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<mods:title id="909F8AC882B31AD2379D66815D35F9BE">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B45FFF8FF56F832FBE4FB13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640975" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209290910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640975" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B45FFF8FF56F832FBE4FB13" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B45FFF8FF56F832FBE4FB13" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B45FFFFFF56F832FCC2F829" blockId="83.[151,828,1995,2022]" box="[151,828,1995,2022]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<heading id="D0D6B03B7B45FFFFFF56F832FCC2F829" bold="true" box="[151,828,1995,2022]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B45FFFFFF56F832FCC2F829" ID-CoL="6CS3H" ID-ENA="767270" authority="(Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[151,828,1995,2022]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Dichotella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B45FFFFFF56F832FCC2F829" bold="true" box="[151,828,1995,2022]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B45FFFFFF56F832FE63F829" bold="true" box="[151,413,1995,2022]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Dichotella gemmacea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B45FFFFFE6DF835FCCAF829" author="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J." box="[428,820,1996,2022]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref104679" refString="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J. (1857) Histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits, Vol. 1. a la Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xxxiv + 326 pp., 8 pls., numbered A 1 - 6 + B 1 - 2. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11574" type="book chapter" year="1857">Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B42FFF8FF56FF6EFC70FEFB" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF56FF6EFC23FF61" blockId="84.[151,1114,150,236]" box="[151,989,150,175]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FF56FF6EFDB6FF61" authority="Valenciennes MS. In" authorityName="Valenciennes MS. In" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,584,151,175]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF56FF6EFE95FF61" box="[151,363,151,174]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Gorgonia gemmacea</emphasis>
Valenciennes MS. In
</taxonomicName>
: Milne-Edwards (&amp; Haime), 1857: 185.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF56FF4CFBA4FF02" blockId="84.[151,1114,150,236]" box="[151,1114,181,205]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B42FFF8FF56FF4CFBA4FF02" box="[151,1114,181,205]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B42FFF8FF56FF4CFD10FF02" author="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J." box="[151,750,181,205]" page="185" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" year="1857">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FF56FF4CFD10FF02" ID-CoL="874XB" authority="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857: 185" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityPageNumber="185" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,750,181,205]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF56FF4CFE8DFF02" box="[151,371,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Verrucella gemmacea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FEBBFF4CFD10FF02" author="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J." box="[378,750,181,205]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref104679" refString="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J. (1857) Histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits, Vol. 1. a la Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xxxiv + 326 pp., 8 pls., numbered A 1 - 6 + B 1 - 2. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11574" type="book chapter" year="1857">Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857: 185</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. B2, fig. 7 (
<collectingRegion id="49E5C9B57B42FFF8FC47FF4CFC25FF02" box="[902,987,181,205]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
—doubtful).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF56FF2DFC3EFF23" blockId="84.[151,1114,150,236]" box="[151,960,212,236]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B42FFF8FF56FF2DFC3EFF23" box="[151,960,212,236]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
?
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B42FFF8FF68FF2DFDD9FF23" author="Gray, J. E." box="[169,551,212,236]" page="50" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" year="1870">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FF68FF2DFDD9FF23" ID-CoL="35N89" authority="Gray, 1870 a: 50" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[169,551,212,236]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Dichotella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="divergens">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF68FF2DFE82FF23" box="[169,380,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Dichotella divergens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FE43FF2DFDD9FF23" author="Gray, J. E." box="[386,551,212,236]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref101896" refString="Gray, J. E. (1870 a) Catalogue of lithophytes or stony corals in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 51 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11307" type="book" year="1870">Gray, 1870a: 50</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B42FFF8FDF3FF2DFC84FF23" author="Bayer, F. M. &amp; Grasshoff, M." box="[562,890,212,236]" page="26" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FDF3FF2DFC84FF23" author="Bayer, F. M. &amp; Grasshoff, M." box="[562,890,212,236]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref98951" refString="Bayer, F. M. &amp; Grasshoff, M. (1994) The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by J. E. Gray (Cnidaria; Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 74 (1 / 2), 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Bayer &amp; Grasshoff 1994: 2629</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF56FEE3FC70FEFB" blockId="84.[151,910,282,309]" box="[151,910,282,309]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Opinion: There is no evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B42FFF8FF56FE9BFC9BFE0B" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF56FE9BFED7FEB3" blockId="84.[151,1436,354,453]" box="[151,297,354,380]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Justification:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF06FE7FFC9BFE0B" blockId="84.[151,1436,354,453]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF06FE7FFC7CFE6F" box="[199,898,390,416]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FC4EFE7EFB82FE6F" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[911,1148,390,417]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FC23FE7EFBEEFE6F" box="[994,1040,390,416]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
. 2014a: 8
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 1, fig.AD (Andaman Is.);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FF0AFE53FE10FE0B" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[203,494,426,453]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FEFAFE52FE92FE0B" box="[315,364,426,452]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 242
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 112, fig. AD (Andaman Is.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B42FFF8FF06FE0AFBE4FB13" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF06FE0AFC3AFDB7" blockId="84.[151,1437,498,1245]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF06FE0AFE64FDC3" box="[199,410,498,524]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Literature analysis</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FE69FE0AFD6CFDC3" authorityName="Valenciennes MS. In" authorityYear="1857" box="[424,658,499,525]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FE69FE0AFD6CFDC3" box="[424,658,499,525]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Gorgonia gemmacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a Valenciennes manuscript name that Milne-Edwards (&amp; Haime) (1857) reassigned as
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FE44FDEFFD87FDFF" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityYear="1857" box="[389,633,534,560]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FE44FDEFFD87FDFF" box="[389,633,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Verrucella gemmacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and which is now accepted as
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FC17FDEFFB2DFDFF" box="[982,1235,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FC17FDEFFB30FDFF" baseAuthorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[982,1230,534,560]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Dichotella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">Dichotella gemmacea</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This taxon seems to only occur in the Indo-West Pacific. It has a dichotomous colony form with many thick branches and polyps that curve over and lie scale-like against the branch surface when contracted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF06FD7BFE8CFC57" blockId="84.[151,1437,498,1245]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
The descriptive part of the accounts given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FD17FD7AFC39FD53" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Raghuraman, R. &amp; Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[726,967,642,669]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref103651" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R., Sreeraj, C. R. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2014 a) Handbook on Gorgonians (Octocorallia) of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 119 pp." type="book" year="2014">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FCECFD7AFC9EFD53" box="[813,864,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
. (2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FBC0FD7BFAFFFD53" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[1025,1281,642,669]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FBB2FD7AFB59FD53" box="[1139,1191,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
are identical, but their colony is sparsely branched with long, thin whip-like branches and has polyps that have contracted level with the branch surface. Their specimen probably represents a new species of the genus, but their description is extremely compromised by sharing modified versions of 2 sclerites with other species. From the left, the first figured sclerite is repeated as the second sclerite in their description of
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FC79FCEBFB82FCE3" box="[952,1148,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FC79FCEBFB87FCE3" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[952,1145,786,812]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Junceella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="juncea">Junceella juncea</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
where it is stretched, and the second sclerite is repeated as the third sclerite of the bottom row in their description of
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FB43FCCFFAB4FC9F" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityYear="1999" box="[1154,1354,822,848]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Verrucella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="corona">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FB43FCCFFAB4FC9F" box="[1154,1354,822,848]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Verrucella corona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the size is reduced.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FEB0FCA2FDB3FCBA" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. &amp; Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K." box="[369,589,858,885]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. &amp; Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. &amp; Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">
Kumar
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FE04FCA2FE03FCBB" box="[453,509,858,884]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
</bibRefCitation>
just lists the species and figures the same specimen from the 2014 and 2017 publications above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF06FC5BFA91FBBE" blockId="84.[151,1437,498,1245]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
The account by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FEBFFC5BFD85FC73" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[382,635,930,956]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FE2EFC5AFDD7FC73" box="[495,553,930,956]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
gives an extensive list of synonyms, three of which also occur in their account of a species named, “
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FE22FC3FFC56FC2E" authority="(Valenciennes, 1855)" baseAuthorityName="Valenciennes" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[483,936,966,993]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FE22FC3FFD4DFC2F" box="[483,691,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Nicella gemmacea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FD00FC3FFC5FFC2E" author="Valenciennes, A." box="[705,929,966,993]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="7 - 15" refId="ref109127" refString="Valenciennes, A. (1855) Extrait d'une monographie de la famille des Gorgonidees de la classe des polypes. Comptes Rendus Des Seances De L'Academie Des Sciences, 55, 7 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 28683" type="journal article" year="1855">Valenciennes, 1855</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
”, which is given in the same publication and also in that of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FEF4FC13FE0FFBCB" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[309,497,1002,1028]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
. The three synonyms are: “
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FCE1FC12FAC3FBCA" authority="Valenciennes, 1857, p. 185" authorityName="Valenciennes MS. In" authorityPageNumber="185" authorityYear="1857" box="[800,1341,1002,1029]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FCE1FC12FBF4FBCB" box="[800,1034,1003,1029]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Gorgonia gemmacea</emphasis>
Valenciennes, 1857, p. 185
</taxonomicName>
” (which was actually only a manuscript and the equivalent of their reference “
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FC50FBF6FED9FB82" authority="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857, p. 185" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityPageNumber="185" authorityYear="1857" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FC50FBF6FB84FBE7" box="[913,1146,1039,1065]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Gorgonia gemmacea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FBBEFBF7FF2CFB82" author="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J." pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref104679" refString="Milne Edwards, H. &amp; Haime, J. (1857) Histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits, Vol. 1. a la Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xxxiv + 326 pp., 8 pls., numbered A 1 - 6 + B 1 - 2. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11574" type="book chapter" year="1857">Milne Edwards &amp; Haime, 1857</bibRefCitation>
, p. 185
</taxonomicName>
”; “
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FE8AFBCBFD0DFB83" authority="Nutting 1910" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[331,755,1074,1100]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Jucella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FE8AFBCBFE62FB83" box="[331,412,1074,1100]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Jucella</emphasis>
(sic)
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FE1AFBCAFDADFB83" box="[475,595,1075,1100]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">gemmacea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FD9BFBCBFD0DFB83" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[602,755,1074,1100]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
”; and “
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FC84FBCBFBC5FB83" box="[837,1083,1074,1100]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Jucella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sanguine">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FC84FBCBFC68FB83" box="[837,918,1074,1100]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Jucella</emphasis>
(sic)
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FC17FBCAFBC5FB83" box="[982,1083,1075,1100]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">sanguine</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sic)
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FBBBFBCBFAE5FB83" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[1146,1307,1074,1100]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
”.
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FAF1FBCAFEF1FBBF" authorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" authorityYear="1857" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Gorgonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FAF1FBCAFEF1FBBF" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Gorgonia gemmacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is accepted as
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FE76FBAFFD4DFBBF" box="[439,691,1110,1136]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FE76FBAFFD51FBBF" baseAuthorityName="Milne Edwards &amp; Haime" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[439,687,1110,1136]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Dichotella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">Dichotella gemmacea</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
as are Nuttings
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FCB1FBAFFBA5FBBF" box="[880,1115,1110,1136]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Junceella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FCB1FBAFFBA5FBBF" box="[880,1115,1110,1136]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Junceella gemmacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FB50FBAFFA96FBBF" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[1169,1384,1110,1136]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Junceella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sanguine">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FB50FBAFFA96FBBF" box="[1169,1384,1110,1136]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Junceella sanguine</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B42FFF8FF06FB82FBE4FB13" blockId="84.[151,1437,498,1245]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
It is not clear what the authors intentions were with the inclusion of
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FC0DFB83FB62FB5B" baseAuthorityName="Valenciennes" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[972,1180,1146,1172]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Nicella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmacea">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FC0DFB83FB62FB5B" box="[972,1180,1146,1172]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Nicella gemmacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the identity of the specimen is probably the same as that of the specimens
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FCDCFB67FC27FB77" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[797,985,1182,1208]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FBD2FB67FAEAFB77" author="Fernando, S. &amp; Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C." box="[1043,1300,1182,1208]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. &amp; Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
Fernando
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FB47FB66FB3FFB77" box="[1158,1217,1182,1208]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FF56FB3BFE92FB13" authorityName="Fernando" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,364,1218,1244]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grasshoffi">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FF56FB3BFE92FB13" box="[151,364,1218,1244]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Ellisella grasshoffi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and it is also very similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B42FFF8FD70FB3BFBEBFB13" authority="Fernando, 2011" authorityName="Fernando" authorityYear="2011" box="[689,1045,1218,1244]" class="Anthozoa" family="Ellisellidae" genus="Ellisella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bayeri">
<emphasis id="B955DB457B42FFF8FD70FB3BFCA3FB13" box="[689,861,1218,1244]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Ellisella bayeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B42FFF8FCA2FB3BFBEBFB13" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[867,1045,1218,1244]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando, 2011</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>