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<document id="27D90504476EA6B3F96565F3016702FF" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4147.3.4" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4147.3.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ac3c5d5f-6ec9-4364-b9e3-c234b73386a8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="263154" ID-ZooBank="BD34D436-7AB1-49F5-AD35-76D91AF3AEEB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1470294110980" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Silva-Moreira, Thiago Da &amp; Machado, Miguel" docDate="2016" docId="039B87E6FFC697557EF3FC89D63BFADD" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4147.3.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4147 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Epicadus Simon 1895" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="284" masterDocId="FFA2FF9EFFC497567E64FFB5D221FFBD" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the crab spider genus Epicadus Simon, 1895 (Arachnida: Araneae: Thomisidae) with notes on related genera of Stephanopinae Simon, 1895" masterLastPageNumber="310" masterPageNumber="281" pageNumber="283" updateTime="1698366889496" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="BAA1EA8CC5FFCAC488B3ED9EA7AACB3A">Taxonomic revision of the crab spider genus Epicadus Simon, 1895 (Arachnida: Araneae: Thomisidae) with notes on related genera of Stephanopinae Simon, 1895</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="84B0ED1785AEF77EAE2BA9596F831324">Machado, Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="156F9C2370F8A2A36ADE7F849F470FCE">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039B87E6FFC697557EF3FC89D63BFADD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6057215" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123514172" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6057215" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B87E6FFC697557EF3FC89D63BFADD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039B87E6FFC697557EF3FC89D63BFADD" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="284" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">
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<heading id="D0C5819CFFC697547EF3FC89D389FCEB" bold="true" box="[151,424,828,854]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547EF3FC89D389FCEB" ID-CoL="4CWX" ID-ENA="635249" authority="Simon, 1895" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,424,828,854]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547EF3FC89D389FCEB" bold="true" box="[151,424,828,854]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547EF3FC89D326FCEB" bold="true" box="[151,263,828,854]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Epicadus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547F6AFC89D389FCEB" author="Simon" box="[270,424,828,854]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973" type="book" year="1895">Simon, 1895</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547EF3FC37D3F2FC25" ID-CoL="4CWX" authority="Simon, 1895: 1052" authorityName="Simon" authorityPageNumber="1052" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,467,898,920]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547EF3FC37D2D4FC25" box="[151,245,898,920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Epicadus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310E1FFC697547F66FC37D3F2FC25" author="Simon" box="[258,467,898,920]" page="1052" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" year="1895">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547F66FC37D3AEFC25" author="Simon" box="[258,399,898,920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 1084 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51973" type="book" year="1895">Simon, 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 1052
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547C8EFC36D1DBFC25" ID-CoL="8KWVP" authority="Walckenaer, 1833" authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1833" box="[746,1018,898,920]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Eripus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547C8EFC36D10FFC25" box="[746,814,899,920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Eripus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547D58FC37D1DBFC25" author="Walckenaer" box="[828,1018,898,920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Walckenaer, C. A. (1833) Memoire sur une nouvelle classification des araneides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 2, 414 - 446." type="journal article" year="1833">Walckenaer, 1833</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, preoccupied by
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547AD8FC36D7BDFC25" ID-CoL="8KWVP" authority="Dejean, 1829" authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1829" box="[1212,1436,898,920]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Eripus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547AD8FC36D721FC25" box="[1212,1280,899,920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Eripus</emphasis>
Dejean, 1829
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547EA8FC14D363FC0A" ID-CoL="C2L" box="[204,322,929,951]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547F2FFC14D398FC0A" ID-CoL="8KTL7" box="[331,441,929,951]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Carabidae</taxonomicName>
]).
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310E1FFC697547FABFC14D0EBFC0A" author="Petrunkevitch" box="[463,714,929,951]" page="161" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" year="1928">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547FABFC14D0B9FC0A" author="Petrunkevitch" box="[463,664,929,951]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Petrunkevitch, A. (1928) Systema Aranearum. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 29, 1 - 270." type="journal article" year="1928">Petrunkevitch 1928</bibRefCitation>
: 161
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310E1FFC697547CB1FC14D19CFC0A" author="Mello-Leitao" box="[725,957,929,951]" page="93" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" year="1929">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547CB1FC14D1B6FC0A" author="Mello-Leitao" box="[725,919,929,951]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1929) Aphantochilidas e Thomisidas do Brasil. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 360 pp." type="book" year="1929">Mello-Leitão 1929</bibRefCitation>
: 93
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310E1FFC697547DACFC17D6A4FC0A" author="Roewer" box="[968,1157,929,951]" page="755" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" year="1954">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547DACFC17D673FC0A" author="Roewer" box="[968,1106,929,951]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Roewer, C. F. (1954) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. Natura, Bremen, 1751 pp." type="book" year="1954">Roewer 1954</bibRefCitation>
: 755
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A9310E1FFC697547AF4FC14D772FC0A" author="Brignoli" box="[1168,1363,929,951]" page="604" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547AF4FC14D701FC0A" author="Brignoli" box="[1168,1312,929,951]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Brignoli, P. M. (1983) Catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981, Manchester University Press in association with the British Arachnological Society, Manchester, UK, 755 pp." type="book" year="1983">Brignoli 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 604
</treatmentCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547B39FC14D3BBFC6B" author="World" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="World Spider Catalog (2016) World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern. Available from: http: // wsc. nmbe. ch (accessed 1 Nov. 2015) [version 16.5]" type="journal article" year="2016">World Spider Catalog 2016</bibRefCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328657BFFC697547EF3FBB7D125FBDE" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8D36F0FFC697547EF3FBB7D1CEFBA6" blockId="2.[151,1437,1026,2025]" box="[151,1007,1026,1051]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547EF3FBB7D313FBA6" bold="true" box="[151,306,1026,1051]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Type species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547F5DFBB7D16CFBA6" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1829" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1829" box="[313,845,1026,1051]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Thomisus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547F5DFBB7D019FBA6" box="[313,568,1026,1051]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Thomisus heterogaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547C5BFBB7D16CFBA6" author="Guerin-Meneville" box="[575,845,1026,1051]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1829) Iconographie du regne animal de Cuvier, ou representation d'apres nature de l'une des especes les plus remarquables et souvent non encore figurees de chaque genre d'animaux. J. B. Bailliere, Paris 2, pl. 1, 2." type="journal article" year="1829">Guérin-Méneville, 1829</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8D36F0FFC697547EA3FB93D125FBDE" blockId="2.[151,1437,1026,2025]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547EA3FB93D346FB82" bold="true" box="[199,359,1062,1087]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Composition.</emphasis>
Three species:
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547C42FB93D67FFB82" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1829" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1829" box="[550,1118,1062,1087]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547C42FB93D109FB82" box="[550,808,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Epicadus heterogaster</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547D58FB93D677FB82" author="Guerin-Meneville" box="[828,1110,1062,1087]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1829) Iconographie du regne animal de Cuvier, ou representation d'apres nature de l'une des especes les plus remarquables et souvent non encore figurees de chaque genre d'animaux. J. B. Bailliere, Paris 2, pl. 1, 2." type="journal article" year="1829">Guérin-Méneville, 1829</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547A0BFB93D762FB82" box="[1135,1347,1062,1087]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547A0BFB93D762FB82" box="[1135,1347,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Epicadus rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mello-
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547EF3FBFFD305FBDE" author="Leitao" box="[151,292,1098,1123]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1924) Algumas aranhas novas do Brasil. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 1, 275 - 281." type="journal article" year="1924">Leitão, 1924</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547F3FFBFFD121FBDE" authority="Mello-Leitao, 1932" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1932" box="[347,768,1098,1123]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547F3FFBFFD034FBDE" box="[347,533,1098,1123]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Epicadus planus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC697547C47FBFFD121FBDE" author="Mello-Leitao" box="[547,768,1098,1123]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" refString="Mello-Leitao, C. F. (1932) Pequenas notas arachnologicas. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 8, 67 - 75." type="journal article" year="1932">Mello-Leitão, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328657BFFC697547EA3FBDBD2C1FAAA" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8D36F0FFC697547EA3FBDBD2C1FAAA" blockId="2.[151,1437,1026,2025]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547EA3FBDBD36FFB3A" bold="true" box="[199,334,1134,1159]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Etymology.</emphasis>
No etymological explanation was provided in the original description by Simon. Maybe “
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547EC5FB27D32DFB16" box="[161,268,1170,1195]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicadus</taxonomicName>
” refers to Cornelius
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547C6EFB27D055FB16" box="[522,628,1170,1195]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicadus</taxonomicName>
, servant and biographer of the roman general and statesman Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix.
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547FFDFB03D021FB72" box="[409,512,1206,1231]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicadus</taxonomicName>
is a masculine anthroponomy from the Southern Illyria (the Roman Dacia). In a similar way, another anthroponomy of the same origin, “
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547D79FB6FD156FB4E" box="[797,887,1242,1267]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epidius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epidius</taxonomicName>
” was used by Thorell to name another thomisid genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328657BFFC697547EA3FA97D12FF9AE" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8D36F0FFC697547EA3FA97D12FF9AE" blockId="2.[151,1437,1026,2025]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547EA3FA97D360FA86" bold="true" box="[199,321,1314,1339]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547F2DFA97D390FA86" box="[329,433,1314,1339]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547F2DFA97D390FA86" box="[329,433,1314,1339]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Epicadus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are distinct from all other Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547DA3FA97D66AFA86" box="[967,1099,1314,1339]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thomisidae</taxonomicName>
by having a set of robust and conical opisthosoma projections (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547C71FAF3D07CFAE2" box="[533,605,1350,1375]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[163,1430,201,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 06247). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic region, frontal view; E femur I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C); 1 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Figs 2</figureCitation>
A, 7C, 11C) and a median spire (MS) on the fovea region (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547B6DFAF3D772FAE2" box="[1289,1363,1350,1375]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[163,1430,201,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 06247). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic region, frontal view; E femur I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C); 1 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Figs 2</figureCitation>
B, 7B, 11B) associated with a white spot. The epigynal plate is glabrous, with a incomplete posterior septum and lower edges, and copulatory orifices sclerotized and located on a C-shaped structure (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547A50FA3BD65DFA1A" box="[1076,1148,1422,1447]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1824,1846]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,410,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,409,1803]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 08491). A – D epigynum / vulva (A ventral – arrows point the atrium, B dorsal – arrows points tto FD, C sagittal, D frontal—arrow points to FD (left one broken )); E metatarsus I, retrolateral view. Arrows point to bifid setae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, E); 0.2 mm (B – D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263157/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Figs 3</figureCitation>
A; 8A; 12E). Copulatory ducts S-shaped, with CV about 2–3 times wider that the width of the remaining duct (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547A33FA07D68AFA76" box="[1111,1195,1458,1483]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1596,1618]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,418,1566]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[150,1436,409,1574]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 15. Comparison between Epicadus species. A – C E. heterogaster (AMNH 41, MCTP 1772); D – F E. planus (MCTP 34653, MPEG 22672); G – I E. rubripes (MCTP 33693, MCTP 21868, MCTP 2855). A, D and G vulva, dorsal; B, E and H epigynum, ventral; C, F and I male palp, retrolateral. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A), 0.15 (G), 0.2 mm (B, C, D, E, I), 0.25 mm (F, H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263169/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Figs 15</figureCitation>
A, D, G). Males have a scaly opisthosoma, palp with an elongated and concave RTA sharing its basis with the DTA, whereas DTA is short, acute and curved at the edge (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547C4EFA4FD051F9AE" box="[554,624,1530,1555]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[181,1397,407,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[171,1407,405,1941]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Male (MZSP 07721). A – E Male pedipalp (A dorsal, B ventral, C, E retrolateral, D prolateral). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A – C); 0.5 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263159/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Figs 5</figureCitation>
E, 10D, 14D).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328657BFFC697557EA3F9ABD044FB07" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="284" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8D36F0FFC697557EA3F9ABD3E4FE8B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1026,2025]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,1376]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="284" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547EA3F9ABD378F98A" bold="true" box="[199,345,1566,1591]" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Description.</emphasis>
Medium sized spiders, with very marked sexual size dimorphism (total length
<quantity id="4CCA9B15FFC697547B6EF9ABD7BDF98A" box="[1290,1436,1566,1591]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.874" metricValueMax="9.398" metricValueMin="6.35" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" unit="in" value="3.1" valueMax="3.7" valueMin="2.5">2.50–3.70 in</quantity>
males,
<quantity id="4CCA9B15FFC697547E8DF98AD36FF9E5" box="[233,334,1599,1624]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.175" metricValueMax="3.81" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" unit="in" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 in</quantity>
females). Prosoma as long as wide and higher in the posterior half. Prosoma glabrous, covered with small, colorless granules anteriorly and larger ones in posterior half, along the radial furrows (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547B56F9D4D75BF9C7" box="[1330,1402,1633,1658]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1236,1258]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,197,1210]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[150,1436,193,1214]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924. Female (IBSP 5279). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral);. D cephalic region, frontal view; E leg I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C, E), 1 mm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263161/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B). Prosoma with a distinct median guanine spot, white in
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547D6EF931D199F926" box="[778,952,1666,1691]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547D6EF931D199F926" box="[778,952,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E. heterogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547D94F931D648F926" box="[1008,1129,1666,1691]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547D94F931D648F926" box="[1008,1129,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or instead a median black stripe or row of black granules (
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547C67F910D04FF900" box="[515,622,1700,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547C67F910D04FF900" box="[515,622,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E. planus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547CE2F911D0EEF901" box="[646,719,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[163,1430,201,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 06247). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic region, frontal view; E femur I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C); 1 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Figs 2</figureCitation>
A; 7C; 11C). The female fovea area shows a distinctive median spire, (MS), covered with granules. MS may be discrete (
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547D4EF973D1BDF963" box="[810,924,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547D4EF973D1B8F963" box="[810,921,1733,1758]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">E. planus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547DC1F970D1D4F963" box="[933,1013,1733,1758]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,868,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[150,1436,863,1963]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Epicadus planus Mello-Leitão, 1932 (holotype of E. nigronotatus, MNRJ 58252). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic, region frontal view; E opisthosoma, caudal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C), 1 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263165/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
B) or pronounced (
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547AB5F973D2D7F942" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547AB5F973D75FF963" box="[1233,1406,1733,1758]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">E. heterogaster</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547BEFF973D2D7F942" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">E rubripes</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547F60F953D36BF942" box="[260,330,1766,1791]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[163,1430,201,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 06247). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic region, frontal view; E femur I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C); 1 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Figs 2</figureCitation>
B; 7B). Eyes subequal, arranged in a 4–4 disposition. Eye mound with vertical conical projections, pronounced in
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547F5BF8BCD3CFF89D" box="[319,494,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547F5BF8BCD3CBF89D" box="[319,490,1799,1824]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">E. heterogaster</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
discrete in
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547C15F8BCD0CEF89D" box="[625,751,1799,1824]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547C15F8BCD0CEF89D" box="[625,751,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547DF5F8BCD1DAF89D" box="[913,1019,1799,1824]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547DF5F8BCD1DAF89D" box="[913,1019,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E. planus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547A6DF8B2D671F89D" box="[1033,1104,1799,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1174,1196]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,198,1146]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1435,193,1152]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (AMNH 41). A cephalic ocular spiniform projections; B metatarsus I, dorsal view, the box refers to the area depicted in C – E; C and D SPt area, thick arrows shows duster-shaped setae and thinner arrows shows trichobothria; E duster-shaped seta. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C, D); 1 mm (B); 0.01 mm (E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263160/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Figs 6</figureCitation>
A; 7D; 11D). Chelicerae with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth; promargin hirsute, with fang basis bearing long and delicate setae. Endites elongated, rounded on the edge, with scarce promarginal scopula. Labium short, truncated, not passing the half of the endites, Sternum oval with concave anterior border. Opisthosoma with distinctive conical abdominal projections distributed as follows: two anterior (absent in males of
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547DF1F83BD634F81B" box="[917,1045,1933,1958]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547DF1F83BD634F81B" box="[917,1045,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547A2BF83BD69AF81B" box="[1103,1211,1933,1958]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547A2BF83BD69AF81B" box="[1103,1211,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E. planus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), two upper lateral, two lower lateral (subtle on males of
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547C50F81AD090F87A" box="[564,689,1966,1991]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547C50F81AD090F87A" box="[564,689,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547C83F81AD171F87A" box="[743,848,1966,1991]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547C83F81AD171F87A" box="[743,848,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E. planus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and one median posterior. Opisthosoma projections can be directed vertically (
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547FBDF864D0ABF854" box="[473,650,2000,2025]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547FBDF864D0ABF854" box="[473,650,2000,2025]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E. heterogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547CF9F865D0C7F855" box="[669,742,2000,2025]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[163,1430,201,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 06247). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic region, frontal view; E femur I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C); 1 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263156/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B; median posterior projection in
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC697547A18F864D720F854" box="[1148,1281,2000,2025]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC697547A18F864D720F854" box="[1148,1281,2000,2025]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">E. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC697547B70F865D77AF855" box="[1300,1371,2000,2025]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1236,1258]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,197,1210]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[150,1436,193,1214]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924. Female (IBSP 5279). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral);. D cephalic region, frontal view; E leg I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C, E), 1 mm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263161/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="283">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B) or horizontally (anterior and lateral projections
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557CCCFF2CD16FFF0D" box="[680,846,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
in
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557CAFFF2CD16FFF0D" box="[715,846,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">E. rubripes</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557D06FF22D18BFF12" box="[866,938,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1236,1258]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,197,1210]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[150,1436,193,1214]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924. Female (IBSP 5279). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral);. D cephalic region, frontal view; E leg I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C, E), 1 mm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263161/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B; and
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557A61FF2CD654FF0D" box="[1029,1141,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557A61FF2CD654FF0D" box="[1029,1141,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">E. planus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557AF5FF22D6FFFF0D" box="[1169,1246,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,868,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[150,1436,863,1963]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Epicadus planus Mello-Leitão, 1932 (holotype of E. nigronotatus, MNRJ 58252). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic, region frontal view; E opisthosoma, caudal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C), 1 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263165/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig 11</figureCitation>
B). The anterior projections might be distinctive, conical (
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557C17FF0FD101FF6F" box="[627,800,185,210]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557C17FF0FD101FF6F" box="[627,800,185,210]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">E. heterogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557D54FF0CD154FF6C" box="[816,885,185,210]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,187,961]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,183,965]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Male (MZSP 07721). A cephalic region, frontal view; B, D – E habitus (B lateral, D dorsal, E ventral); C opisthosoma, caudal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A), 0.5 mm (C); 1 mm (B, D, E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263158/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C) or subtle, like an invagination of the anterior margin of the opisthosoma, slightly flattened dorsoventrally (
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557D18FF69D623FF4E" box="[892,1026,218,243]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557D18FF69D623FF4E" box="[892,1026,218,243]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">E. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557A7DFF69D6AAFF4E" box="[1049,1163,218,243]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557A7DFF69D6AAFF4E" box="[1049,1163,218,243]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">E. planus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557AC4FF6FD6CCFF4E" box="[1184,1261,218,243]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1236,1258]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,197,1210]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[150,1436,193,1214]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924. Female (IBSP 5279). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral);. D cephalic region, frontal view; E leg I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C, E), 1 mm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263161/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 7</figureCitation>
C, 11C). Male opisthosoma covered with small sclerites, darker than the overall opisthosoma color. Spinnerets surrounded by a sclerotized ring (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557F30FEA8D385FE8B" box="[340,420,285,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1437,1459]" captionTargetBox="[156,1415,313,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[150,1436,303,1415]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. Epicadus planus Mello-Leitão, 1932. Male (MNRJ 11479). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic region, frontal view; E opisthosoma, caudal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A – D), 0.4 mm (E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263167/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8D36F0FFC797557EA3FE8BD396FC33" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1376]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
Anterior legs laterigrade and superposed (leg I laying over leg II when spider in resting position,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557A9BFE8BD71EFEEA" box="[1279,1343,318,343]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1178,1200]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,202,1146]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,193,1156]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Epicadus species, color variation. A – C E. heterogaster; D – F E. rubripes; G – I E. planus. Photo credits (and localities): A Maxwel Rocha (Unknown locality); B Carlos Viquez (Costa Rica); C Anonymous (Amazônia, Brazil); D – F, Almir Cândido de Almeida (Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo, Brazil); G Arthur Anker (Peru); H Enio Branco (Aracoiaba da Serra, São Paulo, Brazil); I Projeto Dacnis team (Alex Mariano and Edelcio Muscat) (Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263155/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); leg III anteriorly oriented and leg IV posteriorly oriented. Anterior legs distinctively larger and stouter than the posterior ones. Femora I and II armed with two rows of ventral conical tubercles (FeT,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557A53FE34D6A3FE24" box="[1079,1154,385,410]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[163,1430,201,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 06247). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic region, frontal view; E femur I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C); 1 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263156/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 2</figureCitation>
E, 7E), patellae I and II elongated. Tibiae and metatarsi I and II round in cross-section, armed with short, slightly curved macrosetae, with rounded base and acute edge (sometimes bifid,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557CD0FE71D0D7FE61" box="[692,758,452,477]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1824,1846]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,410,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,409,1803]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 08491). A – D epigynum / vulva (A ventral – arrows point the atrium, B dorsal – arrows points tto FD, C sagittal, D frontal—arrow points to FD (left one broken )); E metatarsus I, retrolateral view. Arrows point to bifid setae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, E); 0.2 mm (B – D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263157/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E). Metatarsi III and IV round in cross-section with distinct setae tuff on the distal third. Anterior tibiae with a concave area on the dorso-retrolateral face (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557AB7FE50D739FE43" box="[1235,1304,485,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1174,1196]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,198,1146]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1435,193,1152]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (AMNH 41). A cephalic ocular spiniform projections; B metatarsus I, dorsal view, the box refers to the area depicted in C – E; C and D SPt area, thick arrows shows duster-shaped setae and thinner arrows shows trichobothria; E duster-shaped seta. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C, D); 1 mm (B); 0.01 mm (E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263160/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B), where a sensorial pit can be found (SPt,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557C68FDB3D074FDA2" box="[524,597,518,543]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1174,1196]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,198,1146]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1435,193,1152]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (AMNH 41). A cephalic ocular spiniform projections; B metatarsus I, dorsal view, the box refers to the area depicted in C – E; C and D SPt area, thick arrows shows duster-shaped setae and thinner arrows shows trichobothria; E duster-shaped seta. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C, D); 1 mm (B); 0.01 mm (E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263160/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 6</figureCitation>
C, D) in the proximal part. The same region contains both duster-shaped setae (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557E87FD92D30BFDFD" box="[227,298,551,576]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1174,1196]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,198,1146]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1435,193,1152]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (AMNH 41). A cephalic ocular spiniform projections; B metatarsus I, dorsal view, the box refers to the area depicted in C – E; C and D SPt area, thick arrows shows duster-shaped setae and thinner arrows shows trichobothria; E duster-shaped seta. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C, D); 1 mm (B); 0.01 mm (E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263160/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E) and trichobothria (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557C43FD92D055FDFD" box="[551,628,551,576]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1174,1196]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,198,1146]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1435,193,1152]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (AMNH 41). A cephalic ocular spiniform projections; B metatarsus I, dorsal view, the box refers to the area depicted in C – E; C and D SPt area, thick arrows shows duster-shaped setae and thinner arrows shows trichobothria; E duster-shaped seta. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C, D); 1 mm (B); 0.01 mm (E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263160/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 6</figureCitation>
C, D). Tarsi I and II of similar size as metatarsi, wider near joint to metatarsi. Tarsi III and IV small and rounded in cross-section, forming an acute angle with the metatarsi, with a dense field of setae along its extension. Leg formula I-II-IV-III. Palp with spatulated setae and a tarsal claw. Epigynum with a discrete, colorless incomplete median septum and lowered median area (better seen on SEM,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557B08FD39D295FD7B" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1596,1618]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,418,1566]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[150,1436,409,1574]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 15. Comparison between Epicadus species. A – C E. heterogaster (AMNH 41, MCTP 1772); D – F E. planus (MCTP 34653, MPEG 22672); G – I E. rubripes (MCTP 33693, MCTP 21868, MCTP 2855). A, D and G vulva, dorsal; B, E and H epigynum, ventral; C, F and I male palp, retrolateral. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A), 0.15 (G), 0.2 mm (B, C, D, E, I), 0.25 mm (F, H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263169/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 15</figureCitation>
B, E, H). Epigynal plate at the same level as the opisthosoma (
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557D1DFD1BD604FD7B" box="[889,1061,685,710]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterogaster">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557D1DFD1BD604FD7B" box="[889,1061,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">E. heterogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557A50FD1BD692FD7B" box="[1076,1203,685,710]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557A50FD1BD692FD7B" box="[1076,1203,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">E. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or slightly elevated (
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557EC4FD7AD32DFD5A" box="[160,268,718,743]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557EC4FD7AD32DFD5A" box="[160,268,718,743]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">E. planus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Copulatory openings sclerotized (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557CC6FD7BD0CBFD5A" box="[674,746,718,743]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1824,1846]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,410,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,409,1803]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 08491). A – D epigynum / vulva (A ventral – arrows point the atrium, B dorsal – arrows points tto FD, C sagittal, D frontal—arrow points to FD (left one broken )); E metatarsus I, retrolateral view. Arrows point to bifid setae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, E); 0.2 mm (B – D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263157/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 3</figureCitation>
A, 8A, 12A); vestibular edges sclerotized, forming a smooth and rounded atrium (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557FE7FD5AD3F8FCB5" box="[387,473,751,776]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1596,1618]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,418,1566]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[150,1436,409,1574]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 15. Comparison between Epicadus species. A – C E. heterogaster (AMNH 41, MCTP 1772); D – F E. planus (MCTP 34653, MPEG 22672); G – I E. rubripes (MCTP 33693, MCTP 21868, MCTP 2855). A, D and G vulva, dorsal; B, E and H epigynum, ventral; C, F and I male palp, retrolateral. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A), 0.15 (G), 0.2 mm (B, C, D, E, I), 0.25 mm (F, H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263169/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 15</figureCitation>
B, E, H). Copulatory ducts long, S-shaped (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557DA0FD5AD627FCB5" box="[964,1030,751,776]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1824,1846]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,410,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,409,1803]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 08491). A – D epigynum / vulva (A ventral – arrows point the atrium, B dorsal – arrows points tto FD, C sagittal, D frontal—arrow points to FD (left one broken )); E metatarsus I, retrolateral view. Arrows point to bifid setae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, E); 0.2 mm (B – D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263157/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C) with upper (anterior) curve (CV) enlarged, similar to a secondary spermatheca (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC797557CACFCA4D148FC97" author="Bonaldo" box="[712,873,785,810]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" refString="Bonaldo, A. B. (2000) Taxonomia da subfamilia Corinninae (Araneae, Corinnidae) nas regioes Neotropical e Neartica. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 89, 1 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212000000200001" type="journal article" year="2000">Bonaldo 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC797557D11FCA4D67DFC97" author="Machado" box="[885,1116,785,810]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" refString="Machado, M., Teixeira, R. A. &amp; Lise, A. A. (2015) Taxonomic notes on the crab spider genus Tobias Simon, 1895 (Araneae, Thomisidae, Stephanopinae). Zootaxa, 4034 (3), 565 - 576. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4034.3.8" type="journal article" year="2015">
Machado
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557D80FCA7D63DFC97" box="[996,1052,785,810]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
) at the distal part (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557B48FCA4D7A1FC97" box="[1324,1408,785,810]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1596,1618]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,418,1566]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[150,1436,409,1574]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 15. Comparison between Epicadus species. A – C E. heterogaster (AMNH 41, MCTP 1772); D – F E. planus (MCTP 34653, MPEG 22672); G – I E. rubripes (MCTP 33693, MCTP 21868, MCTP 2855). A, D and G vulva, dorsal; B, E and H epigynum, ventral; C, F and I male palp, retrolateral. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A), 0.15 (G), 0.2 mm (B, C, D, E, I), 0.25 mm (F, H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263169/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 15</figureCitation>
A, D, G) and getting narrower near the copulatory openings and distant from the spermatheca. Spermathecae rounded or bean-shaped. Fertilization ducts long and thin, oriented dorsally near the spermatheca and turning retrolaterally (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557EFBFCC0D2C2FC33" box="[159,227,885,910]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1824,1846]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,410,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,409,1803]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 08491). A – D epigynum / vulva (A ventral – arrows point the atrium, B dorsal – arrows points tto FD, C sagittal, D frontal—arrow points to FD (left one broken )); E metatarsus I, retrolateral view. Arrows point to bifid setae. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, E); 0.2 mm (B – D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263157/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 3</figureCitation>
C–D, 8B–C, 12B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8D36F0FFC797557EA3FC23D659FBAE" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1376]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
Male palp with tibia robust, wider than long, usually bearing colorless setae. Cymbium pyriform and hirsute. Tegulum discoid, without apophyses (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557C01FC02D095FC6D" box="[613,692,951,976]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[181,1397,407,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[171,1407,405,1941]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Male (MZSP 07721). A – E Male pedipalp (A dorsal, B ventral, C, E retrolateral, D prolateral). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A – C); 0.5 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263159/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 5</figureCitation>
B, 10E, 14E); RTA canoe-shaped, with the concavity facing retrolaterally (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557F52FC6CD35DFC4F" box="[310,380,985,1010]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[181,1397,407,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[171,1407,405,1941]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Male (MZSP 07721). A – E Male pedipalp (A dorsal, B ventral, C, E retrolateral, D prolateral). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A – C); 0.5 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263159/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 5</figureCitation>
E, 10D, 14D); smaller edge curved to the inner side of concavity. DTA short, acute, curved and sharing the same basis with RTA (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557C71FC4FD04BFBAE" box="[533,618,1018,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1596,1618]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,418,1566]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[150,1436,409,1574]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 15. Comparison between Epicadus species. A – C E. heterogaster (AMNH 41, MCTP 1772); D – F E. planus (MCTP 34653, MPEG 22672); G – I E. rubripes (MCTP 33693, MCTP 21868, MCTP 2855). A, D and G vulva, dorsal; B, E and H epigynum, ventral; C, F and I male palp, retrolateral. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A), 0.15 (G), 0.2 mm (B, C, D, E, I), 0.25 mm (F, H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263169/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 15</figureCitation>
C, F, I). Embolus filiform (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557DF3FC4FD1FCFBAE" box="[919,989,1018,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1967,1989]" captionTargetBox="[181,1397,407,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[171,1407,405,1941]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Male (MZSP 07721). A – E Male pedipalp (A dorsal, B ventral, C, E retrolateral, D prolateral). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A – C); 0.5 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263159/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 5</figureCitation>
D, 10E, 14E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8D36F0FFC797557EA3FBA9D044FB07" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1376]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
Coloration in ethanol (but see comments under “Natural history”): females with yellow or dark yellow prosoma and pearl white opisthosoma. Legs I and II usually bearing black stripes or spots on the dorsum of the femora I and II or (rarely) on metatarsus. Legs and tarsal palp usually black (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557A6DFBEBD672FBCA" box="[1033,1107,1118,1143]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[163,1430,201,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Female (IBSP 06247). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic region, frontal view; E femur I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C); 1 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263156/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557A05FBEAD650FBCB" box="[1121,1137,1119,1142]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1236,1258]" captionTargetBox="[156,1430,197,1210]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[150,1436,193,1214]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924. Female (IBSP 5279). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral);. D cephalic region, frontal view; E leg I, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C, E), 1 mm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263161/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557A1AFBEAD6BAFBCA" box="[1150,1179,1119,1143]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[158,1431,868,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[150,1436,863,1963]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Epicadus planus Mello-Leitão, 1932 (holotype of E. nigronotatus, MNRJ 58252). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic, region frontal view; E opisthosoma, caudal view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A – C), 1 mm (D – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263165/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">11</figureCitation>
). Males are reddish or darkish brown, some specimens dark orange, with very little variation (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557DD8FBCAD624FB25" box="[956,1029,1151,1176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,981,1003]" captionTargetBox="[155,1431,187,961]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,183,965]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin-Menéville, 1829). Male (MZSP 07721). A cephalic region, frontal view; B, D – E habitus (B lateral, D dorsal, E ventral); C opisthosoma, caudal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A), 0.5 mm (C); 1 mm (B, D, E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263158/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557A75FB35D600FB25" box="[1041,1057,1152,1176]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1951,1973]" captionTargetBox="[161,1436,852,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,841,1930]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924. Male (MCTP 10255). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic region, frontal view; E opisthosoma, caudal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A – C, E), 0.4 mm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263163/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557A4AFB35D66DFB25" box="[1070,1100,1152,1176]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1437,1459]" captionTargetBox="[156,1415,313,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[150,1436,303,1415]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. Epicadus planus Mello-Leitão, 1932. Male (MNRJ 11479). A – C habitus (A dorsal, B lateral, C ventral); D cephalic region, frontal view; E opisthosoma, caudal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A – D), 0.4 mm (E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263167/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">13</figureCitation>
). Male opisthosomal sclerites vary between dark orange to dark brown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328657BFFC797557EA3FB77D63BFADD" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8D36F0FFC797557EA3FB77D09DFB41" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1376]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557EA3FB77D341FB66" bold="true" box="[199,352,1218,1243]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Distribution.</emphasis>
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557F85FB77D068FB66" box="[481,585,1218,1243]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557F85FB77D068FB66" box="[481,585,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Epicadus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a classic Neotropical distribution pattern (
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557A35FB71D6AEFB66" box="[1105,1167,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA34B01FFC797557AF2FB76D716FB66" author="Morrone" box="[1174,1335,1219,1243]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2001) A proposal concerning formal definitions of the Neotropical and Andean regions. Biogeographica, 77, 65 - 82." type="journal article" year="2001">Morrone 2001</bibRefCitation>
) ranging from southern
<collectingCountry id="F3257660FFC797557F58FB51D3A1FB40" box="[316,384,1252,1277]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Brazil</collectingCountry>
to central
<collectingRegion id="49F6F812FFC797557F93FB51D06DFB40" box="[503,588,1252,1277]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
<collectingCountry id="F3257660FFC797557F93FB51D06DFB40" box="[503,588,1252,1277]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Mexico</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557C38FB51D08EFB41" box="[604,687,1252,1277]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1017,1039]" captionText="FIGURE 17. Verified records of Epicadus Simon, 1895." pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8D36F0FFC797557EA3FAB0D63BFADD" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1376]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557EA3FAB0D3A9FAA3" bold="true" box="[199,392,1285,1310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Natural history.</emphasis>
Knowledge about the ecology and behavior of
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557DD2FAB0D63FFAA3" box="[950,1054,1285,1310]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557DD2FAB0D63FFAA3" box="[950,1054,1285,1310]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Epicadus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species is very scarce. As many thomisids,
<taxonomicName id="4C324D73FFC797557F76FA93D35BFA82" box="[274,378,1318,1343]" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Epicadus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B946EAE2FFC797557F76FA93D35BFA82" box="[274,378,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Epicadus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually found on leaves or flowers of different plants, where they hunt by the sit-and-wait behavior, and use their strong anterior legs to catch and hold prey (
<figureCitation id="13092A75FFC797557DE7FAF2D1F9FADD" box="[899,984,1351,1376]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[207,1376,181,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[192,1393,161,1846]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 16. Epicadus species, behavior. A (unknown locality) and C (PN Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) E. heterogaster, sitand-wait behavior using aggressive mimicry; B and D (PN Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) E. heterogaster, female guarding egg sac; E (PN Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) E rubripes, sit-and-wait behavior using aggressive mimicry; F (Costa Rica) E. rubripes, female guarding egg sac. Photo credits: A Maxwel Rocha (Unknown locality); B – E Henrique Cafundó; F Carlos Viquez." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/263170/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Figs 16</figureCitation>
C, E).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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