539 lines
91 KiB
XML
539 lines
91 KiB
XML
<document id="1507E265939A5027140E040212DDB2C9" ENCODING="UTF8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6fc4a15e-a5db-463a-8a87-5aca82c8c3a5" ModsDocID="22416" checkinTime="1249509911937" checkinUser="christiana" docAuthor="Longino, J. T. & Cox, D. J." docDate="2009" docId="B9054C1115A9E450FBDB4DB561FA1D94" docLanguage="en" docName="22416.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1985" docSource="http://antbase.org/ants/publications/22416/22416.pdf" docTitle="Pheidole bilimeki Reconsidered" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="4C11824B5E9F2FEE5C2CED01DF3962F7" masterDocTitle="Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="34" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1701311784024" updateUser="plazi">
|
|
<mods:mods id="10F0D43F1A6815CB49B57D35B20BC3DD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="561692A9833F563720F0989CE56247F1">
|
|
<mods:title id="61E4B099273EA9A96831F9283314A06A">Pheidole bilimeki reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:name id="0DF6BE83FF83C622C2C872FA2073BA3C" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="62CA87DCCDB6AF2A2419E84493FA534C">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="2BDFB51EBDC079DD3ECD586F17EA988F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="AA746CA7AE1ED183A653D66F412474EB">Longino, J. T.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name id="7849CBF4BA96DA5E19400E7390202E0A" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="A830F9FD9B5A6987EB5A1E593C2499A1">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="764122C9E8CDC9EACE6FC78D7B204ADC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="65FEE3775A786FC549386C4202C394F7">Cox, D. J.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource id="80C28D51A5E40D4103EDDD2EB1C4252A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|
<mods:relatedItem id="83452DA7B86D73FAB24AB82F8A684376" type="host">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="2D0E778AA53B909BCB20FB8769B57F02">
|
|
<mods:title id="911883A9C6F596D96DC77C9830F0A806">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:part id="3B12D9D142E72577CE00244A694B7E74">
|
|
<mods:date id="38F15EF45199C3243F0C2E84C3DE69EC">2009</mods:date>
|
|
<mods:detail id="9CC491A26F2896457F2B2D643A56E4A7" type="volume">
|
|
<mods:number id="D6F9F655DBD2A31D34A83C1EFEF60051">1985</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:extent id="5D8EB411A3822CD5A632A0ADDCCA9119" unit="page">
|
|
<mods:start id="70D22921B95B0F48982F16BF233A1865">34</mods:start>
|
|
<mods:end id="72BAAEFA927E08AFE1302188BA4D7DE6">42</mods:end>
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|
<mods:location id="31E5DB9B119CF382B7D20D63874C030F">
|
|
<mods:url id="BDDF4DDC8306E22CF49EBD74DBA8A220">http://antbase.org/ants/publications/22416/22416.pdf</mods:url>
|
|
</mods:location>
|
|
<mods:classification id="D6327991DF43E76982B8FC9F4232373B">journal article</mods:classification>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="CA57F7728873176D0274CC9DA122674C" type="HNS-Pub">22416</mods:identifier>
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|
<treatment id="B9054C1115A9E450FBDB4DB561FA1D94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6221936" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135040" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6221936" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B9054C1115A9E450FBDB4DB561FA1D94" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B9054C1115A9E450FBDB4DB561FA1D94" lastPageNumber="41" pageNumber="34">
|
|
<subSubSection id="5B5E18933C838BF72DC69F67B00206E4" type="nomenclature">
|
|
<paragraph id="34A56F0218BF9B39F531FF06470F59A9" pageNumber="34">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3F2DB8BAF0BB2306D138E2645195FB5E" ID-CoL="4FY8B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="667B5C95CCE7E00C3EEA86393A88B831" pageNumber="34">Pheidole</pageStartToken>
|
|
bilimeki Reconsidered
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="6095AB854BB7BA3B65C41AF01D188C62" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="A8D85ADC9C697947042D01A9E1C84D20" pageNumber="34">JOHN T. LONGINO1,3 & DANIEL J. COX2</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="296B6143FDA9D319C9178E7005D375D2" pageNumber="34">'The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, 98505 USA. E-mail: longinoj@evergreen.edu</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="60414B705CFC393087A804AA49E51ED5" pageNumber="34">2The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, 98505 USA.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0CB15D88F4060A01F200C2AEC52D62B1" pageNumber="34">3Corresponding author</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B2A3163600A50B3DC80BD19C19BEB6C0" pageNumber="34">Abstract</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="804FE87CF4DA5218A76F4E60C747FC49" pageNumber="34">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6392412CBB8FFE7EE98460EFD91A4F0F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a common ant species throughout northern South America, Central America, and southern Mexico. Character variation is reevaluated and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5BD32D24EF266E363C6BB6B36C90D656" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
is redefined.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="558235301EE7CD09E433B52ECCBB1D58" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
rev. stat. and P
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1C2644AA803826CAD110D9D32068B831" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
rev. stat.,
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3000AFCAA8B26062F7ACFC0DE77F3A40">n. stat.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
are removed from synonymy and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8C45AEAA2E05BCC69885667CC4B0C2F8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="87" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">P. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
is elevated to species rank.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AAEBE1FB48ADD2E56369FC6C5077A629" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a relatively uniform species that lives in plant cavities in the understory of closed canopy forest.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5302B679D685198BA3F9E07AF26EF4BA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">Pheidole jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEB0BC025A216E33E44B5169FE00EADA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="140" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
inhabit open areas and are often associated with human altered landscapes.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E5B44571D40A3BD3B29BB23A8F5F88A1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
occurs in lowland Atlantic slope forests from Panama to Guatemala and southern Mexico (Chiapas);
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F984E62592C02698770FF264E5DEDA29" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="37" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">P. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
is restricted to the islands of Jamaica and Hispaniola;
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5FFBA23B569C61988695CB523894B419" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="138" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
occurs on Cuba, the Bahamas, and the American mainland. Differentiating characters are also provided for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="399DE682667F1376DFCB88094258E9A5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">Pheidole punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
, a common species with habitus and habits similar to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C0729D1972556EFF3F064C0A020E40FF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="105" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0C6DF3D0607064B276650E606C4DAB41" pageNumber="34">
|
|
Key words: Neotropical, ant, species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0A6EA92D62B4124536FBBDE90B5484C6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2258" lsidName-HNS="Myrmicinae Lepeletier" pageNumber="34" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myrmicinae">Myrmicinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="72D9F530F09A5519B81043D0CA54E2FC" pageNumber="34">Introduction</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="CCB762C7830024A4E96C593B691134A4" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="CA772EF52ED699CF1DC5652D54D2B98D" pageNumber="34">
|
|
The ant genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8D3F02AF7B9BC8435A32D79DE3AA96BB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
|
contains over 600 New World species (Wilson 2003). Throughout the tropical and subtropical Americas,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9BC81C6B12A8CEB5B7BDB6C12F148C0B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
|
are abundant and comprise a diverse component of local ant communities. Lowland rainforest habitats may contain over 70 species (Longino et al. 2002). Relative abundance distributions for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="99E03E6A245FC319840353890ADC9044" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
|
are typical of ecological communities in general, with a few species being very abundant and conspicuous, and the majority of species being less abundant and less obvious. In the northern Neotropics
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0D6DF6A6A0185FD60DEB5A55D56BD89B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
is often one of the abundant species. In highly disturbed areas another very common species is
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BE14158A9BF796DE4B6DB4DB1E5410B6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="136" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
, with minor workers that are nearly indistinguishable from those of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7C666848898A6FCFC573F23E6045C815" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="99" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Since these are among the most frequently encountered ants, it is particularly important to improve taxonomic understanding of the group.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5DAF0BF4143DD5F076CC2A604B4659F6" pageNumber="34">
|
|
Brown (1981) made initial progress on the group by recognizing the differences between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B94BEE4CC6A03B3A8B2C91625C48D4AF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="191" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
and several forms that had been attached to it as subspecies or varieties. He associated the various infraspecific forms with the species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="749A512ED38B353F2B4A305DBF0FA579" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151496" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima annectens Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annectens">P. annectens</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Wilson (2003) synonymized both
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6A8465D1A0097917C3107848B76A0DAC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151496" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima annectens Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annectens">P. annectens</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FB8C54A4EB20DB366ED5A41B0EC6A675" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="354" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
under
|
|
<taxonomicName id="138446E5B06538387CBD1F1E430C77FE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="354" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Thus the current concept of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="31C546F422706BA62F19646F73DC6908" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="381" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
is as a widespread and strongly polytypic species. However, molecular evidence suggested that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="41060C4C5A17B9A92CED0CC14B150BF8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="385" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
was sister to two
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4BC4083B978650B24D7BFF465DB40E60" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24885" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
|
|
species:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5A41484A3226C81AABEFFACFC209CFF2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="070A035A945AC0B33013EC2BD83CE5EA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33747" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">floridana</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Moreau 2008). We present here evidence that in Costa Rica there are two broadly sympatric species that both fall within the current concept of P
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9727E671E0110C4BF922C6A982288FF4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
. We attempt to better define species boundaries between these two species, and we discuss character variation throughout the range of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A2CA76441929012957A7D3D947896378" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="534" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
. We also discuss differentiating features of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9B9E1A68F2ABDE744370AF7F2383B265" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="336" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
, whose minor workers are very similar to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BDA7A7469BD5669E7AA164BBF871726C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="555" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="37B87BB429FA14B0B6C6615EE718A9AE" type="materials_examined">
|
|
<paragraph id="987387507C399198A50E347E0622A5E1" pageNumber="35">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="CCEECE85B6074E668E8D4D3436EF82E8" pageNumber="35">Methods</pageStartToken>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3DDF4144AD87687CDD962E9614BFC5DA" pageNumber="35">Observations were made at 50x or 63x magnification with a dissecting microscope. Most measurements were made with a micrometer stage with digital output in increments of 0.0001mm. However, variation in specimen orientation, alignment of crosshairs with edges of structures, and interpretation of structure boundaries resulted in measurement accuracy to the nearest 0.01 to 0.005mm, depending on sharpness of the defined boundary. All measurements are presented in mm.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D85DF97DEAC13CB4ED2ACDDF3B2C1186" pageNumber="35">Material from the following collections was examined for this study:</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0F3D363A14A14E7BCF760FCD60F93964" pageNumber="35">
|
|
<collectionCode id="21FAA87DE8D367DAF86F9A34043337FD" collectionName="Costa Rica, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio)">INBC</collectionCode>
|
|
: Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3637E6CB1B70177CF9776EC6A4AACDC7" pageNumber="35">
|
|
<collectionCode id="10D11C6CBB7EF1A0BB1D040AC9BACD71" collectionName="John T. Longino">JTLC</collectionCode>
|
|
: John T. Longino, personal collection, Olympia, WA, USA.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="7B8A4960F9433906E1EED18E506D5AAB" pageNumber="35">
|
|
<collectionCode id="A43EA8046B73D4C64B5B8444BEE8A05B" collectionName="USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History">LACM</collectionCode>
|
|
: Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="02BD0D753027B829CFB250219A39C347" pageNumber="35">
|
|
<collectionCode id="9225599A86B12168B62E13DCFB6B1636" Doria="Doria" Giacomo="Giacomo" collectionName="Italy, Genova, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ">MCSN</collectionCode>
|
|
: Museo Civico de Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria," Genoa, Italy.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6AE04BEABF3F5469881643F7E0FCD485" pageNumber="35">
|
|
<collectionCode id="0A2D51E69D56B66C2FF5D1EAF997E82A" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZC</collectionCode>
|
|
: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D44224468A1F6FA991E4848DE5328032" pageNumber="35">
|
|
<collectionCode id="9DFC47D43384F7EA09E576B129797CB1" collectionName="Switzerland, Geneva, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
|
: Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4B2CC707752933117D58B0EE5685F524" pageNumber="35">
|
|
<collectionCode id="CE6FB946A8320298EC7F13A818F95E47" collectionName="Austria, Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien">NMW</collectionCode>
|
|
: Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="179D6CE7B6E270FDB118064036601464" pageNumber="35">
|
|
<collectionCode id="BDD248E1910BDC31D70BA084B0ED4F0F" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
|
|
: National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="7200BB2CDE51C3E53C2E434A8F8BC35B" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="871FC8DB0B4620E16415D543073A7981" pageNumber="35">Results</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="1CEB14EB0E556A432D04190002CA9AFB" pageNumber="35">The group of species under discussion share the following morphological traits:</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BA3572BF8182ADB1D2E4D13145E53E12" pageNumber="35">Minor worker: head width (not including eyes) 0.38 to 0.55mm; scape length 0.40 to 0.60mm; scape index (100 * scape length / head width) 95 to 125; face and mesosoma uniformly foveolate; promesonotal groove very weakly or not at all impressed; with short upturned propodeal spines; postpetiole broad and low, somewhat flattened, lower than petiolar node; first gastral tergite with anterior third to entire surface shagreened; pilosity on mesosomal dorsum sparse and stiff; pilosity on hind tibia fully appressed and short.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="63D35957EE015F86ED5CA80EA87073E5" pageNumber="35">Major worker: head width 0.74 to 1.09mm; scape length 0.44 to 0.63mm; scape index 50 to 68; face largely foveolate rugose, with variable extent smooth and shiny posteriorly; hypostomal margin with two closely-spaced medial teeth; first gastral tergite with anterior third to entire surface shagreened.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="7D12CC39669CC7EC55F40EFB27371DDC" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="FECC8F0ACDF531F2234D8B60C6FC4F98" pageNumber="35">
|
|
We recognize in Costa Rica two distinct species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D20BB8E2658F418C267225B186CE424E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="36" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5B40FC4D82B915929738EFAEDEB61E9B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="429" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
, that can be separated on the basis of relative scape length in the minor worker, color, habitat preference, and nesting habits. Minor workers of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="830D390686471AA6DCB4D6D487BE21CE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
have relatively longer scapes (Fig. 1) and the posterior margin of the head is more rounded, both majors and minors are uniformly yellow orange, nests are in plant cavities, and the species inhabits the shaded understory of mature or second growth wet forest. Minor workers of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C9A82C647418B41D9EC638048A44E3A2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="342" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
have shorter scapes (Fig. 1) and the head is less rounded behind, both majors and minors are brown, nests are almost anywhere including in rotten wood and under stones, and the species inhabits mostly open and highly disturbed areas. The two species are sympatric throughout Costa Rica, but typically maintain a strict habitat separation. At La Selva Biological Station, in lowland rainforest on the Atlantic slope,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="31CE5575C7801FCE8DB4E95ECFA6C16B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="113" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
is one of the most abundant ants in the forest understory, and is never found in the laboratory clearing. In contrast,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="104861D8617639E28CE0AF4EB444B3BD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="235" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
is abundant in the laboratory clearing, where it can be a pest ant in buildings, yet is never found in the forest. At Sirena in Corcovado National Park in southeastern Costa Rica,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0D0DB843ADA005892D8B51CE56CE1380" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="47" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a common understory ant in mature and second growth forest, much like it is at La Selva, while
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E2EAF5C05B2F1FB2A6ADC6DFA1ED1380" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="172" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
is common in the vegetation of the upper beach margin and extending less than 20m into the forest.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="AACC729C468E80AEB6E727304D3EF364" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="BF94240C70EC31C91D8461FF52A0312C" lastPageNumber="36" pageNumber="35">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="87856F86228EDBD9978BE52894D83E0F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
has a relatively consistent morphology and behavior over most of its range. Most collections are from Costa Rica (over 350 separate collection events in JTL's specimen database) but a few collections have been examined from Panama, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and Mexico (Chiapas). All collections are from wet forest habitats, most from below 500m elevation but with a few to a maximum of 1200m. The northernmost record is from rainforest near Tikal in the Peten of Guatemala, and these specimens
|
|
<pageStartToken id="B044C4CD950253BB8DEEAE71B4877BDD" pageNumber="36">are</pageStartToken>
|
|
indistinguishable from Costa Rican material. Within Costa Rica, occasional specimens have shorter scapes (Fig. 1). In at least one instance the variation is intranidal, and other workers have typical long scapes.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="AA6A13B1C21B89CEE1C47AFE507587C8">
|
|
<paragraph id="71AD728334C88158839D0A032E3017AE" pageNumber="36">
|
|
FIGURE 1. Relationship of minor worker head width and scape length for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EE9B8A3DF8BF34E7C2E5A7A407FDEECB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
and related species. 1: from the type series of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7EEC9D6105F48C9D8264750EFD23AEE8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="1170" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
. 2: syntype of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="71623E86C4F0CB7CBEC222C1E1808AF8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:171319" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="1178" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima napaea Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctatissima" subSpecies="napaea">P. punctatissima napaea</taxonomicName>
|
|
. 3: syntype of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="82460B9E88F218991434120AE97E202A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="1197" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">P. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Circle: syntypes of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A56C02EE1CE9094D302812BE6F51FA77" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151314" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana antoniensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antoniensis">antoniensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AADE46B9C04151585C143214CE908994" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:232324" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima subsp. jamaicensis var. barbouri Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbouri">barbouri</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8B0464A43083FDF08E564FCD93218B68" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151161" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii cellarum Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cellarum">cellarum</taxonomicName>
|
|
, insulans,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="677475C69CCAE0D0AE1E6E76787330EE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151163" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii johnsoni Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnsoni">johnsoni</taxonomicName>
|
|
. A similar plot for major workers shows the same general trends but with less separation among the species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="8D4AAC74A00E1034F77CF3F4F6178289" lastPageNumber="37" pageNumber="36">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="061A24B99F3EA0C7AC744F3456A3C8D5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a very abundant species in the low arboreal stratum of primary wet forest understory throughout Costa Rica. Nests may be found in almost any kind of cavity or sheltered space, and they may augment their nest space by building galleries and tunnels with carton or earthen construction. Nests have been observed in cavities in live stems of Psychotria (Rubiaceae), Witheringia asterotricha (Solanaceae), and Pausandra trianae (Euphorbiaceae), bracts of Ischnosiphon (Marantaceae), clasping petiole bases of Araceae, and the bulbous leaf bases of Tillandsia bulbosa (Bromeliaceae). It is a common opportunistic inhabitant of myrmecophytes such as saplings of Cecropia, portions of myrmecophytic Ocotea trees abandoned by
|
|
<taxonomicName id="84730C8A2830FE8F8030B81995EDFEE1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24785" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmelachista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Myrmelachista Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Myrmelachista</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and myrmecophytic Piper species. In every Costa Rican population of myrmecophytic melastomes (those with petiolar or laminar pouches; Conostegia setosa, Clidemia sp., Tococa sp.) that has
|
|
<pageStartToken id="B8F378AB2E6A89C0693FFE95839B92E6" pageNumber="37">been</pageStartToken>
|
|
observed (Corcovado, La Selva, Tortuguero), this species has been the most abundant inhabitant. It was the dominant ant in a study of Conostegia setosa at La Selva (Tennant 1994). The species also nests in dead sticks and branches on or above the forest floor, and under bark flaps on tree trunks. When nests are in myrmecophytic melastomes, carton galleries may occur on the outside, connecting pouches and extending down the stem to the ground. Colonies appear to be polydomous. Workers are generalist foragers, and may be taken at baits or in samples of sifted leaf litter. Colonies have occasionally been found as exotics in greenhouses in the United States (New York, Washington D.C.), which is no surprise given the frequency with which it is found in live plant cavities in Central America.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="5CFB7B4342B85C8BC7EB9E05E705FA6B" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="7FE8512C22985EE10DA589ADA16EDEE5" pageNumber="37">
|
|
Specimens from the Caribbean coast of Panama, at the southernmost limit of the species, are the most aberrant. Minors and majors are identical to Costa Rican
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E3E8BAF03C7D0D29528067790B8AE7BF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="775" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
with respect to shape and measurements, but differ in color. Instead of being clear yellow orange, minors are a dusky gray brown and majors similar but with the posterior third or more of the head yellow (approaching
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7765D68405E496E485C62DE60B6266E6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="742" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
). The specimens were collected in ant-plant domatia in forest understory, thus matching the behavior of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="37FC0EA740393A50269A5A2C9F836CBB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="710" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0C12F505899701F8B1B4338DDC87087E" pageNumber="37">
|
|
Specimens from Hispaniola and Jamaica exhibit a slightly different but consistent combination of characters that distinguish them from other P. bilimeki-like forms. The minor worker scapes are long, like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5FF31C05D65B49373131D0E199F0BA2F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="674" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Fig. 1). Minor and major workers are uniformly dark red brown. Collecting on Jamaica by JTL yielded collections from multiple habitats and nest sites. Collections were made in lowland second growth, wet forest on karst, and cloud forest. Nests were found beneath epiphytes, in rotten wood on the ground, and under stones. Multiple collections in the Dominican Republic by W. L. Brown in 1975 were from diverse habitats: evergreen forest, coffee plantation, limestone, ravine, and mixed hardwood-pine forest. The fact that the specimens from Hispaniola and Jamaica are somewhat differentiated from mainland and other bilimeki-like island (Cuba, Bahamas) forms suggests a period of isolation and shared ancestry, which justifies the recognition of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="938E454FB084ACB49B70D5574B555AE3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="570" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">P. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a distinct species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="85BE7A0159ED4BCCEE0B1965C2E70088" pageNumber="37">
|
|
This leaves the residue that is
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CA29E19E2E5D7FF931DFB4F0DA44A220" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="169" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This is a heterogenous assemblage that may itself prove to be multiple species when more material is available. The main feature differentiating
|
|
<taxonomicName id="56B86CAFE2636F21D52D1FA43EA88174" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="142" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B59BA8127C101DE208C85C84DD659F36" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii,</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="08E74E0C227BE6D30D5E65ABADBBBE95" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="147" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">P. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6CC369F921217BAC9DCE4D45D4FDBD4D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="492" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the shorter scapes. Typically specimens are uniformly red brown, but some collections from the northern part of the range, including the type of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="853023C9BC16D576E39AC8B6620A4523" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="99" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
, are yellow orange, like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="445C881AB205B89EA2661AFA1D201BDA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="442" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The sculpture on the first gastral tergite is highly variable. There is always some degree of shagreened, opaque sculpture anteriorly, around the postpetiolar insertion, but it varies from covering the entire tergite to covering only about the anterior third. Within nest series, shagreening is typically more extensive on minor workers than major workers; in many series where the first gastral tergite is completely shagreened in the minor worker, only the anterior third is sculptured in the major.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3694E2178911B2018790933828FA969A" pageNumber="37">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E0BB7BFF0379B1F5CAD71487724AF5CB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a common species in open, recently or frequently disturbed habitats. It occurs in all tropical climate zones where ants occur: lowland dry forest, lowland wet forest, and montane habitats to about 1500m elevation. In Costa Rica it is a common ant of roadsides, nesting under stones or in dead fenceposts. It is a frequent pest ant in houses. It is a common ant at baits in second growth dry forest vegetation in seasonally dry Guanacaste Province. It can also be abundant in large disturbances deep within primary forest reserves. The Penas Blancas Valley is a large forested reserve in the Cordillera de Tilaran in northern Costa Rica. In 2001 there was a large debris torrent that created a very large area currently undergoing primary succession. The area is about 5km from the edge of the reserve and human settlement. As of early 2008 the area was dominated by
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FE69DB6A5920AA348D1B5BE72A84AE64" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="173" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="AC87CE3C12DDD3CFA22EF975CAF9E5AF" pageNumber="37">
|
|
Finally, there is the widespread weedy species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CD95DD4BA4A78203B2BB31C55D4FA480" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="183" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In terms of metric characters and sculpture, it is very like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3472F9BE2390A712E33E3C80064686E2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="156" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The minor workers are relatively large and the scapes relatively long (Fig. 1). The coloration is distinctive. The minor workers are always dark red brown to nearly black. The major workers have a color similar to that of associated minor workers over most of the body, but a posterior portion of the head is a sharply contrasting yellow. The coloration is uniform over much of the range, but populations in the mountains of Chiapas State in southern Mexico have the yellow spot greatly reduced. The shagreening on the gaster of minor workers is typically strong and covers the entire first gastral tergite.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="62C77A1CB49670026D1295290FCFED32">
|
|
<paragraph id="E7F7BC1191489C5AD694531FEF81F3B6" pageNumber="38">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="ADB1FFE6BF3F76CDB758BDCB0658B5A5" pageNumber="38">FIGURE</pageStartToken>
|
|
2. Lateral view of body (A) and dorsal (full-face) views of head (B-E) of minor workers. A.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BF0E52ADD76C93DE3574920C16CBA09E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki, Costa</taxonomicName>
|
|
Rica (
|
|
<collectionCode id="57439C227A35BB73A8DCADCCAE3BDD9C" collectionName="John T. Longino">JTLC</collectionCode>
|
|
000015322). B.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="44EC253E4D6FA25F11D516D2FEAE1457" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii, Costa</taxonomicName>
|
|
Rica (INBIOCRI001283143) C.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EEE42C80A12358E04F7A91C2E5E20E19" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">Pheidole punctatissima, Costa</taxonomicName>
|
|
Rica (INBIOCRI002279874). D.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="87B95CEC182B930F43573E541EB7FD0F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki, Costa</taxonomicName>
|
|
Rica (
|
|
<collectionCode id="3CAC3CB7F1A630464F16EDBFD9E76D05" collectionName="John T. Longino">JTLC</collectionCode>
|
|
000015322). E.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6D4CE8ABD038A67AD94028583B142298" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">Pheidole jamaicensis, Jamaica</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<collectionCode id="389EB1471C273687C6151760772E6DDF" collectionName="John T. Longino">JTLC</collectionCode>
|
|
000015394). Scale bars = 0.5mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="ECE36E805D470E741173C8119127B588">
|
|
<paragraph id="26E59F4B29B8BEA2F6D77CD2F2013F62" pageNumber="39">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="ADE1A9CB867EA6FF546E01A959297B67" pageNumber="39">FIGURE</pageStartToken>
|
|
3. Dorsal (full-face) views of major worker head. A.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5906D13ED6E9411A363638DDE22B5630" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii, Costa</taxonomicName>
|
|
Rica (INBIOCRIOO1283142). B.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8B83B695B7D06C39B63F54CB1CBB57DD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">Pheidole punctatissima, Mexico</taxonomicName>
|
|
(lectotype, CASENT0601256). C.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="142678C763A5205F9EF773F1740D947B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">Pheidole jamaicensis, Jamaica</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<collectionCode id="7D9CC9D57C582D417C85942D6285B2D4" collectionName="John T. Longino">JTLC</collectionCode>
|
|
000015837). D.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1C388D82580DEA3A0A4B122E2EBC8EB3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki, Costa</taxonomicName>
|
|
Rica (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6652D6BF2DB1FC2629632A1A2ED23BA8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151315" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana ares Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ares">P. ares</taxonomicName>
|
|
syntype,
|
|
<collectionCode id="643E58CCBE50963ACD472E6BCF1B6D2C" collectionName="John T. Longino">JTLC</collectionCode>
|
|
000014091). E.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="44D2A10A5854DACD8B7C69FBD922894F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki, Mexico</taxonomicName>
|
|
(holotype, CASENT0601281). F.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6382AE8851854116BB5DE247B7F4EAC9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki, Costa</taxonomicName>
|
|
Rica (
|
|
<collectionCode id="4D10BC3A54EE24DD52F06EE4B6CE1785" collectionName="John T. Longino">JTLC</collectionCode>
|
|
000003345). Scale bars = 0.5mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="8FD052EF2186E51FEDD8DB2C7711F0A5" pageNumber="40">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="647EF7EF96BC36AAAB53071A1A9920F1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">
|
|
<pageStartToken id="7CAD0D582BC98FA6D0543C5DDF584EC0" pageNumber="40">Pheidole</pageStartToken>
|
|
punctatissima
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a slightly more arboreal version of P
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83C4B9292EE4D11C5AA82CA02952D654" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
. It favors the same kind of open, disturbed habitats and has a similar geographic range, from Colombia to Tamaulipas, Mexico. In contrast to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1F94E800693B9366F2384E0037E411A7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="165" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
, it is rarely if ever found nesting beneath stones. It is nearly always in dead wood on the ground or dead branches in the low arboreal zone. Like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7D7FC09404D0BA9CE55A8ABF036672B1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="267" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
, it can be a pest ant in houses. The fact that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B9321CD6D11B37EE1D337924001DF51D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="267" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
has longer scapes and more arboreal habits than
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9F7DDD443891CFB37379091C382AC77" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="348" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
reinforces a general pattern in ants, in which arboreal species tend to have longer scapes than ground-dwelling congeners.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E3992F45D0CF660F30B310D1C8D873C8" pageNumber="40">
|
|
These species have a history of being transported by human commerce, which is unsurprising given their abundance and, in the case of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F7DA0FCD7C0D2060516C908ED22503AB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="489" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4582B2FBB8C6D13E425D680DA26BF3D7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="393" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
, their association with disturbed areas. Both
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E1F991EEFCAE432F7D7A6D0E0E436D14" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="475" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6A813FB99E4A1E07838FB4E99FC890B0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="505" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
have been collected in greenhouses in temperate zone cities (e.g.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C9FB5678DD67EEF2853451DC4AD5DA61" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151161" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii cellarum Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cellarum">cellarum Forel</taxonomicName>
|
|
1908 [=
|
|
<taxonomicName id="40431217325F85706BD0408BEE990199" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
]), and all three have the potential to be frequently encountered as exotics. The occurrence of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="381F6DCD413ACA466FB7FAB9A17C1F55" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="462" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B8C4D9510D9C7566A8536433045A1D5D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="331" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
as building pests can also lead to spurious locality records. For example, an intensive survey of the ant fauna of the Volcan Barva transect in Costa Rica (Project ALAS), a forested elevational gradient from sea level to 2600m, yielded the rare occurrence of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7FF0DAB74C8A47C5436706EC1A14B3F4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="405" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
from primary forest throughout the transect. However, the samples were all processed in the ALAS lab at La Selva Biological Station, where
|
|
<taxonomicName id="118F3211F104AE295068D34E60717B00" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="377" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
was a pest ant in the building. The Barva Transect records were almost certainly laboratory contaminants.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="4A0353B35071F1EC4CE5D9C62754D3A7" type="key">
|
|
<paragraph id="3FF14E387BE05CB1DF00B278634AAF5E" pageNumber="40">The following key will separate minor workers of the four species considered in this paper.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="82AE7137AB1EF40A6B0A88317864796A" pageNumber="40">
|
|
1 Scape relatively short (SI 95-108, lower cloud of points in Fig. 1); posterior margin of vertex somewhat flattened (Fig. 2D); color usually brown, yellow in northern parts of range....................................................................
|
|
<taxonomicName id="023749A9D69BB21B711FFB88BA6EA7DD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2DC4C905DD2D6026DFE553369F76B8F8" pageNumber="40">- Scape relatively long (SI typically 103-125, upper cloud of points in Fig. 1); posterior margin of vertex more rounded (Fig. 2 B, C, E); color brown or yellow..........................................................................................................2</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="15E9AC11D29A7815C958AE9EE1A2A214" pageNumber="40">
|
|
2 Color clear yellow orange (gray brown in one population on Caribbean coast of Panama); typically nesting in live plant cavities in wet forest understory..............................................................................................................
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9F4F766A5403B1ED26AF2F8C0D65F4EE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="130197B5FF162242984B502838FC4074" pageNumber="40">- Color red brown to nearly black; typically nesting in open, disturbed habitats...........................................................3</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="99488F9169240E964EC8DA1BE24A71FC" pageNumber="40">
|
|
3 Scapes relatively shorter (SI 108-114, see Fig. 1) (major worker with face uniformly red brown)..........
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6C25253732F7DCAC8A1833ED30003BF5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="CE5307C91691C1D45BB3F98E131BC70B" pageNumber="40">
|
|
- Scapes relatively longer (SI 114-125, see Fig. 1) (major worker with face bicolored, dark red brown anteriorly, yellow posteriorly)........................................................................................................................................
|
|
<taxonomicName id="13E66C620BAE172698DF151C05B832BD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="49787ECEE02277B82A0BCCD6643DAA69" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="46F2B9F8E10D0DBC24387B4D9DD113CC" pageNumber="40">
|
|
With the exception of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3ADE7D1571DDB3A15982E6B9B9299BF2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="15" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">P. punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the major workers of these species cannot always be identified.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FB567276AE25CE1A4DAD6C93EAB1A7A3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">Pheidole punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
|
is readily distinguished from the other three by the distinctive coloration of the face (bicolored, dark brown anteriorly, yellow posteriorly). Major workers of the other species are the same color as their associated minor workers. Thus major workers of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A9849D1773500423BBD8765738FCEC39" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="46" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">P. anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
are usually yellow, and major workers of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="74B321DF6F1C39F51A33EC826C94B5F3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="69" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">P. bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="89FB21970FF073F1C8D59CBAC816A0B5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151499" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.bestMatchDistance="535" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima jamaicensis Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">P. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
are usually red brown. However, color variation parallels that seen in minor workers.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="7D78388B7408867AD8A4C83A45A64843" type="synonymic_list">
|
|
<paragraph id="BA2078F0B46EB7CA97474F5D56B4B4E9" pageNumber="40">Formal synonymy of the four species treated here is as follows:</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C51FF4EB28CCB8B34D3B2F71631A899B" type="synonymic_list">
|
|
<paragraph id="61D72D5D8111995DDAF447B28488388C" pageNumber="40">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E365FA56D1EC9EF2220E9A7D3B48C32F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
REVISED STATUS
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="38C5C244F1151F3B679C7FB51954CAB8" pageNumber="40">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="808314D2BE6FC73C1C847D5FA0C4F607" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">Pheidole anastasii Emery</taxonomicName>
|
|
1896:76. Syntype minor, major worker: Jimenez, Costa Rica [
|
|
<collectionCode id="3108FE7F36FEF1B9B8F0BB6ED286F20F" Doria="Doria" Giacomo="Giacomo" collectionName="Italy, Genova, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ">MCSN</collectionCode>
|
|
] (examined).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="226CA9E06EB0F2B597D447CA2A7A91AB">
|
|
<paragraph id="06F223A6CDF87CE0FF8A9F7F05CED1E9" pageNumber="40">Figure 1, 2, 3</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="1F03564330408603C47D322FB0C5C7CC" pageNumber="40">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="35C6925AC02E4F5432EBD4AC98BBBC7C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki Mayr</taxonomicName>
|
|
: Wilson 2003:378 (incorrect synonymy).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="335438CCAEBB76C22CBD57CA5F8EFCEF" lastPageNumber="41" pageNumber="40">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D16D5B8E2224363EA870B867CD542204" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3FD46A23F9A535E6FE129DA5DD62D614" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">Pheidole bilimeki Mayr</taxonomicName>
|
|
1870:985. Lectotype major worker: Mexico (Bilimek) [
|
|
<collectionCode id="C5323ED343129637AF521A5863B05CF2" collectionName="Austria, Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien">NMW</collectionCode>
|
|
] (examined).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A99521937F3F172697ACE6A8078B6365" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">
|
|
Pheidole
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F77E959F123D8133B19B86E89097DB12" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151496" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima annectens Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctatissima" subSpecies="annectens">punctatissima subsp. annectens Wheeler</taxonomicName>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, W.M. 1905:93. Lectotype major worker: Mangrove Key, Andros Island, Bahamas (Wheeler) [
|
|
<collectionCode id="E08406CF7C6AB56CDDED14A1C32FE7DB" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZC</collectionCode>
|
|
] (examined). Wilson 2003:378: junior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D28EAB98395409695A229ECD491223B5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8A9F30C36176D437D2E1564D6365BDEC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151314" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana antoniensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="floridana" variety="antoniensis">
|
|
Pheidole
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B23303DF6BC3513C3F85FB8F630D3ADF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151314" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana antoniensis Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="floridana" variety="antoniensis">
|
|
floridana
|
|
<pageStartToken id="D435515AAC063E0AF3B642652453D932" pageNumber="41">var</pageStartToken>
|
|
. antoniensis Forel
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
1901b:364. Syntype major and minor worker: San Antonio, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia (Forel) [
|
|
<collectionCode id="B6850B5A6B17D829942221170AEDE16C" collectionName="Switzerland, Geneva, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
|
] (examined). Wilson 2003:378: junior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65188E46B5E31FD5DB3A3FA43B456516" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="7BA2B7FE404E84AE5B14FC360E2B323D">
|
|
<paragraph id="7ADE86CFF8DA615FA952B9D2FBC7007B" pageNumber="40">Figure 1, 2, 3</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="366595172A38EB34A2286E317AEE1C61" pageNumber="41">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A818069A47947AAEAF73A3D391C21666" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33747" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
|
|
Pheidole
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B622BC93C0CD51FB40DD654814A73A3F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151315" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana ares Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="floridana" subSpecies="ares">floridana subsp. ares Forel</taxonomicName>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
1908:57. Syntype major and minor worker, male: Cote du Tablazo, 1500m, Costa Rica; San Juan de Tobozi, 1400m, Costa Rica (Biolley) [
|
|
<collectionCode id="B88CE5717B704675E220C6A8D093D3AC" collectionName="Switzerland, Geneva, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
|
] (Cote du Tablazo specimens examined). Wilson 2003:378: junior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CB613D4ECD8CF2029C5802431DA785C0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3A6F9414175E517A8F635D8297263996" pageNumber="41">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="93936E5B58CDF4F1F0624AFCF5BB697B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151161" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii cellarum Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="cellarum">
|
|
Pheidole
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2CA0D5FA5FB92702DA427EC54912CD90" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151161" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii cellarum Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="cellarum">anastasii var. cellarum Forel</taxonomicName>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
1908:55. Syntype major, minor workers: greenhouses in Zurich (Switzerland), Kew (Great Britain), Dresden (Germany) [
|
|
<collectionCode id="29D2AF4B6C23B0049D60E9E70DC7AEDB" collectionName="Switzerland, Geneva, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
|
] (examined). Forel 1901a:78: description of queen (as P
|
|
<taxonomicName id="51E1282267211A3B7B40D217DCAD65D0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33584" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasii">anastasii</taxonomicName>
|
|
, based on material from Guatemala intercepted at Hamburg; material labeled incorrectly as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3C98157B09B09BF6FB517A9CB05FC94B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151161" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing" genus.completionRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii cellarum Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cellarum">cellarum</taxonomicName>
|
|
types in Forel collection). Forel 1915:34: description of queen in key. Wilson 2003:378: junior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A91154DA90530CA745D21368FE2E9302" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0878865DD88589E931C0E3641F61FE64" pageNumber="41">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8A68B4890505B182F2DCE2F9C7C226F2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151316" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana deplanata Pergande" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="floridana" variety="deplanata">
|
|
Pheidole
|
|
<taxonomicName id="37DBBEC005F4954F94C73BC0868EEB0E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151316" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole floridana deplanata Pergande" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="floridana" variety="deplanata">floridana var. deplanata Pergande</taxonomicName>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
1896:883. Syntype major and minor worker: Tepic, Mexico (Eisen and Vaslit) [
|
|
<collectionCode id="E9AD9B79A1C2CE30B02A626D8EA65834" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
|
|
]. Wilson 2003:378: junior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="27B6C71DDBF352D90701BFF34327E5B2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3D7374A3D6BDF7A6F4E91ECD454402CF" pageNumber="41">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="114854DE8C6FBC5AE08C518E0083BD62" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33947" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">
|
|
Pheidole
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8B530977FDB44CD41B22C793F24885E8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151498" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole punctatissima insulana Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctatissima" subSpecies="insulana">punctatissima subsp. insulana Wheeler</taxonomicName>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, W.M. 1905:93. Syntype major and minor worker: Southern Bight, Andros Islands, Bahamas; Blue Hills, New Providence Island, Bahamas (Wheeler) [
|
|
<collectionCode id="98D498A9B1A859B9DAFC04F829AE5600" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZC</collectionCode>
|
|
] (examined). Wilson 2003:378: junior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="192676A5A4C3AE0E3E3332B7BCC0BE6B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4155F9AE038F26D182593BFC2FFCA16D" pageNumber="41">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="433C4DEA4E41F177DE4C2DB50D329EB5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151163" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii johnsoni Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="johnsoni">
|
|
Pheidole
|
|
<taxonomicName id="45403DE9C219B667AB16CD4B26AB75AC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151163" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii johnsoni Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="johnsoni">anastasii var. johnsoni Wheeler</taxonomicName>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, W.M. 1907:272. Syntype major and minor worker, male: Manatee, Honduras (Johnson) [
|
|
<collectionCode id="F79A64D8259B946AC8E49B9A43B7E33E" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology">MCZC</collectionCode>
|
|
] (examined). Wilson 2003:378: junior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="54399F73549E12096D0FB9103377C014" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5633D0A0292B69E6C63A600D83156444" pageNumber="41">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B5CE4EC99E32D7002381EA7154379575" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151165" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii venezuelana Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="venezuelana">
|
|
Pheidole
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F61F8EDD4914C5F58BC5975A10D98474" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:151165" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole anastasii venezuelana Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="anastasii" variety="venezuelana">anastasii var. venezuelana Forel</taxonomicName>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
1905:159. Syntype major worker, male: Caracas, Venezuela (Meinert) [
|
|
<collectionCode id="5133E21686FE1033F202861EF9749F43" collectionName="Switzerland, Geneva, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
|
]. Wilson 2003:378: junior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4FD95B5EFB1CA61A73BA9B78CA733C94" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33621" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidole bilimeki Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilimeki">bilimeki</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |