490 lines
68 KiB
XML
490 lines
68 KiB
XML
<document id="1F5782CFF71BDEE95D8CD4D240A499D8" ID-CLB-Dataset="4900" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3859.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d866af6f-cbcd-47f4-a4f3-1499c1789ae3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4930112" ID-ZooBank="24FCAAE1-AB7C-4FAD-8698-D0C9F12400EC" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623442093486" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hryniewicz, Krzysztof, Little, Crispin T. S. & Nakrem, Hans Arne" docDate="2014" docId="A2311D4D9F3DE30D04E6FEC7FE46286E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03859p066.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3859 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cretaxinus hurumi Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="5E0865359F19E3250471FFA5FFA82955" masterDocTitle="Bivalves from the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous hydrocarbon seep carbonates from central Spitsbergen, Svalbard" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1699013068164" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D7C27DCFB28FB9BCEC45EA3098FFA806">
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<mods:title id="2C9C174789FD7D9958A5AA7D49116D19">Bivalves from the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous hydrocarbon seep carbonates from central Spitsbergen, Svalbard</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="FE618350125A424CF045E69FAA7664BF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="2EA012750C22DF5B0AF450F446A9914F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="32FA76F27D2C3783A40C82916C89AD59">Hryniewicz, Krzysztof</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BC560C4217441593C647080669D1D64D" type="email">krzysztof.hryniewicz@nhm.uio.no</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="8BFD5327443BC842E9BC3C5D21B51BF6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E13342A61232F7BF6913A851509D193B">Little, Crispin T. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EFC0443DC72B7760FD936E471F409AF5" type="email">earctsl@leeds.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="A2E4C29A4FFFEB5B49E53D1DF404A12B">Nakrem, Hans Arne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="67879316E28EBD666DDF3D8A5A6AF3A0" type="email">krzysztof.hryniewicz@nhm.uio.no</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3E98702ADFD8020AA23EC091C26BC6D9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8124EC2689A31580F9C34929C82CC761">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="2A3D4CDDA69930CB1FF0A19F50D0C1A0">
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<mods:date id="4EAA47BB806FBD7AD1EE315137EEFF27">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="608712A089CE27B917FA3C83CCC25411">2014-09-02</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7EF2F9F3C1B0151328089B2BA2DA46F8">3859</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="130F63464606CAEFBE13C109D6EBF568">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="06A705F82C7C7DDCF6DDC0182CA292A6">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="4298CF359804C162A6CE745D7E30763F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="62B89BF601FC42C47AA7E4F7CD18A264" type="CLB-Dataset">4900</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E0EE01978B3CD6196BCC819C61E12917" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3859.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7C7ADD0F617CB86B8AEA1850729B08CA" type="GBIF-Dataset">d866af6f-cbcd-47f4-a4f3-1499c1789ae3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A2311D4D9F3DE30D04E6FEC7FE46286E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4929787" ID-GBIF-Taxon="184646011" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4929787" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A2311D4D9F3DE30D04E6FEC7FE46286E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A2311D4D9F3DE30D04E6FEC7FE46286E" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<subSubSection id="6282FFD09F3DE30104E6FEC7FE4B2829" box="[151,483,354,380]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3DE30104E6FEC7FE4B2829" blockId="36.[151,495,354,414]" box="[151,483,354,380]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<heading id="716F1B379F3DE30104E6FEC7FE4B2829" bold="true" box="[151,483,354,380]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30104E6FEC7FE4B2829" bold="true" box="[151,483,354,380]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3DE30104E6FEC7FED62829" authority="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem, 2014" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,382,354,380]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30104E6FEC7FED62829" bold="true" box="[151,382,354,380]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Cretaxinus hurumi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="03DFCD329F3DE30105F7FEC7FE4B2829" box="[390,483,354,380]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6282FFD09F3DE30104E6FE20FD0F2889" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
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<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3DE30104E6FE20FE4728CB" blockId="36.[151,495,354,414]" box="[151,495,389,414]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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(
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<figureCitation id="B2A3B0DE9F3DE30104EFFE20FEFF28C8" box="[158,343,389,414]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1446,1468]" captionTargetId="figure-22@31.[171,1428,193,1981]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 13. (A–J) Tehamatea rasmusseni sp. nov. (A) Lateral view of holotype showing the vertical valve displacement. (B) Detail for interior of right valve showing cardinal dentition. Note long lunule, small 3a and long 3b. (C) Lateral view of exterior of right valve showing oval outline and ornament of dense commarginal growth lines. (D–E) Silicone rubber casts of right valve cardinal areas showing small 3a and large, thick 3b cardinal teeth. (F) Oblique lateral view of a right valve internal mould showing small anterior and posterior lateral teeth. (G) Lateral view right valve internal mould showing shapes and relative sizes of anterior and posterior adductor muscle scars and wavy pallial line below anterior adductor muscle scar, representing possible mantle lobe scars. (H) Silicone rubber cast of an articulated internal mould showing anterior adductor muscle scar and anterior lateral teeth. (I) Dorsal view of an articulated shell showing long external ligament, flattened posterior shell area and deep, lancet-shape, slightly asymmetric lunule. (J) Lateral view of a right valve internal mould showing bioimmuration trace. (K–N) Cretaxinus hurumi gen. et sp. nov. (K) Lateral view of articulated holotype left valve showing shell outline. Note very weakly sulcated posterodorsal margin extending only slightly above the shell outline. (L) Holotype anterior view showing large and deep lunule. (M–N) Holotype posterior and dorsal views respectively, showing external portion of the ligament, escutcheon and posterodorsal margin sulcation. (A–B) PMO 217.234, (C) PMO 217.169, (D) PMO 217.173, (E) PMO 217.243, (F) PMO 225.111, (G) PMO 225.104, (H) PMO 225.101, (I) PMO 217.227, (J) PMO 217.247, (K–N) PMO 217.277. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228103" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228103/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figures 13 K–N</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B2A3B0DE9F3DE3010512FE20FE2928CB" box="[355,385,389,414]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1624,1646]" captionTargetId="figure-22@37.[166,1411,230,2003]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 15. Cretaxinus hurumi gen. et sp. nov. (A) Lateral view of left valve of articulated internal mould, showing broadly rounded ventral margin. (B–C) Detail of anterior margin showing weak and descending anterior adductor muscle scar fading posteriorly and its serrated dorsal margin. (D) Anterior view showing shape and size of lunule. (E) Dorsal view showing shape of the posterodorsal margin and escutcheon. (F–G) Cross-section through a ligament showing its thickness. (H) Lateral view of left valve of articulated internal mould with less rounded margin than specimen shown in (A). (I–J) Detail of a anterior margin showing weak anterior adductor muscle scar fading posteriorly. (K–L) Anterior view showing shape and size of the lunule, anterior adductor and pedal retractor muscle scars. (M) Dorsal view showing shape of the posterodorsal margin and escutcheon. (N) Lateral view of right valve internal mould. (O–P) Detail of anterior margin showing very weak anterior adductor muscle scar visible only at its anteriormost portion. (A–G) PMO 225.128, (H–M) PMO 217.172, (N–P) PMO 225.136. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228107/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">15</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B2A3B0DE9F3DE30105FCFE20FE4028CB" box="[397,488,389,414]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1694,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-22@39.[160,1418,193,1984]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 16. (A–G) Cretaxinus hurumi gen. et sp. nov. (A) Lateral view of left valve of articulated internal mould, showing a distinct, triangular shape. (B–C) Anterior views showing shape and size of lunule and anterior pedal retractor scar. (D) Dorsal view showing shape of the posterodorsal margin. (E–F) Cardinal and posterodorsal portion of left valve internal mould shell showing posterior adductor muscle scar with distinct notch on anteroventral margin and posterior pedal retractor scar. (G) Silicone rubber cast of (E–F) showing small and elongated groove, possibly ligament groove. (H–P) Pseudotrapezium aff. groenlandicum (Spath, 1936). (H) Lateral view of the shell showing the outline and carina. (I–J) Anterior and posterior views of articulated specimen with most of the shell preserved. (K) Dorsal view showing flattened posterior area, two carinae and very thin shell. (L–M) Anterior view of articulated specimen with some preserved shell, showing deep and small lunule and rounded anterior adductor muscle scar. (N–O) Oblique posterior view showing weak pallial line and weakly impressed posterior adductor muscle scar. (P) Right valve dentition and large hinge plate. (A–D) PMO 217.540, (E–G) PMO 217.175, (H–K) PMO 226.632, (L–M) PMO 226.633, (N–O) PMO 226.635, (P) JUE no. 15926. Scale bars 10 mm (A–G), 5 mm (H–P)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228109" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228109/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">16 A–G</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3DE30104E6FE63FD0F2889" blockId="36.[151,679,454,476]" box="[151,679,454,476]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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2011
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<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3DE30104BEFE63FEE02889" box="[207,328,454,476]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Thyasira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30104BEFE63FE812889" box="[207,297,454,476]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Thyasira</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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—Hammer
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<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30105B5FE62FE5F2889" box="[452,503,454,476]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
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, fig. 7a–c, tab. 2.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6282FFD09F3DE30104E6FDA7FEC72B6A" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3DE30104E6FDA7FEC72B6A" blockId="36.[151,1437,514,1835]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30104E6FDA7FEB62B4E" bold="true" box="[151,286,514,539]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Etymology.</emphasis>
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After Jørn H. Hurum, leader of 2004–2012
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<collectingCountry id="528FECCB9F3DE301075AFDA7FC272B4E" box="[811,911,514,539]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
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expeditions of the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6282FFD09F3DE30104B4FDEFFD5B2ABA" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3DE30104B4FDEFFBFB2B36" blockId="36.[151,1437,514,1835]" box="[197,1107,586,611]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30104B4FDEFFECB2B36" bold="true" box="[197,355,586,611]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<typeStatus id="F52312F99F3DE30104B4FDEFFEA82B36" box="[197,256,586,611]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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Seep 9, Knorringfjellet, Spitsbergen,
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<geoCoordinate id="4FACCA9C9F3DE301077AFDEFFC012B36" box="[779,937,586,611]" degrees="78" direction="north" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="1" seconds="49.9" value="78.313866">78°18’49.9”N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="4FACCA9C9F3DE30107C1FDEFFBE72B36" box="[944,1103,586,611]" degrees="16" direction="east" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="1" seconds="58.9" value="16.183027">16°10’58.9”E</geoCoordinate>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3DE30104B4FDCBFE4F2AF3" blockId="36.[151,1437,514,1835]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30104B4FDCBFECD2BD2" bold="true" box="[197,357,622,647]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Type mterial.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="9AF0A6069F3DE301051DFDCBFB782BFE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336546328" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" specimenCode="PMO 217.277" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="F52312F99F3DE301051DFDCBFE702BD2" box="[364,472,622,647]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="7A3E04209F3DE3010595FDCBFD2E2BD2" box="[484,646,622,647]" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">PMO 217.277</specimenCode>
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; an internal mould with shell partially preserved, showing a triangular outline, external ornament, a sulcated posterior margin and a thick, short, external ligament
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="9AF0A6069F3DE30100AEFD36FB7C2B9B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336546332" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" specimenCode="PMO 217.172" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="F52312F99F3DE30100AEFD36FAF82BFE" box="[1247,1360,659,683]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="7A3E04209F3DE3010111FD37FF5E2B9A" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">PMO 217.172</specimenCode>
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; an almost complete internal mould showing outline and anterior adductor muscle scar
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="9AF0A6069F3DE3010091FD13FBDB2A42" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336546311" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" specimenCode="PMO 217.175" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<specimenCode id="7A3E04209F3DE3010091FD13FA2B2B9A" box="[1248,1411,694,719]" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">PMO 217.175</specimenCode>
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; a fragment of an internal mould and silicone rubber cast showing posterior adductor muscle scar and posterior pedal retractor. The silicone rubber cast shows the cardinal area with an elongated resilifer
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="9AF0A6069F3DE30100F0FD5BFEBF2A0A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336546310" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" specimenCode="PMO 217.540" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<specimenCode id="7A3E04209F3DE30100F0FD5BFA8F2A42" box="[1153,1319,766,791]" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">PMO 217.540</specimenCode>
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; complete internal mould showing the triangular outline, well impressed rounded posterior adductor muscle scar and deep escutcheon
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="9AF0A6069F3DE3010552FCE3FC902AD6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336546330" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" specimenCode="PMO 225.128" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<specimenCode id="7A3E04209F3DE3010552FCE3FE6E2A0A" box="[291,454,838,863]" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">PMO 225.128</specimenCode>
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; an almost complete internal mould showing anterior adductor muscle scar and crosssection through the external ligament and ligament nymphs
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="9AF0A6069F3DE3010732FCCFFE4B2AF3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336546307" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" specimenCode="PMO 225.136" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<specimenCode id="7A3E04209F3DE3010732FCCFFC4F2AD6" box="[835,999,874,899]" collectionCode="PMO" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">PMO 225.136</specimenCode>
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; an internal mould showing very weak anterior adductor muscle scar
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3DE30104B4FC17FD5B2ABA" blockId="36.[151,1437,514,1835]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30104B4FC17FE062A9E" bold="true" box="[197,430,946,971]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<specimenCount id="3C9E67D29F3DE30105C5FC17FDE52A9E" box="[436,589,946,971]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="generic">56 specimens</specimenCount>
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, all articulated or semi-articulated internal moulds with variable amounts of shell preserved. See Appendix 1 for list of specimens.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6282FFD09F3DE30104B4FC5FFE062D62" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3DE30104B4FC5FFE062D62" blockId="36.[151,1437,514,1835]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30104B4FC5FFEFF2D46" bold="true" box="[197,343,1018,1043]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Dimensions.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3DE3010510FC5FFE5B2D47" box="[353,499,1018,1043]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.975" metricValueMax="5.65" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="39.75" valueMax="56.5" valueMin="23.0">23–56.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3DE3010607FC5FFCA02D47" box="[630,776,1018,1043]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.13" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.26" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="31.3" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="12.6">12.6–50 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height,
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3DE30107FAFC5FFBA02D47" box="[907,1032,1018,1043]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="29.0" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="19.0">19–39 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width. See
|
||
<figureCitation id="B2A3B0DE9F3DE30100C9FC5FFAC12D46" box="[1208,1385,1018,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1412,1434]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1389]" captionTargetId="figure-261@41.[150,1436,193,1390]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 17. Measurements of Cretaxinus hurumi gen. et sp. nov. (in mm). (A) Height to length. (B) Width to length. (C) Width to height. (D) Posterior length to length." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4930136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4930136/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figure 17 A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
and Appendix 2K for details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6282FFD09F3DE30104B4FBE7FDAD2D0E" box="[197,517,1090,1115]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3DE30104B4FBE7FDAD2D0E" blockId="36.[151,1437,514,1835]" box="[197,517,1090,1115]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30104B4FBE7FE972D0E" bold="true" box="[197,319,1090,1115]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
As for the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6282FFD09F3DE30104B4FBC3FC0D2E7E" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3DE30104B4FBC3FC0D2E7E" blockId="36.[151,1437,514,1835]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3DE30104B4FBC3FEFF2D2A" bold="true" box="[197,343,1126,1151]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Shell large, subtriangular in outline, up to
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3DE3010747FBC3FC322D2B" box="[822,922,1126,1151]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.65" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="56.5">56.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3DE3010791FBC3FB982D2B" box="[992,1072,1126,1151]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, and
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3DE30100D4FBC3FB5D2D2B" box="[1189,1269,1126,1151]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Average H/L ratio ≈ 0.85, W/L ≈ 0.75, and W/H ≈ 0.88. Shell less than
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3DE301071CFB2FFC6D2DF7" box="[877,965,1162,1187]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick, covered with commarginal growth lines. Umbonal angle usually larger among smaller specimens, which have concave anterodorsal and posterodorsal margins. Beaks incurved, prosogyrate, not prominent, positioned closer towards the anterior, with average Pl/L ≈ 0.67. Umbonal angle slightly acute. Lunule large, deep, heart-shaped. Anterior margin tightly rounded, more angular in larger specimens. Ventral margin curved, with curvature deepest close to mid-line in smaller specimens, progressively displaced towards posterior during growth. Curvature shows some intraspecific variation, from deep and prominent, to shallow and gentle. Posterior extremity weakly pointed, posterodorsal margin sloping, with very weak sulcus. Smaller specimens usually have slightly concave posterodorsal margin, which is more straight in larger specimens. Escutcheon large and deep. Ligament external, thick, short, occupying 1/3 of escutcheon. Hinge plate narrow. Cardinal area with single, elongate groove, probably representing a ligament groove. Lateral dentition not observed. Anterior adductor muscle scar very weak and small, elongated along pallial line, with straight ventral margin and irregular dorsal margin; well impressed in anterior part, fading towards posterior so length of anterior adductor muscle scar cannot be fully ascertained. Anterior pedal retractor scar small and weak, circular, separated from the anterior adductor muscle scar by narrow margin, visible in
|
||
<specimenCount id="3C9E67D29F3DE30100C9F9FAFAF02F22" box="[1208,1368,1630,1655]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
only. Posterior adductor muscle scar larger than anterior adductor muscle scar, circular, deeply impressed, displaced towards hinge plate. Posterior pedal retractor small, circular, approximately same size as anterior pedal retractor scar; positioned close to hinge plate and separated from posterior adductor muscle scar by narrow distance. Pallial line entire, weak, marked by pallial muscle scars in some specimens. Internal shell surface covered with fine radial ornament, probably representing traces of descending pallial muscles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6282FFD09F3FE30D04B4FF32FE46286E" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3FE30304B4FF32FDFF2B35" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30304B4FF32FE9129E5" bold="true" box="[197,313,151,176]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030535FF3DFDB329E5" authority="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem, 2014" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[324,539,151,176]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030535FF3DFDB329E5" box="[324,539,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Cretaxinus hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030656FF32FD4C29E5" bold="true" box="[551,740,151,176]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="03DFCD329F3FE3030656FF32FD4C29E5" box="[551,740,151,176]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is the oldest thyasirid species known to date. The slightly younger Valanginian to Hauterivian thyasirid is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30306BCFF18FCB32981" box="[717,795,189,212]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30306BCFF18FCB32981" box="[717,795,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Lucina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030742FF18FC272981" box="[819,911,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">rouyana</emphasis>
|
||
d’Orbigny, 1844, from the shelf deposits of Europe and possible seep sites of Grodziszcze beds in the Carpathians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30307A1FF7AFBCD29AD" author="Ascher, E." box="[976,1125,223,248]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="135 - 167" refId="ref29627" refString="Ascher, E. (1906) Die Gastropoden, Bivalven und Brachiopoden der Grodischter Schichten. Beitrage zur Palaontologie und Geologie Osterreich-Ungarns und des Orients, 19, 135 - 167." type="journal article" year="1906">Ascher 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 164, pl. XIV, fig. 9a–c;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30304E6FEA1FEF72848" author="Kiel, S. & Amano, K. & Jenkins, R. G." box="[151,351,260,285]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="525 - 537" refId="ref35693" refString="Kiel, S., Amano, K. & Jenkins, R. G. (2008 a) Bivalves from Cretaceous cold seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 53, 525 - 537. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0310" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Kiel
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30304A0FEA0FEAD2848" box="[209,261,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE303051CFEA1FD9E2848" author="Kaim, A. & Jenkins, R. G." box="[365,566,260,285]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="42 - 51" refId="ref34974" refString="Kaim, A., Skupien. P. & Jenkins, R. G. (2013) A new Lower Cretaceous hydrocarbon seep locality from the Czech Carpathians and its fauna. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology, 390, 42 - 51. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2013.03.010" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Kaim
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30305C4FEA0FE412848" box="[437,489,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which has more of a typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30307EDFEA1FBA82848" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1818" box="[924,1024,260,285]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Thyasira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30307EDFEA1FBA82848" box="[924,1024,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thyasira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shape. The Albian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030096FEA0FA9D2849" box="[1255,1333,261,284]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030096FEA0FA9D2849" box="[1255,1333,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Lucina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE303013AFEA1FA342848" box="[1355,1436,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">sculpta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30304E6FE82FE9E2815" author="Phillips, J." box="[151,310,295,320]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref38802" refString="Phillips, J. (1829) Illustrations of the geology of Yorkshire. 1 st edition. Printed for John Murray, Ablemarle Street, York, xvi + 192 pp., 24 pls." type="book" year="1829">Phillips, 1829</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from Southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="528FECCB9F3FE303059AFE82FDE02815" box="[491,584,295,320]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030626FE82FD402815" author="Woods, H." box="[599,744,295,320]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="133 - 180" refId="ref42772" refString="Woods, H. (1907) A monograph of the Cretaceous Lamellibranchia. Vol. II. Palaeontographical Society Monographs, 61, 133 - 180, pls. 20 - 27." type="journal article" year="1907">Woods 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 153, pl. 24, fig. 7–9) has a very distinct shape reminiscent of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030543FEE9FD9C2830" authority="Sowerby, 1821" authorityName="J. Sowerby" authorityYear="1821" box="[306,564,332,357]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Axinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030543FEE9FED62836" box="[306,382,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Axinus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30305F8FEE9FD9C2830" author="Sowerby, J." box="[393,564,332,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref40257" refString="Sowerby, J. (1821) The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain 4 (1), J. Sowerby, London, 1 - 16, pls. 307 - 318. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14408" type="book chapter" year="1821">Sowerby, 1821</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030637FEE9FCB72830" author="Taylor, J. D. & Williams, S. T. & Glover, E. A." box="[582,799,332,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="565 - 574" refId="ref41350" refString="Taylor, J. D., Williams, S. T. & Glover, E. A. (2007) Evolutionary relationships of the bivalve family Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia), monophyly and superfamily status. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 565 - 574. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315407054409" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Taylor
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30306EDFEE8FD702830" box="[668,728,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030744FEE9FACA2830" authority="Kiel, Amano & Jenkins, 2008" authorityName="Kiel, Amano & Jenkins" authorityYear="2008" box="[821,1378,332,357]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Thyasira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tanabei">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030744FEE9FC502830" box="[821,1016,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thyasira tanabei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030073FEE9FACA2830" author="Kiel, S. & Amano, K. & Jenkins, R. G." box="[1026,1378,332,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="525 - 537" refId="ref35693" refString="Kiel, S., Amano, K. & Jenkins, R. G. (2008 a) Bivalves from Cretaceous cold seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 53, 525 - 537. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0310" type="journal article" year="2008">Kiel, Amano & Jenkins, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a) is known from Albian to Campanian hydrocarbon seeps of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E85C62B99F3FE3030756FECAFC3028DD" box="[807,920,367,392]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="528FECCB9F3FE30307D7FED5FC4128D2" box="[934,1001,368,391]" name="Japan" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030784FECAFB1F28DD" authorityName="Kiel, Amano & Jenkins" authorityYear="2008" box="[1013,1207,367,392]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Thyasira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tanabei">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030784FECAFB1F28DD" box="[1013,1207,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thyasira tanabei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a large anterior adductor muscle scar, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030593FE31FDFD28F8" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[482,597,404,429]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030593FE31FDFD28F8" box="[482,597,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C. hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the lack of information about the ligament of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30300E8FE30FAA228F8" authorityName="Kiel, Amano & Jenkins" authorityYear="2008" box="[1177,1290,404,429]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Thyasira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tanabei">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30300E8FE30FAA228F8" box="[1177,1290,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">T. tanabei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
makes more detailed comparison difficult.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030587FE12FD2E289A" box="[502,646,439,464]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Thyasira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030587FE12FDF22885" box="[502,602,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thyasira</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Cenomanian Kanajirasawa seep of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E85C62B99F3FE30300D1FE12FAA62885" box="[1184,1294,439,464]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Hokkaido</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030150FE12FF7528A0" author="Kiel, S. & Amano, K. & Jenkins, R. G." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="525 - 537" refId="ref35693" refString="Kiel, S., Amano, K. & Jenkins, R. G. (2008 a) Bivalves from Cretaceous cold seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 53, 525 - 537. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2008.0310" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Kiel
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE303012EFE1CFA342885" box="[1375,1436,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is known from a single, partially preserved specimen only and, therefore, is also difficult to compare to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30301F3FE79FF402B4D" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30301F3FE79FF402B4D" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C. hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Various Campanian thyasirid species from the Western Interior Seaway (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030043FE5AFB4F2B4D" author="Kauffman, E. G." box="[1074,1255,511,536]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref35183" refString="Kauffman, E. G. (1967) Cretaceous Thyasira from the western interior of Northern America. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 152, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1967">Kauffman 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) differ in shape from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30304AAFD81FEFB2B68" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[219,339,548,573]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30304AAFD81FEFB2B68" box="[219,339,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C. hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, having flattened posterior areas, narrow escutcheons, deeper sulci and more ovate shapes, reminiscent of Recent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30305E5FDE2FDFF2B35" box="[404,599,583,608]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Thyasira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30305E5FDE2FE502B35" box="[404,504,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thyasira</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3FE30304B4FDC9FE802BFD" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30304B4FDC9FEF02BD0" bold="true" box="[197,344,620,645]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="9AF0A6069F3FE3030510FDC9FE8C2BFD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3336546324" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" county="Known" location="Seep" municipality="Slottsmoya Member" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="2F47FA809F3FE3030510FDC9FE3F2BD0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A2311D4D9F3DE30D04E6FEC7FE46286E:2F47FA809F3FE3030510FDC9FE3F2BD0" box="[353,407,620,645]" country="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" county="Known" municipality="Slottsmoya Member" name="Seep" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Seep</location>
|
||
9 (uppermost Ryazanian),
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="CA4336219F3FE30306A3FDC9FC122BD0" box="[722,954,620,645]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Slottsmøya Member</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="528FECCB9F3FE30307B9FDC9FB842BD0" box="[968,1068,620,645]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="671A99E09F3FE303004CFDC9FB2E2BD0" box="[1085,1158,620,645]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,798,821]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Distribution of discussed species in the Svalbard seeps." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7EE7FCD39F1CE32004E6FCBBFCF62A60" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" tableUuid="7EE7FCD39F1CE32004E6FCBBFCF62A60">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCounty id="C346D4D79F3FE30300D0FDC9FB5B2BD6" box="[1185,1267,620,643]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Known</collectingCounty>
|
||
only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F52312F99F3FE30304E6FD35FF6F2BFD" box="[151,199,656,680]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3FE30304B4FD11FAE12C65" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30304B4FD11FEDB2B98" bold="true" box="[197,371,692,717]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Palaeoecology.</emphasis>
|
||
We infer that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030663FD11FD4C2B98" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[530,740,692,717]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030663FD11FD4C2B98" box="[530,740,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Cretaxinus hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a chemosymbiotic and possibly seep-restricted Mesozoic thyasirid. This is supported by the large shell size of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030779FD7DFCD52BA5" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[776,893,727,752]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030779FD7DFCD52BA5" box="[776,893,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C. hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among modern thyasirids chemosymbiosis is present mainly in species with two gill demibranchs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE303077DFD59FC0C2A40" author="Dufour, S." box="[780,932,764,789]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="200 - 212" refId="ref31928" refString="Dufour, S. (2005) Gill anatomy and the evolution of symbiosis in bivalve family Thyasiridae. Biological Bulletin, 208, 200 - 212. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3593152" type="journal article" year="2005">Dufour 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and these usually have large shells, up to around
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3FE303049DFCBAFE942A62" box="[236,316,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
for the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030596FC85FD9B2A62" authorityName="J. Sowerby" authorityYear="1821" box="[487,563,800,823]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Axinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030596FC85FD9B2A62" box="[487,563,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Axinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030630FCBAFD0D2A6D" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1818" box="[577,677,799,824]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Thyasira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030630FCBAFD0D2A6D" box="[577,677,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Thyasira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30306ADFCBAFCD82A6D" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1930" box="[732,880,799,824]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Parathyasira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30306ADFCBAFCD82A6D" box="[732,880,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Parathyasira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but can reach up to
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3FE303002FFCBAFB122A62" box="[1118,1210,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30300AFFCBAFACA2A6D" authorityName="Gabb" authorityYear="1866" box="[1246,1378,799,824]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Conchocele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30300AFFCBAFACA2A6D" box="[1246,1378,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Conchocele</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30304E6FCE1FE212A08" author="Payne, C. M. & Allen, J. A." box="[151,393,836,861]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="481 - 562" refId="ref38443" refString="Payne, C. M. & Allen, J. A. (1991) The morphology of deep-sea Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Atlantic Ocean. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 334, 481 - 562. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1991.0128" type="journal article" year="1991">Payne & Allen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30305E9FCE1FD382A08" author="Kamenev, G. M. & Nadtochy, V. A. & Kuznetsov, A. P." box="[408,656,836,861]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="84 - 94" refId="ref35129" refString="Kamenev, G. M., Nadtochy, V. A. & Kuznetsov, A. P. (2001) Conchocele bisecta (Conrad, 1849) (Bivalvia: Thyasiridae) from cold-water methane-rich areas of the Sea of Okhotsk. The Veliger, 44, 84 - 94." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Kamenev
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE303067FFCE0FDE12A08" box="[526,585,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30306EFFCE1FC022A08" author="Oliver, G. P. & Killeen, I. J." box="[670,938,836,861]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref38007" refString="Oliver, G. P. & Killeen, I. J. (2002) The Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the British continental shelf and North Sea oilfields. Biomor Reports, 3, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="2002">Oliver & Killeen 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Large shells provide enough space in the mantle cavity for large symbiont-bearing gills (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30306C9FCC2FC692AD5" author="Taylor, J. D. & Glover, E. A." box="[696,961,871,896]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="107 - 133" refId="ref41176" refString="Taylor, J. D. & Glover, E. A. (2010) Chemosymbiotic Bivalves. In: Kiel, S. (Ed.), The vent and seep biota. Aspects from microbes to ecosystems. Topics in Geobiology, Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York, pp. 107 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2010">Taylor & Glover 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, thyasirids with a single gill demibranch are usually asymbiotic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE303064AFC29FD7C2AF0" author="Dufour, S." box="[571,724,908,933]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="200 - 212" refId="ref31928" refString="Dufour, S. (2005) Gill anatomy and the evolution of symbiosis in bivalve family Thyasiridae. Biological Bulletin, 208, 200 - 212. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3593152" type="journal article" year="2005">Dufour 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030692FC29FC442AF0" author="Taylor, J. D. & Glover, E. A." box="[739,1004,908,933]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="107 - 133" refId="ref41176" refString="Taylor, J. D. & Glover, E. A. (2010) Chemosymbiotic Bivalves. In: Kiel, S. (Ed.), The vent and seep biota. Aspects from microbes to ecosystems. Topics in Geobiology, Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York, pp. 107 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2010">Taylor & Glover 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These asymbiotic species are much smaller, with sizes of only a few millimeters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30306E0FC0AFCD12A9D" author="Payne, C. M. & Allen, J. A." box="[657,889,943,968]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="481 - 562" refId="ref38443" refString="Payne, C. M. & Allen, J. A. (1991) The morphology of deep-sea Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Atlantic Ocean. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 334, 481 - 562. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1991.0128" type="journal article" year="1991">Payne & Allen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30307F5FC0AFBDB2A9D" author="Oliver, G. P. & Levin, L." box="[900,1139,943,968]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="411 - 416" refId="ref38049" refString="Oliver, G. P. & Levin, L. (2006) A new species of the family Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the oxygen-minimum zone of the Pakistan margin. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 411 - 416. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315406013270" type="journal article" year="2006">Oliver & Levin 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30300F5FC15FAFE2A9D" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[1156,1366,943,968]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30300F5FC15FAFE2A9D" box="[1156,1366,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Cretaxinus hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shells are up to
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3FE303048EFC71FECB2ABE" box="[255,355,980,1005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.65" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="56.5">56.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, and this is very large for the family, which strongly suggests the species had hypertrophied gills suitable for symbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria. Smaller chemosymbiotic thyasirids (≈
|
||
<quantity id="ED6001BE9F3FE3030157FC52FAD32D5A" box="[1318,1403,1015,1040]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length) are known from seep environments (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30306CFFBB9FC252D60" author="Dando, P. R. & Southward, A. J. & Southward, E. C." box="[702,909,1052,1077]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="181 - 187" refId="ref31741" refString="Dando, P. R., Southward, A. J. & Southward, E. C. (2004) Rates of sediment sulphide oxidation by the bivalve mollusk Thyasira sarsi. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 280, 181 - 187. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 280181" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Dando
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030760FBB8FCE22D60" box="[785,842,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but also occur in non-seep settings with high redox potential, such as organic-rich sediments in fjords (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE303074AFB9AFB9F2D0D" author="Dando, P. R. & Spiro, B." box="[827,1079,1087,1112]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="151 - 158" refId="ref31603" refString="Dando, P. R. & Spiro, B. (1993) Varying nutritional dependence of the thyasirid bivalves Thyasira sarsi and T. equalis on chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria, demonstrated by isotope ratios of tissue carbon and shell carbonate. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 92, 151 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 092151" type="journal article" year="1993">Dando & Spiro 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), pulpmill effluents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE303015FFB9AFEF92D28" author="Dando, P. R. & Southward, A. J. & Southward, E. C." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="227 - 247" refId="ref31670" refString="Dando, P. R., Southward, A. J. & Southward, E. C. (1986) Chemoautotrophic symbionts in the gills of the bivalve mollusk Lucinoma borealis and the sediment chemistry of its habitat. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 227, 227 - 247. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1986.0021" type="journal article" year="1986">Dando & Southward 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in the vicinity of offshore hydrocarbon production sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030064FBC1FAB42D28" author="Oliver, G. P. & Killeen, I. J." box="[1045,1308,1124,1149]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref38007" refString="Oliver, G. P. & Killeen, I. J. (2002) The Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the British continental shelf and North Sea oilfields. Biomor Reports, 3, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="2002">Oliver & Killeen 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the only Recent thyasirid genus which attains sizes comparable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30307EAFB2DFBB82DF5" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[923,1040,1159,1184]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30307EAFB2DFBB82DF5" box="[923,1040,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C. hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030047FB22FB122DF5" authorityName="Gabb" authorityYear="1866" box="[1078,1210,1159,1184]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Conchocele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinoida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030047FB22FB122DF5" box="[1078,1210,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Conchocele</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and this is closely associated with seeps (Kamenev
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030660FB08FDE32D90" box="[529,587,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et. al</emphasis>
|
||
2001;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30306ECFB09FC932D90" author="Okutani, T." box="[669,827,1196,1221]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="141 - 145" refId="ref37825" refString="Okutani, T. (2002) A new thyasirid, Conchocele novaeguinensis n. sp. from a thanatocoenosis associated with a possible cold seep activity off New Guinea. Venus, 61, 141 - 145." type="journal article" year="2002">Okutani 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE303071FFB09FBAF2D90" author="Weaver, C. E." box="[878,1031,1196,1221]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 789" refId="ref42197" refString="Weaver, C. E. (1942) Paleontology of the marine Tertiary formations of Oregon and Washington. University of Washington Publications in Geology, 5, 1 - 789." type="journal article" year="1942">Weaver 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030064FB09FB712D90" author="Coan, E. V. & Scott, P. V. & Bernard, F. R." box="[1045,1241,1196,1221]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref30671" refString="Coan, E. V., Scott, P. V. & Bernard, F. R. (2000) Bivalve seashells of Western North America. Marine bivalve molluscs from Arctic Alaska to Baja California. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs, 2, vii + 764 pp." type="book" year="2000">
|
||
Coan
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030028FB08FB242D90" box="[1113,1164,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another line of evidence indicating that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE30305C8FB75FD982DBD" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[441,560,1231,1256]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30305C8FB75FD982DBD" box="[441,560,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">C. hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was both chemosymbiotic and seep-restricted comes from absence of the species in contemporary ‘normal’ marine sediments on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="528FECCB9F3FE3030766FB51FCD32C58" box="[791,891,1268,1293]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30307CEFB51FAA72C58" author="Sokolov, D & Bodylevsky, W." box="[959,1295,1268,1293]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 151" refId="ref39991" refString="Sokolov, D & Bodylevsky, W. (1931) Jura- und Kreidefaunen von Spitsbergen. Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet, 35, 1 - 151, pls. 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1931">Sokolov & Bodylevsky 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE303016CFB51FA3F2C58" author="Weir, J." box="[1309,1431,1268,1293]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="637 - 697" refId="ref42230" refString="Weir, J. (1933) Mesozoic fossils from Spitsbergen collected by Dr. G. W. Tyrrell. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 57, 637 - 697, pl. 1." type="journal article" year="1933">Weir 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30304E6FAB2FE0D2C65" author="Birkenmajer, K. & Pugaczewska, H. & Wierzbowski, A." box="[151,421,1303,1328]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="107 - 140" refId="ref30001" refString="Birkenmajer, K., Pugaczewska, H. & Wierzbowski, A. (1982) The Janusfjellet Formation (Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous) at Myklegardfjellet, east Spitsbergen. Palaeontologia Polonica, 43, 107 - 140, pls. 37 - 46." type="journal article" year="1982">
|
||
Birkenmajer
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE303055BFABCFECA2C65" box="[298,354,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1982
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), despite being relatively abundant in the hydrocarbon seeps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030029FAB2FA952C65" author="Hammer, O. & Nakrem, H. A. & Little, C. T. S. & Hryniewicz, K. & Sandy, M. & Hurum, J. H. & Druckenmiller, P. & Knutsen, E. M. & Hoyberget, M." box="[1112,1341,1303,1328]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="15 - 26" refId="ref33604" refString="Hammer, O., Nakrem, H. A., Little, C. T. S., Hryniewicz, K., Sandy, M., Hurum, J. H., Druckenmiller, P., Knutsen, E. M. & Hoyberget, M. (2011) Hydrocarbon seeps from close to the Jurassic - Cretaceous boundary, Svalbard. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 306, 15 - 26. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2011.03.019" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Hammer
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30300B3FABCFB532C65" box="[1218,1275,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3FE30304B4FA99FBB52F5D" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Thyasirids are burrowers (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030657FA99FCFF2C00" author="Dando, P. R. & Southward, A. J. & Southward, E. C." box="[550,855,1340,1365]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="227 - 247" refId="ref31670" refString="Dando, P. R., Southward, A. J. & Southward, E. C. (1986) Chemoautotrophic symbionts in the gills of the bivalve mollusk Lucinoma borealis and the sediment chemistry of its habitat. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 227, 227 - 247. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1986.0021" type="journal article" year="1986">Dando & Southward 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030715FA99FBC52C00" author="Oliver, G. P. & Killeen, I. J." box="[868,1133,1340,1365]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref38007" refString="Oliver, G. P. & Killeen, I. J. (2002) The Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the British continental shelf and North Sea oilfields. Biomor Reports, 3, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="2002">Oliver & Killeen 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Chemosymbiotic species dig into fine grained sediment to a depth a few times the length of the shell (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030784FAFAFB3D2C2D" author="Pearson, T. H." box="[1013,1173,1375,1400]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="469 - 485" refId="ref38500" refString="Pearson, T. H. (1972) The effect of industrial effluent from pulp and paper mills on the marine benthic environment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 180, 469 - 485. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1972.0032" type="journal article" year="1972">Pearson 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In these burrows they use a vermiform foot to construct a three dimensional network of downward directed tunnels reaching up to 30 times the length of the shell, which serve as conduits for sulfide-rich pore waters from deeper interstitial levels (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30304EFFA69FE7E2CB0" author="Dando, P. R. & Southward, A. J. & Southward, E. C." box="[158,470,1484,1509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="227 - 247" refId="ref31670" refString="Dando, P. R., Southward, A. J. & Southward, E. C. (1986) Chemoautotrophic symbionts in the gills of the bivalve mollusk Lucinoma borealis and the sediment chemistry of its habitat. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 227, 227 - 247. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1986.0021" type="journal article" year="1986">Dando & Southward 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030594FA69FD642CB0" author="Zuschin, M. & Mandic, O. & Harzhauser, M. & Pervesler, P." box="[485,716,1484,1509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="223 - 234" refId="ref43349" refString="Zuschin, M., Mandic, O., Harzhauser, M. & Pervesler, P. (2001) Fossil evidence for chemoautotrophic bacterial symbiosis in the thyasirid bivalve Thyasira michelottii from the Middle Miocene (Badenium) of Austria. Historical Biology, 15, 223 - 234. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 10292380109380594" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Zuschin
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE303063BFA68FD2D2CB0" box="[586,645,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30306ABFA69FC4E2CB0" author="Oliver, G. P. & Killeen, I. J." box="[730,998,1484,1509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref38007" refString="Oliver, G. P. & Killeen, I. J. (2002) The Thyasiridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the British continental shelf and North Sea oilfields. Biomor Reports, 3, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="2002">Oliver & Killeen 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE3030785FA69FB632CB0" author="Dando, P. R. & Southward, A. J. & Southward, E. C." box="[1012,1227,1484,1509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="181 - 187" refId="ref31741" refString="Dando, P. R., Southward, A. J. & Southward, E. C. (2004) Rates of sediment sulphide oxidation by the bivalve mollusk Thyasira sarsi. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 280, 181 - 187. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 280181" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Dando
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE303003BFA68FB2D2CB0" box="[1098,1157,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F3FE30300ABFA69FF7C2F5D" author="Taylor, J. D. & Glover, E. A." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="107 - 133" refId="ref41176" refString="Taylor, J. D. & Glover, E. A. (2010) Chemosymbiotic Bivalves. In: Kiel, S. (Ed.), The vent and seep biota. Aspects from microbes to ecosystems. Topics in Geobiology, Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York, pp. 107 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2010">Taylor & Glover 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, they are usually unable to tolerate high sulfide concentrations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7EE7FCD39F3FE30304E6F9FDFF6D2E20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5228107" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5228107" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5228107/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[151,250,1624,1646]" targetBox="[167,1410,231,2002]" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F3FE30304E6F9FDFF6D2E20" blockId="38.[151,1437,1624,1909]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE30304E6F9FDFE882F3B" bold="true" box="[151,288,1624,1646]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F3FE3030557F9FDFE4C2F3B" authority="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem, 2014" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[294,484,1624,1646]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE3030557F9FDFE4C2F3B" box="[294,484,1624,1646]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Cretaxinus hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F3FE303059AF9FDFD212F3B" bold="true" box="[491,649,1624,1646]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="03DFCD329F3FE303059AF9FDFD212F3B" box="[491,649,1624,1646]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Lateral view of left valve of articulated internal mould, showing broadly rounded ventral margin. (B–C) Detail of anterior margin showing weak and descending anterior adductor muscle scar fading posteriorly and its serrated dorsal margin. (D) Anterior view showing shape and size of lunule. (E) Dorsal view showing shape of the posterodorsal margin and escutcheon. (F–G) Cross-section through a ligament showing its thickness. (H) Lateral view of left valve of articulated internal mould with less rounded margin than specimen shown in (A). (I–J) Detail of a anterior margin showing weak anterior adductor muscle scar fading posteriorly. (K–L) Anterior view showing shape and size of the lunule, anterior adductor and pedal retractor muscle scars. (M) Dorsal view showing shape of the posterodorsal margin and escutcheon. (N) Lateral view of right valve internal mould. (O–P) Detail of anterior margin showing very weak anterior adductor muscle scar visible only at its anteriormost portion. (A–G) PMO 225.128, (H–M) PMO 217.172, (N–P) PMO 225.136. Scale bars 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F31E30D04E6FF32FB8729A2" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Chemosymbiotic thyasirids are also capable of feeding on photosynthetic organic matter if conditions for chemosynthesis become unfavourable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F31E30D0627FF19FCE32980" author="Dando, P. R. & Spiro, B." box="[598,843,188,213]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="151 - 158" refId="ref31603" refString="Dando, P. R. & Spiro, B. (1993) Varying nutritional dependence of the thyasirid bivalves Thyasira sarsi and T. equalis on chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria, demonstrated by isotope ratios of tissue carbon and shell carbonate. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 92, 151 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 092151" type="journal article" year="1993">Dando & Spiro 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F31E30D0710FF19FB9D2980" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[865,1077,188,213]" class="Bivalvia" family="Thyasiridae" genus="Cretaxinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hurumi">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F31E30D0710FF19FB9D2980" box="[865,1077,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Cretaxinus hurumi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was probably a relatively deep burrower, based on similar lines of evidence to the lucinid
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F31E30D0759FF7AFB8729A2" box="[808,1071,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F31E30D0759FF7AFB8329A2" authorityName="Hryniewicz & Little & Nakrem" authorityYear="2014" box="[808,1067,223,248]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Tehamatea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rasmusseni">Tehamatea rasmusseni</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A27AC5B9F31E30D04E6FE84FE46286E" blockId="40.[151,494,289,315]" box="[151,494,289,315]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="18EC70499F31E30D04E6FE84FE46286E" bold="true" box="[151,494,289,315]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED98D7D89F31E30D049DFE84FE46286E" authority="Gray, 1854" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1854" box="[236,494,289,315]" class="Bivalvia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Mollusca" rank="order">
|
||
Venerida
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4E09D1AA9F31E30D0514FE84FE46286E" author="Gray, J. E." box="[357,494,289,315]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="408 - 418" refId="ref33267" refString="Gray, J. E. (1854) A revision of the arrangement of the families of bivalve shells (Conchifera). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 13, 408 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745485709496364" type="journal article" year="1854">Gray, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |