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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="86633" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807" ID-GBIF-Dataset="178820d5-d720-47fd-a85e-1ac28fca6c90" ID-PMC="PMC9848742" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1109-67" ID-Pensoft-UUID="534F47F344D858A49331F110D3D21111" ID-PubMed="36762341" ID-ZooBank="9C8BF86D194A46EF9D49072D09BF9E48" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1109-67" checkinTime="1656747431702" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa &amp; Tatsuta, Haruki" docDate="2022" docId="03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1109: 67-101" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1109" docPubDate="2022-07-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807" docTitle="Sennin tanikawai Suzuki &amp; Hiramatsu &amp; Tatsuta 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="2FB64512-C697-4195-AE82-62C4563508DD" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="534F47F344D858A49331F110D3D21111" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="534F47F344D858A49331F110D3D21111" masterDocTitle="Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history" masterLastPageNumber="101" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1732748253566" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="FEDBAAB6017890985985445A31E4B67F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="F7B65A54E3883C3A5CDC7957317F5214">
<mods:title id="F6AAB169BA0834C7786BCBDA4D3FCE39">Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history</mods:title>
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<mods:role id="F8CA5E83071A61EA3C24A5035EC4C29F">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="3CB4887FDBEEA1B852AE330A66BBB89D">Suzuki, Yuya</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F8BE3CEC08458EC8381CF12155ED01D6" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6523-9272</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="891B239BDA951EA884A9B5DBEC14BD3A">The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1 - 21 - 24, Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890 - 0065, Japan &amp; Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819 - 0395 Japan</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7B9B8C9C5A5C4982F14F26C2D4C06C83" type="email">sasaganiya1206@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="87C5C652F95282C488DBFF83981C4AF0" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2F4D7F488ED3E1FCF2631D34ABBD3781">
<mods:roleTerm id="F55C737E8DAA7555EFEC968C6E17070B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4B5D6312FF59B9882905B18F05BDDDA5">Hiramatsu, Takehisa</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B64E7F386E0A1459C16D6A505FC5E42B">Fregrance-Uwado 203, Uwado, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350 - 0816, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5BB351DB0CAFF7F56C1749ADD2F8CBC8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="19ACA3671B2106DDA31E7E3C3FBB16CB">
<mods:roleTerm id="89DA098DBA2A29216D7984C9DEB50B3C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D30A990421D2051AA380310E52B688E7">Tatsuta, Haruki</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F9C9AB9B725DB6EBF3999298FC67B9DF" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8847-8874</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="746CCB1526CEF372009D04FC00BAB9AF">Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819 - 0395 Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="232698B285E3FC77D3C3B5C8ED28DCB3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F2F4D899E68FDC644DC26A2ECCBD18DE">ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="AA9FE675574C9E926D114D5AA435288F">
<mods:date id="099E1ADFA5257AE124B46C3838453A2C">2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="81556CBCEBB9FBADA6CCC1280BDCFF1A" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="FF40511CB454DAFCA9B457F1AB7D03ED">2022-07-01</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="ACDDD6192D24B97185BF4E6CEEFE142A" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D91E9EB3754BD36E021ADAFCC29E0FBF">1109</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="4EA83EAAC918EC53D53FA38CB9E6005B">67</mods:start>
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<mods:location id="BF83368B1BBEA9EAB530BB3919FA41DA">
<mods:url id="9B8D2BF494AB9F835709234D8D49B833">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="F18CCAFEA0EE52324B9D8AD58C399E07">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="C4E165FAF3829FE31FEB6E5D21976B8B" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9FE68B1473688A55E40CAC2597E1D1CB" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1109-67</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8194C3EB4EECC3AB810A070BB362E259" type="ZooBank">9C8BF86D194A46EF9D49072D09BF9E48</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2409074987FB68E72C52EE9D492D90AB" type="Pensoft-UUID">534F47F344D858A49331F110D3D21111</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196375131" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2FB64512-C697-4195-AE82-62C4563508DD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" scope_family="Theridiosomatidae" scope_order="Araneae">
<subSubSection id="592FBDDFB93F6AA50CA6593B8D65F477" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9A6635F4CAA23CEFD4CD9973BB5568AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="8010750246F3A299D06444E50602C7D2" LSID="https://zoobank.org/2FB64512-C697-4195-AE82-62C4563508DD" authority="Suzuki &amp; Hiramatsu &amp; Tatsuta, 2022" authorityName="Suzuki &amp; Hiramatsu &amp; Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sennin" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sennin tanikawai" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanikawai" status="sp. nov.">Sennin tanikawai</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="33243EED4ABD9D0218AEDC2D93A0F43C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="776B475E1DD988C186681DE6FE1B673C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD0B2168A09938BCFEA5E7C2BF402C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<figureCitation id="47969FAE9A5151210B7D696142790CBD" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21722 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G eye region, dorsal view D, H chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, E, F); 0.1 mm (C, G, D, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708572" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">[New Japanese name: Iriomote-hora-ana-karakara-gumo] Figs 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="46B93351E7888B3AB18118655BE53E71" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708573" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="743328F71F9D79DF34224CE2494F0898" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates a pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0. 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708574" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="606B4F60640998AA80AB4C1F9E670A97" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="3E92183BF06E9C50D08600FCB7E1C1E9" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view E course of copulatory duct. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape ESL epigynal scape length FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca VW vulva width. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates the pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708576" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 10</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="95F1BE6606C7F63587667E36916701F8" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Distribution of theridiosomatid species in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708577" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 11</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="637EC620E8B2FC5CAFF1BEE4D80262A2" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Habitats of theridiosomatid species in Ryukyu Islands A streamside in dim forest at Iriomote Island B forest floor of secondary forest at Kume Island C grassland at Kume Island D grassland at Yonaguni Island E crevices on limestone rocky wall at Iriomote Island." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708578" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 12E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="12CA7F1831851220AC17B0B1B7CE1E79" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 14A-G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="D378915FCD59916F706CC88C103F3104" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Egg sacs of theridiosomatid species A egg sac of Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum sp. nov. (cap opened) B egg sac of Theridiosoma dissimulatum C egg sac of Theridiosoma alboannulatum D-E egg sac of Sennin tanikawai sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708581" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 15D-E</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="76C6E7AD7948BF566C37FFBB2E6B848D" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="type material">
<paragraph id="2EF27A773180CA2112031C9AE8F8A647" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="406B98D631FBAA6BCEE9977DFDB7C6D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="F3244D2E36DDC3CC20E84163DD0BC478" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="D87A651179E64D0F66F10F88A39C9B7A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Holotype</emphasis>
: Japan, Iriomote Is. (Okinawa Prefecture)
</emphasis>
: ♂ (NSMT-Ar 21722), Yaeyama District, Taketomi Town, Haiminaka,
<normalizedToken id="D83BE1548B79A30A1C1E14A778A084F5" originalValue="Ôtomi-Daini-Do">Otomi-Daini-Do</normalizedToken>
Cave, 31 Mar. 1985, A. Tanikawa leg.
<emphasis id="C88074EB826FDB1BF7851401DEFDE08D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Paratypes</emphasis>
: 2 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21723), 27 Mar. 1995, A. Tanikawa leg.; 9 ♂ (NSMT-Ar 21724-21725), 31 Mar. 1985, A. Tanikawa leg.; 1 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21726), 1 Aug. 1970, Y. Shirota leg.; 2 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21727), 27 Oct. 1977, N. Tsurusaki leg.; above paratypes are collected at same locality as the holotype; 1 ♂ (NSMT-Ar 21728), a small opening of
<normalizedToken id="701A9C8622556AA1052DFA48432F2682" originalValue="Ôtomi-Daini-Do">Otomi-Daini-Do</normalizedToken>
Cave (
<geoCoordinate id="EEA28DA39FE6307CB0665D96FBF6ED74" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="09.4" value="24.285944">24°17'09.4&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F149D9B88DD3A0A2F1AF1BEEA4AF172C" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="24.9" value="123.89025">123°53'24.9&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt. 10 m), 24 Jun. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1F39D3C8EF27332CFBD4AB6800D6CA2E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AB1B5D1E42984BDEE80C881EC361D69B" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E5D168EE45E08F3159EA0525B6D3E2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<materialsCitation id="E8D194F0219DFE7431E799A1FB0057B7" collectingDate="2021-05-03" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" elevation="30" latitude="24.291945" location="Haemi" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.879364" municipality="Taketomi Town" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Okinawa Prefecture">
<emphasis id="0EBCE542BB8A318C32A95A9162C75285" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<collectingCountry id="8FF270574915B26DD9DF58475AC1A6F8" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Iriomote Is. (
<collectingRegion id="307605C0B2B350E323AECC24D269A557" country="Japan" name="Okinawa">Okinawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
)
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="85C5315F73120F6107B336D56DAA8035" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCounty id="034E079554ED115FDE907DE88A04D8EF">Yaeyama District</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="AE1B1F7667D23BD1CE2DD760FC4F3330">Taketomi Town</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="E0F8AEAAB6C92150AF8B521723E6B93A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:E0F8AEAAB6C92150AF8B521723E6B93A" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" latitude="24.291945" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.879364" municipality="Taketomi Town" name="Haemi" stateProvince="Okinawa Prefecture">Haemi</location>
,
<normalizedToken id="C7E6AD9691177A75D41E38F15B85A57D" originalValue="Ôtomi-daiichi-do">Otomi-daiichi-do</normalizedToken>
<location id="133556F937681397E279DB61511E1A06" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:133556F937681397E279DB61511E1A06" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" latitude="24.291945" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.879364" municipality="Taketomi Town" name="Caves" stateProvince="Okinawa Prefecture">Caves</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="B6BC6764988BC2647B3C2438A1947186" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="31.0" value="24.291945">24°17'31.0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9D68353987F482FE8790053C6A24214A" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="45.7" value="123.879364">123°52'45.7&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt.
<quantity id="53B57AC537D1E651BA5E65EA7C66573D" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="30.0">
<elevation id="4B55EA21F76651117614A1921E1E9B3D" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</elevation>
</quantity>
),
<collectingDate id="50134C57A0695BBCB055B06A70092B7F" value="2021-05-03">3 May 2021</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="58915C94090E3833D3217EC6D8C3E1BC">Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="A48ABE65D3747B427F49AE04477724CB" collectingDate="2019-03-21" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" elevation="10" latitude="24.385805" location="Takana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.891075" municipality="Taketomi Town" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
<specimenCount id="863AE69BD9808FAACF62B1641FF1ECCE" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCounty id="A455E82D7F49082C877644C53C16DE03">Yaeyama District</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6F18D77035C2833EE9B69E5253FC8AA2">Taketomi Town</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="97FE78F91855749D6B5240889B72F843" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:97FE78F91855749D6B5240889B72F843" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" latitude="24.385805" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.891075" municipality="Taketomi Town" name="Takana" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Takana</location>
, Yutsun-Do
<location id="EABD6D4B72550E38DF6BDABB5D9383D9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:EABD6D4B72550E38DF6BDABB5D9383D9" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" latitude="24.385805" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.891075" municipality="Taketomi Town" name="Caves" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Caves</location>
, a small cave on coastal cliff (
<geoCoordinate id="D6D9F74192B3903D71ABC5350D7C8136" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="08.90" value="24.385805">24°23'08.90&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="CE36A5CD5FC172A8F1D2F7EA3B1358DD" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="27.89" value="123.891075">123°53'27.89&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt.
<quantity id="94605B5BD7583268A2E1D49D43B23A92" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">
<elevation id="DABB7176015AC9D9E953699C1CBE31A7" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
</quantity>
),
<collectingDate id="C7C579282272ADBBC48283FD437267AB" value="2019-03-21">21 Mar. 2019</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="732105D05A7845626D7C5E07AB0B186D">Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="BA1BFF5E3DCC9C6261D431E165B8BF14" collectingDate="2008-03-28" collectorName="T. Hiramatsu" country="Japan" elevation="7" latitude="24.384966" location="Caves" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.890274" municipality="Takana" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
<specimenCount id="6304C476126D9BFF20EA005EE45BD433" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="B701AC3B7AA7B23F4B27DE4CEA0D2CDE">Takana</collectingMunicipality>
, Yutsun-Do
<location id="64F9B446205299C7A51A42AF8686E1EA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:64F9B446205299C7A51A42AF8686E1EA" country="Japan" latitude="24.384966" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.890274" municipality="Takana" name="Caves" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Caves</location>
, a large cave opening on coastal cliff (
<geoCoordinate id="B35472990034F5C025EE091279C013A9" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="05.88" value="24.384966">24°23'05.88&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="4EE57B9EEE8F364B1019EE1DDD99A496" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="25.00" value="123.890274">123°53'25.00&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt.
<quantity id="B69A471E75C1E5AD3892A2091D3EECC7" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="m" value="7.0">
<elevation id="96BC215BDE20DB5DBEE342E05406A5F5" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</elevation>
</quantity>
),
<collectingDate id="935E5DA6959E50AD225AE3154AEC9A5C" value="2008-03-28">28 Mar. 2008</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="E7E8CE7CB9F5A8EA9782740C128940A5">T. Hiramatsu</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="A398A28923820F226FFC293D15534297" collectingDate="2021-05-01" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" elevation="7" latitude="24.384966" location="Caves" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.890274" municipality="Takana" specimenCount="13" specimenCount-female="7" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
<specimenCount id="547D15E197AF08438CF535C15815BB59" type="male">6 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="DB0D4239BBB0BF102957646A14433CAC" type="female">7 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="9587D53A59943DA3461F7BBBA9D7087B">Takana</collectingMunicipality>
, Yutsun-Do
<location id="048813E4521115A21F20EE7174D77024" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:048813E4521115A21F20EE7174D77024" country="Japan" latitude="24.384966" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.890274" municipality="Takana" name="Caves" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Caves</location>
, a large cave opening on coastal cliff (
<geoCoordinate id="927C6435B92A01D02847178169380A69" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="05.88" value="24.384966">24°23'05.88&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="2D80B64E5D7FADAE981C870F6B735772" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="25.00" value="123.890274">123°53'25.00&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt.
<quantity id="A7A23F385370F043A3583A7B02FD90E7" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="m" value="7.0">
<elevation id="0E96EAEDC427760DEC5BFF2B0C5D4D7D" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</elevation>
</quantity>
),
<collectingDate id="590E890F202B8FD540C7323736D66E80" value="2021-05-01">1 May 2021</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="A8BB512AB05E75B459BB71BD0605841A">Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="6B70310FC67F94DFE948237C9F3E3EBC" collectingDate="2021-06-22" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" elevation="10" latitude="24.38471" location="Caves" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.889946" municipality="Takana" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
<specimenCount id="F0DD8E26306BB461AAFFDE61AEB02533" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="7C693B7E426C5345A99809CE900163B6">Takana</collectingMunicipality>
, Yutsun-Do
<location id="10F02BB97812016B9C2A1F4E89109EE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:10F02BB97812016B9C2A1F4E89109EE3" country="Japan" latitude="24.38471" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.889946" municipality="Takana" name="Caves" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Caves</location>
, cavities of rocks on coastal cliff (
<geoCoordinate id="CE2C8EF682762F7BBA6C661196B1B724" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="04.96" value="24.38471">24°23'04.96&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="9C3FA26AAFF80B9181E3531F43482B00" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="23.82" value="123.889946">123°53'23.82&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt.
<quantity id="5A03EF0FB04BF2678751D751F807961E" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">
<elevation id="BDDD4A13C6919FD3FF1DF8DE91FF0214" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">10m</elevation>
</quantity>
),
<collectingDate id="4A7B1AC0F80699596B270593774A7DCF" value="2021-06-22">22 Jun. 2021</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="A06E7EE3D328EC7278A692B492A08F58">Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="662EC07EA35882D3F87FA82BE7C4C371" collectingDate="2021-06-24" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" elevation="27" latitude="24.38514" location="Caves" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.892" municipality="Takana" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
<specimenCount id="19803D7863D440A9F8F153E2272CC6C1" type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="E2DFF39311FE16A60C1EB49B515EAD25">Takana</collectingMunicipality>
, Yutsun-Do
<location id="183030851967B8E8CA3A7AA27397AD9C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:183030851967B8E8CA3A7AA27397AD9C" country="Japan" latitude="24.38514" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.892" municipality="Takana" name="Caves" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Caves</location>
, a cave beside Shirahama-haemi-sen road (
<geoCoordinate id="E90E15595A6DA1F27CDDE4E94AA19FB0" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="06.5" value="24.38514">24°23'06.5&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="06F7023B18DC7CFA466F8C7B2D058A50" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="31.2" value="123.892">123°53'31.2&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt.
<quantity id="2976E073ED7EC7CF56A26F939060D20E" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" unit="m" value="27.0">
<elevation id="4507F7A813E6918CC3B5E3084B9DD9A3" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" unit="m" value="27.0">27 m</elevation>
</quantity>
),
<collectingDate id="A5D302233D657230F0212957E52F3854" value="2021-06-24">24 Jun. 2021</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="D5874A9E6D5BF99E49191FC72282C32D">Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="770FB044956DDB434BA73568E3022DB7" collectingDate="2021-06-24" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" elevation="16" latitude="24.269022" location="Haemi" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.86709" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
<specimenCount id="7E5F4ABF73357B77513C774ECA411F08" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9CE1225B5755281D93075784362EE29A" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
,
<location id="8713DBA54ED880D966122A9C59EF7518" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:8713DBA54ED880D966122A9C59EF7518" country="Japan" latitude="24.269022" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.86709" name="Haemi" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Haemi</location>
, limestone rocky walls in a secondary forest (
<geoCoordinate id="B885C2C4A4DC8871571A169BC05A7530" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="16" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="08.48" value="24.269022">24°16'08.48&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="ADB53EE0538D82FD51C0895D7A2CC29E" degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="01.52" value="123.86709">123°52'01.52&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, alt.
<quantity id="39A5690E315BEF43E54BEB1C6B45769E" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="m" value="16.0">
<elevation id="36AA0C2AFCC6D7DC24BE22FD8AC402D4" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="m" value="16.0">16 m</elevation>
</quantity>
),
<collectingDate id="7069FBFBD8CC4F3D4E165C01D700FACD" value="2021-06-24">24 Jun. 2021</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName id="E93A1E143AC76DC3D9FF0D20A7C63D56">Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7E33F9A5A6FDC8235E166B589BF969C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="273055B297BD3865DFAC9E3F8D698339" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="832B562C94600F729157A5AD314184CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">The specific name is patronym dedicated to Dr. Akio Tanikawa, a Japanese arachnologist who has contributed remarkably to the elucidation of the spider fauna in Iriomote Island and offered us many specimens including type specimens.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B73ECFA5761581CFEF4948012A6F4631" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="972095E89D1A057603302B7961434E83" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2ACC486038D493A270258067C1163F1D" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Males of this species can be distinguished from the allied
<taxonomicName id="7385D33D00874E11B1EB5EAEA60CCFE2" authorityName="Suzuki &amp; Hiramatsu &amp; Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Zhu, Zhang &amp; Chen" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sennin" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sennin coddingtoni" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
<emphasis id="F31E4CD21664170D9F66AB7DCB5F268B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sennin coddingtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. by the following characteristics: cymbial apophysis is wider in relation to palpal tibia length while it is almost the same length as
<taxonomicName id="F0683EB96E9A651F3ADDFE8D6AA56994" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
<emphasis id="3F684CEA1D7D25DD8E0A1A842F0D0431" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. (CAW/PTL = 2.41 in
<taxonomicName id="565A661CA3F223F3CCBE2B97FABAC464" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="3A43AD41873FCF2B2D077B0FF47B8784" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., also see Fig.
<figureCitation id="1DF8CA5118B037D0387930D270FA67B1" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">9A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1847EC925D808EF866F1980F790F6060" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="9D9D2DBBFA58B81405D824F60458964A" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21717 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21718 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G habitus, ventral view D, H abdomen, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708567" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">1</figureCitation>
.00 in
<taxonomicName id="99E65C19E81DD09FF3F11457ABE86058" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
<emphasis id="33DA8C69A5039AFC5B0DBDEFC417B021" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov.; also see
<bibRefCitation id="67F6F344BD2EE663E51A6B8001DC818A" author="Zhu, MS" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Taiwanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 7" refId="B37" refString="Zhu, MS, Zhang, JX, Chen, HM, 2001. A new species of the genus Wendilgarda from China (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae). Acta Zoologica Taiwanica 12: 1 - 7" title="A new species of the genus Wendilgarda from China (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae)." volume="12" year="2001">Zhu et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7); median apophysis of
<taxonomicName id="3CBC8EDF6D000F7E6AFE9D1BB501298E" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="8883C0FB17E88DD1FE995184B4AC3594" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is longer and narrower dorsally (MAL/MAW 1.63; Fig.
<figureCitation id="CE5DBD91625C1B6BE0550B09D99C8505" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">9E</figureCitation>
) compared to that of the latter (MAL/MAW 0.85, based on
<bibRefCitation id="ABD815D1D3074F10C8EAFF28C93AC335" author="Chen, HM" journalOrPublisher="Guizhou Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B3" refString="Chen, HM, 2010. Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China. Guizhou Science 28 (4): 1 - 10" title="Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China." volume="28" year="2010">Chen 2010</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 24); the less-sclerotized distal part of median apophysis is lanceolate with pointed tip on ventral terminal in
<taxonomicName id="140B7772FC5C6CB863C1F27AF76A8B3C" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="3F61BBD0F4F66FAE283DD1FE28B05A8E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (arrows in Figs
<figureCitation id="22E1BCF5B23F2A455FFC52778A3284F2" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708573" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">7E</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="FCB0FF47A8AC0BC91B4B9BE00A0B9391" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">9E</figureCitation>
), while that of
<taxonomicName id="183596B7F627BECB196DD852A43AA297" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
<emphasis id="7D83418B25E8147E321087D65CE2C9E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. is falcate (
<bibRefCitation id="F77775F363871CC751AEE7DCCF36C98D" author="Chen, HM" journalOrPublisher="Guizhou Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B3" refString="Chen, HM, 2010. Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China. Guizhou Science 28 (4): 1 - 10" title="Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China." volume="28" year="2010">Chen 2010</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 24). Females of
<taxonomicName id="DC19D6E5E041545B755982FE2D93D4C1" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="72E00086551890A6680A7639F579BA44" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="48D857FA6F7559FFFFC6E198ABB3C8EA" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
<emphasis id="931F52E1B3788004D266CE52121F8C50" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. by the following characteristics: longer epigynal scape (ESL/VW 0.46 in
<taxonomicName id="89E38DBEC0E62DA019DF444FB4605364" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="48FC4DF4373E7CD293D83B4C1E14D6C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., Fig.
<figureCitation id="385325026651FD6B30E9FEA6EC47BB3A" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view E course of copulatory duct. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape ESL epigynal scape length FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca VW vulva width. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates the pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708576" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">10</figureCitation>
; 0.16 in
<taxonomicName id="460FECB8F485EFC11736BDDD80EB4A6F" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
<emphasis id="B3C640FAF779C36CEFF3AF2AE8888BDB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov., based on
<bibRefCitation id="E09668F4448288DB7A6846742005E1AC" author="Chen, HM" journalOrPublisher="Guizhou Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B3" refString="Chen, HM, 2010. Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China. Guizhou Science 28 (4): 1 - 10" title="Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China." volume="28" year="2010">Chen 2010</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 19); tip of spermatheca is strongly curved anteriorly in
<taxonomicName id="29BEB674214F76AE961404E20A3D551C" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="EF447BDDB66D2554E0B1E878FFCEF02D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., whereas it is almost straight in
<taxonomicName id="033924FB963FD1625EC446D06B7B2664" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
<emphasis id="CAC9E5B7BB62120A30643B0EB6DDAEBE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov.; the course of copulatory ducts: ducts from both sides juxtaposed at the middle of vulva ventral to spermathecae and continue posteriorly straight toward epigynal scape, then make a right-angle turn and apart laterally (arrows in Figs
<figureCitation id="DE5D5371E0D84907216EDF274B736C5B" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates a pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0. 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708574" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">8C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="756E7636F354DC4549CA1A90220D898A" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view E course of copulatory duct. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape ESL epigynal scape length FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca VW vulva width. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates the pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708576" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">10C</figureCitation>
), while in
<taxonomicName id="00F773E91200E92B4EF67E3CBC3B3183" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
<emphasis id="20D787CE2FB686E6F84E35387AE73139" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. the ducts apart to each other ventrally to the spermatheca and curved laterally (
<bibRefCitation id="B0573EA66CD23D292D02BA8B9FC829F2" author="Zhu, MS" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Taiwanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 7" refId="B37" refString="Zhu, MS, Zhang, JX, Chen, HM, 2001. A new species of the genus Wendilgarda from China (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae). Acta Zoologica Taiwanica 12: 1 - 7" title="A new species of the genus Wendilgarda from China (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae)." volume="12" year="2001">Zhu et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5).
</paragraph>
<caption id="4A98F854CCCE718204FC1712313E7306" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph id="7CA014C9BB2CAC95972FB98DFBA3E106" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="A0B32089677A3251CDDB02661C95A548" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="5E50F9772C3DB349477B02D8BD1464ED" authorityName="Suzuki &amp; Hiramatsu &amp; Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sennin" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sennin tanikawai" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="D4A79974A96AC77A5590BD2D54EA36EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sennin tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722)
<emphasis id="8B743BE5F8F86BC841BFEEB60BDCE6A5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A-D</emphasis>
male palp
<emphasis id="8DF3708E62E27EABAE24E47AF94AC80B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">F-J</emphasis>
embolic division
<emphasis id="9B438FE96DDDA79E478232E48B23A7A7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
retrolateral view
<emphasis id="5FCF77858C4FC1820160F344905A292D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
prolateral view
<emphasis id="8445298B837837BEB99AD16152C33185" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
dorsal view
<emphasis id="0688509D867956CF7E00C3EAB10E6AAC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">D</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis id="490AEC764CBDCC743A7F384A3A5506D0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
median apophysis, ventral view
<emphasis id="A554A1E5B33AA49966ACFC1F01F07887" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">F</emphasis>
posterior-ventral view
<emphasis id="64C221FA1879CB7183D87BC4468D0515" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">G</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis id="A0A7FD7F0B5F00637F0AA2AFB3A6ED1B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">H</emphasis>
anterior-dorsal view
<emphasis id="B1670319151930B9548DC79EF8E06730" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">I</emphasis>
posterior-dorsal view
<emphasis id="8247F7AD5EB26436A4DE93C8AEF4CF2F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">J</emphasis>
prolateral view. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="55F411DCB331C1034539C18C06203C4D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
conductor
<emphasis id="460122B8E743AF98380EE46086442730" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">CA</emphasis>
cymbial apophysis
<emphasis id="0DDBBF05FFCFD28BE40728EF3D2AE8A3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">CL</emphasis>
cymbial lamella
<emphasis id="80050DA788FE5976D29121A813AAA0A5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
embolus
<emphasis id="5A8619106F8C3156B8EC4137A68E84E0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">EA</emphasis>
embolic apophysis
<emphasis id="0DE2A2CD5678B80C11409999EC7AACD6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">ED</emphasis>
embolic division
<emphasis id="700D818BD35FE3F51348D3D7263F3147" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">EM</emphasis>
embolus
<emphasis id="4329832B341143B56E81198E1351DBA3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">MA</emphasis>
median apophysis
<emphasis id="EE08A5C1703FD5ADC1EED6CC2848B187" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">PC</emphasis>
paracymbium
<emphasis id="C2B43BA0B24779B76FE7CFF891AF5F97" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">ST</emphasis>
subtegulum
<emphasis id="B58837B8727AAB1F168904B92181E642" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">T</emphasis>
tegulum. Arrow in
<emphasis id="758D70F8785F43FEA7A73E24E211F227" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6D31248235DC465CD56CF397ED4DF948" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="description">
<paragraph id="50805FC6D8420AD04AFB6714538C8D29" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="847E44EA1B95BF74F2C476F95159518C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="D94A4D1364ABD5715E62A86DCFF1AE7E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Male</emphasis>
(NSMT-Ar 21722). Measurements. Body 2.30 long. Carapace 1.07 long, 1.10 wide, 0.72 high. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME-AME 0.02, AME-ALE 0.03, PME-PME 0.03, PLE-PLE 0.08, Leg length: leg I 1.62 + 0.53 + 1.30 + 1.08 + 0.50 = 5.03; leg II 1.30 + 0.49 + 1.03 + 0.91 + 0.49 = 4.22; leg III 0.70 + 0.39 + 0.56 + 0.63 + 0.38 = 2.66; leg IV 0.93 + 0.40 + 0.73 + 0.69 + 0.38 = 3.14. Abdomen 1.32 long, 1.44 wide, 1.61 high.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9C70C4E5A2931EBCB8C8EA7AAD711AF1" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708576" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="C721C567E6E3D6723E295AE3305FA3C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="D18DC270D97E23CF5D9AC43634EDB4BE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F7A2D61D08D18C5DB8DBC3B2FD33A278" authorityName="Suzuki &amp; Hiramatsu &amp; Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sennin" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sennin tanikawai" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="04BBC39A2EDD42B15E93144074C7554B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sennin tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723)
<emphasis id="478204A335D0184952C3F1BCBD299493" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
epigyne, ventral view
<emphasis id="CA6D310A2A36B79CE98FDF7929A59717" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
epigyne, lateral view
<emphasis id="CD1BC112C4D2C2F463287EFF970D437B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
vulva, dorsal view
<emphasis id="2207D1F1B706A91C17186BAA98B1EB03" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">D</emphasis>
vulva, anterior view
<emphasis id="388507155427141BF043BBC95864BFCA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
course of copulatory duct. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="6768415EFDC7A3642A0D45D9CFE8C6C3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">CB</emphasis>
copulatory bursae
<emphasis id="AB64F9E3E8FB401C01A6F2C9C716DD62" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">CD</emphasis>
copulatory ducts
<emphasis id="C89106988D10EA628125AF515A147671" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">ES</emphasis>
epigynal scape
<emphasis id="6CF24081041F11C7DC50138E0765D8D6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">ESL</emphasis>
epigynal scape length
<emphasis id="27EB1C38666CE64B3137C55BC9B87A60" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">FD</emphasis>
fertilization ducts
<emphasis id="C8F1C6E9B19492A3E0F8EF2A8DAD87E1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
spermatheca
<emphasis id="FDF3C31F1CE3FBAA1F5DE24C67FBCB11" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">VW</emphasis>
vulva width. Arrows in
<emphasis id="D84451FED45E7415CA3220EA4CB3E61F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A, D</emphasis>
indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in
<emphasis id="35002EB5F455CEF1136B9925AC8E4BDF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
indicates the pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E431435D47975E800B88D01C497072F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Carapace oval, wider than long (CaL/CaW 0.97). Chelicerae with six teeth on promargin with the largest one positioned close to the fang base, no teeth on retromargin (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D0390781BA8AB86AA3D318C8C7A08163" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21722 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G eye region, dorsal view D, H chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, E, F); 0.1 mm (C, G, D, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708572" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">6D</figureCitation>
). Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row straight. Cymbial apophysis of palp 0.297 long, 0.111 wide. Macrosetae: leg I: femur r1-p1, patella d1, tibia d2-r1-p1; leg II: femur r1, patella d1, tibia d2-r1; leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Abdomen oval, wider than long (AL/AW 0.92). Abdomen covered with long and thin setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="554029FEADC88B605261B7F2FD601598" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Coloration and markings (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6EA60112530D6DAD1BE903BBC6D0E084" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21722 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G eye region, dorsal view D, H chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, E, F); 0.1 mm (C, G, D, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708572" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">6</figureCitation>
). Carapace, mouthparts, sternum, and legs dark yellowish brown (turning to yellowish brown in ethanol). Eyes on dark bases. Legs lacking annulation. Abdomen pale yellowish grey, dorsum of abdomen with two pairs of sigilla.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5EC2FCA607854F4D69E2226C305E7C7F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Palp (Figs
<figureCitation id="FB6700412ED12581BD8A098A1E244B41" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708573" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="D7FB1B306A5078FF02A4C36832F62CC5" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">9</figureCitation>
). Palpal patella with a strong dorsal macroseta. Paracymbium hook-like with a sharp tip. Cymbial lamella robust. Dorsal cymbial apophysis oblong, plate-like with blunt tip, extending anterior-retrolaterally. Tegulum large, bulbous, and occupying a large part of the palpal organ. Embolic division is a complex of long bristle-like apophyses, entirely covered with translucent conductor, and none of the embolic apophyses are exposed. Embolus short, blunt, and covered with a membrane. Three embolic apophyses conspicuous, EA 1 thickest, protruding middle of embolic division, S-shaped and sharper distally; EA 2 longest among them, bristle-like, basal part swelled, forming a loop at the ventro-prolateral side, distal part along with EA 1; EA 3 thinnest, protruding from prolateral side of embolic division. Median apophysis with a deep groove dividing it into two parts, distal translucent, weakly sclerotized and sharper ventrally, basal triangular, strongly sclerotized with narrower dorsally and spatula-like at ventral tip, MAL 1.07, MAW 0.66.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1C148EC1288ABB35FF2ECEB39E05902F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="F3EF73AE70B9AA3A1F54A0B1A24BB6ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Female</emphasis>
(paratype, NSMT-Ar 21723). Measurements. Body 2.37 long. Carapace 1.05 long, 1.06 wide, 0.65 high. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.10, PME 0.12, PLE 0.09, AME-AME 0.02, AME-ALE 0.04, PME-PME 0.03, PLE-PLE 0.08. Leg length: leg I: 1.43 + 0.49 + 1.01 + 0.87 + 0.48 = 4.28; leg II: 1.22 + 0.45 + 0.85 + 0.70 + 0.40 = 3.62; leg III: 0.77 + 0.40 + 0.52 + 0.56 + 0.37 = 2.62; leg IV: 0.90 + 0.36 + 0.71 + 0.59 + 0.38 = 2.94. Abdomen 1.58 long, 1.45 wide, 1.49 high.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2E3799087EDB9666A756F0291F3E01A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Carapace oval, as long as wide (CaL/CaW 0.99). Chelicerae with five teeth on promargin with the largest one positioned close to fang base, no teeth on posterior margin (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C8D968533CCB0FB3273774361E6FC5CB" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21722 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G eye region, dorsal view D, H chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, E, F); 0.1 mm (C, G, D, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708572" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">6H</figureCitation>
). Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row straight. Macrosetae: leg I: femur p1, patella d1, tibia d2-r1-p1; leg II: patella d1, tibia d2-r1; leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Abdomen as in male (AL/AW 1.09).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E4F8B388E53E5C47E65F2F716E0379AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Coloration and markings (Fig.
<figureCitation id="D837533F25B51CEEDF8E35459C50FCA2" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21722 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G eye region, dorsal view D, H chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, E, F); 0.1 mm (C, G, D, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708572" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">6</figureCitation>
). As in male.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D7DD643DE4B1AF4CCFC014473CF35F82" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Genitalia (Figs
<figureCitation id="0891C51369BF3109CCE7B5E73C21D975" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates a pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0. 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708574" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="93BC2D95052C8256D3A390E4292783FA" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view E course of copulatory duct. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape ESL epigynal scape length FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca VW vulva width. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates the pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708576" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">10</figureCitation>
). Epigyne a wide plate with an epigynal scape protruding from the posterior margin, epigynal scape spoon-like, and convex ventrally. Anterior margin of epigynal plate with a pair of dark-colored, sclerotized extensions protruding anteriorly from anterolateral side. Vulva. Spermatheca elliptical, longer laterally juxtaposed at the tip. Copulatory bursae developed. Course of copulatory ducts complicated: originating from copulatory bursae at ventral side, touching each other along the mesial line of the vulva, running posterior-dorsally under spermathecae, bend at a right angle toward laterally, curving anterior-dorsally at lateral side of vulva, forming a coil at lateral side of spermathecae, and then connecting to spermathecae. Fertilization ducts running under copulatory ducts and tip dorsally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C1CBDB5E7D79497BBD478144CD411090" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="variation">
<paragraph id="FEC9579F78D4C44E19E775CC1842E973" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Variations.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D2E4BE2D13827CC7C3C682468B61640" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">There is a variation in the color of the abdomen: some individuals with dark grey abdomen, while others with pale yellowish grey abdomen. Course of embolic apophyses also varies among individuals: EA 2 tightly coiled with distal part along with EA 1 and EA 3 running below EA 1 in some individuals including the type specimens, while EA 2 loosely coiled with distal part apart from EA 1 and EA 2 running above EA 1.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="20C8B49C41F86931DF88C23A7982CC8F" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="5A0F01A325D18F3FF1DB6881CB1ACBC3" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A069DDDD0CCF159937621E1C32DA829C" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Males and females are considered the same species because no other candidates were sympatric.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="081468D4C9997F6B2D94DD2A571B8466" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="86C1A5F235FAF1AFCF660AA0430C02AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9824C69256AB90D21DF32281E973D7E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Japan (Iriomote Island; Fig.
<figureCitation id="19ECBD35B6CA68989B23965961CB2E6E" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Distribution of theridiosomatid species in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708577" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">11</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DFCEC5A2F04ED95684C1A1F826DA2FA5" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708577" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
<paragraph id="44FB3977CB6FD862F6471D45E771F6E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="845F3FF91668F6F28322507830F576CC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Distribution of theridiosomatid species in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1A0053098E1D7E198557029681377F6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="habitat">
<paragraph id="71F8E1AC6E4139A9EECC6F4EDF01C992" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4BD8948DF9EB0F09C5A90E9487496C21" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
The new species inhabits entrance or insides of limestone caves and crevices of limestone rocky walls (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E4D3D8470F29F068B68A983FF7C5D703" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Habitats of theridiosomatid species in Ryukyu Islands A streamside in dim forest at Iriomote Island B forest floor of secondary forest at Kume Island C grassland at Kume Island D grassland at Yonaguni Island E crevices on limestone rocky wall at Iriomote Island." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708578" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">12E</figureCitation>
). Spiders are found in high density at the entrance and twilight zones of humid caves, while sparsely deep inside the dark zone. Its general morphology (pigmented body, eight developed eyes, etc.) and habitat suggest that the species is troglophilic rather than obligate troglobite.
</paragraph>
<caption id="207D558636635F17D1D7A61E812E6C0F" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708578" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
<paragraph id="9B9AA47D18DFE57EA84A6212E90732FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="1FCDBB7F4BADA4B2DE1EE7F28D350270" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 12.</emphasis>
Habitats of theridiosomatid species in Ryukyu Islands
<emphasis id="52D042E47528EEF64C7944519AFE7556" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
streamside in dim forest at Iriomote Island
<emphasis id="69B3C40DEA78ACE1E647747622977A2A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
forest floor of secondary forest at Kume Island
<emphasis id="4F58181EB3C784D3D47DB30F896539ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
grassland at Kume Island
<emphasis id="DDE40B4BB56FDDE69A6F7E72AE2C7DD1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">D</emphasis>
grassland at Yonaguni Island
<emphasis id="3966A5917E072140FD1368C3D91E0B56" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
crevices on limestone rocky wall at Iriomote Island.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0DBA6F6F71D22FB83756FD7206121FA7" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708579" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph id="AC0E0C2BF3376E41A87CC40C5F6F6F76" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="76DA91E83617DB971AA1E814339B26B9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Web of
<taxonomicName id="FCF4AED500E239A94EDB54F630F039A0" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3CE476BDE92129B6C1EE0D404D798AEA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8B6090E118DE927C6CB4DC008CACA6D4" authorityName="Saaristo" authorityYear="1996" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Zoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoma" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="54374483C4AD64B8FECCF23143036C22" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Zoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spiders at Ryukyu Islands, Japan
<emphasis id="B8BF2CB81C90317DCF59A57F7E12327C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A-C</emphasis>
web of
<taxonomicName id="9633FAD93D037E5636C9D5C6620C683F" authorityName="Suzuki &amp; Hiramatsu &amp; Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrivirgatum">
<emphasis id="AB93BEA30A684BE96C817832E72DB9D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis id="9AD2963C8DC5F2246D289F4D9A563BA0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">D-E</emphasis>
web of
<taxonomicName id="C8E05F0C32FFC4E1B97248C09AA696E5" authorityName="Suzuki, Serita &amp; Hiramatsu" authorityYear="2020" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma alboannulatum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alboannulatum">
<emphasis id="B47EE53F0E051695C9EA8AD5AE1D5145" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma alboannulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2EAA5CC4995C35F841CF58F166018C7C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">F-H</emphasis>
web of
<taxonomicName id="996535A13CC98DDDF3C114D1473E5CFB" authorityName="Miller, Griswold &amp; Yin" authorityYear="2009" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Zoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoma dibaiyin" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dibaiyin">
<emphasis id="3F357107F73DEDC8BB289A7D3F08C65D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Zoma dibaiyin</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="ED2958ECB926CD8B1825790FD02353A1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">RA</emphasis>
radial anastomosis
<emphasis id="1FEB19D9B40BD5EEF38E11B713EDF2F0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">SS</emphasis>
sticky spirals
<emphasis id="0CDC0808A5EA63C812AA949DCE6BE2CE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">TL</emphasis>
tension line.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="32CD9385FEDD98F7617B519C38876676" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="web morphology">
<paragraph id="DD2DB5B1BB3EC5FF9E803B7F68136172" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Web morphology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="897ACAFFDEF585F3BB2554663718436E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
The newly reported species built a conventional orb web with an open hub and two hub loops (Fig.
<figureCitation id="81C7D948455E23E5E994BAAA56407896" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14A-C</figureCitation>
). The web was almost vertical, and the tension line extended upward obliquely from the upper side of the hub to the surface of the rock (Fig.
<figureCitation id="2999E3C3B9E261932750AEEA6D8606A7" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14D</figureCitation>
). The angle of the trapline was approximately 60° to the horizontal plane. The spider sat upward and held a trapline by both forelegs and grasped radii by legs III, and put legs IV on the hub (Fig.
<figureCitation id="208A370DFD82422BDE3F8948A2ACFE54" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14E</figureCitation>
). The web turned conical shape (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8C8BC8CDD5FC2F6307FC9914991C0FC8" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14D</figureCitation>
), but it seemed to be less distorted than that of
<taxonomicName id="4BF63ADB0095BC29E04729B128F2B5F4" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="93B4DFD5834AAA3D199C574A032BE039" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. The mean web diameter was 11.6
<normalizedToken id="8E9A4CB93518B046D0C8A70E68B10D6D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10.1 (cm vertical
<normalizedToken id="7C5974D1B3BAF0B73DE68D6CB776603F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
horizontal) (
<emphasis id="600C39885867B12BC23C463B34D50099" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">n</emphasis>
= 9), number of radii: 17
<normalizedToken id="1DCFE10B726096ED3F00D4A2C52AF01E" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.3 (SD), and number of sticky spirals: 14.5
<normalizedToken id="3AE619FAFCEF8BD8723B3132C9D6E911" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.5 (SD) (
<emphasis id="1BC90E605638BDC6394D48BE7A55A32A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">n</emphasis>
= 8). As a result of observation of 209 webs in June 2021, it was found that some individuals do not make tension lines. The percentage of webs with a tension line was as follows: female adult, 77% and juvenile, 33% in Yutsun-do Cave; female adult, 67% and juvenile, 45% in
<normalizedToken id="5A931DDD275A4B40D9FCB98305424933" originalValue="Ôtomi-Daiichi-Do">Otomi-Daiichi-Do</normalizedToken>
Cave. Juveniles were more likely to build ordinary webs lacking tension lines than adults at both sites. When a web is disturbed by wind, the spider immediately escapes from the web running along the tension line (
<emphasis id="A05C2439D5485575057F73CA41B37973" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">n</emphasis>
= 22, see Suppl. material 1). After the escape, some spiders try to hide themselves into limestone rock crevices.
</paragraph>
<caption id="785E2FDC6623620F47E5F60F3C90CCCD" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph id="4435DCE8DA24E9CE7C0C276C36F627EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="9D4CEABF1B74727113B9652CB3BB4DFB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Web structure and building behavior in
<taxonomicName id="621D521869E0CDD537D622FD532FAE99" authorityName="Suzuki &amp; Hiramatsu &amp; Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sennin" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sennin tanikawai" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="00960E7FBE368E22F8E3E96554F92CEA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sennin tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (
<emphasis id="0449F0DB08DED0B2D5C2F206ACB20D66" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A-G</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="09526C1CB861ED024C71651873279FE8" authorityName="Bosenberg &amp; Strand" authorityYear="1906" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma epeiroides" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epeiroides">
<emphasis id="37172579AAA51C06D53C67CDDB85AED2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma epeiroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="A902C09D244281E768402FF4C3D6F7C5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">H</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="810E500B16581F9A96B7F6ACB655F19C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
orb web, frontal view
<emphasis id="CB382D758AC92C869AF91148FCDF7210" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
orb web, illustrated
<emphasis id="E7EB786F687D7D4B8B1A7BDE7E884A15" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
open hub, frontal view
<emphasis id="5E1F667BAE6716290D203C574EE6281C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">D</emphasis>
orb web, lateral view
<emphasis id="D4D7B44C1D2A7237E872A59FFF109D63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
spider holding tension line with forelegs
<emphasis id="CF6E2AEE85CE273CF5ED002AF9A7D45E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">F</emphasis>
process of weaving sticky spirals by
<taxonomicName id="D0D6E8FE1F34D8DB363809E4D410C6CD" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="A8E96CF2489148D62CF8B385D42F9B7C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis id="0382B5D59E3EB81E3B625003593FF462" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">G</emphasis>
radial elongation behavior in
<taxonomicName id="702444138BC1B3D77CA35951FE110926" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="6C7733ABAAD2908E92EA2BC945F688E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis id="32FB2B3273FC84830F794AAFFA364439" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">H</emphasis>
web building processes of
<taxonomicName id="BB656FE400F08B04145CBAF07AE8D88C" authorityName="Bosenberg &amp; Strand" authorityYear="1906" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma epeiroides" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epeiroides">
<emphasis id="58B7F0E1F8F1E0CA04833F5D08048610" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma epeiroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="407887438C79D1738BECA35737C427FA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">HL</emphasis>
hub loops
<emphasis id="36AE65CE654502B50AAE5237BC817F71" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">OH</emphasis>
open hub
<emphasis id="AE87179E7D77F7C7B95793358139DD01" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">RD</emphasis>
radii
<emphasis id="DB71220FAD472994F8020BEDE44E0E67" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">SS</emphasis>
sticky spiral
<emphasis id="EB3999D5CAFB18EC8764947FB621A475" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">TL</emphasis>
tension line
<emphasis id="E8722A5528367922923FA76E8C0EF3FF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">TS</emphasis>
temporary spiral.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="419D9D97814B99B8EBF58B9081101F6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="web-building behavior">
<paragraph id="047B4B17CEF58E11C9EB6A0B47896C73" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Web-building behavior.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B56851862F5C54A8F9C0798ABD550C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="9043B557787C1FAA9F76C5882BA46FCA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
(
<emphasis id="58975B2FE95E124984EAE43F12413A98" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">n</emphasis>
= 5)
</emphasis>
. (1) Frames and radii were laid. (2) The spider returned to the hub and made a temporary spiral as a circle. (3) The spider pulled out a sticky line by using only the outer leg IV several times while touching the temporary spiral by the inner leg IV (in
<taxonomicName id="41B6BC56C18E690C9F92D75B116F17F3" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. epeiroides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="epeiroides">
<emphasis id="F119868F096C14E63654BE2A9E4902CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">T. epeiroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="9BB248DBF70FF8088C77BE4596E7D58B" originalValue="Bösenberg">Boesenberg</normalizedToken>
&amp; Strand, 1906, it draws out a sticky line using both legs IV alternately [
<bibRefCitation id="05F5501353E9A82FC3349FC4C3802C7E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.33.9" author="Shinkai, A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="181 - 185" refId="B24" refString="Shinkai, A, Shinkai, E, 1985. The web-building behavior and predatory behavior of Theridiosoma epeiroides Boesenberg et Strand (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) and the origin of the ray-formed web. Acta Arachnologica 42 (1): 181 - 185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.33.9" title="The web-building behavior and predatory behavior of Theridiosoma epeiroides Boesenberg et Strand (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) and the origin of the ray-formed web." url="https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.33.9" volume="42" year="1985">Shinkai and Shinkai 1985</bibRefCitation>
]). (4) After drawing a sticky line, the spider walked to the frame along a radius holding it by the outer leg IV, shifted it inward, and then attached it to the radius (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C6C98B75786A21840BAF89F860483DCE" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14F</figureCitation>
; see Suppl. material 2). (5) The spider turned to the hub by drawing a new sticky line by the outer leg IV and moved the next radius along the temporary spiral (Fig.
<figureCitation id="8F6079AFE7A7FE9AF68406469A5DB121" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14F</figureCitation>
). (6) The spider repeated sequences (3) to (5) and laid sticky spirals from outside to inside. (7) After finishing laying the sticky spirals, the temporary spiral was removed. (8) The spider moved near the hub and bit off the radius. (9) After biting off the radius, it changed the direction and attached its spinnerets to the radius and drew out a radius. The elongated radius was attached to the hub (Suppl. material 3). Thus, all radii were elongated (Fig.
<figureCitation id="759246D59673B55A6D4120829D6C8F43" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14G</figureCitation>
). (10) The spider returned to the hub, laid two hub loops, and bit out its center. It ingested the ball of threads using both forelegs and digested it. (11) The spider held a tension line, and the web formed a cone. It took approximately one hour to complete the web.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5DEE530BFCA930B53FB24027F8464733" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="egg sac">
<paragraph id="BC92CDD4F47D1A40B1F25B8CA4736EFA" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Egg sac.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="139ADC79EAECEFDC486252187D5E3371" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
Spherical and dark brown. The size was approximately 3
<normalizedToken id="594223546955A44E819592EBF4F190D0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2 (mm, height
<normalizedToken id="D679A5A3FBF31D53C1C43139AACED89E" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width), which was suspended with a long vertical line on the roof of a cave (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3C563C996552CD1330E2162E1A4AEF4D" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Egg sacs of theridiosomatid species A egg sac of Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum sp. nov. (cap opened) B egg sac of Theridiosoma dissimulatum C egg sac of Theridiosoma alboannulatum D-E egg sac of Sennin tanikawai sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708581" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">15D, E</figureCitation>
). This vertical line (pendant line) ranged from 2.5 to 5.3 cm, and the mean was 4.1 cm (
<emphasis id="2EDB9D41907F5B127307ECB6728D60F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">n</emphasis>
= 4). There was a single attachment point of the egg sac. The junction of the upper end of the egg sac and the lower end of the pendant line resembled a hatch, similar to a cap like structure in
<taxonomicName id="D1435DDB336BAD3EADB65D9D95863217" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="29A21A2605DB0D75E30A0D996FB29DF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lower end of the pendant line was thickened. The egg sac is cleaved at the joint. The egg sac of
<taxonomicName id="9D1BE34AB88C41698479FB882D652D36" lsidName="K. upperyangtzica" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="upperyangtzica">
<emphasis id="B74C267FF36439E0E461361C2CCF9301" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">K. upperyangtzica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="7BB70E24FE5D82DDEBBBF41A577EE60C" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
<emphasis id="354F2D252A0A44E13BC33C8B76C68984" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the shape of
<normalizedToken id="7D7251EC75ACDE572AA74823E3EB94F2" originalValue="‘cap’">'cap'</normalizedToken>
(thickened end of the pendant line): almost as long as wide in the former while clearly longer than wide in the latter (
<bibRefCitation id="662EE7C6546D3529BBE9A0F4C71AB871" author="Chen, HM" journalOrPublisher="Guizhou Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B3" refString="Chen, HM, 2010. Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China. Guizhou Science 28 (4): 1 - 10" title="Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China." volume="28" year="2010">Chen 2010</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 29 vs. Fig.
<figureCitation id="F5C27C7AA9B09C76F26257E60C723CD4" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Egg sacs of theridiosomatid species A egg sac of Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum sp. nov. (cap opened) B egg sac of Theridiosoma dissimulatum C egg sac of Theridiosoma alboannulatum D-E egg sac of Sennin tanikawai sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708581" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">15E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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