179 lines
21 KiB
XML
179 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5880408361A86FB244A1BBACCDF019EC">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8CC8CB8E1CFB00D9565C0C02EA1D94C0">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F66A4A7A79DDB0C9327F78C1B6E5DBEF">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="672FD55BF180CAC4C00ADCA6378C3877">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BD5F1E0D22538609ADCB7FA5D133BEBF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B013CD418787A3419EDDFE524EB515F9">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B37FF8EFF56FAD6FCDAFE62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641054" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291281" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7641054" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B37FF8EFF56FAD6FCDAFE62" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B37FF8EFF56FAD6FCDAFE62" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B37FF8DFF56FAD6FDB2FA85" box="[151,588,1327,1354]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B37FF8DFF56FAD6FDB2FA85" blockId="33.[151,588,1327,1354]" box="[151,588,1327,1354]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B37FF8DFF56FAD6FDB2FA85" bold="true" box="[151,588,1327,1354]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B37FF8DFF56FAD6FDB2FA85" ID-CoL="6NL6B" ID-ENA="361065" authority="Whitelegge, 1897" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,588,1327,1354]" class="Anthozoa" family="Keroeididae" genus="Keroeides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B37FF8DFF56FAD6FDB2FA85" bold="true" box="[151,588,1327,1354]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B37FF8DFF56FAD6FE91FA85" bold="true" box="[151,367,1327,1354]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Keroeides gracilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B37FF8DFEB7FAC9FDB2FA85" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[374,588,1328,1354]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="307 - 320" refId="ref110659" refString="Whitelegge, T. (1897) The Alcyonaria of Funafuti. Part II. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 3 (5), 307 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.3.1897.498" type="journal article" year="1897">Whitelegge, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B37FF8DFF56FA8DFC0EF9DD" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B37FF8DFF56FA8DFCAAFA43" blockId="33.[151,870,1396,1482]" box="[151,852,1396,1421]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B37FF8DFF56FA8DFCAAFA43" box="[151,852,1396,1421]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B37FF8DFF56FA8DFDBEFA42" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[151,576,1396,1421]" page="308" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1897">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B37FF8DFF56FA8DFDBEFA42" ID-CoL="6NL6B" authority="Whitelegge, 1897: 308" authorityName="Whitelegge" authorityPageNumber="308" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,576,1396,1421]" class="Anthozoa" family="Keroeididae" genus="Keroeides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B37FF8DFF56FA8DFEAEFA43" box="[151,336,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Keroeides gracilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B37FF8DFE96FA8DFDBEFA42" author="Whitelegge, T." box="[343,576,1396,1421]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="307 - 320" refId="ref110659" refString="Whitelegge, T. (1897) The Alcyonaria of Funafuti. Part II. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 3 (5), 307 - 320. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.3.1897.498" type="journal article" year="1897">Whitelegge, 1897: 308</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 16, fig. 1–5 (Funafuti).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B37FF8DFF56FA6AFC98FA64" blockId="33.[151,870,1396,1482]" box="[151,870,1427,1451]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B37FF8DFF56FA6AFC98FA64" box="[151,870,1427,1451]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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?
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B37FF8DFF68FA6AFDD3FA64" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[169,557,1427,1451]" page="18" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1999">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B37FF8DFF68FA6AFDD3FA64" ID-CoL="6NL6B" authority="Grasshoff 1999: 18" authorityName="Grasshoff" authorityPageNumber="18" authorityYear="1999" box="[169,557,1427,1451]" class="Anthozoa" family="Keroeididae" genus="Keroeides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B37FF8DFF68FA6AFE9CFA64" box="[169,354,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Keroeides gracilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B37FF8DFEA8FA6AFDD3FA64" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[361,557,1427,1451]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff 1999: 18</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs. 19–20 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B37FF8DFD79FA6AFCA5FA64" box="[696,859,1427,1451]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B37FF8DFF56FA4BFD29FA05" blockId="33.[151,870,1396,1482]" box="[151,727,1458,1482]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B37FF8DFF56FA4BFD29FA05" box="[151,727,1458,1482]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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||
?
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B37FF8DFF68FA4BFDF3FA05" author="Hiles, I. L." box="[169,525,1458,1482]" page="201" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1899">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B37FF8DFF68FA4BFDF3FA05" ID-CoL="3R6DX" authority="Hiles, 1899: 201" authorityName="Hiles" authorityPageNumber="201" authorityYear="1899" box="[169,525,1458,1482]" class="Anthozoa" family="Keroeididae" genus="Keroeides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallida">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B37FF8DFF68FA4BFEA3FA05" box="[169,349,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Keroeides pallida</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B37FF8DFEA2FA4BFDF3FA05" author="Hiles, I. L." box="[355,525,1458,1482]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="195 - 206" refId="ref102744" refString="Hiles, I. L. (1899) s. n. In: The Gorgonacea collected by Dr. Willey. Zoological Results based on material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere collected during the years 1895, 1896 and 1897, by Arthur Willey. Part 2. University Press, Cambridge, pp. 195 - 206." type="book chapter" year="1899">Hiles, 1899: 201</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 22, figs. 12–16.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B37FF8DFF56FA01FC0EF9DD" blockId="33.[151,1008,1528,1555]" box="[151,1008,1528,1555]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Opinion: There is not enough evidence that this species occurs in the region.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B37FF8EFF56F9B9FCDAFE62" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B37FF8DFF56F9B9FED7F995" blockId="33.[151,1436,1600,1734]" box="[151,297,1600,1626]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B37FF8DFF06F99DFF1CF909" blockId="33.[151,1436,1600,1734]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B37FF8DFF06F99DFC5DF9B1" box="[199,931,1636,1662]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B37FF8DFC72F99DFAA8F9B1" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[947,1366,1636,1662]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref108566" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1906) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. 1. The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 132 + xvi pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8279" type="book" year="1906">Thomson & Henderson 1906: 22–23</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 4, fig. 1–3 (Andamans);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B37FF8DFE4CF971FD9EF96D" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[397,608,1672,1698]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando 2011: 26</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 7, fig. 1&1d (SE coast);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B37FF8DFC5FF971FB4FF96D" author="Fernando, S. & Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C." box="[926,1201,1672,1699]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref100744" refString="Fernando, S. A, Venkataraman, K. & Raghunathan, C. (2017) Gorgonians of Indian sea. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 330 pp. Available from: https: // www. nhbs. com / (accessed 21 March 2022)" type="book" year="2017">
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Fernando
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B37FF8DFBCFF970FBC0F96D" box="[1038,1086,1672,1698]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017: 42
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 16, fig. 1–1d (SE coast).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B37FF8EFF06F90CFB1FFF36" blockId="33.[151,1437,1780,2023]" lastBlockId="34.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B37FF8DFF06F90CFE65F8C1" box="[199,411,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: This species was originally described from Funafuti in the central west Pacific with very minimal illustrations. Later,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B37FF8DFE0FF8E1FD71F8FD" author="Hiles, I. L." box="[462,655,1816,1842]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="195 - 206" refId="ref102744" refString="Hiles, I. L. (1899) s. n. In: The Gorgonacea collected by Dr. Willey. Zoological Results based on material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere collected during the years 1895, 1896 and 1897, by Arthur Willey. Part 2. University Press, Cambridge, pp. 195 - 206." type="book chapter" year="1899">Hiles (1899: 201)</bibRefCitation>
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reported it from New
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B37FF8DFC40F8E1FC2FF8FD" box="[897,977,1816,1842]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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without having seen the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B37FF8DFB21F8E1FABFF8FD" box="[1248,1345,1816,1842]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
and just relying on the original inadequate description.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B37FF8DFD50F8C5FC0DF899" author="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D." box="[657,1011,1852,1878]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref108566" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Henderson, W. D. (1906) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. 1. The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 132 + xvi pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8279" type="book" year="1906">Thomson & Henderson’s (1906)</bibRefCitation>
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description of material from the region does not appear to represent this species. Indeed, those authors pointed out a number of considerable morphological differences from the
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B37FF8DFE46F87DFE15F851" box="[391,491,1924,1950]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, such as: the length, arrangement and form of the coenenchymal sclerites; the low height of the calyces (only half the original); and the different arrangement and type of sclerite in the calyces. Their illustration of a branch fragment is also very different from that given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B37FF8DFC08F835FB74F829" author="Grasshoff, M." box="[969,1162,1996,2022]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref101429" refString="Grasshoff, M. (1999) The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergiana biologica, 78 (1 / 2), 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1999">Grasshoff (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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||
, who, however, had also not seen the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B34FF8EFEE2FF6EFE76FF7E" box="[291,392,151,177]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
. Grasshoff cites
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B34FF8EFDFEFF6EFC57FF7E" authority="Nutting, 1910" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1910" box="[575,937,151,177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acanthogorgiidae" genus="Muricella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B34FF8EFDFEFF6EFCF6FF7E" box="[575,776,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Muricella grandis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B34FF8EFCCEFF6EFC57FF7E" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[783,937,151,177]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref104950" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1910) The Gorgonacea of the Siboga Expedition III. The Muriceidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monograph, 13 b, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1910">Nutting, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym after having seen the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B34FF8EFAFAFF6EFA62FF7E" box="[1339,1436,151,177]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of that species. As it is not possible to recognise that species from Nutting’s description where only a single sclerite was figured, it is valuable to know it can be compared with the description of Grasshoff’s material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B34FF8EFF12FEFAFCDAFE62" blockId="34.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
There are notable differences between Whitelegge’s description and the two identical descriptions of an Indian specimen by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B34FF8EFEBCFEDEFDC6FE8E" author="Fernando, S. A." box="[381,568,295,321]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref100707" refString="Fernando, S. A. (2011) Monograph on Gorgonids (Sea fans) of India. Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Parangipettai, 145 pp." type="book" year="2011">Fernando (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Fernando
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B34FF8EFD23FEDEFCF3FE8F" box="[738,781,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et a</emphasis>
|
||
l. (2017). For example: (presented in the order Fernando / Whitelegge) axial sclerites
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B34FF8EFE0DFEB2FDDAFEAA" box="[460,548,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
/
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B34FF8EFDFDFEB3FD68FEAA" box="[572,662,330,357]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; coenenchymal spindles to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B34FF8EFC0FFEB2FBD8FEAA" box="[974,1062,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
/ to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B34FF8EFB9AFEB2FB48FEAA" box="[1115,1206,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; calyx sclerites
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B34FF8EFAAAFEB2FF3DFE46" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.26">0.26 mm</quantity>
|
||
/
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B34FF8EFF1BFE96FECDFE46" box="[218,307,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; tentacle sclerites
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B34FF8EFDC0FE96FDA6FE46" box="[513,600,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
/
|
||
<quantity id="4CD9AAB27B34FF8EFDAFFE96FD36FE46" box="[622,712,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
. These are quite substantial differences and probably not simply due to variability. Rao & Devi, (2003) just list the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |