179 lines
18 KiB
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179 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c78f07a8-c6ec-4490-a8a4-d17697b29e6b" ID-PMC="PMC3264415" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-148-293" ID-PubMed="22287902" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-148-293" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 148" ModsDocTitle="Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa" checkinTime="1451249597577" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A., Arillo, Antonio, Cumming, Jeffrey M. & Hauser, Martin" docDate="2011" docId="57C9184451AD7B230EBBAEFDB2D9963E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 148: 293-332" docOrigin="ZooKeys 148" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809" docTitle="Hilarimorphites burmanica Grimaldi & Cumming, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="318" masterDocId="FF87FFED073F016AFFA1FF97FFD3590E" masterDocTitle="Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="293" pageNumber="317" updateTime="1668152765975" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Arillo, Antonio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cumming, Jeffrey M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hauser, Martin</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>148</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>293</mods:start>
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<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-148-293</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032196" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BAEACD0A-8879-4761-95DB-4AF8297CADA0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/57C9184451AD7B230EBBAEFDB2D9963E" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="24" pageNumber="317">
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="317" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="317">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BAEACD0A-8879-4761-95DB-4AF8297CADA0" authority="Grimaldi & Cumming" class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites burmanica" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanica">Hilarimorphites burmanica Grimaldi & Cumming</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="24" pageNumber="317">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Fig. 9
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="317" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="317">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="317">
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Distinguished from the 4 other species in the genus (known only in New Jersey amber) by venation: vein C ending just slightly beyond apex of R4 (not at apex of R5); Sc long, distally incomplete (more so than in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hilarimorphidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites superba" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superba">Hilarimorphites superba</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Grimaldi, DA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="31" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 124" title="Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura." volume="239" year="1999">Grimaldi and Cumming 1999</bibRefCitation>
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, the only other species with this trait); veins CuA2 and A1 not joined before meeting wing margin (anal cell open distally). Distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomimus</taxonomicName>
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by the larger (normal-sized) wings, with an open cup (anal) cell. Also, basal flagellomere is more elongate and triangular in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites burmanica" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanica">Hilarimorphites burmanica</taxonomicName>
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, and the antennal stylus longer than in the other species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="317">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="24" pageNumber="317">
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Based on a virtually complete, well-preserved female. Body length (excluding antennae) 1.40 mm; thorax length 0.50 mm; wing length 0.95 mm. Head: Antenna with first flagellomere an elongate triangle in lateral view; apical antennal article(s) form a thin style, with possibly a minute apical article. Eyes large, glabrous. Frons with sparse, scattered setae. Proboscis with broad, flat labellum (palps not visible). Thorax: Notum dome-shaped, with sparse, fine, stiff setae;
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<pageBreakToken pageId="25" pageNumber="318" start="start">scutellum</pageBreakToken>
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with 2 pairs of erect setae. Legs very slender, of moderate length, without distinctive spines or tibial spurs. Wing: typical of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
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, except as given in diagnosis above [also, anal lobe may be less developed than in other species, but this area slightly folded under and obscured]. Halter of moderate length, knob slender. Abdomen: Slender, tergites unmodified, cerci and genitalia not fully visible.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="25" pageNumber="318">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">
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Figure 9.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites burmanica" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanica">Hilarimorphites burmanica</taxonomicName>
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Grimaldi & Cumming, sp. n. (
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<taxonomicName family="Apystomyiiidae" lsidName="" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" rank="family">Apystomyiiidae</taxonomicName>
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) in Burmese amber, as preserved. Holotype, AMNH 098.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="318" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">
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Holotype female, AMNH Bu-098, in amber from Myanmar: Kachin, Tanai Village (on Ledo Rd. ca. 105 km Myitkyna). Amber is a deep, clear yellow, 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5 mm, and was embedded in epoxy and trimmed to a wedge shape in order to maximize a full lateral view of the fly and its venation. The piece also contains a male chironomid and a thrips (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Thysanoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thysanoptera" order="Malvales" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Thysanoptera</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="318" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">From Burma (Myanmar).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="318" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
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was known only from Turonian-aged amber of central New Jersey, USA, and besides the new species in Burmese amber a very similar taxon is also now known from the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan.
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<bibRefCitation author="Mostovski, MB" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Journal" pageId="33" pageNumber="326" pagination="406 - 408" title="On an interesting find of a brachycerous fly (Diptera, Brachycera) in the Jurassic of Kazakhstan." volume="33" year="1999">Mostovski (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus zaitzevi" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zaitzevi">Apystomimus zaitzevi</taxonomicName>
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, preserved as a compression from the Karabastau Formation (Upper Jurassic) of the famous Karatau-Mikhailova
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lagerstätte">Lagerstaette</normalizedToken>
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. That well-preserved specimen has a venation indistinguishable from that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
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Grimaldi & Cumming, 1999.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomimus</taxonomicName>
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differs from that genus by having small, brachypterous wings (ca. 0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of the body) and very long cerci (nearly 0.5x length of wing;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
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has very small cerci typical of lower Brachycera). Since these are autapomorphic features of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomimus</taxonomicName>
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, it could be appropriate to synonymize one of the genera (although
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomimus</taxonomicName>
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is more aptly named,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
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has date precedence by two months).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
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was originally placed in the
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<taxonomicName family="Hilarimorphidae" lsidName="" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" rank="family">Hilarimorphidae</taxonomicName>
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, and Mostovski placed
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomimus</taxonomicName>
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in
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Asilomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Asilomorpha" order="Saxifragales" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Asilomorpha</taxonomicName>
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family-incertae sedis (but near the extant genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomyia</taxonomicName>
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). Recent
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hilarimorphidae" genus="Hilarimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorpha" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorpha</taxonomicName>
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lack the discal cell, they have the cup cell closed, and lack a well-developed anal lobe while retaining a vestige of the anal vein, so the venation of the fossils is far more easily derived from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomyia</taxonomicName>
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. Thus, we agree that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName genus="Apystomima" lsidName="Apystomima" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" rank="genus">Apystomima</taxonomicName>
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should both be classified in
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<taxonomicName family="Apystomyiidae" lsidName="" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" rank="family">Apystomyiidae</taxonomicName>
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. The wing of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
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differs from that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomyia</taxonomicName>
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by the following: slightly shorter R1 and R2+3 veins; fork of R4+R5 less divergent, the branches slightly longer; cells br and bm significantly larger; cell cup significantly larger, with veins CuA2 and CuP meeting just before or at the wing margin, or not all (vs. CuA2+CuP with a long stem in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomyia</taxonomicName>
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); anal lobe of wing not protruding; and cell d much shorter, its length ca. 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the width in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
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(vs. 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the width in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomyia</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites burmanica" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanica">Hilarimorphites burmanica</taxonomicName>
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is intermediate in age between the previously known fossils, and greatly extends the geographic range. An extinct clade or grade of
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<taxonomicName family="Apystomyiidae" lsidName="" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" rank="family">Apystomyiidae</taxonomicName>
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occurred minimally throughout Laurasia from the Upper Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous, which is an age that is consistent with its hypothesized sister-group relationship near Eremoneura (Grimaldi and Cumming, 1999; Grimaldi and Engel, 2005; Wiegmann et al., 2011). Oddly, there are no other fossils as yet known of the family, not even from prolific and diverse Tertiary deposits like Baltic amber.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |