473 lines
65 KiB
XML
473 lines
65 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="474525CD8FE6739CB826F15B87A01B6A">Cryptic diversity in the North American Dromochorus tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae): a congruence-based method for species discovery</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E3446924382896049B9F94CFA93D8C08">Duran, Daniel P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ACD5B1FB9FDC8D0706E8F797EFF5EE03">Herrmann, David P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="716B6B65947A5CB624C60DCBAA6FDB78">Roman, Stephen J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="22BA6826D3760166DA2ACA2A9BA77049">Gwiazdowski, Rodger A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BDA27056E43ADB24F1B6A3DD3A88BAAE">Drummond, Jennifer A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EE194801771DBA23D44A253AC683DCC8">Hood, Glen R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F014AECDC9600C334E8C0383B12C5F34">Egan, Scott P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2D72D8978E26AB2EE3743FABDCD33498">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D51A4B65D658BED3239D5D189398575A">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="18E7DF1BDC70CC6D2BD6D016301FEE3B">2018-09-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="299E56F934E6F344DD91FCC09636BC78">186</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="C5E2AC8FA2159138C2E7535EFEA6A196">250</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="BD7DDF4B1BBCB83D3FCF4C10C688FEE0" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zly035</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B83387B9FF8BF12FFF597912FDB5EA73" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157232847" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B83387B9FF8BF12FFF597912FDB5EA73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B83387B9FF8BF12FFF597912FDB5EA73" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="269" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
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<subSubSection id="78806524FF8BF133FF597912FD72EA41" box="[223,682,1347,1371]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FF597912FD72EA41" blockId="15.[145,761,1347,1603]" box="[223,682,1347,1371]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
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<heading id="6B6D81C3FF8BF133FF597912FD72EA41" allCaps="true" box="[223,682,1347,1371]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FF597912FDCBEA40" ID-CoL="6DKDD" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[223,531,1348,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="273" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
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<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FF597912FDCBEA40" box="[223,531,1348,1371]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">DROMOCHORUS PRUININUS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF8BF133FD9D7915FD72EA41" author="Casey TL" box="[539,682,1347,1371]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" pagination="285 - 684" part="9" refId="ref25396" refString="Casey TL. 1897. Coleopterological notices VII. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 9: 285 - 684." title="Coleopterological notices VII" type="journal article" year="1897">CASEY, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="78806524FF8BF133FEF1793CFDCAEA98" box="[375,530,1386,1410]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" type="description">
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<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FEF1793CFDCAEA98" blockId="15.[145,761,1347,1603]" box="[375,530,1386,1410]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
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<heading id="6B6D81C3FF8BF133FEF1793CFDCAEA98" allCaps="true" box="[375,530,1386,1410]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" reason="1">
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(
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<figureCitation id="A8A12A2AFF8BF133FEF9793CFE04EA98" box="[383,476,1386,1410]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[163,243,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[166,1441,1284,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[163,1443,1268,1820]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Labial palps of: A, D. pruininus; B, D. belfragei; C, D. knisleyi sp. nov. A and B illustrate labial palps with a contrasting darker apical segment, and C illustrates labial palps that are consistently dark throughout." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3089275/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">FIGS 7A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="A8A12A2AFF8BF133FE6C793CFDD2EA98" box="[490,522,1386,1410]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[145,223,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[178,1403,196,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1406,196,1806]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal habitus for species of Dromochorus. A, D.pruininus; B, D.belfragei; C, D. knisleyi sp. nov.; D, D. minimus sp. nov.; E, D. chaparralensis sp. nov.; F, D. welderensis sp. nov.; G, D. velutinigrens; H, D. pilatei." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3089287/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">9A</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="78806524FF8BF133FF1779F5FEAEEACD" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FF1779F5FEAEEACD" blockId="15.[145,761,1347,1603]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
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<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FF1779F5FEE3EAA2" box="[145,315,1443,1464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Common name</emphasis>
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Frosted tiger beetle.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="78806524FF8BF133FF1779B9FEA6E959" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FF1779B9FEA6E959" blockId="15.[145,761,1347,1603]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
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||
<heading id="6B6D81C3FF8BF133FF1779B9FEF4E91C" box="[145,300,1518,1542]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FF1779B9FEF4E91C" box="[145,300,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Type locality</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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‘Kansas’. Syntypes (3) in USNM, Washington DC (
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<figureCitation id="A8A12A2AFF8BF133FF1F7A7BFF31E958" box="[153,233,1581,1603]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="17.[145,223,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[178,1403,196,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[164,1406,196,1806]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 9. Dorsal habitus for species of Dromochorus. A, D.pruininus; B, D.belfragei; C, D. knisleyi sp. nov.; D, D. minimus sp. nov.; E, D. chaparralensis sp. nov.; F, D. welderensis sp. nov.; G, D. velutinigrens; H, D. pilatei." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3089287/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
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; map
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<figureCitation id="A8A12A2AFF8BF133FEA97A7BFEB6E958" box="[303,366,1581,1603]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[163,241,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,581,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[163,1443,581,1767]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Distributionof sampled Dromochorus populations.Colours correspondto those used in Figure 1. Green = D.pilatei, pink = D. welderensis sp. nov., sky blue = D. velutinigrens, red = D. chaparralensis sp. nov., blue = D. pruininus, lime green = D. knisleyi sp. nov., orange = D. minimus sp. nov., black = D. belfragei." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3089261/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="78806524FF8BF133FF177A33FE6EE9C2" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FF177A33FEC8E966" blockId="15.[145,761,1637,1752]" box="[145,272,1637,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
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||
<heading id="6B6D81C3FF8BF133FF177A33FEC8E966" box="[145,272,1637,1660]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FF177A33FEC8E966" box="[145,272,1637,1660]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Synonymy</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FF177AD3FE2EE981" blockId="15.[145,761,1637,1752]" box="[145,502,1669,1691]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
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<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FF177AD3FE2AE981" authority="Horn, 1915" authorityName="Horn" authorityYear="1915" box="[145,498,1669,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cicindela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinina">
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<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FF177AD3FEB1E981" box="[145,361,1669,1691]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Cicindela pruinina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF8BF133FEF67AD0FE2AE981" author="Horn W." box="[368,498,1669,1691]" editor="Wytsman P" journalOrPublisher="Genera insectorum." pageId="15" pageNumber="265" pagination="16 - 23" part="82" refId="ref26866" refString="Horn W. 1915. Cicindelinae. In: Wytsman P, ed. Genera insectorum. 82 c: 209 - 486, plates 16 - 23." title="Cicindelinae" type="journal article" year="1915">Horn, 1915</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FF177AF2FE6EE9C2" blockId="15.[145,761,1637,1752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
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||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FF177AF2FDB9E9A3" authority="Johnson, 1991" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1991" box="[145,609,1700,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinius">
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<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FF177AF2FE7FE9A3" box="[145,423,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Dromochorus pruinius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF8BF133FE367AF2FDB9E9A3" author="Johnson WN" box="[432,609,1700,1722]" journalOrPublisher="Cicindela" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" pagination="49 - 54" part="23" refId="ref26976" refString="Johnson WN. 1991. A new species of Dromochorus from southern Texas (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Cicindela 23: 49 - 54." title="A new species of Dromochorus from southern Texas (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)" type="journal article" year="1991">Johnson, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(unjustified emendation, misspelling).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="78806524FF8BF133FF177AA6FC26E9F3" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FF177AA6FEA9E81D" blockId="15.[145,761,1775,1891]" box="[145,369,1775,1799]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
|
||
<heading id="6B6D81C3FF8BF133FF177AA6FEA9E81D" box="[145,369,1775,1799]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FF177AA6FEA9E81D" box="[145,369,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FF177B46FA49EA40" blockId="15.[145,761,1775,1891]" lastBlockId="15.[809,1425,1349,1769]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
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||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FF177B46FE47E83F" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[145,415,1808,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
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||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FF177B46FE47E83F" box="[145,415,1808,1829]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Dromochorus pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
was described by
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<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF8BF133FDE17B46FD21E83C" author="Casey TL" box="[615,761,1808,1830]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" pagination="285 - 684" part="9" refId="ref25396" refString="Casey TL. 1897. Coleopterological notices VII. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 9: 285 - 684." title="Coleopterological notices VII" type="journal article" year="1897">Casey (1897)</bibRefCitation>
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as a species, but its taxonomic status has been contentious in recent decades.
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<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF8BF133FE5D7B1BFD5EE879" author="Freitag R." box="[475,646,1869,1891]" journalOrPublisher="Ottawa: NRC Research Press" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" refId="ref26021" refString="Freitag R. 1999. Catalogue of the tiger beetles of Canada and the United States. Ottawa: NRC Research Press." title="Catalogue of the tiger beetles of Canada and the United States" type="book" year="1999">Freitag (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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regarded
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<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FCAF7913FC63EA40" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[809,955,1349,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
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<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FCAF7913FC63EA40" box="[809,955,1349,1370]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">D. pruininus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as conspecific with
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<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FB257913FAFEEA40" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[1187,1318,1349,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belfragei">
|
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<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FB257913FAFEEA40" box="[1187,1318,1349,1370]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">D. belfragei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF8BF133FAB27913FA49EA40" author="Pearson DL & Knisley CB & Kazilek CJ" box="[1332,1425,1349,1370]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Oxford University Press" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" refId="ref27624" refString="Pearson DL, Knisley CB, Kazilek CJ. 2006. A field guide to tiger beetles of the United States and Canada: identification, natural history, and distribution of the Cicindelidae. New York: Oxford University Press." title="A field guide to tiger beetles of the United States and Canada: identification, natural history, and distribution of the Cicindelidae" type="book" year="2006">Pearson</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FCAF7932FC26E9F3" blockId="15.[809,1425,1349,1769]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FCAF7932FCB8EA62" box="[809,864,1379,1401]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006) acknowledged the uncertainty of its placement and assessed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FBC179D5FB03EA8D" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[1095,1243,1410,1432]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FBC179D5FB03EA8D" box="[1095,1243,1410,1432]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">D. pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be either a ‘form’ or subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FBC779F7FB1CEAAF" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[1089,1220,1440,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belfragei">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FBC779F7FB1CEAAF" box="[1089,1220,1440,1462]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">D. belfragei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or possibly a full species. Other workers have regarded it as a distinct species (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF8BF133FC3F7988FB87EAE9" author="Johnson WN" box="[953,1119,1502,1524]" journalOrPublisher="Cicindela" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" pagination="49 - 54" part="23" refId="ref26976" refString="Johnson WN. 1991. A new species of Dromochorus from southern Texas (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Cicindela 23: 49 - 54." title="A new species of Dromochorus from southern Texas (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)" type="journal article" year="1991">Johnson, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF8BF133FBEA7988FAD7EAE9" author="Wiesner J." box="[1132,1295,1502,1524]" journalOrPublisher="Keltern: Erna Bauer" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" refId="ref28375" refString="Wiesner J. 1992. Verzeichnis der Sandlaufkafer der Welt (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae). Keltern: Erna Bauer." title="Verzeichnis der Sandlaufkafer der Welt (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae)" type="book" year="1992">Wiesner, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF8BF133FA9B7988FCB8E908" author="Bousquet Y." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" pagination="1 - 1630" part="245" refId="ref25254" refString="Bousquet Y. 2012. Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico. ZooKeys 245: 1 - 1630." title="Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico" type="journal article" year="2012">Bousquet, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Due to the relative paucity of specimens in most museums, previous assessments of species status were necessarily made with limited morphological and geographical data. Here we recognize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FB427A0FFA82E974" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[1220,1370,1625,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FB427A0FFA82E974" box="[1220,1370,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">D. pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FB9D7A2EFB45E996" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[1051,1181,1655,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belfragei">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FB9D7A2EFB45E996" box="[1051,1181,1655,1677]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">D. belfragei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and all others, based on reciprocal monophyly (mtDNA) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8A12A2AFF8BF133FB547AC0FACCE9B1" box="[1234,1300,1686,1708]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[162,242,1619,1641]" captionTargetBox="[266,1340,196,1575]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[265,1340,195,1577]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2A. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase b (Cytb) Bayesian genealogy of all members of the genus Dromochorus. Outgroups include North American representatives of Cylindera and Cicindelidia. On the left is a reduced version of the full tree indicating clades shown, in detail, in each figure. Colours are arbitrarily chosen to show distinctions among the taxa, and directly correspond to populations shown in Figure 3. Only posterior support values above 60 are displayed, and the scale bar at bottom shows a branch length representing nucleotide substitutions per site. Taxon names include the unique specimen number (see also Supporting Information, Table S1), along with the state and collection locality; genomic material from specimens marked with a ~ were also used in the multilocus analysis (Figure 4), and holotypes of species described in this work are marked with an ‘H’. The longitudinal bars on the right identify specimens and clades historically considered to be a single species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3089247/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), multiple diagnostic morphological characteristics and ecological characteristics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="78806524FF8BF12CFCAF7B5BFE5BEA5D" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="266" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF133FCAF7B5BFC11E83F" blockId="15.[809,1424,1805,1891]" box="[809,969,1805,1829]" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
|
||
<heading id="6B6D81C3FF8BF133FCAF7B5BFC11E83F" box="[809,969,1805,1829]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FCAF7B5BFC11E83F" box="[809,969,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF8BF12CFCAF7B78FE5BEA5D" blockId="15.[809,1424,1805,1891]" lastBlockId="16.[163,779,1176,1351]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="266" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF8BF133FCAF7B78FB9AE85E" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[809,1090,1838,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="265" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF8BF133FCAF7B78FB9AE85E" box="[809,1090,1838,1860]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="265">Dromochorus pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the northernmost species in the genus, occurring from Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma to Central Texas. It appears to be allopatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF94F12CFF5978E1FEBBEBD1" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[223,355,1206,1228]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belfragei">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFF5978E1FEBBEBD1" box="[223,355,1206,1228]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">D. belfragei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, as the two ranges come in close proximity in several areas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8A12A2AFF94F12CFDAC7883FDB3EBF0" box="[554,619,1237,1259]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[163,241,1807,1829]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,581,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[163,1443,581,1767]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. Distributionof sampled Dromochorus populations.Colours correspondto those used in Figure 1. Green = D.pilatei, pink = D. welderensis sp. nov., sky blue = D. velutinigrens, red = D. chaparralensis sp. nov., blue = D. pruininus, lime green = D. knisleyi sp. nov., orange = D. minimus sp. nov., black = D. belfragei." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3089261/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Despite the near geographic overlap of the two taxa, there was no evidence of interbreeding based on in the mtDNA genealogy (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8A12A2AFF94F12CFEA57967FEACEA5C" box="[291,372,1329,1351]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[162,242,1619,1641]" captionTargetBox="[266,1340,196,1575]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[265,1340,195,1577]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2A. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase b (Cytb) Bayesian genealogy of all members of the genus Dromochorus. Outgroups include North American representatives of Cylindera and Cicindelidia. On the left is a reduced version of the full tree indicating clades shown, in detail, in each figure. Colours are arbitrarily chosen to show distinctions among the taxa, and directly correspond to populations shown in Figure 3. Only posterior support values above 60 are displayed, and the scale bar at bottom shows a branch length representing nucleotide substitutions per site. Taxon names include the unique specimen number (see also Supporting Information, Table S1), along with the state and collection locality; genomic material from specimens marked with a ~ were also used in the multilocus analysis (Figure 4), and holotypes of species described in this work are marked with an ‘H’. The longitudinal bars on the right identify specimens and clades historically considered to be a single species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3089247/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="64E56627FF94F12CFF25781EFCEFEB61" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3089283/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" startId="16.[163,241,1096,1118]" targetBox="[330,1279,195,1055]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF94F12CFF25781EFCEFEB61" blockId="16.[163,1443,1096,1148]" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFF25781EFED2EB47" bold="true" box="[163,266,1096,1118]" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
A, Elytra showing distinct punctures (foveae) running parallel to the suture of the elytra (
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFB46781FFA4EEB44" bold="true" box="[1216,1430,1096,1118]" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF94F12CFB46781FFAE2EB44" authority="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan, 2019" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[1216,1338,1096,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knisleyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFB46781FFAE2EB44" bold="true" box="[1216,1338,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">D. knisleyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="19DD57C6FF94F12CFAC6781FFA4EEB44" box="[1344,1430,1097,1118]" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). B, lack of distinct subsutural foveae (
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFDA07830FCF2EB61" bold="true" box="[550,810,1125,1147]" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF94F12CFDA07830FD16EB61" authority="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan, 2019" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[550,718,1125,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="welderensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFDA07830FD16EB61" bold="true" box="[550,718,1125,1147]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">D. welderensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="19DD57C6FF94F12CFD527830FCF2EB61" box="[724,810,1126,1147]" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="78806524FF94F12CFF257939FF33E946" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF94F12CFF257939FECBEA9C" blockId="16.[163,779,1391,1628]" box="[163,275,1391,1414]" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">
|
||
<heading id="6B6D81C3FF94F12CFF257939FECBEA9C" box="[163,275,1391,1414]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFF257939FECBEA9C" box="[163,275,1391,1414]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF94F12CFF2579D9FF33E946" blockId="16.[163,779,1391,1628]" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">
|
||
This species is distinctive, and can be distinguished from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF94F12CFE8279FBFE40EAD8" box="[260,408,1453,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFE8279FBFE40EAD8" box="[260,408,1453,1474]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">Dromochorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of a frosted, darkblue dorsum, in conjunction with maxillary palpi that are yellow-ochre with a contrasting dark apical segment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A8A12A2AFF94F12CFF2D7A5FFF32E905" box="[171,234,1545,1567]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="14.[163,243,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[166,1441,1284,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[163,1443,1268,1820]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 7. Labial palps of: A, D. pruininus; B, D. belfragei; C, D. knisleyi sp. nov. A and B illustrate labial palps with a contrasting darker apical segment, and C illustrates labial palps that are consistently dark throughout." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3089275/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF94F12CFE867A5FFDC8E905" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[256,528,1545,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFE867A5FFDC8E905" box="[256,528,1545,1567]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">Dromochorus pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also lacks any elytral pitting, subsutural foveae or dark infuscations on the elytra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="78806524FF94F12EFF257A29FDDAE91E" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="268" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF94F12CFF257A29FEF6E98C" blockId="16.[163,779,1663,1900]" box="[163,302,1663,1686]" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">
|
||
<heading id="6B6D81C3FF94F12CFF257A29FEF6E98C" box="[163,302,1663,1686]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="266" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFF257A29FEF6E98C" box="[163,302,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF94F12EFF257AC9FEF5EE22" blockId="16.[163,779,1663,1900]" lastBlockId="18.[163,779,198,312]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="268" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">
|
||
L a r g e -s i z e d
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFECA7AC9FE23E9AE" box="[332,507,1695,1716]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">D r o m o ch o r u s</emphasis>
|
||
. B o d y l e n g t h 1 2.3– 14.6 mm, mean ♀ 14.0 mm, mean ♂ 13.1 mm. Head slightly wider than pronotum.
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFDA07A8AFD80E80A" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">Head black with frosted blue and/or violet sheen</emphasis>
|
||
. Fine rugosity often present on the frons and vertex. All head portions glabrous, except for two supraorbital setae next to each eye. Frons concave in median area, especially in male, bulging towards slightly convex near the anterior margin, clearly delimited from clypeus, gradually blending into vertex. Genae bright polished metallic blue or green, blending to violet posteriorly, with shallow longitudinal striae gradually ending at border of vertex. Clypeus shimmering blue, occasionally with violet reflections along the margins. Male labrum tridentate with 6–8 setae, central area pale ochre-testaceous, with a thin, dark-brown to black border anteriorly and posteriorly, dark brown to black laterally; female labrum tridentate with 6–8 setae, entirely dark brown to black with polished metallic cupreous to green reflections.
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF94F12CFB667A5EFB1DE940" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="266">Maxillary and labial palpi yellow-ochre to pale amber; apical segment dark brown to black</emphasis>
|
||
, often with metallic purple and green reflections. Antennae normal length, reaching back to humerus and basal third of elytron, slightly longer in male than female; scape dark testaceous to black with metallic reflections of violet, cupreous and green, with 2–3 apical setae; pedicel dark testaceous with metallic reflections of violet, cupreous and green, lacking any setae; flagellum dark testaceous, antennomeres 3–4 with metallic violet and green reflections, densely clothed in short white setae, antennomeres 5–11 dull-textured without metallic reflections and possessing erect setae in apical rings only, covered with fine pubescence throughout.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="64E56627FF95F12DFF177B61FB1EE870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3089287/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" startId="17.[145,223,1847,1869]" targetBox="[178,1403,196,1806]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF95F12DFF177B61FB1EE870" blockId="17.[145,1425,1847,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF95F12DFF177B61FF2FE856" bold="true" box="[145,247,1847,1869]" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal habitus for species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF95F12DFDA17B61FD6AE856" box="[551,690,1847,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF95F12DFDA17B61FD6AE856" box="[551,690,1847,1868]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">Dromochorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF95F12DFD507B6EFC81E857" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[726,857,1848,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF95F12DFD507B6EFC81E857" box="[726,857,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">D. pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; B,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF95F12DFCFA7B6EFC2AE856" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[892,1010,1847,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belfragei">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF95F12DFCFA7B6EFC2AE856" box="[892,1010,1847,1869]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">D. belfragei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; C,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF95F12DFB937B61FB55E857" authority="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan, 2019" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[1045,1165,1847,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="knisleyi" status="sp. nov.">D. knisleyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="19DD57C6FF95F12DFB147B61FB3FE856" box="[1170,1255,1847,1868]" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF95F12DFB147B61FB3AE856" bold="true" box="[1170,1250,1847,1868]" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; D,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF95F12DFA8B7B61FA49E856" authority="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan, 2019" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[1293,1425,1847,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimus" status="sp. nov.">D. minimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="19DD57C6FF95F12DFF177B03FF30E870" box="[145,232,1877,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF95F12DFF177B03FF3BE870" bold="true" box="[145,227,1877,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; E,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF95F12DFE977B03FE39E870" authority="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan, 2019" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[273,481,1876,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chaparralensis" status="sp. nov.">D. chaparralensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="19DD57C6FF95F12DFE6E7B03FDE7E870" box="[488,575,1877,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF95F12DFE6E7B03FDE2E870" bold="true" box="[488,570,1877,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; F,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF95F12DFDE27B03FCD3E870" authority="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan, 2019" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[612,779,1876,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="welderensis" status="sp. nov.">D. welderensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="19DD57C6FF95F12DFC977B03FCB0E870" box="[785,872,1877,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF95F12DFC977B03FCBBE870" bold="true" box="[785,867,1877,1898]" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
; G,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF95F12DFC147B03FBEEE873" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1992" box="[914,1078,1876,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velutinigrens">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF95F12DFC147B03FBEEE873" box="[914,1078,1876,1898]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">D. velutinigrens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; H,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF95F12DFBE77B03FB18E873" box="[1121,1216,1876,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="267" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilatei">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF95F12DFBE77B03FB18E873" box="[1121,1216,1876,1898]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="267">D. pilatei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF96F12EFF257D07FEDAECD6" blockId="18.[163,779,337,972]" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFF257D07FF23EE7C" box="[163,251,337,358]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Pronotum 2.4–3.3 mm in length, mean ♀ 2.9 mm, mean ♂ 2.8 mm; width 2.8–3.4 mm, mean ♀ 3.2 mm, mean ♂ 3.1 mm. Pronotum black, with dark-blue, frosted surface, slightly wider than long, widest near anterior margin, width to length ratio 1.0 to 1.3, setae sparse and irregular, mostly present along lateral third of dorsal surface; disc finely rugose, with thin but distinct median line, with less well-defined shallow sulci present anteriorly and posteriorly; notopleural sutures clearly defined, not visible from dorsal view; proepisternum black with weak to strong iridescent blue reflections, glabrous. Elytra elongate, convex, 7.5–9.3 mm length, mean ♀ 8.5 mm, mean ♂ 8.0 mm, shape similar in both sexes, but slightly wider in female, especially toward apical third; sutural spine absent, microserrations not present on elytral apices;
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFDF27F6AFF23ECD1" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">elytral texture dull throughout, elytral coloration black with frosted blue to violet sheen; maculations absent; infuscations absent; subsutural foveae absent</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF96F12EFF257FB0FECEEA56" blockId="18.[163,779,997,1356]" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFF257FB0FF03ECE1" box="[163,219,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
: Pro-, meso- and metacoxae dark testaceous to black with iridescent blue to violet and cupreous reflections, with numerous setae; pro- and mesotrochanters with a single erect seta, metatrochanter glabrous, trochanters dark brown-testaceous; femora metallic green to violet, densely clothed in decumbent white setae; tibiae brown, clothed with setae of two types: sparser brown-testaceous long setae and dense short decumbent white setae; two tibial spines present; tarsi brown-testaceous, first three dilated protarsomeres in male with dense greyish-white setal pad.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF96F12EFF257925FDDAE91E" blockId="18.[163,779,1395,1540]" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFF257925FEC8EA92" box="[163,272,1395,1416]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: Venter black with metallic violet to greenish reflections throughout most surfaces. Decumbent white setae present on ventrite 1. Ventrites 2–6 have scattered short brown recumbent setae present throughout, but often abraded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="78806524FF96F12FFF257A10FDB5EA73" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="269" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF96F12EFF257A10FE13E944" blockId="18.[163,779,1606,1875]" box="[163,459,1606,1630]" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">
|
||
<heading id="6B6D81C3FF96F12EFF257A10FE13E944" box="[163,459,1606,1630]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFF257A10FE13E944" box="[163,459,1606,1630]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">Ecology/natural history</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF96F12EFF257A30FC18EFE0" blockId="18.[163,779,1606,1875]" lastBlockId="18.[827,1444,198,1876]" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF96F12EFF257A30FE13E966" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[163,459,1638,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFF257A30FE13E966" box="[163,459,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">Dromochorus pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to have a 2-year life cycle based on observations from our Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) area study sites. Adults are active between mid-May and early July in the southern part of its range (e.g. central to north TX) and late June to early August in northern part of its range (e.g. north-west OK to KS). Based on detailed observations of populations in the DFW area, peak adult activity is approximately 3–4 weeks after initial emergence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF96F12EFCD57D52FC42EB02" blockId="18.[827,1444,198,1876]" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF96F12EFCD57D52FBB6EE03" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[851,1134,260,281]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFCD57D52FBB6EE03" box="[851,1134,260,281]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">Dromochorus pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mostly associated with riparian systems with strong clay content. However, it is rarely found on muddy streambanks, but instead is typically found on higher elevation or relief within the riparian system. The species also occurs in sodded and cultivated fields, hill-tops, road-side ditches and meadows (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF96F12EFCF57DEAFB68EECB" author="Larochelle A & Lariviere MC" box="[883,1200,444,466]" journalOrPublisher="Cicindela" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" pagination="41 - 162" part="33" refId="ref27142" refString="Larochelle A, Lariviere MC. 2001. Natural history of the tiger beetles of North America north of Mexico. Cicindela 33: 41 - 162." title="Natural history of the tiger beetles of North America north of Mexico" type="journal article" year="2001">Larochelle & Larivière, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF96F12EFB3B7DEAFA4CEEC8" author="Pearson DL & Knisley CB & Kazilek CJ" box="[1213,1428,444,466]" journalOrPublisher="New York: Oxford University Press" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" refId="ref27624" refString="Pearson DL, Knisley CB, Kazilek CJ. 2006. A field guide to tiger beetles of the United States and Canada: identification, natural history, and distribution of the Cicindelidae. New York: Oxford University Press." title="A field guide to tiger beetles of the United States and Canada: identification, natural history, and distribution of the Cicindelidae" type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Pearson
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFA9B7DEAFA8BEECB" box="[1309,1363,444,465]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF96F12EFCBD7D8CFB91EEEA" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[827,1097,474,496]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFCBD7D8CFB91EEEA" box="[827,1097,474,496]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">Dromochorus pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be most associated with clay soils that exhibit large cracks when dry, and beetles have been observed using these cracks to escape. Although it has been considered a habitat generalist (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF96F12EFCC57E03FB4AED70" author="Larochelle A & Lariviere MC" box="[835,1170,597,619]" journalOrPublisher="Cicindela" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" pagination="41 - 162" part="33" refId="ref27142" refString="Larochelle A, Lariviere MC. 2001. Natural history of the tiger beetles of North America north of Mexico. Cicindela 33: 41 - 162." title="Natural history of the tiger beetles of North America north of Mexico" type="journal article" year="2001">Larochelle & Larivière, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), proximal optimal oviposition habitat is likely involved in determining where adults are most active, and this observation is reinforced by the majority of our observations of adults tending to be concentrated near larval burrow sites. The eurytopic (able to tolerate a wide range of habitats) point of view is probably due to a lack of understanding regarding the preferred microhabitat association of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF96F12EFB307F7AFA99EC5B" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[1206,1345,812,833]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFB307F7AFA99EC5B" box="[1206,1345,812,833]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">D. pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, coupled with the fact that this species cannot fly and must walk through these areas of suboptimal habitat to disperse. Although adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF96F12EFC687FDEFBA4EC87" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[1006,1148,904,925]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFC687FDEFBA4EC87" box="[1006,1148,904,925]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">D. pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must move through thick vegetation, this species requires semi-open areas for mating, foraging and oviposition. Like all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF96F12EFA8A7F93FA45ECC0" box="[1292,1437,965,986]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFA8A7F93FA45ECC0" box="[1292,1437,965,986]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">Dromochorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF96F12EFCBD7FB2FC12ECE3" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[827,970,996,1017]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFCBD7FB2FC12ECE3" box="[827,970,996,1017]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">D. pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will run into dense grasses to hide when pursued.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF96F12EFCD57877FAC4E967" blockId="18.[827,1444,198,1876]" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">
|
||
Various accounts have been reported regarding daily activity for the adults. They are thought to be most active in early morning and afternoon/evening (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF96F12EFACE7809FC6FEB89" author="Pearson DL & Knisley CB & Duran DP & Kazilek CJ" journalOrPublisher="New York: Oxford University Press" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" refId="ref27666" refString="Pearson DL, Knisley CB, Duran DP, Kazilek CJ. 2015. A field guide to tiger beetles of the United States and Canada: identification, natural history, and distribution of the Cicindelinae. New York: Oxford University Press." title="A field guide to tiger beetles of the United States and Canada: identification, natural history, and distribution of the Cicindelinae" type="book" year="2015">
|
||
Pearson
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFCBD782BFCABEB88" box="[827,883,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with most activity in late afternoon/early evening (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF96F12EFC2378CAFB6FEBAB" author="MacRae TC & Brown CR" box="[933,1207,1180,1201]" journalOrPublisher="Cicindela" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" pagination="1 - 13" part="43" refId="ref27220" refString="MacRae TC, Brown CR. 2011. Distribution, seasonal occurrence and conservation status of Dromochorus pruinina (Casey) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) in Missouri. Cicindela 43: 1 - 13." title="Distribution, seasonal occurrence and conservation status of Dromochorus pruinina (Casey) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) in Missouri" type="journal article" year="2011">MacRae & Brown, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or active after 4pm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF96F12EFCC578ECFB58EBD5" author="Larochelle A & Lariviere MC" box="[835,1152,1210,1232]" journalOrPublisher="Cicindela" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" pagination="41 - 162" part="33" refId="ref27142" refString="Larochelle A, Lariviere MC. 2001. Natural history of the tiger beetles of North America north of Mexico. Cicindela 33: 41 - 162." title="Natural history of the tiger beetles of North America north of Mexico" type="journal article" year="2001">Larochelle & Larivière, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Between 2012 and 2016, the authors have observed the species active at every hour of daylight. Most activity occurs in the 2–3 h after sunrise, and in the 2–3 h before dark, but when there is significant cloud cover, beetles may be present at any time of the day. In addition, shaded microhabitats may permit beetles to be more active than in nearby open microhabitats, suggesting that adults are more photophobic than crepuscular. Despite a tendency to generally avoid strong sunlight, our observations indicate that this species appears to tolerate direct sun much more than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF96F12EFC337A5AFBEDE93A" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[949,1077,1547,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belfragei">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFC337A5AFBEDE93A" box="[949,1077,1547,1569]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">D. belfragei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF96F12EFBC77A5DFA95E93B" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[1089,1357,1547,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="268" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF96F12EFBC77A5DFA95E93B" box="[1089,1357,1547,1569]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">Dromochorus pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not active at night, and no beetles were ever observed at light traps, even those that were placed at sites where adults were observed during the same day.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF96F12FFCD57AD0FEFDED71" blockId="18.[827,1444,198,1876]" lastBlockId="19.[145,761,198,1385]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="269" pageId="18" pageNumber="268">
|
||
At one DFW area study site, larval burrows were observed in a variety of open areas and vegetated areas, especially along loose soil berms, small mammalian trails that cut through heavy vegetation along steep/eroding clay banks, cracked clay areas with heavy grasses along upper banks, freshly disturbed areas (e.g. tracks from off-road vehicles that cut through grasses), the middle and edges of open trails, flat areas near the water’s edge of rivers, the base of ant mounds, clay areas with>50% grassy cover and the base of mesquite trees in riparian zones. Females seem to prefer crusty or loose clay for oviposition, even in areas with extensive vegetation (above 150 cm in height in late summer).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF97F12FFD907D29FD21EE8F" author="Spomer SM & Nabity PD & Brust ML" box="[534,761,382,405]" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterist's Bulletin" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" pagination="37 - 41" part="62" refId="ref28197" refString="Spomer SM, Nabity PD, Brust ML. 2008. Larval description of Cicindela (Dromochorus) pruinina (Casey) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) with notes on habitat and adult behavior. The Coleopterist's Bulletin 62: 37 - 41." title="Larval description of Cicindela (Dromochorus) pruinina (Casey) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) with notes on habitat and adult behavior" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Spomer
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFDF57D29FD73EE89" box="[627,683,382,404]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstrated that in a laboratory setting this species showed a preference for oviposition along sloped surfaces; however, we have observed larval burrows in flat, level areas, as often as sloped, in the field. In the autumn, burrows have been found in heavily shaded and soggy areas along riparian wooded middle banks under clover.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF97F12FFF2F7E22FECBEA36" blockId="19.[145,761,198,1385]" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">
|
||
P e a r s o n
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFEBB7E22FE4FED93" box="[317,407,628,649]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">e t a l.</emphasis>
|
||
(2 0 0 6) s u g g e s t t h a t
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFF177EC5FEF6EDB2" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[145,302,659,680]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFF177EC5FEF6EDB2" box="[145,302,659,680]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">D. pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFEB07EC4FE79EDBD" authorityName="Duran & Herrmann & Roman & Gwiazdowski & Drummond & Hood & Egan" authorityYear="2019" box="[310,417,658,679]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belfragei">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFEB07EC4FE79EDBD" box="[310,417,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">belfragei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been impacted by the introduction of the red imported fire ant,
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFDFB7EE7FF30EDFF" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFDFB7EE7FF3BEDFF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">Solenopsis invicta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and report that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFE2F7E86FD9BEDFF" box="[425,579,720,741]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFE2F7E86FD9BEDFF" box="[425,579,720,741]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">Dromochorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has all but disappeared in certain areas. Our observations do not support this hypothesis. In our fieldwork, we found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFF177F7AFEF8EC5B" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[145,288,812,833]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFF177F7AFEF8EC5B" box="[145,288,812,833]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">D. pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFE5E7F7AFD99EC5B" box="[472,577,812,833]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFE5E7F7AFD99EC5B" box="[472,577,812,833]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">S. invicta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at three sites in the DFW area.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFEBC7F1DFE7BEC7A" box="[314,419,843,864]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFEBC7F1DFE7BEC7A" box="[314,419,843,864]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">S. invicta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is abundant at two of the sites and at lower densities at the third. The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFF177FDEFF23EC87" box="[145,251,904,925]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFF177FDEFF23EC87" box="[145,251,904,925]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">S. invicta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extended to sites within Dallas and Tarrant Counties as early 1958–67 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="540B4B5EFF97F12FFE527FF0FF13ECC0" author="Cokendolpher JC & Phillips SA" journalOrPublisher="The Southwestern Naturalist" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" pagination="443 - 449" part="34" refId="ref25490" refString="Cokendolpher JC, Phillips SA. 1989. Rate of spread of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Texas. The Southwestern Naturalist 34: 443 - 449." title="Rate of spread of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Texas" type="journal article" year="1989">Cokendolpher & Phillips, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and we have monitored beetles at the sites between 2012 and 2014. We observed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFD007FB2FF62EB02" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFD007FB2FF62EB02" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">D. pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are abundant near fire ant mounds, with>81 beetles seen per hour at peak activity (Herrmann, Duran & Egan, unpublished). Moreover, using
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFDD17816FD1BEB4F" box="[599,707,1088,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFDD17816FD1BEB4F" box="[599,707,1088,1109]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">S. invicta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-specific mtDNA markers, we screened the gut contents of hundreds of beetles, and found that ~70% had recently fed on fire ants (Duran, Herrmann & Egan, unpublished). All data to date suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFDB478EDFD1AEBCA" authorityName="Casey" authorityYear="1897" box="[562,706,1211,1232]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruininus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFDB478EDFD1AEBCA" box="[562,706,1211,1232]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">D. pruininus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and likely all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFEC6788FFE00EBF4" box="[320,472,1241,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Dromochorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFEC6788FFE00EBF4" box="[320,472,1241,1262]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">Dromochorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are not displaced by fire ants and, moreover, they appear to frequently prey upon them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="302536AFFF97F12FFF2F7963FDB5EA73" blockId="19.[145,761,198,1385]" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">
|
||
Third instar larvae are commonly parasitized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F79A4D2CFF97F12FFF177905FF37EA72" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1763" box="[145,239,1363,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Bombyliidae" genus="Anthrax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="269" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="02EEEABDFF97F12FFF177905FF37EA72" box="[145,239,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="269">Anthrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. larvae at the DFW study site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |