0BD4173A8B8AFA556FE1C1DECE67D877">Prabhu, Mrugank V.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="9E499A3075EC2D6C1A59545FDAFA6D35">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B334D84B35A297E5BE554BC3325A8DF6">Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="52C39ED0752201506B868449D579EE09">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F436A6CBB90338EBB821F638C76A0066">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D109A15E3BCFFB4C8C91ADA65E64441C">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A9A36C34B237C4EA253982B21AE9C10F">3893</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7F19D0BFAEE6146CEF0774925773E9E4">4</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EC87DCB835FFDBB0F1F9E514BCF972" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5691702" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119597301" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5691702" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC87DCB835FFDBB0F1F9E514BCF972" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC87DCB835FFDBB0F1F9E514BCF972" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="470" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B835FFD9B0F1F9E51454F9EA" box="[151,552,1600,1626]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0F1F9E51454F9EA" blockId="17.[151,552,1600,1659]" box="[151,552,1600,1626]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
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<heading id="D0B281A6B835FFD9B0F1F9E51454F9EA" bold="true" box="[151,552,1600,1626]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0F1F9E51454F9EA" bold="true" box="[151,552,1600,1626]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
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4.
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B0D2F9E517B8F9EA" ID-CoL="4RJ9Y" box="[180,452,1600,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinatus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0D2F9E517B8F9EA" bold="true" box="[180,452,1600,1626]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Raorchestes echinatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B835FFD9B1ADF9E51454F9EA" box="[459,552,1600,1626]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B835FFD9B0F8F9C71479F9CB" box="[158,517,1634,1659]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0F8F9C71479F9CB" blockId="17.[151,552,1600,1659]" box="[158,517,1634,1659]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
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(
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB835FFD9B0C3F9C7176EF9CB" box="[165,274,1634,1659]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Figures 2</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB835FFD9B178F9C61750F9CB" box="[286,300,1635,1659]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[381,1214,235,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[347,1240,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. A maximum likelihood tree for bush frogs, and in the Western Ghats, based on three MtDNA genes: 16 S, Cytb and ND 1. The lineages described are marked in red. Sub-clades are named on the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287581/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">3</figureCitation>
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&
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB835FFD9B136F9C6171CF9CA" box="[336,352,1635,1658]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,281,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,267,1859]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Raorchestes echinatus sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287585/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">7</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6C70371B835FFD9B10BF9C717B7F9CB" box="[365,459,1634,1659]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[119,202,525,547]" captionTargetBox="[119,1832,583,1653]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements for the exemplary specimens of new species of Raorchestes." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3A6642B82EFFC2B011FDA8121DFD92" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" tableUuid="DF3A6642B82EFFC2B011FDA8121DFD92">Tables 2</tableCitation>
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&
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<tableCitation id="C6C70371B835FFD9B188F9C61780F9CB" box="[494,508,1635,1659]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="32.[151,239,296,319]" captionText="TABLE 3. Extant valid species of Raorchestes in Western Ghats." pageId="17" pageNumber="468">3</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B835FFDBB0F1F90F17DDFC8B" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="470" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0F1F90F17D8F8BB" blockId="17.[151,1436,1706,2019]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0F1F90F1771F973" bold="true" box="[151,269,1706,1731]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
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<typeStatus id="54FE8868B835FFD9B0F1F90F1774F973" box="[151,264,1706,1731]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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||
</emphasis>
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||
ZSI/
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||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB835FFD9B12EF90E17E2F973" box="[328,414,1707,1731]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/V/A/871 (
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB835FFD9B270F90E1421F973" box="[534,605,1707,1731]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">CESF</collectionCode>
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1412), an adult male (SVL 18.0 mm), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and K.P. Dinesh in
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||
<date id="FFFB100AB835FFD9B159F96B1789F957" box="[319,501,1742,1767]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" value="2011-09">September 2011</date>
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from a grassland site (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB835FFD9B295F96A1511F957" box="[755,877,1743,1767]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" precision="5" value="13.4228">13.4228 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB835FFD9B31EF96B1592F957" box="[888,1006,1742,1767]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" precision="5" value="75.7695">75.7695 E</geoCoordinate>
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), Baba
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||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB835FFD9B425F96B12F0F957" box="[1091,1164,1742,1767]" name="Bhutan" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Budan</collectingCountry>
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||
Massif (
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||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB835FFD9B488F96B1355F957" box="[1262,1321,1742,1767]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig 1</figureCitation>
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), Western Ghats, Peninsular
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||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB835FFD9B105F95717DCF8BB" box="[355,416,1778,1803]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0A1F8B3141EF8C7" blockId="17.[151,1436,1706,2019]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0A1F8B31741F89F" bold="true" box="[199,317,1814,1839]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
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<typeStatus id="54FE8868B835FFD9B0A1F8B31744F89F" box="[199,312,1814,1839]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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||
:
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||
</emphasis>
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||
ZSI/
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB835FFD9B11BF8B217AEF89F" box="[381,466,1815,1839]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">WGRC</collectionCode>
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||
/V/A/872 (
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB835FFD9B236F8B214EBF89F" box="[592,663,1815,1839]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">CESF</collectionCode>
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1414), an adult male (SVL 19.0), collected by collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and K.P. Dinesh in
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<date id="FFFB100AB835FFD9B265F89F14C4F8E3" box="[515,696,1850,1875]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" value="2011-09">September 2011</date>
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from a grassland site (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB835FFD9B3D5F89E1251F8E2" box="[947,1069,1851,1875]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" precision="5" value="13.4228">13.4228 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB835FFD9B45EF89F12D1F8E3" box="[1080,1197,1850,1875]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" precision="5" value="75.7695">75.7695 E</geoCoordinate>
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), Baba
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<collectingCountry id="F352765AB835FFD9B567F89F1336F8E3" box="[1281,1354,1850,1875]" name="Bhutan" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Budan</collectingCountry>
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Massif (
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB835FFD9B0F8F8FB16A5F8C7" box="[158,217,1886,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), Western Ghats, Peninsular
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||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB835FFD9B246F8FB1421F8C7" box="[544,605,1886,1911]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFDAB0A1F8271211FF65" blockId="17.[151,1436,1706,2019]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,213]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="469" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0A1F82717D8F82B" bold="true" box="[199,420,1922,1947]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Lineage diagnosis.</emphasis>
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||
This lineage belongs to the larger clade N (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB835FFD9B3FFF82715ABF82B" box="[921,983,1922,1947]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[381,1214,235,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[347,1240,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. A maximum likelihood tree for bush frogs, and in the Western Ghats, based on three MtDNA genes: 16 S, Cytb and ND 1. The lineages described are marked in red. Sub-clades are named on the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287581/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig 3</figureCitation>
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||
), with an unresolved relationship status within this clade, but with very high levels (16S—7.3%) of divergence from all other lineages. It exhibits a number of unique morphological characteristics (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB835FFD9B200F86F14D8F853" box="[614,676,1994,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,281,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,267,1859]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Raorchestes echinatus sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287585/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig 7</figureCitation>
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||
) (see field diagnosis) and shows strong affinity towards grasslands and is restricted geographically to the high elevations of Baba
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||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB836FFDAB303FF3215D2FF00" box="[869,942,151,176]" name="Bhutan" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Budan</collectingCountry>
|
||
Massif in the Western Ghats. We diagnose this lineage based on the deep genetic divergence, morphology, ecology and geography.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A6642B836FFDAB0F1F8F91758F824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287585/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" targetBox="[167,1414,281,1837]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB836FFDAB0F1F8F91758F824" blockId="18.[151,1435,1883,1940]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B836FFDAB0F1F8F9176FF8C2" bold="true" box="[151,275,1884,1906]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B836FFDAB17CF8F91781F8C2" box="[282,509,1884,1906]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B836FFDAB17CF8F91781F8C2" box="[282,509,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Raorchestes echinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B836FFDAB262F8FE1427F8C2" bold="true" box="[516,603,1883,1906]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B836FFDAB262F8FE1427F8C2" box="[516,603,1883,1906]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile in life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB837FFDBB0A1FF3D172CFDD1" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1730]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB0A1FF3D145AFF01" bold="true" box="[199,550,152,177]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Field diagnosis. Morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB256FF3C1551FF01" box="[560,813,153,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB256FF3C1551FF01" box="[560,813,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Raorchestes echinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB351FF3D15E4FF02" bold="true" box="[823,920,152,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B837FFDBB351FF3D15E4FF02" box="[823,920,152,178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
superficially resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB4D4FF3C1301FF01" box="[1202,1405,153,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB4D4FF3C1301FF01" box="[1202,1405,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in adult male size SVL 18.4 (18.0–19.0, n=3) (vs. adult male size SVL 18.3 (17.7–19.0, n=6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB4A5FF1B13F7FF65" box="[1219,1419,189,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB4A5FF1B13F7FF65" box="[1219,1419,189,213]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), however a number of divergent characters could be discerned; larger head width, HW/SVL=0.40 (0.38–0.41, n=3) (vs. HW/SVL=0.35 (0.33–0.36, n=6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB202FEA31551FEAD" box="[612,813,261,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB202FEA31551FEAD" box="[612,813,261,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); shorter head length, HL/SVL=0.27 (0.24–0.29, n=3) (vs. HL/SVL=0.37 (0.36–0.40, n=6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB232FE8F1560FEF1" box="[596,796,297,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB232FE8F1560FEF1" box="[596,796,297,321]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); shorter eye length, EL/SVL=0.104 (0.099–0.108, n=3) (vs. EL/SVL=0.127 (0.111–0.137, n=6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB21BFEEB153AFED5" box="[637,838,333,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB21BFEEB153AFED5" box="[637,838,333,357]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); shorter tibia, ShL/SVL=0.36 (0.34–0.38, n=3) (vs. ShL/SVL=0.46 (0.41–0.49, n=6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB24CFED7148CFE39" box="[554,752,369,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB24CFED7148CFE39" box="[554,752,369,393]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); shorter femur length, TL/SVL=0.409 (0.39–0.43, n=3) (vs. TL/SVL=0.50 (0.46–0.52, n=6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB244FE331496FE1D" box="[546,746,405,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB244FE331496FE1D" box="[546,746,405,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); skin, on the dorsum rough with minute horny ridges, more spinular and on the dorsal surface of limbs smooth; lateral and ventral sides granular (vs. sparsely granular dorsum in
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB0DFFE7B17F3FE45" box="[185,399,477,501]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB0DFFE7B17FBFE45" box="[185,391,477,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">R. tuberohumerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; yellowish throat finely speckled in brown (vs. flesh coloured, speckled in black in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB5E2FE7B173CFDA9" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB5E2FE7B173CFDA9" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); ventral coloration, white mottlings on a dark background, the pattern extending into femur, tibia, tarsus (vs. anterior thigh region characterized by dark colouration with distinct yellow blotches in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB5E2FD83173CFDD1" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB5E2FD83173CFDD1" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB837FFDBB0A1FDCB1414FD7F" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1730]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
Additionally the new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B837FFDBB241FDCB1558FD36" box="[551,804,622,646]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB241FDCB1558FD36" box="[551,804,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Raorchestes echinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB348FDC815F3FD37" bold="true" box="[814,911,621,647]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B837FFDBB348FDC815F3FD37" box="[814,911,621,647]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, can be easily distinguished morphologically from known congeners in clade N, that potentially overlap with its geographical range, by its size, horny ridges on the dorsum, ventral and throat coloration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB837FFDBB0A1FD7F12C3FD43" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1730]" box="[199,1215,730,755]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB0A1FD7F1757FD43" bold="true" box="[199,299,730,755]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
A species of the open habitat and all individuals were observed in the grasslands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB837FFDBB0A1FD5B17DDFC8B" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1730]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB0A1FD5B172EFCA7" bold="true" box="[199,338,766,791]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Geography.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution data suggests that it is restricted to the Baba
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB837FFDBB38DFD5B1248FCA7" box="[1003,1076,766,791]" name="Bhutan" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Budan</collectingCountry>
|
||
Massif (see natural history and distribution for details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B837FFDBB0A1FCE31339F9BE" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB837FFDBB0A1FCE31734FBEB" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1730]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB0A1FCE3154EFCEF" bold="true" box="[199,818,838,863]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE8868B837FFDBB11AFCE3179FFCEF" box="[380,483,838,863]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(all measurements in mm).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A small sized bush frog (SVL = 18.0 mm), width of head broader than head length (HW =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB239FCCF14C7FC32" box="[607,699,874,899]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; HL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB373FCCE150EFC33" box="[789,882,875,899]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), flat dorsally; snout short and pointed, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB447FC2A1207FC16" box="[1057,1147,911,935]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, EL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB4A8FC2A1350FC17" box="[1230,1324,911,935]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Canthus rostralis angular, loreal region flat. Interorbital space (IUE =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB32BFC1615D9FC7B" box="[845,933,947,971]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) flat and sub equal to upper eyelid (UEW =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB0F1FC73168CFC5F" box="[151,240,982,1007]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.6 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 3.7, IBE =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB0D6FC5F1770FBA3" box="[176,268,1018,1043]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="5.9">5.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum indistinct, rounded, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular without a papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB837FFDBB0A1FBC312B0FB7A" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1730]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III, finger tips with moderate disks (fd3 =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB42FFBC212D9FBCE" box="[1097,1189,1127,1151]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; fw3 =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB498FBC21324FBCF" box="[1278,1368,1127,1151]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) with distinct circum–marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles moderate, rounded and pre-pollex tubercle indistinct. Supernumerary tubercles absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB837FFDBB0A1FB701582FAEA" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1730]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB837FFDBB0A1FB701683FB5E" box="[199,255,1237,1262]" name="India" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limb long, heels do not touch when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB56BFB731319FB5E" box="[1293,1381,1238,1262]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="7.4">7.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) sub equal to Shank/Tibia (FL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB1A9FB5C145AFAA2" box="[463,550,1273,1298]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and foot (FOL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB293FB5F1530FAA2" box="[757,844,1274,1298]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="7.3">7.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB50AFB5F16BBFA86" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="mm" value="11.4">11.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing absent. Tibiotarsal articulation reaches posterior corner of eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB837FFDBB0A1FAC01339F9BE" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1730]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB0A1FAC01722FACE" bold="true" box="[199,350,1381,1406]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum with olive patches on a brown background with rufous tinge, distinct spinular tubercles behind the head; a mid dorsal ridge coloured off-white from the snout tip to vent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB837FFDBB453FA2C120FFA12" box="[1077,1139,1417,1442]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,281,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,267,1859]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Raorchestes echinatus sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287585/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Fig 7</figureCitation>
|
||
a); ventrally a distinct mid ventral white line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB837FFDBB10AFA0817D6FA76" box="[364,426,1453,1478]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,281,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,267,1859]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Raorchestes echinatus sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287585/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Fig 7</figureCitation>
|
||
d), belly predominantly white with black irregular interconnected patches. Ventral pattern extends to femur tibia and tarsus, throat yellow finely speckled with brown. Iris with irregular golden speckles with maroon edges and a distinct brown band on the lower half and brown towards anterior and posterior edges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B837FFDBB0A1F9BC14BCF972" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB837FFDBB0A1F9BC1340F982" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1730]" box="[199,1340,1561,1586]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB0A1F9BC1732F982" bold="true" box="[199,334,1561,1586]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species is named after the spinular projections on the dorsum (Latin:
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB4EAF9BC12ABF981" box="[1164,1239,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">echino</emphasis>
|
||
= spiny).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB837FFDBB0A1F99814BCF972" blockId="19.[151,1437,152,1730]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B837FFDBB0A1F9981431F9E6" bold="true" box="[199,589,1597,1622]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Natural history and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
All individuals were observed in grasslands on grass blades (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB49EF99B1329F9E5" box="[1272,1365,1598,1622]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.08" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="cm" value="30.8">30.8 cm</quantity>
|
||
, n=5). The species was observed only in the higher elevations (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB837FFDBB37AF9C415C2F9C9" box="[796,958,1633,1658]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.664" metricValueMax="1.864" metricValueMin="1.464" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" unit="m" value="1664.0" valueMax="1864.0" valueMin="1464.0">1464−1864 m</quantity>
|
||
, n=6) of Baba
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB837FFDBB40DF9C412C8F9CA" box="[1131,1204,1633,1658]" name="Bhutan" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Budan</collectingCountry>
|
||
Massif (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB837FFDBB57FF9C4132BF9CA" box="[1305,1367,1633,1658]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB837FFDBB518F9C713F3F9CA" box="[1406,1423,1634,1658]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Further surveys are needed to verify the presence of either conspecifics or close relatives of this lineage in the adjoining Massifs of Kudremukh and Pushpagiri.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |