187 lines
22 KiB
XML
187 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="EB4A8AD97F7C6E2741BF01B0B5E99BD2">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A1C250F113DDFD6A01078AC8DB4DDC1D">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EF925576FDA8662C17C44D99BD0D23C8">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CCC1541DD6B02E7C4F65CFB229B22F7B">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="788FEB7143806F52E4F728245BFC699D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="ACD682F4E1C50325147BBB35F5F345C9">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B72FFC9FF56F8A8FE4FFCC8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641001" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7641001" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B72FFC9FF56F8A8FE4FFCC8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B72FFC9FF56F8A8FE4FFCC8" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B72FFC8FF56F8A8FC4EF8A4" box="[151,944,1873,1900]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B72FFC8FF56F8A8FC4EF8A4" blockId="100.[151,944,1873,1900]" box="[151,944,1873,1900]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B72FFC8FF56F8A8FC4EF8A4" bold="true" box="[151,944,1873,1900]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FF56F8A8FC4EF8A4" bold="true" box="[151,944,1873,1900]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FF56F8A8FD90F8A4" authority="Fernando, 2011" authorityName="Fernando" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,622,1873,1900]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ixoboloides">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FF56F8A8FE5BF8A3" bold="true" box="[151,421,1873,1900]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Verrucella ixoboloides</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FE6DF8A8FD90F8A4" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[428,622,1873,1899]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(species status uncertain)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B72FFC9FF56F86FFBCDFF1A" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B72FFC8FF56F86FFCCFF803" blockId="100.[151,1437,1942,1997]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B72FFC8FF56F86FFD76F861" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[151,648,1942,1966]" page="120" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" year="2011">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B72FFC8FF56F86FFD76F861" authority="Fernando, 2011: 119 - 120" authorityName="Fernando" authorityPageNumber="119 - 120" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,648,1942,1966]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ixoboloides">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FF56F86FFE82F861" box="[151,380,1942,1966]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Verrucella ixoboloides</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FE43F86FFD76F861" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[386,648,1942,1966]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011: 119–120</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 79, fig. 1–1d (between
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B72FFC8FC5FF86FFBEDF861" box="[926,1043,1942,1966]" name="India" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Puducherry</collectingCountry>
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and Cuddalore);
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B72FFC8FB02F86FFF11F802" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." page="272" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" year="2017">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B72FFC8FB02F86FFF11F802" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B72FFC8FAE8F86EFAA8F861" box="[1321,1366,1942,1966]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 272
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</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 127, fig. 1–1d (between
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B72FFC8FDD3F84DFD79F803" box="[530,647,1972,1996]" name="India" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Puducherry</collectingCountry>
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and Cuddalore).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B73FFC9FF56FF6EFBCDFF1A" blockId="101.[151,1436,151,213]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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Opinion: This species does occur in the region but its status is uncertain and it is probably the same as some of the other
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B73FFC9FF19FF42FE5AFF1A" ID-CoL="84VMY" authority="Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857" box="[216,420,187,213]" family="Ellisellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FF19FF42FEB3FF1A" box="[216,333,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Verrucella</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FD80FF42FD05FF1A" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[577,763,187,213]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FCF0FF42FBD1FF1A" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[817,1071,187,213]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FC63FF42FC2DFF1A" box="[930,979,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
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||
. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B73FFC9FF56FF05FE4FFCC8" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B73FFC9FF56FF05FED7FED9" blockId="101.[151,1436,252,386]" box="[151,297,252,278]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B73FFC9FF06FED9FEB9FE4D" blockId="101.[151,1436,252,386]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FF06FED9FCA3FEF5" box="[199,861,288,314]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">These Indian records appear to represent identical species</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FCADFED9FB65FEF5" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[876,1179,288,315]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FC1FFED8FBEEFEF5" box="[990,1040,288,314]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
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., 2017: 266
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 124, fig. 1–1d (SE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FF2AFEBDFDECFE91" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[235,530,324,350]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011: 120–121</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 81, fig. 1–1d (Nagapatinam);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FC5AFEBDFB39FE91" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[923,1223,324,351]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FBCFFEBCFBBFFE91" box="[1038,1089,324,350]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2017: 278
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 130, fig. 1–1d (Nagapatinam).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B73FFC9FF06FE53FF24FDE0" blockId="101.[151,1437,425,775]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FF06FE53FE63FE0C" box="[199,413,425,451]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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||
: The accounts of the Indian material by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FCB7FE50FBCDFE0C" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[886,1075,425,451]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FBAEFE50FA8FFE0C" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[1135,1393,425,452]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FB23FE53FAE8FE0C" box="[1250,1302,425,451]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
are identical. The description states that the sclerites include large girdleless (= waistless) ellipsoid forms similar to those that occur in
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B73FFC9FEABFE08FD08FDC4" authority="Grasshoff, 1999" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[362,758,497,523]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ixobola">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FEABFE08FDC7FDC4" box="[362,569,497,523]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Verrucella ixobola</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FDFEFE08FD08FDC4" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[575,758,497,523]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, but in their figures all of the sclerites seem to have a distinct waist.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B73FFC9FF06FDC0FE4FFCC8" blockId="101.[151,1437,425,775]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
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||
The specimen used by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FE08FDC0FD7DFD9C" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[457,643,569,595]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FD7BFDC0FC4BFD9C" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[698,949,569,596]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FCEAFDC3FCA3FD9C" box="[811,861,569,595]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has a bilateral polyp distribution, and from the available data, and allowing for some slight differences in sclerite dimensions (where they are known), it is not possible to distinguish this taxon, as treated by these authors, from the identity of the material they assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B73FFC9FF74FD5CFD93FD70" authority="Fernando, 2017" authorityName="Fernando" authorityYear="2017" box="[181,621,677,703]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichromata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FF74FD5CFE4FFD70" box="[181,433,677,703]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Verrucella dichromata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FE78FD5CFD93FD70" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[441,621,677,703]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">Fernando, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B73FFC9FDB8FD5CFBEBFD70" authority="Grasshoff, 1999" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[633,1045,677,703]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diadema">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FDB8FD5CFCABFD70" box="[633,853,677,703]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Verrucella diadema</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FC9FFD5CFBEBFD70" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[862,1045,677,703]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B73FFC9FB93FD5CFF2FFD2C" authority="Fernando, 2011" authorityName="Fernando" authorityYear="2011" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FB93FD5CFADAFD70" box="[1106,1316,677,703]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Verrucella pinnata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FAEAFD5CFF2FFD2C" author="Fernando, S. A." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they may all be the same as some of the material used for their description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B73FFC9FB50FD30FE52FCC8" authority="(Ellis & Solander, 1786)" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbraculum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B73FFC9FB50FD30FA63FD2C" box="[1169,1437,713,739]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Verrucella umbraculum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B73FFC9FF5EFD14FE5AFCC8" author="Ellis, J. & Solander, D." box="[159,420,749,775]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref100426" refString="Ellis, J. & Solander, D. (1786) The Natural History of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected by the late John Ellis and systematically arranged and described by the Daniel Solander. Benjamin White & Son, London, xii + 208 pp., 63 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2145" type="book" year="1786">Ellis & Solander, 1786</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |