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<document id="AE1899B5EE06C2558F4A490DCBB02A6A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3722.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d2db5db0-c5ca-4150-8d74-d39f2d96a78f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="249140" ID-ZooBank="C1F59CA8-0F0E-471B-9B2D-26980A002511" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460692944579" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Trager, James C." docDate="2013" docId="03DBDC46FFAFFF824BBEFC33FCEB6AB8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03722p548.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3722 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Polyergus lucidus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="525" masterDocId="FFE2A43EFFB8FF9A4B29FFC1FFE46976" masterDocTitle="Global revision of the dulotic ant genus Polyergus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Formicinae, Formicini)" masterLastPageNumber="548" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="524" updateTime="1698351922635" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="CE6ECB2C73903065B100EBD76CA5A2DE">Global revision of the dulotic ant genus Polyergus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Formicinae, Formicini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="24692C5FD85494A9AACB28C8DBD5A538">Trager, James C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6D1CA4B2C0794762E8D2DA2EAF329DDC">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DBDC46FFAFFF824BBEFC33FCEB6AB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6150067" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119580894" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6150067" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DBDC46FFAFFF824BBEFC33FCEB6AB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DBDC46FFAFFF824BBEFC33FCEB6AB8" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="525" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFAFFF8D4BBEFC33FCA76DDC" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BBEFC33FE8A6D7A" blockId="23.[151,366,1010,1070]" box="[151,366,1010,1036]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
<heading id="D085DA3CFFAFFF8D4BBEFC33FE8A6D7A" bold="true" box="[151,366,1010,1036]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFAFFF8D4BBEFC33FE8A6D7A" ID-CoL="4L739" box="[151,366,1010,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFAFFF8D4BBEFC33FE8A6D7A" bold="true" box="[151,366,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Polyergus lucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BBEFBD4FE866D58" blockId="23.[151,366,1010,1070]" box="[151,354,1045,1070]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
<figureCitation id="134971D5FFAFFF8D4BBEFBD4FE866D58" box="[151,354,1045,1070]" captionStart="FIGURES 27 29" captionStartId="39.[151,264,1690,1713]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[151,1436,193,1669]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 27 29. Lateral, full face, and dorsal views of Polyergus lucidus worker CASENT 0281037. Photographs by Shannon Hartman from www. AntWeb. org." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/249151/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Figures 27, 28, 29</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BBEFB96FCA76DDC" blockId="23.[151,1436,1110,1255]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFAFFF8D4BBEFB96FD986D1A" authority="Mayr 1870: 952" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="952" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,636,1110,1132]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="rufescens" subSpecies="lucidus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFAFFF8D4BBEFB96FE5A6D1A" box="[151,446,1111,1132]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Polyergus rufescens lucidus</emphasis>
Mayr 1870: 952
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="54C9D3F2FFAFFF8D49A5FB97FD3B6D1A" box="[652,735,1110,1132]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
worker, gyne, male:
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFAFFF8D48E4FB97FBE66D1A" box="[973,1026,1110,1132]" name="United States of America" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">USA</collectingCountry>
, CONNECTICUT (near Farmington?) [presumably at NMW] (not examined, but apparent
<typeStatus id="54C9D3F2FFAFFF8D49F1FBB7FCD46DFD" box="[728,816,1142,1163]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
at PMNH well described by Smith, 1947: 152). Forel, 1886: 200; Emery, 1893: 666; Wheeler, 1903: 659 (gynandromorph).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFAFFF8D4BBEFB72FC526FC4" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BBEFB72FE996D91" blockId="23.[151,1436,1110,1255]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFAFFF8D4BBEFB72FDA66DBF" authority="Dalla Torre, 1893: 214" authorityName="Dalla Torre" authorityPageNumber="214" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,578,1203,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFAFFF8D4BBEFB72FEA86DBE" box="[151,332,1203,1224]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Polyergus lucidus</emphasis>
: Dalla Torre, 1893: 214
</taxonomicName>
; Wheeler, 1917b: 465; Smith, 1947: 152; Creighton 1950: 557; Wheeler &amp; Wheeler, 1968: 214 (larva).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BBEFACFFE9A6C50" blockId="23.[151,1436,1293,1966]" box="[151,382,1293,1318]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
<typeStatus id="54C9D3F2FFAFFF8D4BBEFACFFF3E6C50" box="[151,218,1294,1318]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Types</typeStatus>
not measured.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BEEFAF3FB976CE4" blockId="23.[151,1436,1293,1966]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Measurements (N=38) HL 1.401.76 (1.59), HW 1.381.76 (1.53), SL 1.191.36 (1.27), ½ VeM 512 (7.25), ½ PnM 06 (2.67), WL 2.322.86 (2.49), GL 2.002.68 (2.32), HFL 1.722.04 (1.89), CI 93100 (96), SI 7591 (84), HFI 114131 (123), FSI 140158 (148), LI 3.724.62 (4.08), TL 5.727.12 (6.40).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BEEFA5CFB506F1F" blockId="23.[151,1436,1293,1966]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFAFFF8D4BEEFA5CFE5D6CC0" bold="true" box="[199,441,1437,1462]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Worker description.</emphasis>
Head subrectangular to narrowly subtrapezoidal, HL greater than HW, and often widest about half way from eye to vertex (narrowing closer to eye in other
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFAFFF8D48AFFA00FC336CAC" box="[902,983,1473,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFAFFF8D48AFFA00FC336CAC" box="[902,983,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">lucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species); with conspicuous vertex pilosity of 1016 macrosetae (rarely up to 24); scapes not reaching vertex corners by 1
<date id="FFCC4B90FFAFFF8D4FA1FA27FB726C88" box="[1160,1174,1510,1534]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">2</date>
X maximum widths of scape, scape notably clavate in the apical third; pronotum with 18 (12) erect setae; mesonotal profile weakly convex; propodeal profile evenly rounded; petiole with convex sides; petiolar dorsum convex; first tergite lacking pubescence; first tergite pilosity sparse, straight, shorter than the distance separating the setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BEEF9B4FC606FF8" blockId="23.[151,1436,1293,1966]" box="[199,900,1653,1678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Head somewhat to very shiny; mesonotum shiny; gaster shiny.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BEEF958FC526FC4" blockId="23.[151,1436,1293,1966]" box="[199,950,1689,1714]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Color red, often with infuscation of portions of legs and gastral tip.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFAFFF8D4BEEF97CFE556E10" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BEEF97CFE556E10" blockId="23.[151,1436,1293,1966]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFAFFF8D4BEEF97CFEA86FA0" bold="true" box="[199,332,1725,1750]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFAFFF8D4A7EF97CFDC76FA0" box="[343,547,1725,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFAFFF8D4A7EF97CFDC76FA0" box="[343,547,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Polyergus lucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most likely to be confused with the broadly sympatric
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFAFFF8D4FFBF97FFAB76FA3" box="[1234,1363,1726,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFAFFF8D4FFBF97FFAB76FA3" box="[1234,1363,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it can be distinguished by shorter scapes, greater abundance of vertex and pronotal pilosity, and conspicuously greater shininess. Though I have not seen
<typeStatus id="54C9D3F2FFAFFF8D483AF8C7FCB56E68" box="[787,849,1798,1822]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">types</typeStatus>
, I follow Smith (1947) in the characterization of this species. Smith redescribed the species based on a worker at PMNH, with the same data and collector (Norton) as those described by Mayr.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFAFFF824BEEF8B0FAE668A6" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="525" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFAFFF8D4BEEF8B0FEEA6EDB" blockId="23.[151,1436,1293,1966]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFAFFF8D4BEEF8B0FEAA6EFC" bold="true" box="[199,334,1905,1930]" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Etymology.</emphasis>
Latin “
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFAFFF8D4A87F8B0FDE76EFC" box="[430,515,1905,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">lucidus</taxonomicName>
” means shining, an appropriate name for Mayrs species, the shiniest of all
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFAFFF8D4BBEF854FEEC6ED8" box="[151,264,1941,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="524" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFAFFF8D4BBEF854FEEC6ED8" box="[151,264,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="524">Polyergus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA0FF824BEEFF56FBD3698E" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,974]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA0FF824BEEFF56FE6269C6" bold="true" box="[199,390,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">Natural history.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA0FF824AA6FF56FDBD69C6" box="[399,601,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA0FF824AA6FF56FDBD69C6" box="[399,601,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">Polyergus lucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed from southern New
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFA0FF824F1EFF56FB7069C6" box="[1079,1172,151,176]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">England</collectingCountry>
to Wisconsin, south to the mountain meadows and balds of the Carolinas and the tallgrass prairies of Missouri, matching most of the distribution of its unique host,
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA0FF824AC7FF20FDBD698E" box="[494,601,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incerta">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA0FF824AC7FF20FDBD698E" box="[494,601,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">F. incerta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(but not seen from Nebraska and Kansas).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA0FF824BEEFEC5FAE668A6" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,974]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">
This species has been studied on Long Island, NY by Topoff and his students. Kwait and Topoff (1983, 1984) published on its raid organization and emigrations, reporting behavioral patterns familiar throughout the genus. At the same study site, Goodloe and Sanwald (1985) later studied host specificity in what I here report to be
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA0FF824E62FE8DFA786813" box="[1355,1436,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucidus">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA0FF824E62FE8DFA786813" box="[1355,1436,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">lucidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA0FF824BE7FEAEFED768FE" box="[206,307,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Polyergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanwaldi">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA0FF824BE7FEAEFED768FE" box="[206,307,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">sanwaldi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with their distinct hosts,
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA0FF82495FFEB0FD0D68FE" box="[630,745,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incerta">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA0FF82495FFEB0FD0D68FE" box="[630,745,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">F. incerta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA0FF824819FEB0FC7F68FE" box="[816,923,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">F. d o l o s a</emphasis>
(reported as
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA0FF824F60FEAEFB3468FE" box="[1097,1232,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">nitidiventris</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7216D3FFA0FF824E3EFEAEFA6868FE" box="[1303,1420,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schaufussi">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA0FF824E3EFEAEFA6868FE" box="[1303,1420,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">schaufussi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), respectively. These authors made the important finding that gynes arising from colonies with one of these hosts were not successfully adopted by the other host species, an early hint to me of their heterospecificity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3683EDBFFA0FF824BEEFE1DFCEB6AB8" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BCD6D50FFA0FF824BEEFE1DFCEB6AB8" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,974]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">
<emphasis id="B906B142FFA0FF824BEEFE1DFDBB6883" bold="true" box="[199,607,476,501]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">Distribution of studied specimens.</emphasis>
INDIANA Tippecanoe Co. West Lafayette.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA0FF824F7DFE1DFB0F6882" box="[1108,1259,476,500]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" value="2008-08-20">20-VIII-2008</date>
nest in lawn C. Wang; MASSACHUSETTS Plymouth Co. Miles Standish S.F. Mass. Cover 65/2000 (MCZ); MICHIGAN Livingston Co. Edwin S. George Reserve. R. Savolainen 332/95 &amp; 374 95 (JCTC); MISSOURI Franklin Co. Shaw Nature Reserve
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA0FF824A66FD89FE036B16" box="[335,487,584,608]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" value="2003-09-18">18-Sept-2003</date>
JCT (plus numerous other collections through 2011, JCTC); NEW YORK Putnam Co. Putnam Valley,
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA0FF824A52FDADFE596BF2" box="[379,445,620,644]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" value="1927-05">27-V-</date>
941, migrating from nest to body of dead phoebe (!). Col. R. O. Shuster; NEW YORK Suffolk Co. near Medford. mowed field. R. Sanwald 1997 (plus several other collections by R. Sanwald and JC Trager, JCTC); NEW YORK Warren Co. Lake George
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA0FF82483BFD75FC4D6BBA" box="[786,937,692,716]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" value="1939-08-22">22-VIII-1939</date>
#77 Col. A. E. Emerson. (FMNH); NEW YORK Warren Co. Lake George.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA0FF824938FD16FD716B86" box="[529,661,727,752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" value="1945-06-28">28-VI-1945</date>
Col. T. E. Snyder (FMNH); NORTH CAROLINA Watauga Co. Blue Ridge Parkway (no further info, NCSU); OHIO Jackson Co. Scratch Hollow. L. G. Wesson (JCTC); PENNSYLVANIA Chester Co. Malvern. nest in grass
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA0FF824827FCE1FC716A4E" box="[782,917,800,824]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" value="2011-08-07">7-Aug-2011</date>
A. Nguyen (JCTC); WISCONSIN Sauk Co. Spring Green Pres. SNA
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA0FF824AF8FC86FDB16A29" box="[465,597,835,863]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" precision="15" value="43.199444">43o1158”N</geoCoordinate>
/
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA0FF824952FC86FCE36A29" box="[635,775,835,863]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" precision="15" value="-90.05889">90o0332”W</geoCoordinate>
.
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA0FF824830FC87FC466A29" box="[793,930,838,863]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" value="2005-08-08">8-Aug-2005</date>
Jeffrey P. Gruber (WIRC); WISCONSIN Shawano Co. Navarino Wildlife Area
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA0FF82496CFCAFFD236AF0" box="[581,711,874,902]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" precision="15" value="44.653057">44o3911”N</geoCoordinate>
/
<geoCoordinate id="EE460B97FFA0FF8249F9FCAFFC866AF0" box="[720,866,874,902]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" precision="15" value="-88.58028">88 o3449”W</geoCoordinate>
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA0FF824840FCAFFC1B6AF0" box="[873,1023,878,902]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" value="2001-08-19">19-Aug-2001</date>
Jeffrey P. Gruber (WIRC)
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA0FF824E03FCAFFA736AF0" box="[1322,1431,878,902]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" value="2003-09">Sep-2003</date>
; WISCONSIN Washburn, Bass Lake T40N R13W s32
<quantity id="4C8AC0B5FFA0FF824829FC50FCB76ADC" box="[768,851,913,938]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2004" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" unit="ft" value="1050.0">1050 ft</quantity>
. MB DuBois (JCTC);
<collectingCountry id="F3652DC0FFA0FF824F66FC53FB236ADC" box="[1103,1223,914,938]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="525">CANADA</collectingCountry>
ONTARIO Pinery Prov. Park
<date id="FFCC4B90FFA0FF824A3BFC77FE7B6AB8" box="[274,415,950,974]" pageId="24" pageNumber="525" value="1994-09-01">1 Sept. 1994</date>
#108 Umphrey 94-108. (JCTC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>