243 lines
31 KiB
XML
243 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BF03D2B084FD79082432B742437F2F23">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2A4BF053378BC8088684E1640A2BE7E5">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1FC5E36F902845E8189207F2FCB0F79C">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="89A4CA33C633DB9FF6464FE0B19156A4">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="393DCD70CE9B9BBB276C6FE552D2AF65">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3A69D3665448C433A8B5843BD19CA4E6">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="41548D5533497C3046F5449D867E0757">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B71FFC4FF56F9B5FACAFD22" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641009" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290935" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7641009" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B71FFC4FF56F9B5FACAFD22" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B71FFC4FF56F9B5FACAFD22" lastPageId="104" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B71FFCBFF56F9B5FD17F9A9" box="[151,745,1612,1639]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF56F9B5FD17F9A9" blockId="103.[151,745,1612,1639]" box="[151,745,1612,1639]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B71FFCBFF56F9B5FD17F9A9" bold="true" box="[151,745,1612,1639]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFF56F9B5FD17F9A9" ID-CoL="6BN9J" authority="(Ellis & Solander, 1786)" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[151,745,1612,1639]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbraculum">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF56F9B5FD17F9A9" bold="true" box="[151,745,1612,1639]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF56F9B5FE46F9A8" bold="true" box="[151,440,1612,1639]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Verrucella umbraculum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFE0BF9B5FD1FF9A9" author="Ellis, J. & Solander, D." box="[458,737,1612,1638]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refId="ref100426" refString="Ellis, J. & Solander, D. (1786) The Natural History of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected by the late John Ellis and systematically arranged and described by the Daniel Solander. Benjamin White & Son, London, xii + 208 pp., 63 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2145" type="book" year="1786">Ellis & Solander, 1786</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B71FFCBFF56F975FBD6F8CA" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF56F975FCB8F96B" blockId="103.[151,1436,1675,1731]" box="[151,838,1675,1700]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B71FFCBFF56F975FCB8F96B" box="[151,838,1675,1700]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B71FFCBFF56F975FD68F96B" author="Ellis, J. & Solander, D." box="[151,662,1675,1700]" page="80" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" year="1786">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFF56F975FD68F96B" authority="Ellis & Solander, 1786: 80" authorityName="Ellis & Solander" authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="1786" box="[151,662,1675,1700]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbraculum">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF56F975FE81F96B" box="[151,383,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Gorgonia umbraculum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFE44F975FD68F96B" author="Ellis, J. & Solander, D." box="[389,662,1675,1700]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refId="ref100426" refString="Ellis, J. & Solander, D. (1786) The Natural History of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected by the late John Ellis and systematically arranged and described by the Daniel Solander. Benjamin White & Son, London, xii + 208 pp., 63 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2145" type="book" year="1786">Ellis & Solander, 1786: 80</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 10 (Batavia).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF56F953FA62F90D" blockId="103.[151,1436,1675,1731]" box="[151,1436,1706,1731]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B71FFCBFF56F953FA62F90D" box="[151,1436,1706,1731]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B71FFCBFF56F953FDE2F90D" ID-CoL="6BN9J" authority="Bayer & Grasshoff, 1994: 35–37" box="[151,540,1706,1730]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ctenocella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbraculum" subGenus="Umbracella">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF56F953FDE2F90D" box="[151,540,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Ctenocella (Umbracella) umbraculum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B71FFCBFDE8F953FD85F90D" box="[553,635,1706,1730]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
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designation)
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<materialsCitation id="3B490D0A7B71FFCBFCC5F952FA66F90D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4029620304" box="[772,1432,1706,1731]" collectorName="Pankor Is." country="Malaysia" location="Malaysia" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" specimenCount="1">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B71FFCBFCC5F952FBB3F90D" author="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M." box="[772,1101,1706,1731]" page="35" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" year="1994">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFCC5F952FBB3F90D" author="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M." box="[772,1101,1706,1731]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref98951" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M. (1994) The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by J. E. Gray (Cnidaria; Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 74 (1 / 2), 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Bayer & Grasshoff 1994: 35–37</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 8&9 (
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<collectorName id="26D462817B71FFCBFB7BF953FADAF90D" box="[1210,1316,1706,1730]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Pankor Is.</collectorName>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B71FFCBFAEEF953FA6FF90D" box="[1327,1425,1706,1730]" name="Malaysia" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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)
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF56F912FBD6F8CA" blockId="103.[151,1064,1771,1798]" box="[151,1064,1771,1798]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Opinion: There is not enough evidence to affirm this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B71FFC4FF56F8C9FACAFD22" lastPageId="104" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF56F8C9FED9F887" blockId="103.[151,1437,1840,2042]" box="[151,295,1840,1864]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B71FFCBFF06F8AAFDAFF835" blockId="103.[151,1437,1840,2042]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFF06F8AAFC73F8A4" box="[199,909,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFC5BF8AAFAE8F8A4" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[922,1302,1875,1899]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George 1986: 109–110</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1s, 1–3 (SE, SW coast; Andaman Is.);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFE32F88EFC87F840" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[499,889,1911,1935]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="417 - 425" refId="ref108077" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1990) Discovery of a Deep water bed off Bombay and its qualitative appraisal. Proceedings First Workshop Scientific Result FORV Sagar Sampada, 1990, 417 - 425." type="journal article" year="1990">Thomas & George 1990: 421–422</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. g, 1–3; pl. 1E (off
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B71FFCBFB4BF88EFB13F840" box="[1162,1261,1911,1935]" name="India" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Mumbai</collectingCountry>
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);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFAC0F88EFEC1F87C" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. & Lazarus, S." pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. & Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
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Thomas
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFAA2F881FA68F840" box="[1379,1430,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995: 140–141
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</bibRefCitation>
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(NE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFE0CF862FCE5F87C" author="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S." box="[461,795,1947,1971]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="32 - 43" refId="ref104234" refString="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S. (2004) Gorgonids off the southwest Coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 46, 32 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mary & Lazarus 2004: 40–41</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 22&23 (SW coast);;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFBFAF862FAE3F87C" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1083,1309,1947,1971]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 122</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 83, fig. 1–1n (SW and East coast); Sivaleela & Padmanabhan 2015: 26–27, pl. 2, fig. 10 (Erwadi);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B71FFCBFBBAF847FA66F818" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[1147,1432,1982,2007]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B71FFCBFB2BF846FAE4F819" box="[1258,1306,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 282
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 132, figs. 1–1n (SW and East coast).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B7EFFC4FF06FF60FBB4FEAC" blockId="104.[151,1437,152,749]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FF06FF60FE64FF7F" box="[199,410,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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||
: This species was originally named
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7EFFC4FCF8FF60FBC7FF7F" authorityName="Ellis & Solander" authorityYear="1786" box="[825,1081,152,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbraculum">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FCF8FF60FBC7FF7F" box="[825,1081,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Gorgonia umbraculum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for a specimen from
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B7EFFC4FAF1FF61FA62FF7F" box="[1328,1436,152,176]" name="Indonesia" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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(“Batavia”). It was transferred to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7EFFC4FD45FF45FCE1FF1B" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1855" box="[644,799,188,212]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Rhipidigorgia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FD45FF45FCE1FF1B" box="[644,799,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Rhipidigorgia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FC8BFF45FBCEFF1B" author="Valenciennes, A." box="[842,1072,188,212]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="7 - 15" refId="ref109127" refString="Valenciennes, A. (1855) Extrait d'une monographie de la famille des Gorgonidees de la classe des polypes. Comptes Rendus Des Seances De L'Academie Des Sciences, 55, 7 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 28683" type="journal article" year="1855">Valenciennes (1855)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, to
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FB9AFF45FB21FF1B" box="[1115,1247,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Umbracella</emphasis>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FACDFF45FA69FF1B" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1292,1431,188,212]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="158 - 159" refId="ref101614" refString="Gray, J. E. (1857) Description of a new genus of Gorgoniadae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 25 (1), 158 - 159. [1859] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1857. tb 01221. x" type="journal article" year="1857">Gray (1857)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7EFFC4FF75FF19FECDFF37" box="[180,307,224,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FF75FF19FECDFF37" box="[180,307,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Gorgonella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FE9DFF19FE08FF37" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[348,502,224,248]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="29 - 60" refId="ref110001" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1864) List of the polyps and corals sent by the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy to other institutions in exchange, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 1, 29 - 60." type="journal article" year="1864">Verrill (1864)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7EFFC4FD8FFF19FD3CFF37" box="[590,706,224,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FD8FFF19FD3CFF37" box="[590,706,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Verrucella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Utinomi (1958), but the detailed characteristics of the original material have never been published. To stabilise the taxonomy, and using a specimen collected from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B7EFFC4FB26FEFDFAB1FED3" box="[1255,1359,260,284]" name="Malaysia" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FA9BFEFDFE8DFE8F" author="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M." pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref98951" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Grasshoff, M. (1994) The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by J. E. Gray (Cnidaria; Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 74 (1 / 2), 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Bayer & Grasshoff (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated a
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B7EFFC4FDCDFED1FD99FE8F" box="[524,615,296,320]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, which meant that all previous descriptions since that of Ellis & Solander cannot be relied upon, including the extensive synonymy given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FCBFFEB2FBB8FEAC" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[894,1094,331,355]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" refId="ref103272" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1924) Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich. Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin und Leipzig, xxviii + 478 pp." type="book" year="1924">Kükenthal (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B7EFFC4FF06FE96FDECFDDA" blockId="104.[151,1437,152,749]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Using the old name
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FE6CFE96FD39FE48" box="[429,711,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7EFFC4FE6CFE96FD3DFE48" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[429,707,367,391]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Gorgonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbraculum">Gorgonella umbraculum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the species was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FBDDFE96FAC9FE48" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[1052,1335,367,391]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="96 - 112" refId="ref107948" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1986) A systematic appraisal of the commercially important gorgonids of the Indian seas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 28 (1 & 2), 96 - 112." type="journal article" year="1986">Thomas & George (1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FA94FE96FA6EFE48" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[1365,1424,367,391]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="417 - 425" refId="ref108077" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1990) Discovery of a Deep water bed off Bombay and its qualitative appraisal. Proceedings First Workshop Scientific Result FORV Sagar Sampada, 1990, 417 - 425." type="journal article" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FF56FE6AFE76FE64" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. & Lazarus, S." box="[151,392,403,427]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="134 - 142" refId="ref108160" refString="Thomas, P. A., George, R. M. & Lazarus, S. (1995) Distribution of gorgonids in the northeast coast of India with particular reference to Heterogorgia flabellum (Pallas). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 37, 134 - 142." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Thomas
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FF3BFE6AFED2FE64" box="[250,300,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FE57FE6AFD5AFE64" author="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S." box="[406,676,403,427]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="32 - 43" refId="ref104234" refString="Mary, A. G. & Lazarus, S. (2004) Gorgonids off the southwest Coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 46, 32 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Mary & Lazarus (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Sivaleela & Padmanabhan (2015), but it is not possible to tell what species they had and all sclerite dimensions in their accounts (most written prior to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B7EFFC4FB4CFE4EFB1BFE00" box="[1165,1253,439,463]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designation) are far too small to be
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FEA8FE23FD89FE3D" box="[361,631,474,498]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7EFFC4FEA8FE23FD8DFE3D" baseAuthorityName="Ellis & Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[361,627,474,498]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="umbraculum">Verrucella umbraculum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FDBFFE23FC63FE3D" author="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M." box="[638,925,474,498]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref107997" refString="Thomas, P. A. & George, R. M. (1987) Gorgonid resources of India. Marine Fisheries Information Services, 74, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1987">Thomas & George (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FC12FE23FAFFFE3D" author="Venkataraman, K. & Jeyabaskaran, R. & Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B." box="[979,1281,474,498]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 468" refId="ref109845" refString="Venkataraman, K., Jeyabaskaran, R., Raghuram, K. P. & Alfred, J. R. B. (2004) Bibliography and checklist of corals and coral reef associated organisms of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. Kolkatta, Occasional Paper, 226, 1 - 468." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Venkataraman
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FBB9FE22FB57FE3D" box="[1144,1193,474,498]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
just listed the species, again using the old name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B7EFFC4FF06FDDBFACAFD22" blockId="104.[151,1437,152,749]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
|
||
The descriptions of Indian material tentatively assigned to this species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FBC2FDDBFB43FDF5" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1027,1213,546,570]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FB35FDDBFF1FFD92" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." pageId="104" pageNumber="105" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FAA5FDDBFA68FDF5" box="[1380,1430,546,570]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are identical, however, their sclerite figures are far too small to see much detail, and the different colony forms of their specimens indicate they must have had a mixture of species. From the available data, and allowing for some slight differences in sclerite dimensions (where they are known) it is not possible to distinguish this taxon, as treated by these authors, from the identity of the material they assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7EFFC4FCB0FD49FAE0FD06" authority="Fernando, 2017" authorityName="Fernando" authorityYear="2017" box="[881,1310,688,713]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichromata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FCB0FD49FB97FD07" box="[881,1129,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Verrucella dichromata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FBAEFD49FAE0FD06" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[1135,1310,688,713]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">Fernando, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7EFFC4FAE8FD49FE30FD22" authority="Fernando, 2011" authorityName="Fernando" authorityYear="2011" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ixoboloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FAE8FD49FEE9FD23" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Verrucella ixoboloides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FEDFFD2DFE30FD22" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[286,462,724,749]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7EFFC4FE18FD2DFC91FD22" authority="Grasshoff, 1999" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[473,879,724,749]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diadema">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FE18FD2DFD4DFD23" box="[473,691,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Verrucella diadema</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FD7BFD2DFC91FD22" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[698,879,724,749]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B7EFFC4FC68FD2DFACEFD22" authority="Fernando, 2011" authorityName="Fernando" authorityYear="2011" box="[937,1328,723,749]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B7EFFC4FC68FD2DFB86FD23" box="[937,1144,724,748]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Verrucella pinnata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B7EFFC4FBBEFD2DFACEFD22" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[1151,1328,723,749]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |