494 lines
72 KiB
XML
494 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="AADBC0695316FE94C118DADFFC66D2D0" ID-CLB-Dataset="32506" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4304.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3b9bd2c4-7dee-46a3-a36d-80077b88a78b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="842289" ID-ZooBank="3D557C94-0783-4C39-80C3-9C321DA94800" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1502687522877" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moore, Kirrily M., Alderslade, Philip & Miller, Karen J." docDate="2017" docId="039B87ED3E36FF30FF4BE37E783EDB32" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4304.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4304 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Williamsium parviflorum Moore & Alderslade & Miller 2017, new combination" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="129" masterDocId="FFA2FF953E41FFB0FFDCE4287D2BDE2A" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data" masterLastPageNumber="212" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="120" updateTime="1698466576984" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="632C4C04CBBEC8B4A66CDE2E26E21FB6">A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0E1EC92D722A5BA511523E2B963334D4">Moore, Kirrily M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="29F563AB5BF71F95887BE7E6D3D5FA51">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4EF9E5426361855B879C1360E9D462FC">Miller, Karen J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="60B428E06C4D21208F2C3EDE03FC5DA1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039B87ED3E36FF30FF4BE37E783EDB32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6015379" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132631042" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6015379" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E36FF30FF4BE37E783EDB32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039B87ED3E36FF30FF4BE37E783EDB32" lastPageId="128" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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<subSubSection id="C32865703E36FFC7FF4BE37E7C05D9B8" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E36FFC7FF4BE37E7EABD95A" blockId="119.[151,896,1878,1938]" box="[151,896,1878,1904]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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<heading id="D0C581973E36FFC7FF4BE37E7EABD95A" bold="true" box="[151,896,1878,1904]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E36FFC7FF4BE37E7EABD95A" bold="true" box="[151,896,1878,1904]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E36FFC7FF4BE37E7F89D95A" ID-CoL="7FVF6" authority="(Thomson, 1916)" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[151,674,1878,1904]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E36FFC7FF4BE37E7CE1D95A" bold="true" box="[151,458,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Williamsium parviflorum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E36FFC7FE04E37E7FB2D95A" author="Thomson" box="[472,665,1878,1904]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refString="Thomson, J. S. (1916) South African Gorgonacea. Manchester Memoirs, 61 (1), 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1916">Thomson, 1916</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E36FFC7FD75E37E7EABD95A" box="[681,896,1878,1904]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">new combination</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E36FFC7FF4BE3517C05D9B8" blockId="119.[151,896,1878,1938]" box="[151,302,1913,1938]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E36FFC7FF43E3517C0DD9B8" box="[159,294,1913,1938]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 90" captionStart-1="FIGURE 91" captionStart-2="FIGURE 92" captionStart-3="FIGURE 93" captionStart-4="FIGURE 94" captionStart-5="FIGURE 95" captionStart-6="FIGURE 96" captionStart-7="FIGURE 97" captionStartId-0="120.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionStartId-1="121.[151,250,1965,1987]" captionStartId-2="122.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionStartId-3="123.[151,250,1960,1982]" captionStartId-4="124.[151,250,1795,1817]" captionStartId-5="125.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionStartId-6="126.[151,250,1821,1843]" captionStartId-7="128.[151,250,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,195,1812]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,1129,1932]" captionTargetBox-2="[187,1429,193,1558]" captionTargetBox-3="[183,1410,193,1915]" captionTargetBox-4="[168,1410,193,1761]" captionTargetBox-5="[158,1420,373,1897]" captionTargetBox-6="[154,1423,193,1779]" captionTargetBox-7="[184,1420,193,1107]" captionTargetId-0="figure@120.[151,1435,195,1817]" captionTargetId-1="figure@121.[151,1435,1129,1942]" captionTargetId-2="figure@122.[166,1429,193,1572]" captionTargetId-3="figure@123.[172,1414,193,1931]" captionTargetId-4="figure@124.[164,1422,193,1774]" captionTargetId-5="figure@125.[151,1435,373,1908]" captionTargetId-6="figure@126.[151,1435,193,1799]" captionTargetId-7="figure@128.[151,1435,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId-0="120" captionTargetPageId-1="121" captionTargetPageId-2="122" captionTargetPageId-3="123" captionTargetPageId-4="124" captionTargetPageId-5="125" captionTargetPageId-6="126" captionTargetPageId-7="128" captionText-0="FIGURE 90. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Paralectotype lot; B. Branch fragment; C. Branch tip; D. Polyp. (A. Courtesy of NHMUK staff)." captionText-1="FIGURE 91. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Retracted polyp; B. Crumpled tentacles." captionText-2="FIGURE 92. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Decalcified cross-section of medulla; B. Polyp head (a. intermediate sclerites); C. Point sclerites." captionText-3="FIGURE 93. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Tentacle with sclerites in situ; B. Tentacular rachis sclerites; C. Pinnule sclerites." captionText-4="FIGURE 94. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Neck sclerites; B. Pharynx in place; C. Pharyngeal sclerites." captionText-5="FIGURE 95. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype, sclerites: Calyx." captionText-6="FIGURE 96. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype, sclerites: Cortex (a. stout, warty spindle)." captionText-7="FIGURE 97. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype, sclerites: Medulla." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/842469/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/842471/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/842473/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/842475/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/842477/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/842479/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/842481/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/842483/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Figs. 90–97</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32865703E36FFC7FF4BE3E97836D9FD" box="[151,1309,1985,2007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E36FFC7FF4BE3E97836D9FD" blockId="119.[151,1309,1985,2007]" box="[151,1309,1985,2007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2211D53E36FFC7FF4BE3E97836D9FD" box="[151,1309,1985,2007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E36FFC7FF4BE3E97F1AD9FD" ID-CoL="67GP9" authority="Thomson, 1916: 3" authorityName="Thomson" authorityPageNumber="3" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,561,1985,2007]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflora">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E36FFC7FF4BE3E97C58D9FD" box="[151,371,1985,2007]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Anthothela parviflora</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9310EA3E36FFC7FEA5E3E97F1AD9FD" author="Thomson" box="[377,561,1985,2007]" page="3" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" year="1916">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E36FFC7FEA5E3E97F30D9FD" author="Thomson" box="[377,539,1985,2007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refString="Thomson, J. S. (1916) South African Gorgonacea. Manchester Memoirs, 61 (1), 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1916">Thomson, 1916</bibRefCitation>
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: 3
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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–6, Pl. II
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<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E36FFC7FD4DE3E97FE6D9FD" box="[657,717,1985,2007]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1741,1763]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,185,1712]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1435,185,1720]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 5. Anthothela grandiflora (Sars, 1856), holotype: A. Terminal polyp bunch (a. fully retracted polyp); B. Partly retracted polyp; C. Cross-section of decalcified medulla; D. Cross-section of medulla." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842299/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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, Pl. V
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<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E36FFC7FCCFE3E97E7BD9FD" box="[787,848,1985,2007]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1990,2012]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,193,1963]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1413,193,1970]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anthothela grandiflora (Sars, 1856), holotype: A. Holotype fragments; B. Polyps and branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842297/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E36FFC7FC87E3E97ED5D9FD" author="Williams" box="[859,1022,1985,2007]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refString="Williams, G. C. (1992 a) The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Gorgonian Octocorals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Annals of the South African Museum, 101 (8), 181 - 296." type="journal article" year="1992" yearSuffix="a">Williams 1992a</bibRefCitation>
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, 185–186,
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<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E36FFC7FBB1E3E979E5D9FD" box="[1133,1230,1985,2007]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="12.[151,250,1954,1976]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,250,1981,2003]" captionTargetBox-0="[185,1374,194,1910]" captionTargetBox-1="[176,1399,193,1927]" captionTargetId-0="figure@12.[185,1392,193,1920]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[172,1399,193,1938]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. A. Josephinae clubs found in the pinnules and tentacle rachis of Ƒictorgorgia and Lateothela n. gen.; B. Spindles (93 – 95), needles (86 – 87) and bars (88 – 89) from Bayer et al. 1983, Plate 16; C. Sticks." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Sclerite forms found in the points, calyx and cortex of Anthothela and Ƒictorgorgia species." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/842293/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/842295/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Figs. 2–3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E36FFC7FB04E3E979CED9FD" box="[1240,1253,1985,2007]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1990,2012]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,193,1963]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[171,1413,193,1970]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anthothela grandiflora (Sars, 1856), holotype: A. Holotype fragments; B. Polyps and branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842297/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">4</figureCitation>
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A–D.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF4D66733E39FFC8FF4BE3077F97D949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842469/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" targetBox="[151,1435,195,1812]" targetPageId="120">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E39FFC8FF4BE3077F97D949" blockId="120.[151,1436,1839,1891]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E39FFC8FF4BE3077C34D96F" bold="true" box="[151,287,1839,1861]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">FIGURE 90.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E39FFC8FEF8E3077FFCD96F" authority="(Thomson, 1916)" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[292,727,1839,1861]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B946EAE93E39FFC8FEF8E3077F09D96F" box="[292,546,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Williamsium parviflorum</emphasis>
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||
(Thomson, 1916)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E39FFC8FD01E3077E12D96F" bold="true" box="[733,825,1839,1861]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E39FFC8FD01E3077E12D96F" box="[733,825,1839,1861]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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, paralectotype: A. Paralectotype lot; B. Branch fragment; C. Branch tip; D. Polyp. (A. Courtesy of NHMUK staff).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C32865703E39FFC8FF4BE3A37F8CD9E0" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E39FFC8FF4BE3A37F8CD9E0" blockId="120.[151,1436,1931,2030]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
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<materialsCitation id="3B5A3CA63E39FFC8FF4BE3A37F8CD9E0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586203808" collectingDate="1898-11-01" collectionCode="NHMUK" collectorName="S. J. Hickson" country="South Africa" elevation="183" location="Algoa Bay" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" specimenCode="NHMUK 1962.7" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paralectotype">
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||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E39FFC8FF4BE3A37E67D98E" bold="true" box="[151,844,1931,1956]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Material examined.
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||
<typeStatus id="548988593E39FFC8FE57E3A37F1FD98E" box="[395,564,1931,1956]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
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||
:
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<specimenCode id="DB949E803E39FFC8FD9DE3A37E2DD98E" box="[577,774,1931,1956]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED23AE3E3E39FFC8FD9DE3A37F84D98E" box="[577,687,1931,1956]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">NHMUK</collectionCode>
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||
1962.7
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</specimenCode>
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||
.20.40
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</emphasis>
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, off
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<location id="8EED60203E39FFC8FC58E3A3792BD98E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E36FF30FF4BE37E783EDB32:8EED60203E39FFC8FC58E3A3792BD98E" box="[900,1024,1931,1956]" country="South Africa" name="Algoa Bay" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Algoa Bay</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E39FFC8FBD1E3A3798AD98E" box="[1037,1185,1931,1956]" name="South Africa" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, ‘P.F. 524’, depth
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|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E39FFC8FAAEE3A37D84D9E3" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="183.0">183 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFC8E9D33E39FFC8FF67E39A7CB9D9E0" box="[187,402,1966,1994]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" value="1898-11-01">
|
||
<date id="FF8C103B3E39FFC8FF67E39A7CB9D9E0" box="[187,402,1966,1994]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" value="1898-11-01">1st November 1898</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26C7532D3E39FFC8FE41E39A7F01D9E0" box="[413,554,1969,1994]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">S.J. Hickson</collectorName>
|
||
collection.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E39FFC8FF1BE3FD7C70D9C4" box="[199,347,2005,2030]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E39FFC8FF1BE3FD7C70D9C4" blockId="120.[151,1436,1931,2030]" box="[199,347,2005,2030]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E39FFC8FF1BE3FD7C70D9C4" bold="true" box="[199,347,2005,2030]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E38FFC9FF1BE4BF7E8FDA1F" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E38FFC9FF1BE4BF7C49DF4E" blockId="121.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5A3CA63E38FFC9FF1BE4BF7C49DF4E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1586203789" location="South African Museum. The" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" specimenCount="4" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E38FFC9FF1BE4BF7C4CDE9A" bold="true" box="[199,359,151,176]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Colony form:</emphasis>
|
||
The fragments examined here are from one of three
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E38FFC9FC6CE4B0793EDE9A" box="[944,1045,152,176]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, which was only briefly mentioned in Thomson’s (1916) original description. His description was based on the “most complete example” which was probably the specimen designated as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E38FFC9FDBAE4F77FE7DED2" box="[614,716,223,248]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E38FFC9FD24E4F77E94DED2" author="Williams" box="[760,959,223,248]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refString="Williams, G. C. (1992 a) The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Gorgonian Octocorals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Annals of the South African Museum, 101 (8), 181 - 296." type="journal article" year="1992" yearSuffix="a">Williams (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Unfortunately it was not possible to view the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E38FFC9FF1CE52C7C0DDF37" box="[192,294,260,285]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
which is stored at the
|
||
<location id="8EED60203E38FFC9FDFCE52C7E74DF37" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87ED3E36FF30FF4BE37E783EDB32:8EED60203E38FFC9FDFCE52C7E74DF37" box="[544,863,260,285]" name="South African Museum. The" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">South African Museum. The</location>
|
||
material examined here is from a different location to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E38FFC9FF3BE50F7C65DF6A" box="[231,334,295,320]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
but corresponds with Thomson’s extensive description and strongly resembles the figures in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E38FFC9FF4BE5647C76DF4E" author="Williams" box="[151,349,332,357]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refString="Williams, G. C. (1992 a) The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Gorgonian Octocorals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Annals of the South African Museum, 101 (8), 181 - 296." type="journal article" year="1992" yearSuffix="a">Williams (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E38FFC9FF1BE5477ED1DD12" blockId="121.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
The complete lot consists of a small, incomplete colony plus the three fragments examined here (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E38FFC9FAF9E5477850DFA2" box="[1317,1403,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 90" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[151,1435,195,1817]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 90. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Paralectotype lot; B. Branch fragment; C. Branch tip; D. Polyp. (A. Courtesy of NHMUK staff)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842469/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
|
||
A). They are all pieces of branches with tall calyces emanating at right angles or obliquely from the branch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E38FFC9FAF5E5BC7856DF86" box="[1321,1405,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 90" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[151,1435,195,1817]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 90. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Paralectotype lot; B. Branch fragment; C. Branch tip; D. Polyp. (A. Courtesy of NHMUK staff)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842469/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
|
||
B). The largest fragment is
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E38FFC9FE78E59F7F22DFE5" box="[420,521,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.15" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="51.5">51.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long with eleven polyps spread evenly along it; another fragment is
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E38FFC9FACFE5907848DFE5" box="[1299,1379,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
|
||
long with seven visible polyps (approximately half of the branch is surrounded by an encrusting sponge); and the smallest fragment is
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E38FFC9FE5BE6287CF2DC3D" box="[391,473,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
|
||
long with four polyps. The two smallest pieces have intact branch tips which have small clumps of adult polyps (one has two juvenile polyps on the very apex of the branch). None of the fragments examined have any evidence of branching, however the largest portion of the colony pictured in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E38FFC9FACAE66F7841DC4A" box="[1302,1386,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 90" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[151,1435,195,1817]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 90. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Paralectotype lot; B. Branch fragment; C. Branch tip; D. Polyp. (A. Courtesy of NHMUK staff)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842469/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
|
||
A is consistent with the species description by Thomson; that is, colonies with a spreading base, sparse, irregular branching, basically in one plane, bifurcation at approximately 45 degrees and branches which are twisted or curved. There are no anastomoses noted for the three specimens described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E38FFC9FBDCE69C7990DCE7" author="Thomson" box="[1024,1211,692,717]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refString="Thomson, J. S. (1916) South African Gorgonacea. Manchester Memoirs, 61 (1), 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1916">Thomson (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or the four colonies examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E38FFC9FEE1E6FF7F21DCDA" author="Williams" box="[317,522,727,752]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refString="Williams, G. C. (1992 a) The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Gorgonian Octocorals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Annals of the South African Museum, 101 (8), 181 - 296." type="journal article" year="1992" yearSuffix="a">Williams (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, although Thomson does mention that colonies can be “creeping”, perhaps indicating this species can grow both membranous and branching forms. Williams, however, does not mention any such growth form from the four “whole” colonies included in his description.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E38FFC9FF1BE76C7C23DD8F" blockId="121.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
The three branch fragments are circular in cross-section and diameter varies little (from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E38FFC9FB7CE76C782ADD76" box="[1184,1281,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
). In the larger colony portion pictured, the major branches are up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E38FFC9FCDEE7407E6EDD55" box="[770,837,872,896]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide while the bulky basal stem is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E38FFC9FA52E74F7DE8DD8E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E38FFC9FF1BE787782DDDE2" blockId="121.[151,1437,151,1077]" box="[199,1286,943,968]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">All fragments are in good condition with mostly intact polyps and an undamaged colony surface.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E38FFC9FF1BE7FC7E8FDA1F" blockId="121.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E38FFC9FF1BE7FC7C0FDDC7" bold="true" box="[199,292,980,1005]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Colour:</emphasis>
|
||
No mention is made of live colour by either Thomson or Williams, although Thomson mentions that the (presumably preserved) colony has a “slightly silvery appearance”. This is more likely due to the dense layer of sclerites than colony colour. The fragments are now cream in alcohol.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E38FFC9FF4BE38578BFD9E9" box="[151,1428,1965,1987]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842471/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" targetBox="[151,1435,1129,1932]" targetPageId="121">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E38FFC9FF4BE38578BFD9E9" blockId="121.[151,1428,1965,1987]" box="[151,1428,1965,1987]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E38FFC9FF4BE3857C34D9E9" bold="true" box="[151,287,1965,1987]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">FIGURE 91.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E38FFC9FEF9E3857FF2D9E9" authority="(Thomson, 1916)" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[293,729,1965,1987]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E38FFC9FEF9E3857F0FD9E9" box="[293,548,1965,1987]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Williamsium parviflorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomson, 1916)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E38FFC9FD3CE3857E17D9E9" bold="true" box="[736,828,1965,1987]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E38FFC9FD3CE3857E17D9E9" box="[736,828,1965,1987]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, paralectotype: A. Retracted polyp; B. Crumpled tentacles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E3BFFCAFF4BE2137FFBD845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842473/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" targetBox="[187,1429,193,1558]" targetPageId="122">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3BFFCAFF4BE2137FFBD845" blockId="122.[151,1436,1595,1647]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3BFFCAFF4BE2137C0BD87B" bold="true" box="[151,288,1595,1617]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">FIGURE 92.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3BFFCAFEFBE2137FF7D87B" authority="(Thomson, 1916)" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[295,732,1595,1617]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3BFFCAFEFBE2137F0ED87B" box="[295,549,1595,1617]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Williamsium parviflorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomson, 1916)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E3BFFCAFD3FE2137E6BD87B" box="[739,832,1595,1617]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3BFFCAFD3FE2137E6BD87B" bold="true" box="[739,832,1595,1617]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">n. comb.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, paralectotype: A. Decalcified cross-section of medulla; B. Polyp head (a. intermediate sclerites); C. Point sclerites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E3BFFCFFF1BE2BE7918DA57" lastPageId="127" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3BFFCAFF1BE2BE7F24D9DE" blockId="122.[151,1437,1686,2036]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3BFFCAFF1BE2BE7C9DD885" bold="true" box="[199,438,1686,1711]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Polyps and calyces:</emphasis>
|
||
Calyces are sparsely arranged on all sides of the branches, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3BFFCAFAFBE2BE78B7D885" box="[1319,1436,1686,1711]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="4.25" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–5 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart. Terminal clumps of calyces are not large or overly crowded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3BFFCAFC53E2937EC8D8F9" box="[911,995,1723,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 90" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[151,1435,195,1817]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 90. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Paralectotype lot; B. Branch fragment; C. Branch tip; D. Polyp. (A. Courtesy of NHMUK staff)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842469/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
|
||
C). The calyces are tall and cylindrical, with eight distinct longitudinal furrows. Most calyces are approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3BFFCAFC31E2F67948D8DD" box="[1005,1123,1758,1783]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="3.0">3–4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall and 1.5–2.0 mm wide although there are rare calyces only
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3BFFCAFDEDE32B7F8FD931" box="[561,676,1795,1820]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall. The exsert part of the polyps are approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3BFFCAFB22E32B785AD931" box="[1278,1393,1795,1819]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="1.0">1–2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall but none are fully extended—most have the polyp head resting on the lip of the calyx (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3BFFCAFBB0E30E79EBD915" box="[1132,1216,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 90" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1812]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[151,1435,195,1817]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 90. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Paralectotype lot; B. Branch fragment; C. Branch tip; D. Polyp. (A. Courtesy of NHMUK staff)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842469/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Polyp heads are approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3BFFCAFE9EE3637CE0D949" box="[322,459,1867,1892]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="1.45" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter and some are fully retracted into the calyx (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3BFFCAFB85E3637986D949" box="[1113,1197,1867,1892]" captionStart="FIGURE 91" captionStartId="121.[151,250,1965,1987]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1129,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[151,1435,1129,1942]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURE 91. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Retracted polyp; B. Crumpled tentacles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842471/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Fig. 91</figureCitation>
|
||
A). The tentacles are often crumpled in a haphazard way over the polyp mouth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3BFFCAFCEFE3467EADD9AD" box="[819,902,1902,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 91" captionStartId="121.[151,250,1965,1987]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1129,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[151,1435,1129,1942]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURE 91. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Retracted polyp; B. Crumpled tentacles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842471/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Fig. 91</figureCitation>
|
||
B), although there are occasionally polyps with the tentacles folded in, across the polyp mouth, giving those polyps a mounded, starred apex to the polyp head. There is a single row of 10 very long and narrow pinnules along each side of the tentacles. The pinnules taper to a sharp tip and often twist and curl.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E3AFFCBFF4BE3807F5DD9F7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842475/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" targetBox="[183,1410,193,1915]" targetPageId="123">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3AFFCBFF4BE3807F5DD9F7" blockId="123.[151,1436,1960,2013]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3AFFCBFF4BE3807C0ED994" bold="true" box="[151,293,1960,1982]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">FIGURE 93.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3AFFCBFEEDE3807FDED994" authority="(Thomson, 1916)" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[305,757,1960,1982]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3AFFCBFEEDE3807F1FD994" box="[305,564,1960,1982]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Williamsium parviflorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomson, 1916)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E3AFFCBFCDDE3807E48D994" box="[769,867,1960,1982]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3AFFCBFCDDE3807E48D994" bold="true" box="[769,867,1960,1982]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">n. comb.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, paralectotype: A. Tentacle with sclerites in situ; B. Tentacular rachis sclerites; C. Pinnule sclerites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E3DFFCCFF4BE32B7C42D912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842477/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" targetBox="[168,1410,193,1761]" targetPageId="124">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3DFFCCFF4BE32B7C42D912" blockId="124.[151,1436,1795,1848]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3DFFCCFF4BE32B7C0AD933" bold="true" box="[151,289,1795,1817]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">FIGURE 94.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3DFFCCFEF4E32B7FCBD933" authority="(Thomson, 1916)" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[296,736,1795,1817]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3DFFCCFEF4E32B7F03D933" box="[296,552,1795,1817]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Williamsium parviflorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomson, 1916)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3DFFCCFD34E32B7E6DD933" bold="true" box="[744,838,1795,1817]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E3DFFCCFD34E32B7E6DD933" box="[744,838,1795,1817]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, paralectotype: A. Neck sclerites; B. Pharynx in place; C. Pharyngeal sclerites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3DFFCDFF1BE3777E8CDF6A" blockId="124.[151,1436,1887,2020]" lastBlockId="125.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="125" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3DFFCCFF1BE3777CE6D952" bold="true" box="[199,461,1887,1912]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Medulla and Cortex:</emphasis>
|
||
The medulla is constructed of tightly packed sclerites, arranged longitudinally in general, and is surrounded by a cortex, similarly consisting of crowded sclerites. The cortex is distinctly separated from the medulla by a ring of relatively large and well-defined boundary canals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3DFFCCFBE5E38F79A5D9EA" box="[1081,1166,1959,1984]" captionStart="FIGURE 92" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[187,1429,193,1558]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[166,1429,193,1572]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 92. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Decalcified cross-section of medulla; B. Polyp head (a. intermediate sclerites); C. Point sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842473/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Fig. 92</figureCitation>
|
||
A). These canals do not obviously anastomose to form a boundary space but run longitudinally, adjacent to each other, the length of the fragments. This is similar to that seen in specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3CFFCDFD25E4BF7E5FDE9A" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[761,884,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3CFFCDFD25E4BF7E5FDE9A" box="[761,884,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
although here the canals are much larger relative to the diameter of the branches; within the
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3CFFCDFD7EE4947E2EDEFE" box="[674,773,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
branch diameter the boundary canals have approximate diameters of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3CFFCDFEF4E4F77C94DEDD" box="[296,447,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="0.125" valueMax="0.15" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The cortex is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3CFFCDFCD4E4C87EA4DEDD" box="[776,911,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="0.15" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick while the medulla is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3CFFCDFABEE4F77DE8DF36" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1-1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. There are no coelenteric canals within the medulla.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E3CFFCDFC14E52C79A3DF37" author="Thomson" box="[968,1160,260,285]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" refString="Thomson, J. S. (1916) South African Gorgonacea. Manchester Memoirs, 61 (1), 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1916">Thomson (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentions “a few small canals” in the medulla but there was no indication of such found here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E3CFFCDFF4BE3A179AAD9B5" box="[151,1153,1929,1951]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842479/files/figure.png" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" targetBox="[158,1420,373,1897]" targetPageId="125">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3CFFCDFF4BE3A179AAD9B5" blockId="125.[151,1153,1929,1951]" box="[151,1153,1929,1951]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3CFFCDFF4BE3A17C34D9B5" bold="true" box="[151,287,1929,1951]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">FIGURE 95.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3CFFCDFEF9E3A17FF2D9B5" authority="(Thomson, 1916)" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[293,729,1929,1951]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3CFFCDFEF9E3A17F0FD9B5" box="[293,548,1929,1951]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Williamsium parviflorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomson, 1916)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3CFFCDFD3CE3A17E17D9B5" bold="true" box="[736,828,1929,1951]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E3CFFCDFD3CE3A17E17D9B5" box="[736,828,1929,1951]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, paralectotype, sclerites: Calyx.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733E3FFFCEFF4BE33578ABD919" box="[151,1408,1821,1843]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842481/files/figure.png" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" targetBox="[154,1423,193,1779]" targetPageId="126">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3FFFCEFF4BE33578ABD919" blockId="126.[151,1408,1821,1843]" box="[151,1408,1821,1843]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3FFFCEFF4BE3357C34D919" bold="true" box="[151,287,1821,1843]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">FIGURE 96.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3FFFCEFEF9E3357FF2D919" authority="(Thomson, 1916)" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[293,729,1821,1843]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3FFFCEFEF9E3357F0FD919" box="[293,548,1821,1843]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Williamsium parviflorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomson, 1916)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3FFFCEFD3CE3357E17D919" bold="true" box="[736,828,1821,1843]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E3FFFCEFD3CE3357E17D919" box="[736,828,1821,1843]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, paralectotype, sclerites: Cortex (a. stout, warty spindle).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3FFFCEFF1BE3737852D959" blockId="126.[151,1436,1882,2015]" box="[199,1401,1882,1907]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Due to the scarcity of material, no investigation was conducted on the canal arrangement at the branch tips.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3FFFCFFF1BE3567844DF86" blockId="126.[151,1436,1882,2015]" lastBlockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="127" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3FFFCEFF1BE3567C1ED9BD" bold="true" box="[199,309,1918,1943]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Sclerites:</emphasis>
|
||
Sclerites cover the calyces and polyps. On the polyp head, straight or very slightly curved, tuberculate sticks and spindles are arranged in eight points (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3FFFCEFC9FE38A7EB3D991" box="[835,920,1954,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 92" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[187,1429,193,1558]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[166,1429,193,1572]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 92. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Decalcified cross-section of medulla; B. Polyp head (a. intermediate sclerites); C. Point sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842473/files/figure.png" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Fig. 92</figureCitation>
|
||
B, C). These sclerites are
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3FFFCEFB62E38B7849D990" box="[1214,1378,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="1.7999999999999998" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" unit="mm" value="0.28" valueMax="0.38" valueMin="0.18">0.18–0.38 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and are arranged longitudinally on the central ridge of the points, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3FFFCEFC6AE3EF7919D9F5" box="[950,1074,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">en chevron</emphasis>
|
||
to obliquely on the sides of the points. A collaret is not present. There are intermediate sclerites arranged longitudinally between the points, with clumps of up to five proximally, reducing to only one or two distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFC68E4947923DEFE" box="[948,1032,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 92" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1595,1617]" captionTargetBox="[187,1429,193,1558]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[166,1429,193,1572]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 92. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Decalcified cross-section of medulla; B. Polyp head (a. intermediate sclerites); C. Point sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842473/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 92</figureCitation>
|
||
Ba). They are similar in form to the sclerites of the points. In the distal part of the points, the longitudinally arranged sticks and spindles cease and are replaced by transversely arranged, small, lightly tuberculate, mostly flattened rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFBE4E52C79A2DF36" box="[1080,1161,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 93" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1960,1982]" captionTargetBox="[183,1410,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[172,1414,193,1931]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 93. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Tentacle with sclerites in situ; B. Tentacular rachis sclerites; C. Pinnule sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842475/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 93</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B) along the back and side of the rachis. They continue to the tip of the tentacle, decreasing in size distad, and range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3EFFCFFB26E50078B6DF15" box="[1274,1437,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="0.16" valueMax="0.21" valueMin="0.11">0.11–0.21 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length. The pinnules have numerous small, very lightly tuberculated scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFBEBE56479A5DF4E" box="[1079,1166,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 93" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1960,1982]" captionTargetBox="[183,1410,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[172,1414,193,1931]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 93. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Tentacle with sclerites in situ; B. Tentacular rachis sclerites; C. Pinnule sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842475/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 93</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Some are butterflyshaped or have a waist but most or straight with slightly crenulated edges. They are arranged transversely in the pinnules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFED9E5BC7C7DDF86" box="[261,342,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 93" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1960,1982]" captionTargetBox="[183,1410,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[172,1414,193,1931]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 93. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Tentacle with sclerites in situ; B. Tentacular rachis sclerites; C. Pinnule sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842475/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 93</figureCitation>
|
||
A), and although numerous, are not overly crowded. Their length ranges from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3EFFCFFB19E5BC7840DF86" box="[1221,1387,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.499999999999998" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="0.08499999999999999" valueMax="0.12" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.12 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3EFFCFFF1BE59F7EABDFDF" blockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
The polyps have an irregular arrangement of sclerites spread over the neck region, mostly short rods with simple tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFE81E5F47C84DFDE" box="[349,431,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 94" captionStartId="124.[151,250,1795,1817]" captionTargetBox="[168,1410,193,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@124.[164,1422,193,1774]" captionTargetPageId="124" captionText="FIGURE 94. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Neck sclerites; B. Pharynx in place; C. Pharyngeal sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842477/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Sizes range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3EFFCFFD42E5F47E6ADFDE" box="[670,833,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="0.13" valueMax="0.19" valueMin="0.07">0.07–0.19 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3EFFCFFF1BE5D7785BDCAF" blockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
The pharynx is fleshy and thick, and when contracted shows rounded, transverse ridges which are possible muscle bands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFEE3E60C7CBFDC16" box="[319,404,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 94" captionStartId="124.[151,250,1795,1817]" captionTargetBox="[168,1410,193,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@124.[164,1422,193,1774]" captionTargetPageId="124" captionText="FIGURE 94. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Neck sclerites; B. Pharynx in place; C. Pharyngeal sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842477/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Sclerites are rare or absent proximally but distally are arranged in indistinct longitudinal groups. They are short rods with few tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFD18E66F7E32DC4A" box="[708,793,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 94" captionStartId="124.[151,250,1795,1817]" captionTargetBox="[168,1410,193,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@124.[164,1422,193,1774]" captionTargetPageId="124" captionText="FIGURE 94. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype: A. Neck sclerites; B. Pharynx in place; C. Pharyngeal sclerites." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842477/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
|
||
C), similar to those in the neck, and differ slightly from those pharynx sclerites found in the other genera included herein. They are approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3EFFCFFB51E644781BDCAE" box="[1165,1328,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="0.105" valueMax="0.13" valueMin="0.08">0.08–0.13 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3EFFCFFF1BE6B8793BDD3F" blockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
On the calyces, the sclerites are arranged mostly longitudinally or slightly obliquely and are quite crowded together. They are visible as a silvery layer with individual, large sclerites discernible for most of the calyx, but at the lip they overlap so only the sclerite tips are visible. Almost all are narrow to stout spindles with simple to relatively crowded tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFE3FE6D47F1EDD3F" box="[483,565,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 95" captionStartId="125.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[158,1420,373,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@125.[151,1435,373,1908]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="FIGURE 95. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype, sclerites: Calyx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842479/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
|
||
) and they range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3EFFCFFCF1E6D47EFBDD3E" box="[813,976,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="0.19" valueMax="0.32" valueMin="0.06">0.06–0.32 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3EFFCFFF1BE7087CB4DD8F" blockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
In the cortex, the sclerites are similar to those from the calyx, that is, sticks and spindles with simple tubercles through to complex warts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFE1FE76C7F38DD77" box="[451,531,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 96" captionStartId="126.[151,250,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[154,1423,193,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@126.[151,1435,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="FIGURE 96. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype, sclerites: Cortex (a. stout, warty spindle)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842481/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
|
||
) and they are
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3EFFCFFD6CE76C7E78DD76" box="[688,851,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="0.2" valueMax="0.34" valueMin="0.06">0.06–0.34 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. There tends to be a higher percentage of warty spindles, particularly short, stout ones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFD80E74F7F99DDAA" box="[604,690,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 96" captionStartId="126.[151,250,1821,1843]" captionTargetBox="[154,1423,193,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@126.[151,1435,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="126" captionText="FIGURE 96. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype, sclerites: Cortex (a. stout, warty spindle)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842481/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
|
||
a), in the surface than in the calyx but this may be an artefact of sampling or patchiness.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3EFFCFFF1BE7877FA1DA72" blockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
The medulla contains similar warty spindles as found in the cortex, as well as simple, lightly tuberculate sticks and spindles, short, mostly smooth spindles and rare warty crosses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13092A7E3E3EFFCFFC54E7FC7EF7DDC6" box="[904,988,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 97" captionStartId="128.[151,250,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[184,1420,193,1107]" captionTargetId="figure@128.[151,1435,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="128" captionText="FIGURE 97. Williamsium parviflorum (Thomson, 1916) n. comb., paralectotype, sclerites: Medulla." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842483/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Fig. 97</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tuberculate sticks and spindles are easily damaged or broken during the sampling process so maximum length is an underestimate, but they appear to be
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3EFFCFFF60E0347C7FDA1E" box="[188,340,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="0.255" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.11">0.11–0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. The warty spindles are relatively consistent in length (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3EFFCFFBC2E03479ECDA1E" box="[1054,1223,1052,1077]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.7999999999999998" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="0.215" valueMax="0.25" valueMin="0.18">0.18–0.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
) while the mostly smooth spindles are only
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA9B1E3E3EFFCFFE69E0177F61DA7D" box="[437,586,1087,1112]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="0.08" valueMax="0.1" valueMin="0.06">0.06–0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3EFFCFFF1BE04C7918DA57" blockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1075,1124,1149]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">All sclerites are universally transparent and colourless under transmitted light.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E3EFFCFFF1BE0AF7CF7DB26" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3EFFCFFF1BE0AF7E6DDACD" blockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFF1BE0AF7C49DA8A" bold="true" box="[199,354,1159,1184]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
This species has rarely been reported and it is assumed it is restricted to the waters around
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325766B3E3EFFCFFA87E0AF7DF4DAEF" name="South Africa" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E3EFFCFFF32E0847C83DAEF" author="Williams" box="[238,424,1196,1221]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" refString="Williams, G. C. (1992 b) Biogeography of the octocorallian coelenterate fauna of southern Africa. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 46 (4), 351 - 401. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1992. tb 00869. x" type="journal article" year="1992" yearSuffix="b">Williams 1992b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considering the report by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E3EFFCFFD38E0847E83DAEE" author="Williams" box="[740,936,1196,1221]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" refString="Williams, G. C. (1992 a) The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Gorgonian Octocorals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Annals of the South African Museum, 101 (8), 181 - 296." type="journal article" year="1992" yearSuffix="a">Williams (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on four full colonies in one trawl in an area outside the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E3EFFCFFEC4E0F87C63DAC2" box="[280,328,1232,1256]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, the species may be locally common.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3EFFCFFF1BE0DC7CF7DB26" blockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,476,1268,1293]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFF1BE0DC7C32DB27" bold="true" box="[199,281,1268,1293]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Depth:</emphasis>
|
||
180–500 metres.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32865703E3EFF30FF1BE13F783EDB32" lastPageId="128" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3EFFCFFF1BE13F7F75D8B2" blockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFF1BE13F7C16DB1A" bold="true" box="[199,317,1303,1328]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
This species was originally placed in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFCA0E13F7EDCDB1A" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[892,1015,1303,1328]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFCA0E13F7EDCDB1A" box="[892,1015,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Thomson on the then justifiable grounds of a similar scleraxonian medulla and mostly comparable polyp and sclerite form. Based on the redefinition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFEF4E1777C88DB52" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[296,419,1375,1400]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFEF4E1777C88DB52" box="[296,419,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
herein, this species can no longer be considered an example of the genus due to the distinct differences in the sclerites of the tentacles and pinnules and in the colony form.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFBD0E1AC79ACDBB7" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[1036,1159,1412,1437]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFBD0E1AC79ACDBB7" box="[1036,1159,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have tuberculate sticks and spindles arranged longitudinally along the rachis of the tentacle, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFB91E18179D2DBEA" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1101,1273,1447,1472]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFB91E18179D2DBEA" box="[1101,1273,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">W. parviflorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E3EFFCFFADFE18F7846DBEA" box="[1283,1389,1447,1472]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFADFE18F7846DBEA" bold="true" box="[1283,1389,1447,1472]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">n. comb.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has short, flat rods arranged transversely along the tentacle. Similarly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFC52E1E47922DBCF" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[910,1033,1484,1509]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFC52E1E47922DBCF" box="[910,1033,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have long, narrow-handled spatulate clubs crowded longitudinally in the pinnules where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFC84E1D97928D822" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[856,1027,1519,1544]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFC84E1D97928D822" box="[856,1027,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">W. parviflorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923E3EFFCFFBD0E1C7795ED822" box="[1036,1141,1519,1544]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFBD0E1C7795ED822" bold="true" box="[1036,1141,1519,1544]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">n. comb.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has short scales arranged transversely. Differences in colony form are also noteworthy—specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFBD7E23C79ADD807" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[1035,1158,1556,1581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFBD7E23C79ADD807" box="[1035,1158,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Anthothela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have no single trunk or main stem, having instead a tangled, anastomosing colony form with little consistent structure and crowded polyps, while specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFEA3E2757F01D85F" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[383,554,1628,1653]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFEA3E2757F01D85F" box="[383,554,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">W. parviflorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have single trunks with no noted examples of anastomoses and only sparse branching and relatively isolated polyps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3E3EFFCFFF1BE28D7FCDD9F7" blockId="127.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
|
||
In his discussion comparing his new species with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFD20E28C79E7D897" authority=", Thomson (1916)" authorityName=", Thomson" authorityYear="1916" box="[764,1228,1700,1725]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFD20E28C792CD897" box="[764,1031,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Anthothela grandiflora,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E3EFFCFFBD3E28C79E7D897" author="Thomson" box="[1039,1228,1700,1725]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" refString="Thomson, J. S. (1916) South African Gorgonacea. Manchester Memoirs, 61 (1), 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1916">Thomson (1916)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mentioned that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFA58E28C7C22D8CA" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1916" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFA58E28C7C22D8CA" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">A. parviflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has “long, thin spindles or rods with few processes” in the tentacles and that these are similar to those found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783E3EFFCFFEDBE2C47C86D92F" authorityName=", Thomson" authorityYear="1916" box="[263,429,1772,1797]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Anthothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93E3EFFCFFEDBE2C47C86D92F" box="[263,429,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">A. grandiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“but apparently in some cases at least are much longer”. This description does not correspond to the short, flat transverse rods found in the tentacles in this study. In his re-description of the species where the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E3EFFCFFED1E31C7C5FD967" box="[269,372,1844,1869]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was designated,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B0A3E3EFFCFFDEAE31C7FD1D966" author="Williams" box="[566,762,1844,1869]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" refString="Williams, G. C. (1992 a) The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Gorgonian Octocorals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Annals of the South African Museum, 101 (8), 181 - 296." type="journal article" year="1992" yearSuffix="a">Williams (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does not document the placement of sclerites on the polyp, mentioning only that there are “numerous needle-like spindles or a few stout rods”. Just before publication there was an opportunity to examine the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E3EFFCFFDFCE3547FADD9BF" box="[544,646,1916,1941]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(South African Museum) and there was good congruence between the fragment examined and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548988593E3EFFCFFE01E3887F5FD993" box="[477,628,1952,1977]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
described and figured here. Thus it appears likely that Thomson was erroneously referring to the sclerites from the points.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4D66733EC1FF30FF4BE05C79B1DAA0" box="[151,1178,1140,1162]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/842483/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" targetBox="[184,1420,193,1107]" targetPageId="128">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3EC1FF30FF4BE05C79B1DAA0" blockId="128.[151,1178,1140,1162]" box="[151,1178,1140,1162]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93EC1FF30FF4BE05C7C0BDAA0" bold="true" box="[151,288,1140,1162]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">FIGURE 97.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783EC1FF30FEF9E05C7FF2DAA0" authority="(Thomson, 1916)" authorityName="Moore & Alderslade & Miller" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[293,729,1140,1162]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Williamsium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parviflorum" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93EC1FF30FEF9E05C7F0FDAA0" box="[293,548,1140,1162]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Williamsium parviflorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomson, 1916)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B946EAE93EC1FF30FD3CE05C7E17DAA0" bold="true" box="[736,828,1140,1162]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27557923EC1FF30FD3CE05C7E17DAA0" box="[736,828,1140,1162]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, paralectotype, sclerites: Medulla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8D36FB3EC1FF30FF1BE09F783EDB32" blockId="128.[151,1436,1207,1304]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
|
||
The combination of a sparsely branching, arborescent colony with no coelenteric canals in the central medulla, widely dispersed, tall calyces, short, flat, transverse rods and scales in the tentacles and a predominance of broad, warty spindles in the calyx distinguishes this colony from all other genera in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C324D783EC1FF30FBB3E0D77839DB32" authorityName="Broch" authorityYear="1916" box="[1135,1298,1279,1304]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Anthothelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |