172 lines
21 KiB
XML
172 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="271804B6710C8A36F99DF5E000FA96F2">The taxonomy of Indian gorgonians: an assessment of the descriptive records of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) recorded as occurring in the territorial waters of India, along with neighbouring regions and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the highlighting of perceived unethical practice</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B4FA48613152AA2F9EAE4F2B982318D4">Ramvilas, Ghosh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5102242DC0DC4802C892A85E82CCCDB5" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6055A08BC05BB7B6870CE5AD4C2E5149">Alderslade, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8BB94990EB473397330B20E6A8126028" type="email">phil.alderslade@csiro.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7902D5F8B47296589B0FE1744E85FD8A">Ranjeet, Kutty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8801603A58D030F958D7A536DB45A32B" type="email">ramvilas@kufos.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="83EE17A5B00A903B2FCCA8E65574A450">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E88EFAE3000A3DF18DEE102736F55707">
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<mods:date id="440EAAD76917F2D08E5F7899AF88C1B0">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FE39FA8326D485C918B280D418ED5A60">2023-02-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="79354E9234EF3E195E7856401CC37081">5236</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0388B6417B36FF8CFF56FEC6FC4EFB44" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7640877" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209291117" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7640877" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388B6417B36FF8CFF56FEC6FC4EFB44" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388B6417B36FF8CFF56FEC6FC4EFB44" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B36FF8CFF56FEC6FDAAFE95" box="[151,596,319,346]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B36FF8CFF56FEC6FDAAFE95" blockId="32.[151,596,319,346]" box="[151,596,319,346]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<heading id="D0D6B03B7B36FF8CFF56FEC6FDAAFE95" bold="true" box="[151,596,319,346]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B36FF8CFF56FEC6FDAAFE95" ID-CoL="3ZKN3" authority="(Hickson, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Hickson" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[151,596,319,346]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabilis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFF56FEC6FDAAFE95" bold="true" box="[151,596,319,346]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFF56FEC6FE77FE95" bold="true" box="[151,393,319,346]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Melithaea variabilis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFE59FEB9FDB2FE95" author="Hickson, M. A." box="[408,588,320,346]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="473 - 502" refId="ref102428" refString="Hickson, M. A. (1905) The Alcyonaria of the Maldives. Part I. The Genera Xenia, Telesto, Spongodes, Nephthya, Paraspongodes, Chironephthya, Siphonogorgia, Solenocaulon, and Melitodes. In: Gardiner, J. S. (Eds.), The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 473 - 502 + xxvi - xxvii." type="book chapter" year="1905">Hickson, 1905</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B36FF8CFF56FE7DFB03FE74" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B36FF8CFF56FE7DFCBFFE53" blockId="32.[151,1277,388,443]" box="[151,833,388,413]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3120797B36FF8CFF56FE7DFCBFFE53" box="[151,833,388,413]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8021467B36FF8CFF56FE7DFDCCFE52" author="Hickson, M. A." box="[151,562,388,413]" page="809" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" year="1905">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B36FF8CFF56FE7DFDCCFE52" ID-CoL="3ZKP6" authority="Hickson, 1905: 809" authorityName="Hickson" authorityPageNumber="809" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,562,388,413]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melitodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabilis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFF56FE7DFE9CFE53" box="[151,354,388,412]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Melitodes variabilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFEA8FE7DFDCCFE52" author="Hickson, M. A." box="[361,562,388,413]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="473 - 502" refId="ref102428" refString="Hickson, M. A. (1905) The Alcyonaria of the Maldives. Part I. The Genera Xenia, Telesto, Spongodes, Nephthya, Paraspongodes, Chironephthya, Siphonogorgia, Solenocaulon, and Melitodes. In: Gardiner, J. S. (Eds.), The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 473 - 502 + xxvi - xxvii." type="book chapter" year="1905">Hickson, 1905: 809</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 67, fig. 11 (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B36FF8CFD13FE7DFCC8FE53" box="[722,822,388,412]" name="Maldives" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Maldives</collectingCountry>
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).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B36FF8CFF56FE5AFB03FE74" blockId="32.[151,1277,388,443]" box="[151,1277,419,443]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B36FF8CFF56FE5AFEA3FE74" ID-CoL="8NNK" authority="Ofwegen 1987: 31–35" box="[151,349,419,443]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabilis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFF56FE5AFEA3FE74" box="[151,349,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Acabaria variabilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(new combination)
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<materialsCitation id="3B490D0A7B36FF8CFDEBFE5AFB07FE74" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4029620302" box="[554,1273,419,443]" country="Maldives" location="Maldives" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFDEBFE5AFD3DFE74" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[554,707,419,443]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref109235" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. (1987) Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 239, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Ofwegen 1987</bibRefCitation>
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||
; 31–35, figs. 20–21, (
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<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B36FF8CFC5FFE5AFC03FE74" box="[926,1021,419,443]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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designation) (
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<collectingCountry id="F33647C77B36FF8CFB4FFE5AFB0CFE74" box="[1166,1266,419,443]" name="Maldives" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Maldives</collectingCountry>
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)
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B36FF8CFF56FE10FED1FC40" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B36FF8CFF56FE10FD59FDCC" blockId="32.[151,679,489,516]" box="[151,679,489,516]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Opinion: This species does occur in the region.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B36FF8CFF56FDC8FED7FD84" blockId="32.[151,1437,561,696]" box="[151,297,561,587]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Justification:</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E07577B36FF8CFF06FDACFD54FD78" blockId="32.[151,1437,561,696]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFF06FDACFC6DFDA0" box="[199,915,597,623]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">These Indian records seem to be either invalid or unconfirmable</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFC60FDACFABFFDA0" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[929,1345,597,623]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson 1909: 169–171</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 73;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFF56FD83FE95FD5C" author="Mary, A. G. & Sluka, R. D. & Lazarus, S." box="[151,363,633,660]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref104321" refString="Mary, A. G., Sluka, R. D. & Lazarus, S. (2011) Octocoral diversity and distribution on the south - west Indian coast. Marine Biodiversity Records, 4 (e 16), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000066" type="journal article" year="2011">
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Mary
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFF1BFD83FEF4FD5C" box="[218,266,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
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. 2011: 4
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</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 5 (Muttom);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFDF1FD83FCEEFD5C" author="Mary, A. G. & Sluka, R. D." box="[560,784,633,660]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref104271" refString="Mary, A. G. & Sluka, R. D. (2014). Biodiversity and distribution of octocorals of Minicoy Atoll, Lakshadweep. Atoll Research Bulletin, 6, 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00775630.602" type="journal article" year="2014">Mary & Sluka 2014</bibRefCitation>
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||
: tbl 1, pl. 6, fig. b (Minicoy);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFB95FD83FF02FD77" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">Kumar & Raghunathan 2015: 804–805</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1, A&B; fig. 2 (North Andaman).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B36FF8CFF06FD1FFED1FC40" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,1164]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFF06FD1FFE63FD30" box="[199,413,741,767]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Literature analysis</emphasis>
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: This species was originally named
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B36FF8CFC80FD1CFBDDFD30" authorityName="Hickson" authorityYear="1905" box="[833,1059,741,767]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melitodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFC80FD1CFBDDFD30" box="[833,1059,741,767]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Melitodes variabilis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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but was transferred to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B36FF8CFF56FCF0FF01FCEC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,255,777,803]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Acabaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFF56FCF0FF01FCEC" box="[151,255,777,803]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Acabaria</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFEEDFCF0FE1BFCEC" author="van Ofwegen, L. P." box="[300,485,777,803]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref109235" refString="van Ofwegen, L. P. (1987) Melithaeidae (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) from the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 239, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1987">Ofwegen (1987)</bibRefCitation>
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||
who examined Hickson’s type series and found it is a mixture of species. Ofwegen gave a comprehensive description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549AB9F57B36FF8CFDA8FCD4FD2EFC88" box="[617,720,813,839]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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||
with many sclerite figures, which was in contrast to Hickson’s original description that gave only four, two of which were rodlets from the nodes, which are common to all species of
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFF77FC8CFED1FC40" box="[182,303,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B36FF8CFF77FC8CFED5FC40" box="[182,299,885,911]" class="Anthozoa" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Melithaea</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33B54DC7B36FF8CFF06FC60FC4EFB44" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E07577B36FF8CFF06FC60FC4EFB44" blockId="32.[151,1437,741,1164]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C217CD47B36FF8CFF06FC60FE62FC7C" authority="(Hickson, 1905)" box="[199,412,921,947]" class="Insecta" family="Melithaeidae" genus="Melithea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variablis">
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<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFF06FC60FE62FC7C" box="[199,412,921,947]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Melithea variablis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a distinctive colony form and colour where that of the nodes contrasts with the internodes, but this appears to be shared by other species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFCFAFC44FB7BFC18" author="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J." box="[827,1157,957,983]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref108792" refString="Thomson, J. A. & Simpson, J. J. (1909) An account of the alcyonarians collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator in the Indian Ocean. The Alcyonarians of the Littoral Area. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, 319 + xviii pp." type="book" year="1909">Thomson & Simpson (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and figured a very complex bushy colony quite unlike the characteristic form. The material described given
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFB0AFC1BFA62FC34" author="Mary, A. G. & Sluka, R. D. & Lazarus, S." box="[1227,1436,993,1020]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref104321" refString="Mary, A. G., Sluka, R. D. & Lazarus, S. (2011) Octocoral diversity and distribution on the south - west Indian coast. Marine Biodiversity Records, 4 (e 16), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000066" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Mary
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFAD1FC1BFABDFC34" box="[1296,1347,993,1019]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has the characteristic colony form but the identity remains uncertain as no sclerites were illustrated. Similarly with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFF56FBD3FE77FB8C" author="Mary, A. G. & Sluka, R. D." box="[151,393,1065,1092]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref104271" refString="Mary, A. G. & Sluka, R. D. (2014). Biodiversity and distribution of octocorals of Minicoy Atoll, Lakshadweep. Atoll Research Bulletin, 6, 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00775630.602" type="journal article" year="2014">Mary & Sluka (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who list the species and figure a typical looking colony.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFBC0FBD3FAB1FB8B" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K." box="[1025,1359,1065,1092]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="15 - 33" refId="ref103709" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Raghunathan, C. & Venkataraman, K. (2015) Abundance of shallow water octocorals in the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. In: Venkataraman, K. & Sivaperuman, C. (Eds.), Marine faunal diversity in India: taxonomy, ecology and conservation. London Academic Press, London, pp. 15 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 801948 - 1.00002 - 1" type="book chapter" year="2015">Kumar & Raghunathan (2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: PY-P) describe a similar looking specimen, but the sclerites illustrations are not adequate enough to be able to confirm the diagnosis.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB07AA67B36FF8CFECEFB8BFE10FB44" author="Kumar, J. S. Y. & Geetha, S. & Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R." box="[271,494,1137,1164]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="1344 - 1350" refId="ref103415" refString="Kumar, J. S. Y., Geetha, S., Raghunathan, C. & Sornaraj, R. (2019) New report of Melithaea delicata Hickson, 1905 (subclass: oOctocorallia) from Little Andaman Island, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 48 (9), 1344 - 1350." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B955DB457B36FF8CFEA5FB8BFE62FB44" box="[356,412,1137,1163]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists the species and provide references.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |