443 lines
56 KiB
XML
443 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="739E0C308E2FFC0BEEA5B29976322C2C" ID-CLB-Dataset="29002" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4499.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df5f82e7-6686-4ab8-9517-636caa7075e5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1459174" ID-ZooBank="A191D47C-AA66-4A95-8ED1-2B494EFC8F0E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1539326527118" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Brower, Andrew V. Z." docDate="2018" docId="691DE5608A4CFFD97DE6BE27FE0512EF" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4499.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4499 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Heliconius hecalesia Hewitson 1854" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="79" masterDocId="95249D188A06FF977D71BA66FF9B113F" masterDocTitle="Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)" masterLastPageNumber="87" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="75" updateTime="1698579090965" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="94C9CC51ECE0A8205CFA9E791BA1DFBA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="52DEF6D3C347E19C6CFC0C16E24050FB">
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<mods:title id="B414E78035AC0CB645526F3F3AFA751C">Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9B09848E1F28E8FF91FA3EB4BB56CD64" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0EB51CCFF0D73C8239A2BCA3D72896B0">Brower, Andrew V. Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D3F92F9875443C17319938AEB9FEEDAD">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="293CA410A4769AFF277B6BD685C8FE35">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="73A6D745471B5DFE4A3549B91C89067C">
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<mods:date id="C545EB0627E97A7D73E44C94482D673E">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="35B7BB068AD40DEF257B8504E37FE0D7">2018-10-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="BAED74718CF8314246F3804FBCFBEF44">4499</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="D3E684B6FA4DDE5E834DF9076633FC91" type="issue">
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<mods:start id="97196292F3D6C73CBED57BB454E96350">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="BDF5B9265AA07C494EB4B4FEE543FC1A">87</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="8357BE412248562384245FAD3736A40A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D957147F972DDC7F0CBC9D073CD0562D" type="CLB-Dataset">29002</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="14FD02F81B475B1AC7BAB8ABADDEB907" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4499.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D20B499C4302D5B2B8B6A33C2F1B3AD4" type="GBIF-Dataset">df5f82e7-6686-4ab8-9517-636caa7075e5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9D2F0E5A8A75F176E9A0E0B51CF886D6" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="384ABE6E17ABA32A6066D9FEC049A404" type="Zenodo-Dep">1459174</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="691DE5608A4CFFD97DE6BE27FE0512EF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5979205" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148695321" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5979205" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:691DE5608A4CFFD97DE6BE27FE0512EF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/691DE5608A4CFFD97DE6BE27FE0512EF" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<subSubSection id="A9AE07FD8A4CFFDD7DE6BE27FE811784" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A4CFFDD7DE6BE27FD521564" blockId="74.[151,713,1089,1115]" box="[151,713,1089,1115]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<heading id="BA43E31A8A4CFFDD7DE6BE27FD521564" bold="true" box="[151,713,1089,1115]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4CFFDD7DE6BE27FD521564" bold="true" box="[151,713,1089,1115]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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Putative
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4CFFDD7C77BE27FDF91564" ID-CoL="3K8XC" authority="Hewitson, 1854" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1854" box="[262,610,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hecalesia">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4CFFDD7C77BE27FE071564" bold="true" box="[262,412,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">H. hecalesia</emphasis>
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Hewitson, 1854
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</taxonomicName>
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hybrids
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="B5CB04FE8A4CFFDD7DE6BC62FE7C17A4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459484/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" startId="74.[151,255,1540,1563]" targetBox="[232,1351,1181,1503]" targetPageId="74">
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A4CFFDD7DE6BC62FE7C17A4" blockId="74.[151,1436,1540,1787]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4CFFDD7DE6BC62FEAF1724" bold="true" box="[151,308,1540,1563]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">FIGURE 172.</emphasis>
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Hybrid #160 (dorsal, ventral). Mexico: Oaxaca, Valle Nacional, 1200 m. 1987 leg. T. Porion. Neukirchen coll. (FLMNH). Interpreted by Mallet
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4CFFDD7F4CBC43FDEE1703" box="[573,629,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
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(2007) as an
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4CFFDD7E7FBC43FC161703" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1844" box="[782,909,1572,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hortense">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4CFFDD7E7FBC43FC161703" box="[782,909,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">H. hortense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 173) x
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4CFFDD7953BC43FA991703" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1866" box="[1058,1282,1572,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hecalesia" subSpecies="octavia">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4CFFDD7953BC43FA991703" box="[1058,1282,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">H. hecalesia octavia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 174) F1 hybrid. That identity of the specimen seems entirely plausible. However, the "collector," Thierry Porion, is a French insect dealer. As with many of the Neukirchen specimens, this one's authenticity as a "wild-caught hybrid" is cast into doubt by its commercial origin.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A4CFFDD7DE6BCC2FE811784" blockId="74.[151,1436,1540,1787]" box="[151,282,1700,1723]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Identity: 1.0</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A9AE07FD8A4CFFD97DE6BCA2FE0512EF" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A4CFFDD7DE6BCA2FED017E4" blockId="74.[151,1436,1540,1787]" box="[151,331,1732,1755]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Authenticity: 0.1</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A4CFFDD7DE6BC82FE1F17C4" blockId="74.[151,1436,1540,1787]" box="[151,388,1764,1787]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Overall reliability: 0.1</paragraph>
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<caption id="B5CB04FE8A4DFFDC7DE6BB9DFAD1130D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459486/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" startId="75.[151,255,507,530]" targetBox="[222,1357,196,485]" targetPageId="75">
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A4DFFDC7DE6BB9DFAD1130D" blockId="75.[151,1435,506,562]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7DE6BB9DFEAC132D" bold="true" box="[151,311,507,530]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">FIGURE 173.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7C30BB9DFDC1132D" authority="Guerin, 1844" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1844" box="[321,602,506,530]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hortense">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7C30BB9DFE5B132D" box="[321,448,506,530]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">H. hortense</emphasis>
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Guérin, 1844
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</taxonomicName>
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(dorsal, ventral; two different specimens). Mexico: [Veracruz], Las Tuxtlas (dorsal); Mexico: Chiapas (ventral.) (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7E81B87DFBFE130D" box="[1008,1125,539,562]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliconius</taxonomicName>
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/pages/
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC79C3B87DFA94130D" authorityName="Guerin" authorityYear="1844" box="[1202,1295,539,562]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hortense">hortense</taxonomicName>
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.html)
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="B5CB04FE8A4DFFDC7DE6B9AFFC62153F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459488/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" startId="75.[151,255,969,992]" targetBox="[224,1363,660,941]" targetPageId="75">
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A4DFFDC7DE6B9AFFC62153F" blockId="75.[151,1436,968,1024]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7DE6B9AFFEA812DF" bold="true" box="[151,307,969,992]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">FIGURE 174.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7C4BB9AFFD0C12DF" authority="Bates, 1866" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1866" box="[314,663,968,992]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hecalesia" subSpecies="octavia">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7C4BB9AFFD8F12DF" box="[314,532,968,992]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">H. hecalesia octavia</emphasis>
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Bates, 1866
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</taxonomicName>
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(dorsal, ventral). Mexico: Oaxac, Metates, 1400m, leg. Y. Lever. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7F6AB98FFD0B153F" box="[539,656,1001,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliconius</taxonomicName>
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/pages/
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7FACB98FFCDA153F" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1854" box="[733,833,1001,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hecalesia">hecalesia</taxonomicName>
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%20
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7E1EB98FFC26153F" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1866" box="[879,957,1001,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hecalesia" subSpecies="octavia">octavia</taxonomicName>
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.html)
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="B5CB04FE8A4DFFDC7DE6BFB4FB511796" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459490/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" startId="75.[151,255,1490,1513]" targetBox="[217,1369,1107,1468]" targetPageId="75">
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A4DFFDC7DE6BFB4FB511796" blockId="75.[151,1437,1490,1801]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7DE6BFB4FEAC14D6" bold="true" box="[151,311,1490,1513]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">FIGURE 175.</emphasis>
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Hybrid #161 (dorsal, ventral). Costa Rica: Cartago, Jicotea, Turrialba, 1100m, 1995, leg. G. Vega, A. Valerio (MNCR). Interpreted by Mallet
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7F30BF94FDEC1736" box="[577,631,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
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(2007) to be a
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7E68BF94FBB81736" authorityName="Salvin" authorityYear="1871" box="[793,1059,1521,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="clysonymus" subSpecies="montanus">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7E68BF94FBB81736" box="[793,1059,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">H. clysonymus montanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 177) x
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC79DFBF94FA071736" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1866" box="[1198,1436,1521,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hecalesia" subSpecies="formosus">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC79DFBF94FA071736" box="[1198,1436,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">H. hecalesia formosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 176) F1. Although superficially similar to Hybrid #160 (Fig. 172), this specimen differs notably in the absence of white submarginal spots on the HW, and in the shape of the tawny HWD region, which is intermediate between that of
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC78F3BC54FECB1756" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1866" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hecalesia" subSpecies="octavia">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC78F3BC54FECB1756" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">H. hecalesia octavia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 174) and
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7C87BC34FD7F1756" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1866" box="[502,740,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hecalesia" subSpecies="formosus">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7C87BC34FD7F1756" box="[502,740,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">H. hecalesia formosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The suffusion of pale scales in the subcostal area of the HWV is suggestive of that seen in
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7CC1BC14FDD617B6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1817" box="[432,589,1649,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clysonymus">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7CC1BC14FDD617B6" box="[432,589,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">H. clysonymus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but also of the HWV of
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7E12BC14FBDD17B6" box="[867,1094,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7E12BC14FBD917B6" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1866" box="[867,1090,1649,1673]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hecalesia" subSpecies="octavia">H. hecalesia octavia</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Since the specimen exhibits no features unequivocally derived from
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC7F50BCF4FD271796" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1817" box="[545,700,1681,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clysonymus">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC7F50BCF4FD271796" box="[545,700,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">H. clysonymus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, it could be a melanic aberration of
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<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4DFFDC794CBCF4FB581796" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1854" box="[1085,1219,1681,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hecalesia">
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<emphasis id="D3C088648A4DFFDC794CBCF4FB581796" box="[1085,1219,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">H. hecalesia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A4DFFDC7DE6BCD4FE8117F6" blockId="75.[151,1437,1490,1801]" box="[151,282,1714,1737]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Identity: 0.5</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A4DFFDC7DE6BCB4FED017D6" blockId="75.[151,1437,1490,1801]" box="[151,331,1746,1769]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Authenticity: 1.0</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A4DFFDC7DE6BC94FE1F1636" blockId="75.[151,1437,1490,1801]" box="[151,388,1778,1801]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Overall reliability: 0.5</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="B5CB04FE8A4AFFDB7DE6B856FD1713B8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459492/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" startId="76.[151,255,560,583]" targetBox="[228,1352,209,535]" targetPageId="76">
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A4AFFDB7DE6B856FD1713B8" blockId="76.[151,1436,559,647]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7DE6B856FEAD1378" bold="true" box="[151,310,560,583]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">FIGURE 176.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7C4EB856FD201378" authority="Bates, 1866" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1866" box="[319,699,559,583]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hecalesia" subSpecies="formosus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7C4EB856FDA91378" box="[319,562,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">H. hecalesia formosus</emphasis>
|
|
Bates, 1866
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(dorsal, ventral). Panama (indicated as the same specimen, but the antennae and separation of the left pair of wings suggest otherwise). (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7DE6B816FE9713B8" box="[151,268,624,647]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliconius</taxonomicName>
|
|
/pages/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7C29B816FE2713B8" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1854" box="[344,444,624,647]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hecalesia">hecalesia</taxonomicName>
|
|
%20
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7C9BB816FDCB13B8" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1866" box="[490,592,624,647]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hecalesia" subSpecies="formosus">formosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.html)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="B5CB04FE8A4AFFDB7DE6BE4FFCC3155F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459494/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" startId="76.[151,255,1065,1088]" targetBox="[239,1343,754,1037]" targetPageId="76">
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A4AFFDB7DE6BE4FFCC3155F" blockId="76.[151,1436,1064,1120]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7DE6BE4FFEAC157F" bold="true" box="[151,311,1065,1088]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">FIGURE 177.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7C33BE4FFD73157F" authority="Salvin, 1871" authorityName="Salvin" authorityYear="1871" box="[322,744,1064,1088]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="clysonymus" subSpecies="montanus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7C33BE4FFDC8157F" box="[322,595,1064,1088]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">H. clysonymus montanus</emphasis>
|
|
Salvin, 1871
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(dorsal, ventral). Costa Rica: Chirripo. (image source: https:// cliniquevetodax.com/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7C0EBE2FFE6F155F" box="[383,500,1097,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliconius</taxonomicName>
|
|
/pages/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7F30BE2FFD5B155F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1817" box="[577,704,1097,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clysonymus">clysonymus</taxonomicName>
|
|
%20montana).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="B5CB04FE8A4AFFDB7DE6BF81FB59165E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459496/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" startId="76.[151,255,1511,1534]" targetBox="[219,1357,1206,1481]" targetPageId="76">
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A4AFFDB7DE6BF81FB59165E" blockId="76.[151,1437,1510,1889]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7DE6BF81FEAF14C1" bold="true" box="[151,308,1511,1534]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">FIGURE 178.</emphasis>
|
|
And finally, Hybrid specimen #06-921 (dorsal, ventral). Not included in Mallet
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB79EABF81FB4A14C1" box="[1179,1233,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2007). Peru: San Martín, Rumiyacu, near Moyobamba 06°05'23"S 76°58'09"W, 2006 (?), no collector indicated (MUSM). Image source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6036804_Genetic_analysis_of_a_wild-caught_hybrid_between_nonsister_Helico nius_butterfly_species/figures). This rather rubbed specimen was sequenced for mtDNA COI-COII and for several nuclear genes (invected, Mpi, Tpi, Tektin, Rpl5), which exhibited double bands in the chromatograms suggestive of a heterozygote condition. Dasmahapatra
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7F91BCE1FC8D17A1" box="[736,790,1670,1694]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2007) interpreted these data to suggest that the specimen is an F1 heterozygote cross between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7F75BCC1FC921781" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" box="[516,777,1702,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="melpomene" subSpecies="amaryllis">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7F75BCC1FC921781" box="[516,777,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">H. melpomene amaryllis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Fig. 180) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7EDDBCC1FBE11781" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" box="[940,1146,1702,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ethilla" subSpecies="aerotome">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7EDDBCC1FBE11781" box="[940,1146,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">H. ethilla aerotome</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Fig. 179). The specimen's main
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7DA3BCA1FEF717E1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[210,364,1734,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7DA3BCA1FEF717E1" box="[210,364,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
-like morphological feature is a yellow transverse HWV band (a feature also found in a number of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB78F3BCA1FF4017C1" authorityName="Godart" authorityYear="1819" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethilla">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB78F3BCA1FF4017C1" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">H. ethilla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
races). Otherwise, it looks mostly silvaniform, with reduced yellow and black markings on the FW, and a tawny postdiscal FW patch that Dasmahapatra
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7F3DBD61FD181621" box="[588,643,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2007) considered to represent the influence of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB79FEBD61FA0C1621" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" box="[1167,1431,1798,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="melpomene" subSpecies="amaryllis">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB79FEBD61FA0C1621" box="[1167,1431,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">H. melpomene amaryllis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
' red FW band. The basal red spot in HWV cell CU2 characteristic of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4AFFDB7E05BD41FC421601" authorityName="Godart" authorityYear="1819" box="[884,985,1830,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethilla">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4AFFDB7E05BD41FC421601" box="[884,985,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">H. ethilla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is not evident in the image, but it appears that the published figure has been rather clumsily modified to increase contrast and color saturation.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="B5CB04FE8A4BFFDA7DE6B849FC9A13B9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459498/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" startId="77.[151,255,559,582]" targetBox="[243,1345,210,529]" targetPageId="77">
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A4BFFDA7DE6B849FC9A13B9" blockId="77.[151,1436,558,646]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7DE6B849FEA31379" bold="true" box="[151,312,559,582]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">FIGURE 179.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7C33B849FCC11379" authority="C. Felder & R. Felder 1862" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" box="[322,858,558,582]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ethilla" subSpecies="aerotome">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7C33B849FD821379" box="[322,537,558,582]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. ethilla aerotome</emphasis>
|
|
C. Felder & R. Felder 1862
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(dorsal, ventral). Peru: San Martín, Juanjui. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7F6BB829FD151359" box="[538,654,591,614]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliconius</taxonomicName>
|
|
/pages/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7FAAB829FC0B1359" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" box="[731,912,591,614]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ethilla" subSpecies="aerotome">ethilla aerotome</taxonomicName>
|
|
.html). Note the tawny shading of the distal FW, and the yellowish tint of the transverse band on the HWV.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="B5CB04FE8A4BFFDA7DE6BE71FBA91571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1459500/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" startId="77.[151,255,1047,1070]" targetBox="[234,1365,739,1025]" targetPageId="77">
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A4BFFDA7DE6BE71FBA91571" blockId="77.[151,1436,1046,1102]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7DE6BE71FEAF1511" bold="true" box="[151,308,1047,1070]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">FIGURE 180.</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7C4DBE71FCE31511" authority="C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" box="[316,888,1046,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="melpomene" subSpecies="amaryllis">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7C4DBE71FDD91511" box="[316,578,1046,1070]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. melpomene amaryllis</emphasis>
|
|
C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(dorsal, ventral). Peru: San Martín, Satipo. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7F6DBE51FD0A1571" box="[540,657,1079,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Heliconius</taxonomicName>
|
|
/pages/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7FAFBE51FCC41571" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[734,863,1079,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">melpomene</taxonomicName>
|
|
%20
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7EFCBE51FC6A1571" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" box="[909,1009,1079,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="melpomene" subSpecies="amaryllis">amaryllis</taxonomicName>
|
|
.html).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A4BFFDA7DB6BE11FAF9171F" blockId="77.[151,1436,1143,1868]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
|
Although Genbank accession numbers were not reported in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="852529878A4BFFDA7E2DBE11FB1215B0" box="[860,1161,1143,1168]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref14128" refString="Dasmahapatra, K. K., Silva-Vasquez, A., Chung, J. W. & Mallet, J. (2007) Genetic analysis of a wild-caught hybrid between non-sister Heliconius butterfly species. Biology Letters (Royal Society), 3, 660 - 663. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0401" type="journal article">
|
|
Dasmahapatra
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7E8EBE1EFBAB15B0" box="[1023,1072,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (2007)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, most (but not all) of the sequences referred to in the paper are available in Genbank. Close examination of sequences from the "hybrid" and other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7DA4BEDCFED115ED" box="[213,330,1210,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7DA4BEDCFED115ED" box="[213,330,1210,1234]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Heliconius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
revealed some interesting facts. As reported, 06-921's 2119 bp mtDNA sequence (Genbank accession code
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FEE7C9958A4BFFDA7DA1BEBAFECB15CB" box="[208,336,1244,1268]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AM709828" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">AM709828</accessionNumber>
|
|
) is virtually identical to that of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7FD3BEBAFCE815CC" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" box="[674,883,1243,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ethilla" subSpecies="aerotome">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7FD3BEBAFCE815CC" box="[674,883,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. ethilla aerotome</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
02-975 (
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FEE7C9958A4BFFDA7EA4BEBDFBC315CB" box="[981,1112,1243,1268]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AM709826" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">AM709826</accessionNumber>
|
|
), which strongly suggests that the mother of the specimen was an
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7F66BE9BFDE6142A" authorityName="Godart" authorityYear="1819" box="[535,637,1277,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethilla">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7F66BE9BFDE6142A" box="[535,637,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. ethilla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The nuclear genes, with two alleles each, are more complicated. Teasing apart a chromatogram with heterozyous sites into two separate alleles is not an easy feat, but other than some description of "deconvolution" of sequences of variable length,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="852529878A4BFFDA7E3EBF59FBE21468" box="[847,1145,1343,1368]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref14128" refString="Dasmahapatra, K. K., Silva-Vasquez, A., Chung, J. W. & Mallet, J. (2007) Genetic analysis of a wild-caught hybrid between non-sister Heliconius butterfly species. Biology Letters (Royal Society), 3, 660 - 663. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0401" type="journal article">
|
|
Dasmahapatra
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7E83BF26FBB21468" box="[1010,1065,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2007)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
did not describe how they determined the sequences of alternate alleles, other than by comparing the heterozygous sites to the sequences of the two putative parental species. Needless to say, calling the bases so that they match one or the other parental sequence is hardly an independent corroboration of the allelic similarity of the "hybrid" to the parents. Indeed, several of these genes are known to exhibit dramatic heterozygosity of intron sequence and length within "pure" (i. e., not hybrid) individuals (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="852529878A4BFFDA7C6EBF80FE2814C1" box="[287,435,1510,1534]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref13636" refString="Brower, A. V. Z. (2011) Hybrid speciation in Heliconius butterflies? A review and critique of the evidence. Genetica, 139, 589 - 609. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10709 - 010 - 9530 - 4" type="journal article">Brower 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), yet
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="852529878A4BFFDA7C80BF83FC8514C1" box="[497,798,1509,1534]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref14128" refString="Dasmahapatra, K. K., Silva-Vasquez, A., Chung, J. W. & Mallet, J. (2007) Genetic analysis of a wild-caught hybrid between non-sister Heliconius butterfly species. Biology Letters (Royal Society), 3, 660 - 663. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0401" type="journal article">
|
|
Dasmahapatra
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7FE4BF81FD5D14C1" box="[661,710,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. (2007)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
used single sequences of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA794EBF81FB3C14C1" authorityName="Godart" authorityYear="1819" box="[1087,1191,1510,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethilla">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA794EBF81FB3C14C1" box="[1087,1191,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. ethilla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA79AEBF81FAE414C1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1247,1407,1510,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA79AEBF81FAE414C1" box="[1247,1407,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in their Neighbor-Joining analyses, apparently assuming that every other specimen except 06-921 was homozygous.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A4BFFDA7DB6BC4EFC261636" blockId="77.[151,1436,1143,1868]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
|
The two 06-921 Mpi "alleles" (
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FEE7C9958A4BFFDA7F4EBC4FFD5E177E" box="[575,709,1577,1601]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AM709819" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">AM709819</accessionNumber>
|
|
,
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FEE7C9958A4BFFDA7FA7BC4FFCC3177E" box="[726,856,1577,1601]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AM709820" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">AM709820</accessionNumber>
|
|
) were short (315 and 313 bp, respectively), and differed from one another only by a 2 pase-pair indel. The former was identical to an Mpi sequence from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7843BC2DFE9B17BC" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ethilla" subSpecies="aerotome">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7843BC2DFE9B17BC" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. ethilla aerotome</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
02-975 (AM709815.1), while the latter was identical to an Mpi sequence from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA79F6BC0AFA0717BC" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" box="[1159,1436,1643,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="melpomene" subSpecies="amaryllis">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA79F6BC0AFA0717BC" box="[1159,1436,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. melpomene amaryllis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
JM1917_A (AY332454.1) and from several other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7FA0BCEBFCEE179A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[721,885,1677,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7FA0BCEBFCEE179A" box="[721,885,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
races. However, some
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA790EBCEBFAB9179A" authority="Mpi" authorityName="Mpi" box="[1151,1314,1676,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethilla">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA790EBCEBFB70179A" box="[1151,1259,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. ethilla</emphasis>
|
|
Mpi
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sequences are more similar to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A4BFFDA7C0ABCC9FD8417F9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[379,543,1710,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7C0ABCC9FD8417F9" box="[379,543,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sequences than they are to one another, and some Mpi sequences included in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="852529878A4BFFDA7DE6BCA9FE5017D8" box="[151,459,1743,1768]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref14128" refString="Dasmahapatra, K. K., Silva-Vasquez, A., Chung, J. W. & Mallet, J. (2007) Genetic analysis of a wild-caught hybrid between non-sister Heliconius butterfly species. Biology Letters (Royal Society), 3, 660 - 663. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0401" type="journal article">
|
|
Dasmahapatra
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A4BFFDA7C4EBCB6FEE317D8" box="[319,376,1743,1767]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2007)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
fig. 2 are not present in GenBank. These problems cast doubt upon the value of these sequences as evidence for interspecific hybridization (cf.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="852529878A4BFFDA7E6ABC97FC291636" box="[795,946,1777,1801]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref13636" refString="Brower, A. V. Z. (2011) Hybrid speciation in Heliconius butterflies? A review and critique of the evidence. Genetica, 139, 589 - 609. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10709 - 010 - 9530 - 4" type="journal article">Brower 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A4BFFDA7DB6BD74FEFC1673" blockId="77.[151,1436,1143,1868]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
|
The two 06-921 invected sequences (
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FEE7C9958A4BFFDA7F06BD74FD611615" box="[631,762,1810,1834]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AM709837" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">AM709837</accessionNumber>
|
|
and
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FEE7C9958A4BFFDA7E46BD74FC261615" box="[823,957,1810,1834]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AM709838" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">AM709838</accessionNumber>
|
|
), aligned below, were only 52 and 53 bp long, respectively:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A4BFFDA7DE6BD10FBDD1690" blockId="77.[151,1094,1910,1967]" box="[151,1094,1910,1967]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">CTTTTGTATCTTTTTTGTTTT-ATTCAAATTACAAAGTTTGTAATACATACAT ATTTTGTATCTTTTTTGTTTTTATTCAAATTATTAAGTTTGTAAAGGCTCTTA</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A48FFD97DB6BAFEFCCF10A6" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,976]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
|
Most
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97C7BBAFEFE18118F" box="[266,387,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97C7BBAFEFE18118F" box="[266,387,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Heliconius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
invected sequences in Genbank are over 400 bp long, and Dasmahapatra
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97990BAFFFA87118F" box="[1249,1308,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
offered no explanation why these sequences are so truncated. Using Genbank's BLAST query (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Blast.cgi), the former is a perfect match to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97FE0BABDFCE911CD" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1862" box="[657,882,219,243]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="ethilla" subSpecies="aerotome">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97FE0BABDFCE911CD" box="[657,882,219,243]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. ethilla aerotome</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
02-3 sequence (
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FEE7C9958A48FFD97943BABCFB2C11CC" box="[1074,1207,218,243]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AM709835" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">AM709835</accessionNumber>
|
|
, also only 52 bases long), while the latter is identical to a number of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97FCEBA9BFCFA102B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[703,865,252,276]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97FCEBA9BFCFA102B" box="[703,865,252,276]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97EE9BA9BFBBB102B" box="[920,1056,252,276]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heurippa">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97EE9BA9BFBBB102B" box="[920,1056,252,276]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. heurippa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sequences. However, when taken in a broader context (e. g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="852529878A48FFD97CB7BB78FDC71009" box="[454,604,286,310]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref13636" refString="Brower, A. V. Z. (2011) Hybrid speciation in Heliconius butterflies? A review and critique of the evidence. Genetica, 139, 589 - 609. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10709 - 010 - 9530 - 4" type="journal article">Brower 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), neither available alleles for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97ED8BB78FBD0100A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[937,1099,285,309]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97ED8BB78FBD0100A" box="[937,1099,285,309]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
nor for silvaniform taxa form coherent groups for this gene. In any event, these tiny sequences do not provide much evidence for any pattern at all. Note also that the last 9 bases of these two sequences are not parsimoniously viewed as homologous sites when aligned with longer invected sequences from other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97FA5BBE7FCD610A6" box="[724,845,385,409]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97FA5BBE7FCD610A6" box="[724,845,385,409]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Heliconius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A48FFD97DB6BBC4FAEE137F" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,976]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
|
The specimen's two Tpi sequences,
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FEE7C9958A48FFD97F4EBBC5FD241084" box="[575,703,419,443]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AM709812" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">AM709812</accessionNumber>
|
|
(563 bp) and
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FEE7C9958A48FFD97E22BBC5FC4A1084" box="[851,977,419,443]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AM709813" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">AM709813</accessionNumber>
|
|
(411 bp) differ from one another primarily by the presence or absence of several long indels. The longer sequence is identical to three
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97906BBA3FB4610E3" box="[1143,1245,452,476]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethilla">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97906BBA3FB4610E3" box="[1143,1245,452,476]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. ethilla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sequences, while the shorter one is similar to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97CA3BB80FDEA10C2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[466,625,485,509]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97CA3BB80FDEA10C2" box="[466,625,485,509]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sequences. As with Mpi, this gene region is known to exhibit individual heterozygosity in these indel regions (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="852529878A48FFD97F41B861FD581320" box="[560,707,519,543]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref13636" refString="Brower, A. V. Z. (2011) Hybrid speciation in Heliconius butterflies? A review and critique of the evidence. Genetica, 139, 589 - 609. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10709 - 010 - 9530 - 4" type="journal article">Brower 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and it is certainly not a safe assumption to use a single allele from local
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97DA3B84FFEA3137F" box="[210,312,552,576]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethilla">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97DA3B84FFEA3137F" box="[210,312,552,576]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. ethilla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97C1DB84FFD93137F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[364,520,552,576]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97C1DB84FFD93137F" box="[364,520,552,576]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
races to authoritatively assign the affinities of alternate alleles from the "hybrid."
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A48FFD97DB6B82FFBC113D8" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,976]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
|
There is only one Tektin sequence in Genbank for 06-921 (
|
|
<accessionNumber id="FEE7C9958A48FFD97EFBB82FFB8A135D" box="[906,1041,585,610]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AM709690" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">AM709690</accessionNumber>
|
|
), and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="852529878A48FFD9792CB82FFA07135E" box="[1117,1436,585,610]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref14128" refString="Dasmahapatra, K. K., Silva-Vasquez, A., Chung, J. W. & Mallet, J. (2007) Genetic analysis of a wild-caught hybrid between non-sister Heliconius butterfly species. Biology Letters (Royal Society), 3, 660 - 663. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0401" type="journal article">
|
|
Dasmahapatra
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97878B82CFADE135E" box="[1289,1349,585,609]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2007)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
apparently sorted ambiguous chromatogram peaks from this sequence to match either an
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD979E0B80DFAAF13BC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1169,1332,619,643]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD979E0B80DFAAF13BC" box="[1169,1332,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
or an
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD978F0B80DFF44139B" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethilla">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD978F0B80DFF44139B" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. ethilla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sequence. As noted above, such a procedure begs the question of the specimen's identity, and does not constitute evidence. The fifth nuclear gene, Rpl5, was uninformative by Dasmahapatra
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD979F1B8C8FB2113FA" box="[1152,1210,685,709]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
's admission, due to non-monophyly of alleles of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97CADB8A9FDDD13D9" box="[476,582,718,742]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethilla">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97CADB8A9FDDD13D9" box="[476,582,718,742]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. ethilla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97F0DB8A9FC8513D9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[636,798,718,742]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97F0DB8A9FC8513D9" box="[636,798,718,742]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
with respect to one another.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A48FFD97DB6B896FC3F1252" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,976]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
|
To sum up, Dasmahapatra
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97C84B897FDBC1237" box="[501,551,752,776]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al</emphasis>
|
|
.'s presentation of the molecular evidence endeavored to show that 06-921 is a
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97DE6B974FE9E1216" box="[151,261,785,809]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ethilla">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97DE6B974FE9E1216" box="[151,261,785,809]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. ethilla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
x
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42FF58A48FFD97C5DB974FE481216" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[300,467,785,809]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melpomene">
|
|
<emphasis id="D3C088648A48FFD97C5DB974FE481216" box="[300,467,785,809]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. melpomene</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
F1. However, the only marker that is not compromised by potentially unrealistic simplifying assumptions is the mtDNA, which only tells us about one parent. The molecular evidence thus leaves room for doubt about the plausibility of this specimen's hybrid origin.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E10B54768A48FFD97DE6B913FEB512B1" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,976]" box="[151,302,885,910]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Identity: 0.75</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A48FFD97DE6B9F0FBD81290" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,976]" box="[151,1091,918,943]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Authenticity: 0.9 (vague details of when and by whom the specimen was collected).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E10B54768A48FFD97DE6B9D1FE0512EF" blockId="78.[151,1437,151,976]" box="[151,414,951,976]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Overall reliability: 0.68</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |