173 lines
21 KiB
XML
173 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3DFC9B2B60A106F857189C16EF88746E">Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CF127CEE2E865DB4CBB2471004B654B2">Schiesari, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E8468A80CBC0EB024B432280925818FA" type="email">lschiesa@usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="56F22242FFBE10226A66F46518E08055">Rossa-Feres, Denise De Cerqueira</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="260DAE22A341E2F840B21DC2A455DA76" type="email">denise.rossa-feres@unesp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7BB8BCD1721663A77BE794D42E664220">Menin, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="19A3B3781E1A8463AA981AF0D3754758">Hödl, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6EDBF8DEB6D62632F9B509BF878A8CB3" type="email">lschiesa@usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="ACCFA82F8C47AB373DFF7ECD6A3DEF0C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FFD55E4B5E68E0453737F6756077EC1F">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="AE7BE3061951FCC8A07480735F5B8C55">2022-12-28</mods:number>
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<treatment id="B31987BBFF86FFACE0D050FA8E43F8AD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518118" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208789608" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7518118" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B31987BBFF86FFACE0D050FA8E43F8AD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B31987BBFF86FFACE0D050FA8E43F8AD" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FF86FFACE0D050FA8C30FB19" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF86FFACE0D050FA8C09FD2D" blockId="71.[151,1437,726,1905]" box="[151,302,726,753]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<heading id="604781C1FF86FFACE0D050FA8C09FD2D" bold="true" box="[151,302,726,753]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF86FFACE0D050FA8C09FD2D" ID-CoL="4VJYX" ID-ENA="192740" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[151,302,726,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE0D050FA8C09FD2D" bold="true" box="[151,302,726,753]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Scinax ruber</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF86FFACE08050D68C30FB19" blockId="71.[151,1437,726,1905]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE08050D68CE8FCC9" bold="true" box="[199,463,763,789]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">External morphology.</emphasis>
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Description based on three tadpoles at Stages 35 and 37 (LCS 574/4, 574/5, 574/6). Total length 28.4 ±
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<quantity id="FC489B48FF86FFACE13251328CECFCE5" box="[373,459,799,825]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
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(N = 3). Body ovoid in dorsal view and triangular in lateral view (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FF86FFACE4FA51328862FCE5" box="[1213,1349,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1254,1278]" captionTargetBox="[165,1436,201,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-21@72.[151,1436,181,1230]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 42. Tadpole of Scinax ruber (LCS 534) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518084/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 42A, B</figureCitation>
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). Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views. Eyes medium-sized, positioned and directed laterally. Nostrils small, circular, dorsolaterally positioned, near to eyes, with opening anterolaterally directed, without a projection on the marginal rim. Oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FF86FFACE10151A68C8AFC79" box="[326,429,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1254,1278]" captionTargetBox="[165,1436,201,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-21@72.[151,1436,181,1230]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 42. Tadpole of Scinax ruber (LCS 534) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518084/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 42C</figureCitation>
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) anteroventral, ventrolaterally emarginate; marginal papillae conical, uniseriate, dorsally and ventrally and with multiple rows laterally, with a dorsal gap. Submarginal papillae present lateroventrally. LTRF 2(1,2)/3(1); A1 and A2 of the same length; P2 slightly longer than P1 and P3. Jaw sheaths wide, finely serrated; anterior jaw sheath arch-shaped, posterior jaw sheath V-shaped. Spiracle single, sinistral, conical, short and wide, posterodorsally directed, opening in the posterior third of the body, with the centripetal wall fused to the body wall and longer than the external wall. Vent tube dextral, fused to the ventral fin, with a dextral opening that does not reach the margin of the lower fin. Caudal musculature of moderate width; in lateral view gradually tapering to a pointed tip. Dorsal fin high, originating on the posterior third of the body, convex; ventral fin high and convex. Tail tip pointed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FF86FFACE08056E38E2CF9A9" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF86FFACE08056E38FE8FA89" blockId="71.[151,1437,726,1905]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE08056E38C07FB34" bold="true" box="[199,288,1230,1256]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Colour.</emphasis>
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In preservative body and caudal musculature greenish yellow; venter translucent with digestive tract dark gray; fins translucent; dorsum, caudal musculature and fins with numerous melanophores. In life dorsum and anterior dorsal part of the caudal musculature light brown; venter silver; fins translucent; a black stripe from the snout to the base of caudal musculature; iris silver.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF86FFACE08057738EEDFAA5" blockId="71.[151,1437,726,1905]" box="[199,970,1374,1401]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE08057738C18FAA4" bold="true" box="[199,319,1374,1400]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Variation.</emphasis>
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LTRF 2(2)/3 or 2(2)/3(1) at Stages 25, 26, 33, 36, and 37.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF86FFACE08057AE8C4FFA1D" blockId="71.[151,1437,726,1905]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE08057AE8C4FFA41" bold="true" box="[199,360,1411,1437]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Metamorphs.</emphasis>
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Metamorph green with coppery dorsum; dark dorsolateral stripe between snout and eye; iris copper (
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<figureCitation id="A38B2A28FF86FFACE0B4578A8C7BFA1D" box="[243,348,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1254,1278]" captionTargetBox="[165,1436,201,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-21@72.[151,1436,181,1230]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 42. Tadpole of Scinax ruber (LCS 534) at Stage 36: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7518084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7518084/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 42D</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF86FFACE08057E68E2CF9A9" blockId="71.[151,1437,726,1905]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE08057E68CAFFA38" bold="true" box="[199,392,1482,1509]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Natural history.</emphasis>
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Gravid females of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF86FFACE22E57E68FE2FA39" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[617,709,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE22E57E68FE2FA39" box="[617,709,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">S. ruber</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF86FFACE34857E68E4BFA39" box="[783,876,1483,1509]" name="Ecuador" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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contain from 591 to 1,117 ovarian eggs (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE50A57E68DF7F9D5" author="Crump, M. L." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref75836" refString="Crump, M. L. (1974) Reproductive strategies in a tropical anuran community. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 61, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1974">Crump 1974</bibRefCitation>
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) and those from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF86FFACE1D057C28CEDF9D5" box="[407,458,1519,1545]" name="Peru" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Peru</collectingCountry>
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contain from 745 to 1,890 eggs (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE30A57C28923F9D5" author="Aichinger, M." box="[845,1028,1519,1545]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="9 - 18" refId="ref74242" refString="Aichinger, M. (1992) Fecundity and breeding sites of an anuran community in a seasonal tropical environment. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 27, 9 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650529209360863" type="journal article" year="1992">Aichinger 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). Eggs are pigmented. Tadpoles are found in temporary and permanent ponds in terra-firme forests, forest edge and deforested land all the way to the margins of large rivers. Tadpoles are found during the rainy season. In experiment tadpoles were found to be preyed upon by dragonfly larvae (
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE18754768FD9F9A9" author="Azevedo-Ramos, C. & Van Sluys, M. & Hero, J. - M. & Magnusson, W. E." box="[448,766,1627,1653]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="335 - 338" refId="ref74710" refString="Azevedo-Ramos, C., Van Sluys, M., Hero, J. - M. & Magnusson, W. E. (1992) Influence of tadpole movement on predation by odonate nayads. Journal of Herpetology, 26, 335 - 338. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564891" type="journal article" year="1992">
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Azevedo-Ramos
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE2C454768F9BF9A9" box="[643,700,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
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1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73AA6526FF86FFACE08054538E43F8AD" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3B0F36ADFF86FFACE08054538E43F8AD" blockId="71.[151,1437,726,1905]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE08054538C68F944" bold="true" box="[199,335,1662,1688]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Comments.</emphasis>
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Tadpoles of
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<taxonomicName id="FCB04D2EFF86FFACE1A254528F66F945" baseAuthorityName="Laurenti" baseAuthorityYear="1768" box="[485,577,1663,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Scinax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">
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<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE1A254528F66F945" box="[485,577,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">S. ruber</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were described by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE36554528EE7F945" author="Kenny, J. S." box="[802,960,1663,1689]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref79253" refString="Kenny, J. S. (1969) The Amphibia of Trinidad. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands. Hague, 29, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1969">Kenny (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF86FFACE4405452894EF945" box="[1031,1129,1663,1689]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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, by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE4DC5452887AF945" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[1179,1373,1663,1689]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF86FFACE0D0548E8DD1F961" box="[151,246,1699,1725]" name="Ecuador" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, by Hero (1990) from Central Amazonia,
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<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF86FFACE290548E8E39F961" box="[727,798,1699,1725]" name="Brazil" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, by
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE317548E8ECEF961" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[848,1001,1699,1725]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="443 - 457" refId="ref79955" refString="Lynch, J. D. (2006) The tadpoles of frogs and toads found in the lowlands of Northern Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 30, 443 - 457." type="journal article" year="2006">Lynch (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE464548E88BBF961" author="Lynch, J. D. & Suarez-Mayorga, A. M." box="[1059,1436,1699,1725]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="235 - 270" refId="ref79997" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Suarez-Mayorga, A. M. (2011) Clave ilustrada de los renacuajos de las tierras bajas al Oriente de los Andes, con enfasis en Hylidae. Caldasia, 33, 235 - 270." type="journal article" year="2011">Lynch & Suárez-Mayorga (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF86FFACE09354EA8C62F93D" box="[212,325,1735,1761]" name="Colombia" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE1E754EA8FA1F93D" author="Schulze, A. & Jansen, M." box="[416,646,1734,1761]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref83759" refString="Schulze, A., Jansen, M. & K ˆ hler, G. (2015) Tadpole diversity of Bolivia's lowland anuran communities: molecular identification, morphological characterisation, and ecological assignment. Zootaxa, 4016 (1), 1 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4016.1.1" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Schulze
|
||
<emphasis id="09C4EABFFF86FFACE1B954EA8F12F93D" box="[510,565,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from lowland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="43A7763DFF86FFACE36E54EA8E58F93D" box="[809,895,1735,1761]" name="Bolivia" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Tadpoles described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE4C254EA8804F93D" author="Kenny, J. S." box="[1157,1315,1735,1761]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref79253" refString="Kenny, J. S. (1969) The Amphibia of Trinidad. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands. Hague, 29, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1969">Kenny (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE56954EA8DC3F8D9" author="Duellman, W. E." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 352" refId="ref76395" refString="Duellman, W. E. (1978) The biology of an Equatorial herpetofauna of Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Natural History University of Kansas, 65, 1 - 352." type="journal article" year="1978">Duellman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE0B354C68C9FF8D9" author="Duellman, W. E." box="[244,440,1770,1797]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref76557" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cusco Amazonico - the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Hero (1990) are similar to those herein characterized. Tadpoles characterized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE0D055228C09F8F5" author="Lynch, J. D." box="[151,302,1807,1833]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="443 - 457" refId="ref79955" refString="Lynch, J. D. (2006) The tadpoles of frogs and toads found in the lowlands of Northern Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 30, 443 - 457." type="journal article" year="2006">Lynch (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5F214B5CFF86FFACE1C155228FDEF8F5" author="Lynch, J. D. & Suarez-Mayorga, A. M." box="[390,761,1807,1833]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="235 - 270" refId="ref79997" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Suarez-Mayorga, A. M. (2011) Clave ilustrada de los renacuajos de las tierras bajas al Oriente de los Andes, con enfasis en Hylidae. Caldasia, 33, 235 - 270." type="journal article" year="2011">Lynch & Suárez-Mayorga (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
differ from those herein characterized by presenting a single row of marginal papillae and by seeming to present higher body and fins in lateral view. The LTRF varies among these descriptions, but all fall within the range herein presented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |