2084 lines
309 KiB
XML
2084 lines
309 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FFEABE3646DEF573ED4F5A4460298492">Taxonomic revision of Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky & Coscarón: reassignment of Austrosimulium colboi and description of P. obcidens n. sp. from Western Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B8DA1B15250FA86E9D15C6E43B579196">Moulton, John K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="51F7A7AAA524EF9DE9419E7A4B7675F0">Currie, Douglas C.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF655DCFD5DB5D7" blockId="24.[151,656,692,751]" box="[151,656,692,718]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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<heading id="4E1F81B0FFEAFFF3ADF655DCFD5DB5D7" bold="true" box="[151,656,692,718]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF655DCFD5DB5D7" ID-CoL="4DHJZ" authority="(Bigot)" authorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,656,692,718]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF655DCFD5DB5D7" bold="true" box="[151,656,692,718]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum (Bigot)</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFEAFFF3ADF655BFFEF1B5F6" box="[151,316,726,751]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="description">
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<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF655BFFEF1B5F6" blockId="24.[151,656,692,751]" box="[151,316,726,751]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
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(
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<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEAFFF3ADFF55BFFEFEB5F6" box="[158,307,726,751]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStart-1="FIGURES 92 – 96" captionStart-2="FIGURES 97 – 101" captionStart-3="FIGURES 103 – 106" captionStart-4="FIGURES 107 – 110" captionStart-5="FIGURES 111 – 115" captionStart-6="FIGURES 116, 117" captionStart-7="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStart-8="FIGURES 127, 128" captionStartId-0="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionStartId-1="30.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionStartId-2="31.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionStartId-3="32.[151,264,1462,1485]" captionStartId-4="33.[151,264,1899,1922]" captionStartId-5="34.[151,264,1930,1953]" captionStartId-6="35.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionStartId-7="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionStartId-8="37.[151,264,805,828]" captionTargetBox-0="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetBox-1="[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetBox-2="[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,215,1442]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,575,1833]" captionTargetBox-5="[177,1421,258,1906]" captionTargetBox-6="[199,1428,193,1920]" captionTargetBox-7="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetBox-8="[174,1418,183,793]" captionTargetId-0="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetId-1="figure@30.[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetId-2="figure@31.[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetId-3="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1442]" captionTargetId-4="figure@33.[151,1436,575,1833]" captionTargetId-5="figure@34.[177,1421,193,1908]" captionTargetId-6="figure@35.[164,1428,193,1922]" captionTargetId-7="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId-8="figure@37.[174,1418,183,794]" captionTargetPageId-0="29" captionTargetPageId-1="30" captionTargetPageId-2="31" captionTargetPageId-3="32" captionTargetPageId-4="33" captionTargetPageId-5="34" captionTargetPageId-6="35" captionTargetPageId-7="36" captionTargetPageId-8="37" captionText-0="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 92 – 96. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (92) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (93) Wing veins. Arrow indicates spiniform setae on R 1. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (94) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (95) Basitarsus & calcipala. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (96) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." captionText-2="FIGURES 97 – 101. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. FIGURES 102. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (97) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (98) Hypopygial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (99) Genital fork. Lightly stained with Chlorazol Black. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (100) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (101) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (102) Male habitus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-3="FIGURES 103 – 106. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (103) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (104) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (105) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (106) Calcipala and pedisulcus. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-4="FIGURES 107 – 110. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (107) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (108) Ventral view of genitalia. Cleared, in glycerine. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (109) Ventral plate, parameres & spines. Slide mounted. Abbreviations: b a—basal arm, p—paramere, s—spines, v p—ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Lateral view, gonocoxa—gc, gonostylus gs. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-5="FIGURES 111 – 115. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum pupa. (111) Right lateral view of male pupae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (112) Dorsal view of pupal gills. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (113) Frontal view of female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (114) Frontal view of male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (115) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-6="FIGURES 116, 117. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum pupa. FIGURES 118 – 120. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (116) Abdominal armature. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (117) Terminal segments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (118) Habitus, last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (119) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (120) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." captionText-7="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-8="FIGURES 127, 128. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (127) Pupal gill histoblast, showing pleating. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (128) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviations: r c—rectal scales, i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1051872/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1051874/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1051876/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/1051878/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/1051880/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/1051882/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/1051886/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Figs. 86–128</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFEAFFF3ADF65476FC31B206" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="reference_group">
|
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<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF65476FDE4B42D" blockId="24.[151,1317,798,1096]" box="[151,553,798,820]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF65476FDE8B42D" ID-CoL="8DZ8V" authority="Bigot, 1888: 15" authorityName="Bigot" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,549,798,820]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF65476FEB3B42D" box="[151,382,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Simulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3ACE55476FE32B42D" author="Bigot, J. M. F." box="[388,511,798,820]" journalOrPublisher="Pt. 6. Insectes. Gauthier-Villare et Fils, Paris, pp" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="1882 - 1883" part="15" refString="Bigot, J. M. F. (1888) Dipteres. In: Ministere de la Marine et de l'Instruction Publique, Mission scientifique du Cap Horn 1882 - 1883. Pt. 6. Insectes. Gauthier-Villare et Fils, Paris, pp. 15." title="Dipteres" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Ministere de la Marine et de l'Instruction Publique" year="1888">Bigot, 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 15
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF65455FD81B44A" blockId="24.[151,1317,798,1096]" box="[151,588,829,851]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF65455FEB3B44A" ID-CoL="8DZ8V" authorityName="Bigot" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,382,829,851]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF65455FEB3B44A" box="[151,382,829,851]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Simulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3ACEA5455FDD9B44A" author="Kertesz, K." box="[395,532,829,851]" journalOrPublisher="Museum Nationale Hungaricum" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="285 - 292" part="1" refString="Kertesz, K. (1902) Simulidae (sic) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Museum Nationale Hungaricum, 1, 285 - 292." title="Simulidae (sic) Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum" type="journal article" year="1902">Kertész 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 285.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF65434FCC1B46B" blockId="24.[151,1317,798,1096]" box="[151,780,860,882]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF65434FDF9B46B" ID-CoL="8DZ8V" authorityName="Bigot" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,564,860,882]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum" subGenus="Austrosimulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF65434FF3AB46B" box="[151,247,860,882]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AC645434FE69B46B" box="[261,420,860,882]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ACD25434FDF9B46B" box="[435,564,860,882]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AF205434FD1BB46B" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[577,726,860,882]" editor="Part II." journalOrPublisher="Nematocera. British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="121 - 154" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1931) Simuliidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part II. Fascicle 4. Nematocera. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 121 - 154." title="Simuliidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile" year="1931">Edwards 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 143.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF65412FD27B489" blockId="24.[151,1317,798,1096]" box="[151,746,890,912]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF65412FDF9B489" ID-CoL="8DZ8V" authorityName="Bigot" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,564,890,912]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum" subGenus="Austrosimulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF65412FF3AB489" box="[151,247,890,912]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AC645412FE69B489" box="[261,420,890,912]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ACD25412FDF9B489" box="[435,564,890,912]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AF205412FD7EB489" author="Pinto, C." box="[577,691,890,912]" journalOrPublisher="Reunion de la Sociedad Argentina de Patologia Regional del Norte" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="661 - 763" part="7" refString="Pinto, C. (1931) Simulidae (sic) da America Central e do Sul (Diptera). Reunion de la Sociedad Argentina de Patologia Regional del Norte, 7, 661 - 763." title="Simulidae (sic) da America Central e do Sul (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1931">Pinto 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 671.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF654F1FCC1B333" blockId="24.[151,1317,798,1096]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF654F1FE73B4B6" box="[151,446,921,943]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF654F1FE73B4B6" box="[151,446,921,943]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Austrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3ACAA54F1FD8EB4B6" author="Smart, J." box="[459,579,921,943]" journalOrPublisher="Transaction of the Royal Entomological Society of London" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="463 - 532" part="95" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1945.tb00437.x" refString="Smart, J. (1945) The classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera). Transaction of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 95, 463 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1945. tb 00437. x" title="The classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1945">Smart 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 499.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AFE154F2FCCDB4B6" author="Vargas, L." box="[640,768,921,943]" journalOrPublisher="Monographas del Institute de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="1 - 241" part="1" refString="Vargas, L. (1945) Simulidos del Nueva Mundo. Monographas del Institute de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 1, 1 - 241." title="Simulidos del Nueva Mundo" type="journal article" year="1945">Vargas 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 113.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AE5D54F1FBC9B4B6" author="Wygodzinsky, P." box="[828,1028,921,943]" journalOrPublisher="Anales Instituto Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional Tucuman" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="293 - 320" part="3" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. (1953) Sobre algunos simulidos argentinos (Diptera). Anales Instituto Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional Tucuman, 3, 293 - 320." title="Sobre algunos simulidos argentinos (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1953">Wygodzinsky 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 293.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3A92154F1FB22B4B6" author="Dumbleton, L. J." box="[1088,1263,921,943]" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Science" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="543 - 548" part="5" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1960) Larval Simuliidae (Diptera) from Navarino Island, Terra del Fuego. New Zealand Journal of Science, 5, 543 - 548." title="Larval Simuliidae (Diptera) from Navarino Island, Terra del Fuego" type="journal article" year="1960">Dumbleton 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 543.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF654D0FD5AB4D7" box="[151,663,952,974]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum" subGenus="Paraustrosimulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF654D0FEFBB4D7" box="[151,310,952,974]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AC2454D0FDC5B4D7" box="[325,520,952,974]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AF7754D0FD5AB4D7" box="[534,663,952,974]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AFC554D0FC26B4D7" author="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S." box="[676,1003,952,974]" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="235 - 244" part="4" publicationUrl="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pi/pdf/4(1)-235.pdf" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S. (1962) On the relationship and zoogeographic significance of Austrosimulium anthracinum (Bigot), a blackfly from southern South America (Diptera: Simuliidae). Pacific Insects, 4, 235 - 244. Available from: http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / pi / pdf / 4 (1) - 235. pdf (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="On the relationship and zoogeographic significance of Austrosimulium anthracinum (Bigot), a blackfly from southern South America (Diptera: Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="1962">Wygodzinsky & Coscarón 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 242.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3A94954D0FB09B4D7" author="Coscaron, S." box="[1064,1220,952,974]" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="65 - 67" part="30" refString="Coscaron, S. (1968) Amplication del area de distribucion de Simuliidae (Diptera) en Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 30, 65 - 67." title="Amplication del area de distribucion de Simuliidae (Diptera) en Argentina" type="journal article" year="1968">Coscarón 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 66.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF654BEFE2CB4F5" ID-CoL="4DHJZ" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,481,982,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF654BEFE2CB4F5" box="[151,481,982,1004]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AC8F54BEFD45B4F5" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[494,648,982,1004]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="1 - 195" part="14" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1969) A re - classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of Africa and its islands. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 14, 1 - 195." title="A re - classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of Africa and its islands" type="journal article" year="1969">Crosskey 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 73.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AFD954BEFC08B4F5" author="Crosskey, R. W. & Howard, T. M." bookContentInfo="144 pp." box="[696,965,982,1004]" journalOrPublisher="London. The Natural History Museum, London" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" refString="Crosskey, R. W. & Howard, T. M. (1997) A New Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory of World Blackflies. London. The Natural History Museum, London, 144 pp." title="A New Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory of World Blackflies" type="book" year="1997">Crosskey & Howard 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 18; 2004: 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3A93A54BEFB11B4F5" ID-CoL="9CJBP" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1115,1244,982,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prosimuliini">Prosimuliini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF6549DFE2CB312" ID-CoL="4DHJZ" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,481,1013,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF6549DFE2CB312" box="[151,481,1013,1035]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AC8F549DFD2FB312" author="Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W." box="[494,738,1013,1035]" journalOrPublisher="Adler ___ Crosskey _ 1. pdf (accessed 5 September" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" part="2017" publicationUrl="http://blackflies.info/sites/blackflies.info/files/u13/blackflyinventory_2008" refString="Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2008) World Blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae): a fully revised edition of the taxonomic and geographic inventory. 1 - 105. Available from: http: // blackflies. info / sites / blackflies. info / files / u 13 / blackflyinventory _ 2008 _ Adler ___ Crosskey _ 1. pdf (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="World Blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae): a fully revised edition of the taxonomic and geographic inventory. 1 - 105. Available from" type="journal volume" year="2008">Adler & Crosskey 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 26. Transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3AEC9549DFBC4B312" ID-CoL="9G2C9" box="[936,1033,1013,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Simuliini">Simuliini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF6537CFE2CB333" ID-CoL="4DHJZ" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,481,1044,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF6537CFE2CB333" box="[151,481,1044,1066]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AC8F537CFD2FB333" author="Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W." box="[494,738,1044,1066]" journalOrPublisher="Available from" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="1 - 131" part="2017" publicationUrl="http://www.clemson.edu/cafls/biomia/pdfs/blackflyinventory.pdf" refString="Adler, P. H. & Crosskey, R. W. (2017) World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory [2017]. 1 - 131. Available from: http: // www. clemson. edu / cafls / biomia / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory" type="journal article" year="2017">Adler & Crosskey 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 30.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF6535AFC9CB351" blockId="24.[151,1317,798,1096]" box="[151,849,1074,1096]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF6535AFE2CB351" ID-CoL="4DHJZ" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,481,1074,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF6535AFE2CB351" box="[151,481,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AC8F535AFCD7B351" author="Hernandez-Triana, L. & Montes De Orca, F. & Prosser, S. W. J. & Herbert, P. D. N. & Gregory, T. R. & McMurtrie, S." box="[494,794,1074,1096]" journalOrPublisher="Genome" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="348 - 357" part="60" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0168" refString="Hernandez-Triana, L., Montes De Orca, F., Prosser, S. W. J., Herbert, P. D. N., Gregory, T. R. & McMurtrie, S. (2017) DNA barcoding as an aid for species identification in austral black flies (Insecta: Diptera: Simuliidae). Genome, 60, 348 - 357. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / gen- 2015 - 0168" title="DNA barcoding as an aid for species identification in austral black flies (Insecta: Diptera: Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Hernández-Triana
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AFCA535BFD15B351" box="[683,728,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 350.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF65318FD86B39F" blockId="24.[151,1020,1136,1311]" box="[151,587,1136,1158]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF65318FD8AB39F" authority="Silva Figueroa, 1917: 30" authorityName="Silva Figueroa" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,583,1136,1158]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moorei">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF65318FE89B39F" box="[151,324,1136,1158]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Simulium moorei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AC2B5318FDECB39F" author="Silva Figueroa, C." box="[330,545,1136,1158]" journalOrPublisher="Bolitin del Museo National de Chile" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="28 - 33" part="10" refString="Silva Figueroa, C. (1917) Dos nuero Simulidos (sic) de Chile. Bolitin del Museo National de Chile, 10, 28 - 33." title="Dos nuero Simulidos (sic) de Chile" type="journal article" year="1917">Silva Figueroa, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 30
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF653E6FE21B3DA" blockId="24.[151,1020,1136,1311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF653E6FE37B3BC" authorityName="Silva Figueroa" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,506,1166,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moorei" subGenus="Austrosimulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF653E6FF3AB3BD" box="[151,247,1166,1188]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AC6453E6FE69B3BD" box="[261,420,1166,1188]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ACD253F8FE37B3BC" box="[435,506,1168,1189]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">moorei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AF6653E6FD51B3BD" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[519,668,1166,1188]" editor="Part II." journalOrPublisher="Nematocera. British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="121 - 154" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1931) Simuliidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part II. Fascicle 4. Nematocera. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 121 - 154." title="Simuliidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile" year="1931">Edwards 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 144.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF653C5FE86B3DA" box="[151,331,1197,1219]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF653C5FE8AB3DA" authorityName="Silva Figueroa" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,327,1197,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moorei">Simulium moorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AC3153C5FE0FB3DA" author="Pinto, C." box="[336,450,1197,1219]" journalOrPublisher="Reunion de la Sociedad Argentina de Patologia Regional del Norte" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="661 - 763" part="7" refString="Pinto, C. (1931) Simulidae (sic) da America Central e do Sul (Diptera). Reunion de la Sociedad Argentina de Patologia Regional del Norte, 7, 661 - 763." title="Simulidae (sic) da America Central e do Sul (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1931">Pinto 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 29.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF653A4FDC5B3FB" blockId="24.[151,1020,1136,1311]" box="[151,520,1228,1250]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF653A4FE86B3FB" box="[151,331,1228,1250]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF653A4FE8AB3FB" authorityName="Silva Figueroa" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,327,1228,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moorei">Simulium moorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3AC3153A5FE1CB3FB" author="Vargas, L." box="[336,465,1228,1250]" journalOrPublisher="Monographas del Institute de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="1 - 241" part="1" refString="Vargas, L. (1945) Simulidos del Nueva Mundo. Monographas del Institute de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 1, 1 - 241." title="Simulidos del Nueva Mundo" type="journal article" year="1945">Vargas 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 166.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF65382FD8DB219" blockId="24.[151,1020,1136,1311]" box="[151,576,1258,1280]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF65382FE49B219" box="[151,388,1258,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moorei">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF65382FE49B219" box="[151,388,1258,1280]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Austrosimulium moorei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3ACF15382FDC4B219" author="Smart, J." box="[400,521,1258,1280]" journalOrPublisher="Transaction of the Royal Entomological Society of London" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="463 - 532" part="95" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1945.tb00437.x" refString="Smart, J. (1945) The classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera). Transaction of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 95, 463 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1945. tb 00437. x" title="The classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1945">Smart 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 499.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF3ADF65261FC31B206" blockId="24.[151,1020,1136,1311]" box="[151,1020,1289,1311]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3ADF65261FE49B206" box="[151,388,1289,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moorei">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF65261FE49B206" box="[151,388,1289,1311]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Austrosimulium moorei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEAFFF3ACF15261FD9AB206" author="Wygodzinsky, P." box="[400,599,1289,1311]" journalOrPublisher="Anales Instituto Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional Tucuman" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" pagination="293 - 320" part="3" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. (1953) Sobre algunos simulidos argentinos (Diptera). Anales Instituto Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional Tucuman, 3, 293 - 320." title="Sobre algunos simulidos argentinos (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1953">Wygodzinsky 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 298. Synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEAFFF3AE385262FC3BB206" ID-CoL="4DHJZ" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[857,1014,1289,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AE385262FC3BB206" box="[857,1014,1289,1311]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">A. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFEAFFF1ADF65224FAD1B364" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="477" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEAFFF2ADF65224FDD8B5D6" blockId="24.[151,1438,1356,2002]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1438,151,2018]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="476" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ADF65224FE89B27C" bold="true" box="[151,324,1356,1381]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Redescription.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AC2A5224FE17B27C" box="[331,474,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Adult female</emphasis>
|
||
(based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="03EEFD55FFEAFFF3AF355224FD1EB27D" box="[596,723,1356,1381]" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" type="generic">5 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
and literature description).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3A96B5224FB89B27C" box="[1034,1092,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Body</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEAFFF3A9335224FB6AB27C" box="[1106,1191,1356,1381]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 86</figureCitation>
|
||
): general body colour in alcohol evenly dark brown; total length
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3AF1E5218FD16B29E" box="[639,731,1392,1416]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AF875207FCEEB291" box="[742,803,1391,1416]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEAFFF3AE525218FC47B291" box="[819,906,1392,1416]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 87</figureCitation>
|
||
): width
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3AE895207FB9FB29E" box="[1000,1106,1391,1416]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="0.76">0.76 mm</quantity>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3A9C45218FAC3B29E" box="[1189,1294,1392,1416]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="0.49">0.49 mm</quantity>
|
||
; postocciput black, markedly hirsute; frons dark brown; frons–head ratio (narrowest width of frons: greatest width of head) 1.0:7.0.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AD9252D1FEE5B2C9" box="[243,296,1465,1488]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Eyes</emphasis>
|
||
: evenly reddish brown, interocular distance
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3AE7F52D0FC48B2D6" box="[798,901,1464,1488]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
|
||
; ommatidia
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3A97152D0FB4EB2D6" box="[1040,1155,1464,1488]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="0.012">0.012 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter;
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3A87852D1FAF9B2C9" box="[1305,1332,1465,1488]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 36 rows up and across at mid–eye.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ACA752B4FDEDB2EC" box="[454,544,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Clypeus</emphasis>
|
||
: light brown;
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3AFA552B4FCE4B2ED" box="[708,809,1500,1524]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="0.23">0.23 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; vestiture of sparse pale hairs.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3A9AA52B4FAE5B2EA" box="[1227,1320,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEAFFF3A85952B4FA42B2ED" box="[1336,1423,1500,1524]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
|
||
): total length
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3AC475297FE5EB10E" box="[294,403,1535,1560]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="0.68">0.68 mm</quantity>
|
||
; 8 flagellomeres, pedicel and scape small, wider than long, distal region of scape pale, remainder of antenna brown; flagellomeres quadratic, overall slightly tapered, apical flagellomere longer than broad.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AD87512FFEA4B179" box="[230,361,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
: well expressed,
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AF4E5121FD84B179" box="[559,585,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 0.5 length of head depth; maxillary palpus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEAFFF3A92B5120FB6DB179" box="[1098,1184,1608,1632]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 89</figureCitation>
|
||
), total length
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3A85F512FFA55B146" box="[1342,1432,1607,1632]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, articles brownish black, 3rd article black; proportional length of 3rd, 4th and 5th articles 1.0:0.8:1.2; sensory vesicle spherical, 0.5x width of 3rd article, opening 0.3x width of vesicle; mandible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEAFFF3A97C51FEFBB8B1B7" box="[1053,1141,1686,1710]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
|
||
), not markedly expanded apically, 27 inner teeth and 10–12 finely pointed outer teeth; lacinia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEAFFF3AEF451D2FC2AB1CB" box="[917,999,1722,1746]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 11 inner teeth and 13 outer teeth; cibarial cornuae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEAFFF3AC3851B6FE61B1EF" box="[345,428,1758,1782]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 91</figureCitation>
|
||
) with marked sculptured edges, central depression broad and shallow.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3A9A851B5FA58B1EF" box="[1225,1429,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Lateral cervicales</emphasis>
|
||
: well developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEAFFF3AC36506AFE7CB003" box="[343,433,1793,1818]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 86</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3ACA95069FDD4B003" box="[456,537,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: length
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3AF1C5069FD16B000" box="[637,731,1793,1818]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width 1.0–
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3AE06506AFC0FB000" box="[871,962,1794,1818]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; scutum evenly dark brown, vestiture of evenly distributed recumbent silver hairs; postpronotal lobe with longer hairs; antepronotal lobe with markedly longer dense hairs; scutellum pale, and postnotum lighter than scutum; scutellar depression and scutellum with pale hairs; pleuron and anepisternal membrane dark brown, bare.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEAFFF3AE5A5006FCBEB09C" box="[827,883,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Wing</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEAFFF3AEE05006FC32B09F" box="[897,1023,1902,1926]" captionStart="FIGURES 92 – 96" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 92 – 96. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (92) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (93) Wing veins. Arrow indicates spiniform setae on R 1. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (94) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (95) Basitarsus & calcipala. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (96) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051872/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="475">Fig. 92, 93</figureCitation>
|
||
): length 3.0–
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3A9F75006FB22B09C" box="[1174,1263,1902,1926]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEAFFF3A8215005FA55B09C" box="[1344,1432,1901,1926]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="24" pageNumber="475" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, anterior veins lightly pigmented, basal cell distinct, costa not extended to wing apex with spiniform setae distally, also present on R1 vein; radial veins not markedly closely applied to costa; a:b ratio 1.0:2.8; M thickened apically; A2 not approaching wing margin.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AF5057FFFD48B7A9" box="[561,645,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Haltere</emphasis>
|
||
: dark grey.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AE7F57FFFB9BB7A9" box="[798,1110,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Metathoracic furcasternum</emphasis>
|
||
: dorsal arms with rounded projections (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2AC4057D7FEBBB7CE" box="[289,374,191,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 92 – 96" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 92 – 96. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (92) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (93) Wing veins. Arrow indicates spiniform setae on R 1. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (94) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (95) Basitarsus & calcipala. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (96) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051872/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2ACE857A8FE73B7CE" box="[393,446,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
: overall dark brown; hind basitarsus
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AE3D57A8FCB0B7CE" box="[860,893,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
5.7x as long as its greatest breadth, very slightly expanded medially, ventral row of stout spines present, calcipala moderately expressed, pedisulcus not markedly developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2AC78566FFEA2B606" box="[281,367,262,287]" captionStart="FIGURES 92 – 96" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 92 – 96. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (92) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (93) Wing veins. Arrow indicates spiniform setae on R 1. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (94) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (95) Basitarsus & calcipala. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (96) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051872/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
|
||
); tarsal claw (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2AF6E566FFDAFB606" box="[527,610,262,287]" captionStart="FIGURES 92 – 96" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 92 – 96. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (92) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (93) Wing veins. Arrow indicates spiniform setae on R 1. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (94) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (95) Basitarsus & calcipala. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (96) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051872/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
|
||
) with moderately developed basal heel and markedly angulate tooth and notch.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AD855642FE83B65A" box="[228,334,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2AC3C5643FE79B65A" box="[349,436,299,323]" captionStart="FIGURES 97 – 101" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 97 – 101. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. FIGURES 102. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (97) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (98) Hypopygial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (99) Genital fork. Lightly stained with Chlorazol Black. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (100) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (101) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (102) Male habitus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051874/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 97</figureCitation>
|
||
): abdominal scale black with dark hairs, not greatly extended; tergite II 3.2x wider than long, shallowly V–shaped, sparse black hairs, III, IV essentially bare, III–V as wide as long with rounded corners, VI
|
||
<date id="6156101CFFEBFFF2ADDE561BFF16B692" box="[191,219,371,395]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">2x</date>
|
||
wider than long; dorsal vestiture of small sparse black hairs increased in density posteriorly.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2A84B561AFA59B692" box="[1322,1428,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
: sternite VIII vestiture of sparse coarse black hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2A91456FFFB04B6B6" box="[1141,1225,407,431]" captionStart="FIGURES 97 – 101" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 97 – 101. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. FIGURES 102. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (97) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (98) Hypopygial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (99) Genital fork. Lightly stained with Chlorazol Black. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (100) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (101) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (102) Male habitus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051874/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
|
||
) broadly rounded; median edges slightly convex, not strengthened along edge, bluntly rounded apically, slightly crenulated laterally; genital fork (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2AC4A56B7FE4DB6EE" box="[299,384,479,503]" captionStart="FIGURES 97 – 101" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 97 – 101. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. FIGURES 102. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (97) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (98) Hypopygial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (99) Genital fork. Lightly stained with Chlorazol Black. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (100) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (101) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (102) Male habitus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051874/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
|
||
) with anterior arm broad (not easily observed), slightly sclerotized and pigmented medially (not so according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEBFFF2AC1E556BFD27B502" author="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S." box="[383,746,515,539]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" pagination="129 - 200" part="151" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/598" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S. (1973) A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 151, 129 - 200. Available from: http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 598 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="1973">Wygodzinsky & Coscarón 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), more so anteriorly, lateral arms broad, indications of lateral apodeme (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEBFFF2AC33554EFE1BB526" baseAuthorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[338,470,550,575]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gigantodax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AC33554EFE1BB526" box="[338,470,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Gigantodax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), apodeme (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEBFFF2AFCA554EFC96B526" box="[683,859,550,575]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AFCA554EFC96B526" box="[683,859,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) present only as ridge, lateral arms broad, lateral plates large, pointed posteromedially, angulate posterolaterally; spermatheca ovoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2A93E5523FB0BB57A" box="[1119,1222,587,611]" captionStart="FIGURES 97 – 101" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 97 – 101. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. FIGURES 102. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (97) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (98) Hypopygial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (99) Genital fork. Lightly stained with Chlorazol Black. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (100) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (101) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (102) Male habitus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051874/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
|
||
), length
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2A84F5523FA55B57B" box="[1326,1432,587,611]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, surface un–patterned; sparse internal acanthae; no clear area at junction of spermathecal duct, pigmentation not extended down duct; cercus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2ACBF55FBFDF2B5B2" box="[478,575,659,683]" captionStart="FIGURES 97 – 101" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 97 – 101. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. FIGURES 102. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (97) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (98) Hypopygial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (99) Genital fork. Lightly stained with Chlorazol Black. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (100) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (101) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (102) Male habitus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051874/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 101</figureCitation>
|
||
) broadly rounded apically, sloped ventrally, vestiture of evenly spaced hairs, anal lobe not angulate posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEBFFF2ADA655B2FF02B12B" blockId="25.[151,1438,151,2018]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2ADA655B2FE8CB5EA" box="[199,321,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Adult male</emphasis>
|
||
(reared and other specimens).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AFF755B2FD1DB5EA" box="[662,720,730,755]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Body</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig. 102): general colour dark brown to black; total length
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2A80A55B3FF39B40E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="2.45" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.3">2.3– 2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AC605596FEF3B40E" box="[257,318,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2AC315597FE7AB40E" box="[336,439,767,791]" captionStart="FIGURES 103 – 106" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1462,1485]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1442]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 103 – 106. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (103) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (104) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (105) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (106) Calcipala and pedisulcus. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051876/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 103</figureCitation>
|
||
): width
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2AF785597FD4EB40E" box="[537,643,767,791]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.90 mm</quantity>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2AFBA5596FC8CB40E" box="[731,833,766,791]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.62">0.62 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AE325468FC45B40E" box="[851,904,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Eyes</emphasis>
|
||
: upper ommatidia very dark red,
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2A8745597FAB1B40E" box="[1301,1404,767,791]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.03">0.03 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter,
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AC69544CFEEEB422" box="[264,291,804,827]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 22 across, 20 down; lower ommatidia almost black,
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2AEEC544BFC3EB423" box="[909,1011,803,827]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.01">0.01 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter,
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2A9ED544CFB60B422" box="[1164,1197,804,827]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
35 across, 26 down.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2ADF6542EFF3CB446" box="[151,241,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Clypeus</emphasis>
|
||
: blackish brown; vestiture of very sparse black hairs;
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2AE39542FFC7DB446" box="[856,944,839,863]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AE9D542FFB97B447" box="[1020,1114,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2A908542FFB02B446" box="[1129,1231,839,863]" captionStart="FIGURES 103 – 106" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1462,1485]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1442]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 103 – 106. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (103) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (104) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (105) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (106) Calcipala and pedisulcus. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051876/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 104</figureCitation>
|
||
): total length
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2A80A542EFF0AB49B" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
|
||
; scape and pedicel black, first flagellomere and remainder dark brown; pedicel longer and wider than other divisions; first flagellomere longer than wide, others subrectangular; non–tapered, narrow in comparison to that of female; apical article
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2ACF254DCFE60B4D2" box="[403,429,948,971]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="6156101CFFEBFFF2ACDE54DBFE16B4D2" box="[447,475,947,971]" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">2x</date>
|
||
longer than wide.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AFDA54DAFCF3B4D2" box="[699,830,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
: moderately developed; 0.5x head depth; mandibles insubstantial, finely tapered with apical hairs; laciniae finely tapered apically with terminal hairs; maxillary palpus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2ADFF5496FECFB30F" box="[158,258,1021,1046]" captionStart="FIGURES 103 – 106" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1462,1485]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1442]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 103 – 106. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (103) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (104) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (105) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (106) Calcipala and pedisulcus. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051876/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 105</figureCitation>
|
||
), dark brown,
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2ACCD5495FDDFB30C" box="[428,530,1021,1046]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, proportional lengths of 3rd, 4th and 5th articles 1.0:0.8:1.4, sensory vesicle small, occupying 0.25x width of article, opening 0.5x width of vesicle. Cervical sclerites well developed.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2A8225349FA59B323" box="[1347,1428,1057,1082]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: length
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2AD87532DFE8FB344" box="[230,322,1093,1118]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2ACF9532EFE3EB344" box="[408,499,1094,1118]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; in alcohol, scutum evenly blackish brown, vestiture of fine recumbent pale hairs (often worn); scutellum and postscutellum concolourous with scutum.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AED85302FC3CB398" box="[953,1009,1130,1153]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Wing</emphasis>
|
||
: 3.0 mm in length,
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2A9B75301FAE3B398" box="[1238,1326,1129,1154]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width; otherwise as for female.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2ACCE53E5FDCEB3BF" box="[431,515,1165,1190]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Haltere</emphasis>
|
||
: tan.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AF2453E6FDB7B3BC" box="[581,634,1166,1189]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
: yellowish blackish brown; hirsute; hind basitarsus
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2A9A953E6FB2EB3BC" box="[1224,1251,1166,1189]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 4.5x as long as its greatest breadth, slightly expanded medially, row of ventral spines present, not markedly stout; calcipala well expressed, pedisulcus barely evident (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2AF2953BEFD62B3F7" box="[584,687,1237,1262]" captionStart="FIGURES 103 – 106" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1462,1485]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1442]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 103 – 106. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (103) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (104) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (105) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (106) Calcipala and pedisulcus. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051876/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
|
||
); tarsal claw partially covered by grappling pad of
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2A86053BEFAD6B3F4" box="[1281,1307,1238,1261]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 20 hooks, distinct basal tooth.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AC1D5391FE2BB20B" box="[380,486,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2AC945392FD97B20B" box="[501,602,1274,1298]" captionStart="FIGURES 107 – 110" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1899,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,575,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,575,1833]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 107 – 110. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (107) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (108) Ventral view of genitalia. Cleared, in glycerine. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (109) Ventral plate, parameres & spines. Slide mounted. Abbreviations: b a—basal arm, p—paramere, s—spines, v p—ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Lateral view, gonocoxa—gc, gonostylus gs. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051878/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 107</figureCitation>
|
||
): blackish brown; abdominal scale with long fine hairs, tergites markedly broad, tergites II–IV hirsute, less so on posterior others.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AE7A5275FC48B22F" box="[795,901,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
: ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2A9535276FB5BB22F" box="[1074,1174,1310,1334]" captionStart="FIGURES 107 – 110" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1899,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,575,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,575,1833]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 107 – 110. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (107) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (108) Ventral view of genitalia. Cleared, in glycerine. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (109) Ventral plate, parameres & spines. Slide mounted. Abbreviations: b a—basal arm, p—paramere, s—spines, v p—ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Lateral view, gonocoxa—gc, gonostylus gs. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051878/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 108</figureCitation>
|
||
); ventral plate directed ventrally giving appearance of broadly concave apex, 1.5–2.0x wider than long, median keel well developed, vestiture of fine hairs, plate not sculpted laterally; anteromedial broad and slightly convex, basal arms fine, heavily pigmented, splayed apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2ACBC52E2FDF2B2BB" box="[477,575,1418,1442]" captionStart="FIGURES 107 – 110" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1899,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,575,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,575,1833]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 107 – 110. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (107) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (108) Ventral view of genitalia. Cleared, in glycerine. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (109) Ventral plate, parameres & spines. Slide mounted. Abbreviations: b a—basal arm, p—paramere, s—spines, v p—ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Lateral view, gonocoxa—gc, gonostylus gs. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051878/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 109</figureCitation>
|
||
), paramere connectors well developed; median sclerite well expressed, broad and divided apically; parameres triangular, plate–like, strengthened laterally, spines as small spicules, not meeting medially; adeagal membrane with minute microtrichia; gonocoxa 2.0x longer than basal width, markedly sparse hairs; gonostylus approximately 2.0x longer than basal width, apically with 2–4 substantial terminal spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2A80C529EFF0EB12B" captionStart="FIGURES 107 – 110" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1899,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,575,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,575,1833]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 107 – 110. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (107) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (108) Ventral view of genitalia. Cleared, in glycerine. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (109) Ventral plate, parameres & spines. Slide mounted. Abbreviations: b a—basal arm, p—paramere, s—spines, v p—ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Lateral view, gonocoxa—gc, gonostylus gs. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051878/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 110</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEBFFF1ADA65157FB8AB605" blockId="25.[151,1438,151,2018]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1438,152,2013]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="477" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2ADA65157FECEB14F" box="[199,259,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
(based on numbers of specimens).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AFEC5155FD0AB14F" box="[653,711,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Body</emphasis>
|
||
: length, female
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2AE1D5155FBCBB14C" box="[892,1030,1597,1622]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="3.35" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.2">3.2–3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; male
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2A92F5156FB18B14C" box="[1102,1237,1598,1622]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="3.3" valueMin="3.2">3.2–3.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2A9825156FA89B14F" box="[1251,1348,1598,1622]" captionStart="FIGURES 111 – 115" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[177,1421,258,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[177,1421,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 111 – 115. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum pupa. (111) Right lateral view of male pupae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (112) Dorsal view of pupal gills. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (113) Frontal view of female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (114) Frontal view of male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (115) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051880/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 111</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2A8365155FA59B14F" box="[1367,1428,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Head</emphasis>
|
||
: frontal cephalic plate lacking dorsal depression; ratio of basal width to vertex width of female 1:1.5, for basal width to length 1:1.5, rounded apically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2AF5351EEFD57B187" box="[562,666,1670,1694]" captionStart="FIGURES 111 – 115" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[177,1421,258,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[177,1421,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 111 – 115. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum pupa. (111) Right lateral view of male pupae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (112) Dorsal view of pupal gills. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (113) Frontal view of female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (114) Frontal view of male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (115) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051880/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 113</figureCitation>
|
||
), male ratios 1.0:1.5 and 1.0:2.0 respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2A9AF51EEFAFBB187" box="[1230,1334,1670,1694]" captionStart="FIGURES 111 – 115" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[177,1421,258,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[177,1421,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 111 – 115. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum pupa. (111) Right lateral view of male pupae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (112) Dorsal view of pupal gills. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (113) Frontal view of female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (114) Frontal view of male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (115) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051880/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 114</figureCitation>
|
||
), evenly tuberculate, frontal and facial setae present, but insubstantial, ocular spine absent.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2A94F51C1FBB2B1DB" box="[1070,1151,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Dorsum with very small tubercles, no pattern; dorsocentral setae substantial, spine–like and curled apically, other more lateral setae also spine–like in expression (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2ACDD519AFDEFB013" box="[444,546,1777,1802]" captionStart="FIGURES 111 – 115" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[177,1421,258,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[177,1421,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 111 – 115. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum pupa. (111) Right lateral view of male pupae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (112) Dorsal view of pupal gills. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (113) Frontal view of female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (114) Frontal view of male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (115) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051880/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 115</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AF595199FDAEB013" box="[568,611,1777,1802]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Gill</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2AF15519AFCDEB013" box="[628,787,1778,1802]" captionStart="FIGURES 111 – 115" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[177,1421,258,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[177,1421,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 111 – 115. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum pupa. (111) Right lateral view of male pupae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (112) Dorsal view of pupal gills. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (113) Frontal view of female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (114) Frontal view of male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (115) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051880/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 111, 112</figureCitation>
|
||
): fundamentally of three flattened laminae, curled along their length, with concertina marks from packaging in the histoblast appearing as annulations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2A98A507EFA9CB037" box="[1259,1361,1813,1838]" captionStart="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 126</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2A800507EFA42B037" box="[1377,1423,1814,1838]" captionStart="FIGURES 127, 128" captionStartId="37.[151,264,805,828]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,183,793]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[174,1418,183,794]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 127, 128. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (127) Pupal gill histoblast, showing pleating. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (128) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviations: r c—rectal scales, i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051886/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">127</figureCitation>
|
||
); anterior trunk
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2AC5A5051FE09B048" box="[315,452,1849,1874]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="1.85" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
length (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AF475052FD8DB048" box="[550,576,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 14 annulations), stub–like posterior lobe
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2A9475052FB85B048" box="[1062,1096,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2A9305051FB7AB048" box="[1105,1207,1849,1874]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2A9A85052FB29B048" box="[1225,1252,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 6 annulations), ventral trunk
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AC505037FE86B06F" box="[305,331,1887,1910]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFEBFFF2AC3A5035FE7EB06C" box="[347,435,1885,1910]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="476" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2AF505037FD86B06F" box="[561,587,1887,1910]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 7 annulations); fine filaments, as such, absent.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEBFFF2A9125035FA90B06F" box="[1139,1373,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Abdominal armature</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEBFFF2A80C5036FF08B083" captionStart="FIGURES 116, 117" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[199,1428,193,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[164,1428,193,1922]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 116, 117. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum pupa. FIGURES 118 – 120. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (116) Abdominal armature. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (117) Terminal segments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (118) Habitus, last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (119) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (120) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051882/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="476">Fig. 116</figureCitation>
|
||
): tergites I & II with 4–6 fine setae, lightly tuberculate; tergite III with four hooks per side, 3 or 4 other fine setae, no sternal hooks; tergite IV as for III; tergite V with poorly expressed spine comb, 4 hooks on sternum, laterally small plurites; tergite VI with spine comb and four hooks ventrally, one on small pleurite; tergite VII as for VI; VIII with a markedly poorly expressed spine comb anteriorly, spines reduced laterally; tergite IX with similar spines comb; terminal spines short, not sharp, grapnel hooks poorly expressed, as single hooks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE8FFF1A9A957D4FAE6B7CD" box="[1224,1323,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 116, 117" captionStartId="35.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[199,1428,193,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[164,1428,193,1922]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURES 116, 117. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum pupa. FIGURES 118 – 120. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (116) Abdominal armature. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (117) Terminal segments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (118) Habitus, last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (119) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (120) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051882/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig. 117</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1A85F57D5FA58B7CD" box="[1342,1429,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Cocoon</emphasis>
|
||
. Surface smooth, fabric coarsely woven, silk filaments obvious, medium brown; distinctly slipper–shaped fully covering pupa, not close fitted, with well defined anterior edge, ventral floor absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE8FFF1ADA65641FAD1B364" blockId="26.[151,1438,152,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1ADA65641FEC7B659" box="[199,266,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Larva</emphasis>
|
||
(based on numbers of last instar larvae).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1AF87564FFCEDB659" box="[742,800,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Body</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig. 118): overall yellowish gray, anterior abdomen of smaller diameter than thorax, expanded smoothly posteriorly; total length
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFE8FFF1AE865624FBB9B67D" box="[999,1140,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.15" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="6.15" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="5.8">5.8–6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1A91E5624FB71B67C" box="[1151,1212,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(Figs. 119): evenly mid brown, head spots positive, but not strongly pigmented; head length
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFE8FFF1AE8C5607FB5BB69E" box="[1005,1174,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.949999999999999" metricValueMax="8.6" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="0.7949999999999999" valueMax="0.86" valueMin="0.73">0.73–0.86 mm</quantity>
|
||
, width
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFE8FFF1A98F5607FA55B69E" box="[1262,1432,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.65" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="6.6" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="0.665" valueMax="0.67" valueMin="0.66">0.66–0.67 mm</quantity>
|
||
; distance between antennal bases
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFE8FFF1AF6E56FCFD7AB6B5" box="[527,695,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="0.505" valueMax="0.51" valueMin="0.5">0.50–0.51 mm</quantity>
|
||
; lateral margins of head smoothly convex; cervical sclerites well developed and pigmented, elongated and fused to postocciput; anterolateral edges of apotome not distinctly pigmented; genae lacking darker 'eye brow' over stemmata.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1AE3056B4FC63B6EA" box="[849,942,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig. 120): apical article pale, others dark brown; total length
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1AC125569FE59B501" box="[371,404,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFE8FFF1ACFA5568FE39B50E" box="[411,500,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; well extended beyond labral fan stem; distal article subequal in length to other two articles; ratio of basal, medial and apical articles 1.0:0.6:2.0.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1AE28554CFC0CB525" box="[841,961,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Labral fan</emphasis>
|
||
: relatively small; stem translucent; 56–60 fine rays,
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFE8FFF1AC675520FEA7B546" box="[262,362,584,608]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="0.32">0.32 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length,
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFE8FFF1AC80552FFD9EB546" box="[481,595,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="0.005">0.005 mm</quantity>
|
||
in width; microtrichia as long as ray width, substantial, interspersed with 2 or 3 smaller microtrichia.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1ACDD5504FDE5B59C" box="[444,552,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Mandible</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE8FFF1AF575504FD1EB59D" box="[566,723,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig. 121, 122</figureCitation>
|
||
): apical brush moderately developed; apical teeth not markedly extended; subapical teeth small, 8–9 substantial spinous teeth; mandibular sensillum and serrations often complex, but not markedly so, sometimes as just a simple pair (as shown).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1AE1A55DCFC1FB5D4" box="[891,978,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE8FFF1AE8055DCFB8BB5D5" box="[993,1094,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig. 123</figureCitation>
|
||
): lobe markedly cone–shaped, asymmetrical, palp subequal in length to lobe, well separated,
|
||
<date id="6156101CFFE8FFF1AE3155B0FCA1B5E9" box="[848,876,728,752]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">2x</date>
|
||
as long as basal width.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1A91755BFFAD0B5E9" box="[1142,1309,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Postgenal cleft</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE8FFF1A84A55B0FA5DB5E9" box="[1323,1424,728,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig. 124</figureCitation>
|
||
): essentially absent; ratio of hypostoma, bridge and cleft 1.0:1.6:0.3; suboesophageal ganglion not pigmented.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1ADF65449FEDAB421" box="[151,279,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Hypostoma</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE8FFF1AC475448FE41B421" box="[294,396,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig. 125</figureCitation>
|
||
): ventral edge broadly domed–shaped, more or less covering 15 teeth; median tooth barely protruded beyond edge, sublateral teeth smaller and subequal in length, barely protruded beyond edge, lateral tooth larger and protruded, paralateral teeth smaller and sharp, variable expression, no others evident; no hypostomal serrations; four hypostomal setae per side. Postgenal bridge: pale and concolourous with genae.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1A9AD54E4FAD0B4BC" box="[1228,1309,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE8FFF1A85254E4FA59B4BC" box="[1331,1428,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig. 126</figureCitation>
|
||
) anterior prothorax brown, remainder paler; pharate pupal gill broad, inverted V–shape, concertinaed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE8FFF1A84854D8FA5DB4D1" box="[1321,1424,944,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 127, 128" captionStartId="37.[151,264,805,828]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,183,793]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[174,1418,183,794]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 127, 128. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (127) Pupal gill histoblast, showing pleating. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (128) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviations: r c—rectal scales, i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051886/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig. 127</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1ADF654BCFECCB4F4" box="[151,257,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: pale brown anteriorly, darker posteriorly; abdominal segments expanded smoothly; posteroventral tubercles present, but not markedly developed.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1AFC4549FFCF1B309" box="[677,828,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Anal papillae</emphasis>
|
||
: three simple lobes.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1A9435491FB17B309" box="[1058,1242,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Posterior proleg</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE8FFF1A9865490FA87B309" box="[1255,1354,1016,1040]" captionStart="FIGURES 127, 128" captionStartId="37.[151,264,805,828]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,183,793]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[174,1418,183,794]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 127, 128. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (127) Pupal gill histoblast, showing pleating. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (128) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviations: r c—rectal scales, i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051886/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig. 128</figureCitation>
|
||
): rectal scales present in large numbers; anal sclerite median region well expressed with lateral interarm struts distinct, anterior arms slightly flared, shorter than posterior arms, posterior arms irregular in outline; accessory and pigmented semicircular sclerites absent.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1AF3C530DFCD9B364" box="[605,788,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Posterior circlet</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1AE45530DFCF3B365" box="[804,830,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 80 rows of 15–17 hooks (total
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1A9C5530DFB73B365" box="[1188,1214,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 1,250).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFE8FFF1ADA653EFFBBDB3DD" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE8FFF1ADA653EFFBBDB3DD" blockId="26.[151,1438,152,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1ADA653EFFE83B3B9" bold="true" box="[199,334,1159,1184]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Not detailed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE8FFF1AF7253E0FD19B3B9" author="Bigot, J. M. F." box="[531,724,1159,1184]" journalOrPublisher="Pt. 6. Insectes. Gauthier-Villare et Fils, Paris, pp" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="1882 - 1883" part="15" refString="Bigot, J. M. F. (1888) Dipteres. In: Ministere de la Marine et de l'Instruction Publique, Mission scientifique du Cap Horn 1882 - 1883. Pt. 6. Insectes. Gauthier-Villare et Fils, Paris, pp. 15." title="Dipteres" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Ministere de la Marine et de l'Instruction Publique" year="1888">Bigot (1888: 15)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but apparently from Greek 'ανΘΡακίτης' or Latin '
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1A87C53EFFA5DB3B9" box="[1309,1424,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">anthracite</emphasis>
|
||
', meaning 'coal–like'; no doubt in reference to colour of the male and, less so, the female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFE8FFF1ADA653A7FB9BB1A4" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE8FFF1ADA653A7FBF3B215" blockId="26.[151,1438,152,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1ADA653A7FEDEB3F1" bold="true" box="[199,275,1231,1256]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<typeStatus id="CA53887EFFE8FFF1ADA653A7FEC2B3F1" box="[199,271,1231,1256]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Types</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="CA53887EFFE8FFF1AC3553B8FE76B3F1" box="[340,443,1232,1256]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female is housed in the Natural History Museum, London, along with a male and a female
|
||
<typeStatus id="CA53887EFFE8FFF1AD8B539CFE4CB215" box="[234,385,1268,1292]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE8FFF1ACEC539CFD29B215" author="Crosskey, R. W. & Lowry, C. A." box="[397,740,1268,1292]" editor="Townsend, B. C." journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="201 - 235" part="7" refString="Crosskey, R. W. & Lowry, C. A. (1990) Simuliidae. In: Townsend, B. C. (Collator), A catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History). Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, 7, pp. 201 - 235." title="Simuliidae" type="journal article" volumeTitle="(Collator), A catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies in the British Museum (Natural History)" year="1990">Crosskey & Lowry 1990: 203</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Details of labeling unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE8FFF1ADA6527FFB9BB1A4" blockId="26.[151,1438,152,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1ADA6527FFE73B229" bold="true" box="[199,446,1303,1328]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Five tubes of
|
||
<collectionCode id="73F9AE19FFE8FFF1AFF65270FD2CB229" box="[663,737,1304,1328]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">ETOH</collectionCode>
|
||
material. Larvae, pupae, males, females. Label data:- [Paraustrosimuium/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE8FFF1ACE15254FDC3B24D" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[384,526,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">anthracinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ (Bigot)/ det. Coscarón 84] [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D72CF83EFFE8FFF1AE065254FBA8B24D" box="[871,1125,1340,1364]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE8FFF1AE065254FC11B24D" box="[871,988,1340,1364]" name="Argentina" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D72CF83EFFE8FFF1AE885254FBA8B24D" box="[1001,1125,1340,1364]" country="Argentina" name="Rio Negro" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Rio Negro</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
/ Bariloche
|
||
<date id="6156101CFFE8FFF1A9905254FA9DB24D" box="[1265,1360,1340,1364]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" value="1984-09-11">11-ix-84</date>
|
||
/ Coll. Coscarón] [Ex-Davies Collection,/ McMaster. 2011] [
|
||
<collectionCode id="73F9AE19FFE8FFF1AE465208FCB7B261" box="[807,890,1376,1400]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">UASM</collectionCode>
|
||
#/ 370852]. Larvae (damaged). Label data:- [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE8FFF1ADFA52ECFDDCB285" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[155,529,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ Kerguen, Ao, Castillo,
|
||
<date id="6156101CFFE8FFF1AE2552ECFC56B285" box="[836,923,1412,1436]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" value="84-09-21">21.9.84</date>
|
||
] [Ex-Davies Collection,/ McMaster. 2011] [
|
||
<collectionCode id="73F9AE19FFE8FFF1ADFC52C0FF3DB2D9" box="[157,240,1448,1472]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">UASM</collectionCode>
|
||
#/ 370853]. Larvae (damaged). Label data:- [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE8FFF1AF9252C0FC04B2D9" box="[755,969,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraustrosimulium</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE8FFF1AEAE52C0FBACB2D9" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[975,1121,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">anthracinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ (Bigot)/ det. H. Gyorkos - '85] [Bariloche, Ao Villa/ Con Bosca.
|
||
<date id="6156101CFFE8FFF1AF1352A4FD11B2FD" box="[626,732,1484,1508]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" value="1984-09-19">19.ix. 84</date>
|
||
/ Col. Coscarón] [Ex-Davies Collection,/ McMaster. 2011] [
|
||
<collectionCode id="73F9AE19FFE8FFF1ADFC5298FF3DB111" box="[157,240,1520,1544]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">UASM</collectionCode>
|
||
#/ 370854]. Males & females. Label data:- [Paraustrosimuium/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE8FFF1AEAE5298FB90B111" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[975,1117,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">anthracinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ (Bigot)/ det. Coscarón 92] [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE8FFF1ADFD517CFF2CB135" box="[156,225,1556,1580]" name="Chile" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D72CF83EFFE8FFF1AD8C517CFEBDB135" box="[237,368,1556,1580]" country="Chile" name="Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Magallanes</collectingRegion>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE8FFF1AC1F517CFE6BB135" box="[382,422,1556,1580]" name="Iceland" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
Deslit/
|
||
<date id="6156101CFFE8FFF1AF62517CFD94B135" box="[515,601,1556,1580]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" value="1982-11-09">9-xi-82</date>
|
||
. Col. Lanfranco] [
|
||
<collectionCode id="73F9AE19FFE8FFF1AE48517CFCB1B135" box="[809,892,1556,1580]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">UASM</collectionCode>
|
||
#/ 370855]. Larvae, pupae, male, female. Label data:- [Paraustrosimuium/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE8FFF1ACA95150FD9BB149" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[456,598,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">anthracinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ (Bigot)/ det. Coscarón 82] [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE8FFF1AEC65150FC21B149" box="[935,1004,1592,1616]" name="Chile" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Chiloe/ rio Melitaba/ e/Huillinco/ y/ Chonchi/
|
||
<date id="6156101CFFE8FFF1AC715134FEBDB16D" box="[272,368,1628,1652]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" value="1992-11-30">30-xi-92</date>
|
||
/ Col. Coscarón] [
|
||
<collectionCode id="73F9AE19FFE8FFF1AF3B5134FD60B16D" box="[602,685,1628,1652]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">UASM</collectionCode>
|
||
#/ 370856]. Slides, fourteen, all stages:- [
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1A9A45135FA59B16D" box="[1221,1428,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Paraustrosimuium</emphasis>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE8FFF1ADF65117FEEBB181" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[151,294,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1ADF65117FEEBB181" box="[151,294,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE8FFF1AC2151E8FE4FB181" box="[320,386,1664,1688]" name="Chile" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
/ Rio Melitaba y/ Chonchi/
|
||
<date id="6156101CFFE8FFF1AFAE51E8FCE2B181" box="[719,815,1664,1688]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" value="1992-11-30">30-xi-92</date>
|
||
/ Col. S. Coscarón] [
|
||
<collectionCode id="73F9AE19FFE8FFF1A94951E8FBB6B181" box="[1064,1147,1664,1688]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">UASM</collectionCode>
|
||
#/ 370891-370904]; one, female [[
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE8FFF1AD9651CCFEF0B1A5" box="[247,317,1700,1724]" name="Chile" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D72CF83EFFE8FFF1AC2651CCFE07B1A5" box="[327,458,1700,1724]" country="Chile" name="Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Magallanes</collectingRegion>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE8FFF1ACB651CCFDCDB1A5" box="[471,512,1700,1724]" name="Iceland" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
Deslit/
|
||
<date id="6156101CFFE8FFF1AF3951CCFD63B1A5" box="[600,686,1700,1724]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" value="1982-11-09">9-xi-82</date>
|
||
. Coll. Lanfranco] [
|
||
<collectionCode id="73F9AE19FFE8FFF1AEE051CCFC19B1A5" box="[897,980,1700,1724]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">UASM</collectionCode>
|
||
#/ 370905].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFE8FFF1ADA651AFFB37B031" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE8FFF1ADA651AFFB37B031" blockId="26.[151,1438,152,2013]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1ADA651AFFEADB1F9" bold="true" box="[199,352,1735,1760]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Widespread in southern South American Andes—Wygodzinsky &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE8FFF1A93251A0FAC3B1F9" author="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S." box="[1107,1294,1736,1760]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="129 - 200" part="151" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/598" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S. (1973) A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 151, 129 - 200. Available from: http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 598 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="1973">Coscarón (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
give details. In short, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE8FFF1AC405184FE93B01D" box="[289,350,1772,1796]" name="Chile" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE8FFF1AC065185FDD8B01C" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[359,533,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1AC065185FDD8B01C" box="[359,533,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends from northern Terra del Fuego, northwards to Malleco. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE8FFF1A8475184FA57B01D" box="[1318,1434,1772,1796]" name="Argentina" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Argentine</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from Islas de los Estado off the coast of Terra del Fuego, northwards to southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D72CF83EFFE8FFF1A9435079FB3BB031" box="[1058,1270,1808,1832]" country="Argentina" name="Neuquen" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Neuquen Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFE8FFF0ADA6505CFF3DB691" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE8FFF0ADA6505CFDC1B7E1" blockId="26.[151,1438,152,2013]" lastBlockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1ADA6505CFE87B054" bold="true" box="[199,330,1844,1869]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Bionomics.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE8FFF1AC30505CFD06B054" author="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S." box="[337,715,1844,1869]" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Insects" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="235 - 244" part="4" publicationUrl="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pi/pdf/4(1)-235.pdf" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S. (1962) On the relationship and zoogeographic significance of Austrosimulium anthracinum (Bigot), a blackfly from southern South America (Diptera: Simuliidae). Pacific Insects, 4, 235 - 244. Available from: http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / pi / pdf / 4 (1) - 235. pdf (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="On the relationship and zoogeographic significance of Austrosimulium anthracinum (Bigot), a blackfly from southern South America (Diptera: Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="1962">Wygodzinsky & Coscarón (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
note that for their material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE8FFF1A97C505DFB05B054" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[1053,1224,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1A97C505DFB05B054" box="[1053,1224,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the aquatic stages were found attached to dead vegetation trailing in the water of a large stream, near the edge and just below the surface—the population was monospecific. Specimens reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE8FFF1AEDB5014FB5DB08C" author="Dumbleton, L. J." box="[954,1168,1916,1941]" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Science" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="543 - 548" part="5" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1960) Larval Simuliidae (Diptera) from Navarino Island, Terra del Fuego. New Zealand Journal of Science, 5, 543 - 548." title="Larval Simuliidae (Diptera) from Navarino Island, Terra del Fuego" type="journal article" year="1960">Dumbleton (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Navarino Island similarly came from a large stream, however, those collected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE8FFF1AE0B50C8FB98B0A0" author="Wygodzinsky, P." box="[874,1109,1952,1977]" journalOrPublisher="Anales Instituto Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional Tucuman" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="293 - 320" part="3" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. (1953) Sobre algunos simulidos argentinos (Diptera). Anales Instituto Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional Tucuman, 3, 293 - 320." title="Sobre algunos simulidos argentinos (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1953">Wygodzinsky (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
some
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFE8FFF1A9FE50C8FAC4B0A1" box="[1183,1289,1952,1976]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="km" value="1200.0">1,200 km</quantity>
|
||
farther north in the Province of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D72CF83EFFE8FFF1AC0850ACFE29B0C5" box="[361,484,1988,2012]" country="Argentina" name="Rio Negro" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Rio Negro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE8FFF1AC8E50ACFDAEB0C5" box="[495,611,1988,2012]" name="Argentina" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Argentine</collectingCountry>
|
||
, were obtained from smaller water courses.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE8FFF1A93750ACFA90B0C5" author="Hernandez, L. M. & Montes de Oca, F. & Penn, M. & Massaferro, J. & Garre, A. & Brooks, S. J." box="[1110,1373,1988,2013]" journalOrPublisher="Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" pagination="193 - 200" part="68" refString="Hernandez, L. M., Montes de Oca, F., Penn, M., Massaferro, J., Garre, A. & Brooks, S. J. (2009) " Jejenes " (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Nahuel Huapi National Park, Patagonia, Argentina: Preliminary results. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 68, 193 - 200." title="Jejenes " (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Nahuel Huapi National Park, Patagonia, Argentina: Preliminary results" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Hernández
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE8FFF1A9B650ADFAC4B0C4" box="[1239,1289,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 196) record larvae from a murky water stream on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFE9FFF0AFC057F0FD07B7A9" box="[673,714,152,176]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
Victoria, Lake Guillelmo, near Bariloche and the few females collected from that region were not markedly anthropophilic. Coscarón & Coscarón Arias (2007) noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A8E657D5FEEBB7E1" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A8E657D5FEEBB7E1" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was anthropophilic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE9FFF0ADA6566CFF3DB691" blockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
Dates of collections by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE9FFF0ACB5566CFC46B605" author="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S." box="[468,907,260,284]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="129 - 200" part="151" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/598" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S. (1973) A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 151, 129 - 200. Available from: http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 598 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="1973">Wygodzinsky & Coscarón (1973: 192)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
ranged from October to February. This covers the Southern Hemisphere spring and early summer, but there is no information regarding water temperatures, nor altitude as such. Some of the collections included all stages, so
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AE085625FBD8B67C" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[873,1045,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AE085625FBD8B67C" box="[873,1045,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would appear to be a multivoltine species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFE9FFF0ADA656FCFCCBB501" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE9FFF0ADA656FCFCCBB501" blockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADA656FCFEF6B6B4" bold="true" box="[199,315,404,429]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Given the wide–ranging distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AF9C56FDFC68B6B4" baseAuthorityName="Bigot" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[765,933,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AF9C56FDFC68B6B4" box="[765,933,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, variation between populations is perhaps to be expected. The earlier descriptions give variation in numbers of terminal spines on the male gonostyli and we see differences in the width of the female frons (see above). A more detailed examination of the species, involving molecular analysis will probably reveal cryptic species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFE9FFCEADA6554CFDEBB093" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="488" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE9FFF0ADA6554CFC14B5D5" blockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADA6554CFE20B524" bold="true" box="[199,493,548,573]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Character comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
We here make character-state comparisons between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A90B554CFA8CB524" box="[1130,1345,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A90B554CFA8CB524" box="[1130,1345,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as re- defined) and related simuliids. While it is beyond the scope of this paper to undertake a comprehensive character analysis of austral simuliids, the following discussion of states provide the basis for identifying possible synapomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AC1F55E7FD98B5B1" box="[382,597,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC1F55E7FD98B5B1" box="[382,597,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and for offering remarks about its close relationship to other taxa, in particular
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AC6855DCFE74B5D4" box="[265,441,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC6855DCFE74B5D4" box="[265,441,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, “
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ACB555DCFD54B5D4" box="[468,665,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ACB555DCFDF6B5D4" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[468,571,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cnephia</taxonomicName>
|
||
” pilfreyi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AFAE55DDFC14B5D5" box="[719,985,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AFAE55DDFC1BB5D5" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[719,982,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atroparva">Cnesiamima atroparva</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE9FFF0ADA655B0FE7CB4BD" blockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
Adults.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC7E55B0FEA3B5F6" box="[287,366,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Antenn</emphasis>
|
||
a: An antenna with 9 flagellomeres is inferred to be the ground plan condition in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A84255B0FA51B5E9" box="[1315,1436,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the distribution of that character-state throughout the family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE9FFF0AEC45594FBBCB40D" author="Adler, P. H. & Currie, D. C. & Wood, D. M." bookContentInfo="941 pp." box="[933,1137,764,789]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Ontario Museum and Comstock University Press, Ithaca" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. & Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies of (Simuliidae) of North America. Royal Ontario Museum and Comstock University Press, Ithaca, 941 pp." title="The Black Flies of (Simuliidae) of North America" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Adler
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AE915595FBEAB40C" box="[1008,1063,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A9E25594FAFEB40C" box="[1155,1331,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A9E25594FAFEB40C" box="[1155,1331,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically has only 8 flagellomeres (rarely nine), as do the three species now assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A9555477FAC6B421" box="[1076,1291,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A9555477FAC6B421" box="[1076,1291,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In fact, the shared presence of 8 flagellomeres was the main criterion by which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE9FFF0AE92542CFB62B445" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1011,1199,836,860]" editor="Part II." journalOrPublisher="Nematocera. British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="121 - 154" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1931) Simuliidae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part II. Fascicle 4. Nematocera. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 121 - 154." title="Simuliidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile" year="1931">Edwards (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
originally assigned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ADF6540FFEBAB499" authority="Bigot" authorityName="Bigot" box="[151,375,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADF6540FFEEBB499" box="[151,294,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
Bigot
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ACD5540FFDA9B499" box="[436,612,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ACD5540FFDA9B499" box="[436,612,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both “
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AFB4540FFC6AB499" box="[725,935,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AFB4540FFCF1B499" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[725,828,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cnephia</taxonomicName>
|
||
” pilfreyi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AE975400FAC8B499" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1014,1285,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atroparva">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AE975400FAC8B499" box="[1014,1285,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Cnesiamima atroparva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit the plesiomorphic condition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE9FFF0ADA654D9FDD5B3B9" blockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADA654D9FEC4B4D1" box="[199,265,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Frons</emphasis>
|
||
: Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ACC854C7FD94B4D1" authority="Craig & Moulton & Currie, 2017" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[425,601,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ACC854C7FD94B4D1" box="[425,601,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3CAF57B5FFE9FFF0AF0754D8FD56B4D1" box="[614,667,944,968]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" sensu="stricto">s.str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
have a markedly broad frons, with the lateral margins diverging dorsally.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AD9F54BCFDA1B4F4" box="[254,620,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AD9F54BCFDA1B4F4" box="[254,620,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a narrower frons, but with similar margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0A9F154BCFB2BB4F5" box="[1168,1254,980,1004]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 87</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A99D54BDFA97B4F4" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[1276,1370,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A99D54BDFA97B4F4" box="[1276,1370,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0A80C54BCFF6BB309" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1940,1963]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[195,1397,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (1) Habitus. Reared. ETOH. Arrow indicates lateral cervicales. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (2) Head. Frontal view. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Mandible. Note teeth on both sides. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (6) Lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051838/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) also has a comparatively narrow frons, but with margins not as divergent;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A9635491FB4EB309" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[1026,1155,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A9635491FB4EB309" box="[1026,1155,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has by far the narrowest frons of the three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AC3D5374FDFEB32C" box="[348,563,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC3D5374FDFEB32C" box="[348,563,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, with its lateral margins subparallel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0A9445374FBB7B32C" box="[1061,1146,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,221,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 50. Paraustrosimulium obcidens female. (45) Habitus. ETOH. (Deeside Coast Road). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (46) Head. Frontal view. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (47) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (48) Maxillary palp & lacinia. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (49) Mandible. Note teeth on both sides. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (50) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051854/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE9FFF0A9EC5374FED6B341" author="Mackerras, M. J. & Mackerras, I. M." journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Scientific Research. Series B, Biological Sciences" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="231 - 270" part="1" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1071/BI9480231" refString="Mackerras, M. J. & Mackerras, I. M. (1948) Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland. Australian Journal of Scientific Research. Series B, Biological Sciences, 1, 231 - 270. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / BI 9480231" title="Simuliidae (Diptera) from Queensland" type="journal article" year="1948">Mackerras & Mackerras (1948: 248)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated (their
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0ACBF5328FDEDB341" box="[478,544,1088,1112]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 11" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 11. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (7) Cibarium. (Partly reconstructed). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (8) Wing veins. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (9) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (10) Metathoracic furcasterum. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (11) Basitarsus, calcipala & pedisulcus. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051840/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) the female heads of
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AE755328FCE8B34E" box="[788,805,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">A</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AE5D5357FBDBB341" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1972" box="[828,1046,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Novaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AE5D5357FBDBB341" box="[828,1046,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A9E15328FAC9B341" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[1152,1284,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bancrofti">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A9E15328FAC9B341" box="[1152,1284,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">A. bancrofti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A8725328FA58B341" authorityName="Mackerras & Mackerras" authorityYear="1948" box="[1299,1429,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pestilens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A8725328FA58B341" box="[1299,1429,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">A. pestilens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ADF6530CFED1B365" baseAuthorityName="Skuse" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[151,284,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furiosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADF6530CFED1B365" box="[151,284,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">A. furiosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AC39530CFE15B364" authorityName="Mackerras & Mackerras" authorityYear="1948" box="[344,472,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC39530CFE15B364" box="[344,472,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">A. mirabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These are considerably closer in expression to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A967530CFB10B364" box="[1030,1245,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A967530CFB10B364" box="[1030,1245,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ADF653EFFDDEB3B9" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,531,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADF653EFFE8AB3B9" box="[151,327,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC3653EFFDCAB3B9" box="[343,519,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE9FFF0ADA653C4FF37B285" blockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADA653C4FE7FB3DC" box="[199,434,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Mandible of female</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ACA853C4FDB4B3DC" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[457,633,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ACA853C4FDB4B3DC" box="[457,633,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females have mandibular teeth only on the inner apical surface.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ADF653A7FEA3B3F1" box="[151,366,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADF653A7FEA3B3F1" box="[151,366,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female mandibles have teeth on both sides of the apex, albeit poorly developed on the outer edge (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADBF539DFECAB215" box="[222,263,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0AC71539CFEACB214" box="[272,353,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1940,1963]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[195,1397,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (1) Habitus. Reared. ETOH. Arrow indicates lateral cervicales. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (2) Head. Frontal view. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Mandible. Note teeth on both sides. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (6) Lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051838/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0AC0E539CFE42B215" box="[367,399,1268,1292]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,221,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 50. Paraustrosimulium obcidens female. (45) Habitus. ETOH. (Deeside Coast Road). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (46) Head. Frontal view. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (47) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (48) Maxillary palp & lacinia. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (49) Mandible. Note teeth on both sides. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (50) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051854/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">49</figureCitation>
|
||
); the mandible apex is also broadly triangular apically, unlike those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A9A5539CFAB9B214" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[1220,1396,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A9A5539CFAB9B214" box="[1220,1396,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In their description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AC145271FCC0B229" authority=", Davies & Gyorkos (1988)" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[373,781,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC145271FE12B229" box="[373,479,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. colboi,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFE9FFF0AC865270FCC0B229" author="Davies, D. M. & Gyorkos, H." box="[487,781,1304,1328]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" pagination="105 - 115" part="27" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1988.tb01156.x" refString="Davies, D. M. & Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" title="Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies & Györkös (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
noted that teeth were present only on the inner surface of the mandible; however, given the poor quality of the material at their disposal, the outer teeth could easily have been overlooked. Mandibles of the females of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AFDA5237FCD7B261" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[699,794,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AFDA5237FCD7B261" box="[699,794,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AE515237FC4DB261" box="[816,896,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AEDB5208FB73B261" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[954,1214,1376,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atroparva">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AEDB5208FB73B261" box="[954,1214,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Cnesiamima atroparva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have teeth on both margins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE9FFF0ADA652C2FB68B19B" blockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADA652C2FEA2B2DA" box="[199,367,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Maxillary palp</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AC1C52C2FD3AB2DA" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[381,759,1450,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC1C52C2FDE0B2DA" box="[381,557,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AF5F52C2FD23B2DA" box="[574,750,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females tend to have the 3rd and 4th palpomeres more or less subequal in length, with the 5th palpomere 1.5x longer than the 4th.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AEC552B9FB06B2F3" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[932,1227,1489,1514]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AEC552B9FB06B2F3" box="[932,1227,1489,1514]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a similar condition (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0AC6F5291FE9EB108" box="[270,339,1529,1553]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1940,1963]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[195,1397,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (1) Habitus. Reared. ETOH. Arrow indicates lateral cervicales. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (2) Head. Frontal view. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Mandible. Note teeth on both sides. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (6) Lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051838/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ACAB5291FD84B108" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[458,585,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ACAB5291FD84B108" box="[458,585,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a semispherical 3rd palpomere, a markedly small 4th palpomere, and with the 5th palpomere subequal in length to the 3rd (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0AFCF5177FCC8B12E" box="[686,773,1567,1591]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,221,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 50. Paraustrosimulium obcidens female. (45) Habitus. ETOH. (Deeside Coast Road). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (46) Head. Frontal view. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (47) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (48) Maxillary palp & lacinia. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (49) Mandible. Note teeth on both sides. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (50) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051854/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
). The palp of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AEC75177FAD9B121" box="[934,1300,1567,1592]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AEC75177FAD9B121" box="[934,1300,1567,1592]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0A8455177FAB4B12E" box="[1316,1401,1567,1591]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 89</figureCitation>
|
||
) is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AC37512FFE79B147" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[342,436,1605,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC37512FFE79B147" box="[342,436,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ACA4512DFCA4B147" authority="(Novaustrosimulium)" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" baseAuthorityName="Novaustrosimulium" box="[453,873,1605,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ACA4512DFDB8B147" box="[453,629,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AFE4512DFC92B147" box="[645,863,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females have a markedly narrowed 3rd palpomere, subequal in length to each of the more distal ones—a likely synapomorphy of that subgenus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE9FFF0ADA651E5FCA8B1F7" blockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADA651E5FE55B1BF" box="[199,408,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Cervical sclerites</emphasis>
|
||
: All simuliid adult possess lateral cervical sclerites posteriorly on the neck. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ADF651DAFEA3B1D2" box="[151,366,1714,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADF651DAFEA3B1D2" box="[151,366,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they are accentuated—markedly so in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AE4A51DBFC61B1D2" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[811,940,1714,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AE4A51DBFC61B1D2" box="[811,940,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0AEDA51DAFBC2B1D2" box="[955,1039,1714,1739]" captionStart="FIGURES 45 – 50" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[154,1427,221,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 45 – 50. Paraustrosimulium obcidens female. (45) Habitus. ETOH. (Deeside Coast Road). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (46) Head. Frontal view. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (47) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (48) Maxillary palp & lacinia. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (49) Mandible. Note teeth on both sides. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (50) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051854/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A93151DBFB31B1D2" box="[1104,1276,1714,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A93151DBFB31B1D2" box="[1104,1276,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0A86D51DAFAAEB1D2" box="[1292,1379,1714,1739]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 86</figureCitation>
|
||
). We consider this character state to be a synapomorphy of the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE9FFF0ADA65192FAE7B043" blockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADA65192FE5DB00A" box="[199,400,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Antepronotal lobe</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ACFF5193FD9AB00A" box="[414,599,1786,1811]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="colboi">
|
||
Neither
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC985193FD9AB00A" box="[505,599,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0AF065192FD65B00B" box="[615,680,1786,1810]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1940,1963]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[195,1397,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (1) Habitus. Reared. ETOH. Arrow indicates lateral cervicales. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (2) Head. Frontal view. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Mandible. Note teeth on both sides. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (6) Lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051838/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) nor
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AF875193FCA8B00A" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[742,869,1786,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AF875193FCA8B00A" box="[742,869,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs. 43, 45) have noticeably hirsute antepronotal lobes, whereas those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ACC35077FD84B02F" box="[418,585,1821,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ACC35077FD84B02F" box="[418,585,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are markedly so, along with the postocciput of the head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0A9AC5076FA9BB02F" box="[1229,1366,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURES 86 – 91" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,195,1911]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 86 – 91. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Figs. 86, 87</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character is not well surveyed across austral simuliid taxa and is currently of limited phylogenetic value.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFE9FFF7ADA6500FFA9EB7E7" blockId="27.[151,1438,152,2029]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1438,151,1991]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="479" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ADA6500FFF32B067" box="[199,255,1895,1918]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Wing</emphasis>
|
||
: Spiniform setae on the costa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AFF5500FFC89B067" box="[660,836,1893,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AFF5500FFC89B067" box="[660,836,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are densely packed along the distal half, although relatively fine in expression (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0ACBC50E2FDFFB0BB" box="[477,562,1930,1954]" captionStart="FIGURES 92 – 96" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 92 – 96. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (92) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (93) Wing veins. Arrow indicates spiniform setae on R 1. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (94) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (95) Basitarsus & calcipala. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (96) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051872/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 93</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AF2650E3FD0AB0BA" box="[583,711,1930,1955]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="colboi">
|
||
In
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AF0450E3FD0AB0BA" box="[613,711,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AF9C50E3FCB0B0BA" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[765,893,1930,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AF9C50E3FCB0B0BA" box="[765,893,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the spiniform setae are more widely-spaced and substantial (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AC7E50C7FE8DB0DF" box="[287,320,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0AC2F50C6FE5CB0DF" box="[334,401,1966,1990]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 11" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 11. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (7) Cibarium. (Partly reconstructed). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (8) Wing veins. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (9) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (10) Metathoracic furcasterum. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (11) Basitarsus, calcipala & pedisulcus. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051840/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0ACC650C5FCD9B0DF" box="[423,788,1965,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0ACC650C5FCD9B0DF" box="[423,788,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has spinous hairs on the distal portion of the R1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFE9FFF0A85B50C6FA42B0DF" box="[1338,1423,1966,1990]" captionStart="FIGURES 92 – 96" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 92 – 96. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (92) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (93) Wing veins. Arrow indicates spiniform setae on R 1. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (94) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (95) Basitarsus & calcipala. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (96) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051872/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Fig. 92</figureCitation>
|
||
), as does
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0AD9950BEFE32B0F4" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[248,511,2006,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atroparva">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0AD9950BEFE32B0F4" box="[248,511,2006,2029]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Cnesiamima atroparva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Such spines are absent from the other two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFE9FFF0A9F050BCFAA5B0F4" box="[1169,1384,2004,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFE9FFF0A9F050BCFAA5B0F4" box="[1169,1384,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7ADF657FFFE8AB7A9" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,327,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADF657FFFE8AB7A9" box="[151,327,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AC3457FFFDB4B7A9" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[341,633,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AC3457FFFDB4B7A9" box="[341,633,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Paraustrosimulium colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AFCF57F1FCE3B7A9" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[686,814,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AFCF57F1FCE3B7A9" box="[686,814,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the apices of veins R1 and Rs closely appressed or fused before joining C, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AC8C57D6FD50B7CE" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[493,669,190,215]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AC8C57D6FD50B7CE" box="[493,669,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The apices of veins R1 and Rs are not as closely appressed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A8E657A8FEEBB7E7" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A8E657A8FEEBB7E7" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the latter vein deflects markedly towards the anterior margin shortly beyond its base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEEFFF7ADA65662FD12B697" blockId="28.[151,1438,151,1991]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADA65662FE8CB638" box="[199,321,266,289]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Leg Spines</emphasis>
|
||
: The ventral row of stout spines that typically occur on the hind basitarsus is absent from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A8525662FA58B63B" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[1331,1429,265,290]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A8525662FA58B63B" box="[1331,1429,265,290]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7ADF65646FED7B65F" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,282,301,326]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADF65646FED7B65F" box="[151,282,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AC4C5646FE9BB65C" box="[301,342,302,325]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEEFFF7AC005646FE7EB65F" box="[353,435,302,326]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 11" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 11. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (7) Cibarium. (Partly reconstructed). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (8) Wing veins. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (9) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (10) Metathoracic furcasterum. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (11) Basitarsus, calcipala & pedisulcus. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051840/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) and members of the
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AFDB5645FCFFB65F" box="[698,818,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">ungulatum</emphasis>
|
||
–species group of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFEEFFF7A96B5646FB6EB65F" box="[1034,1187,302,326]" name="New Zealand" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A9CF5645FAABB65F" box="[1198,1382,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A9CF5645FAAFB65F" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[1198,1378,301,326]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austrosimulium</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The spines are present in most members of the
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF185639FD37B673" box="[633,762,337,362]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">australense</emphasis>
|
||
–species group and in
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE96563AFB67B673" box="[1015,1194,337,362]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AE96563AFB6BB673" box="[1015,1190,337,362]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">P. anthracinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
although in the latter species are longer and finer than is typical (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEEFFF7AF1C561EFD1FB697" box="[637,722,373,398]" captionStart="FIGURES 92 – 96" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 92 – 96. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (92) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (93) Wing veins. Arrow indicates spiniform setae on R 1. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (94) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (95) Basitarsus & calcipala. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (96) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051872/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEEFFF7ADA656F1FBADB427" blockId="28.[151,1438,151,1991]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADA656F1FE02B6AB" box="[199,463,409,434]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Tarsal claw basal tooth</emphasis>
|
||
: Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AF0056F1FC6EB6AB" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[609,931,409,434]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF0056F1FC6EB6AB" box="[609,931,409,434]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Paraustrosimulium obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AEBB56F2FB49B6AB" box="[986,1156,409,434]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AEBB56F2FB49B6AB" box="[986,1156,409,434]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
each have a tooth that is markedly expressed, blunt, and with a distinct notch between the tooth and heel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEEFFF7A94256D6FB4EB6CF" box="[1059,1155,445,470]" captionStart="FIGURES 51 – 55" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[202,1398,219,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[202,1398,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 51 – 55. Paraustrosimulium obcidens female. (51) Wing. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (52) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (53) Calcipala & pedisulcus. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (54) Tarsal claws. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (55) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051856/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Figs. 54</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEEFFF7A9EE56D5FB62B6CF" box="[1167,1199,445,470]" captionStart="FIGURES 92 – 96" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[211,1386,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 92 – 96. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. (92) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (93) Wing veins. Arrow indicates spiniform setae on R 1. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (94) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (95) Basitarsus & calcipala. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (96) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051872/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">96</figureCitation>
|
||
). The female claw of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7ADF6568AFE52B6E0" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[151,415,482,505]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atroparva">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADF6568AFE52B6E0" box="[151,415,482,505]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Cnesiamima atroparva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is markedly similar in overall form. In contrast, the tooth in females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A874568AFAB4B6E3" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[1301,1401,481,506]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A874568AFAB4B6E3" box="[1301,1401,481,506]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is essentially absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEEFFF7AC11556EFE0AB507" box="[368,455,518,542]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[206,1379,193,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (12) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (13) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (14) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (15) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (16) Spermatheca (flattened) Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051842/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The claw tooth in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFEEFFF7AFD6556EFC9DB507" box="[695,848,518,542]" name="New Zealand" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AE3B556DFBC7B507" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[858,1034,517,542]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE3B556DFBC7B507" box="[858,1034,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present only in members of the
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADF65541FEC2B55B" box="[151,271,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">ungulatum</emphasis>
|
||
species-group, although not as markedly developed as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AEF45542FBD8B55B" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[917,1045,553,578]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AEF45542FBD8B55B" box="[917,1045,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A92B5542FB39B55B" box="[1098,1268,553,578]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A92B5542FB39B55B" box="[1098,1268,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and with only certain species having a notch between the tooth and heel. This
|
||
<typeStatus id="CA53887EFFEEFFF7AEEA5526FC76B57C" box="[907,955,590,613]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of claw is also present in the Australian species of the
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AC565519FE62B593" box="[311,431,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">ungulatum</emphasis>
|
||
species-group (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF03551AFD4EB590" box="[610,643,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AFF9551AFCB1B593" authority="Tonnoir" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1925" box="[664,892,626,650]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AFF9551AFCEDB590" box="[664,800,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">A. crassipes</emphasis>
|
||
Tonnoir
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AEEB551AFBB5B593" authority="Tonnoir" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1925" box="[906,1144,626,650]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornutum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AEEB551AFBD8B590" box="[906,1045,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">A. cornutum</emphasis>
|
||
Tonnoir
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A8245519FA51B593" box="[1349,1436,625,650]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirable">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A8245519FA51B593" box="[1349,1436,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">mirable</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AC2255FEFEA6B5B4" box="[323,363,662,685]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AC1255FEFDD6B5B7" box="[371,539,661,686]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirable" subGenus="Austrosimulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AC1255FEFE46B5B4" box="[371,395,662,685]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ACFA55FEFE61B5B4" box="[411,428,662,685]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ACA555FDFDD6B5B7" box="[452,539,661,686]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">mirable</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AF4855FEFD3DB5B4" box="[553,752,662,686]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanum" subGenus="Austrosimulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF4855FEFDF7B5B4" box="[553,570,662,685]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">A</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF3355FEFDAEB5B4" box="[594,611,662,685]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF1B55FEFD3DB5B4" box="[634,752,662,685]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">montanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) possess a rather different claw from the others; specifically, a large basal tooth of different form that lacks both a notch and a heel. Species of subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A9A355D1FA51B5CB" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1972" box="[1218,1436,697,722]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Novaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A9A355D1FA51B5CB" box="[1218,1436,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically exhibit no expression of a tooth or heel, the only exception being
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AE9955B5FA87B5EC" authorityName="Mackerras & Mackerras" authorityYear="1955" box="[1016,1354,733,758]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnum" subGenus="N.">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE9955B5FB65B5EF" box="[1016,1192,733,758]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A9DA55B6FB18B5EC" box="[1211,1237,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">N.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A98655B6FA87B5EC" box="[1255,1354,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">magnum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A82B55B6FA83B5EC" box="[1354,1358,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">,</emphasis>
|
||
which possesses a small sharp tooth. Marked variation on basal tooth form makes this character suspect at higher phylogenetic levels, but has utility for characterizing groups of closely related species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEEFFF7ADA65421FBB3B39B" blockId="28.[151,1438,151,1991]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADA65421FE9FB47B" box="[199,338,841,866]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Genital fork</emphasis>
|
||
: The three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AF385421FCFDB47B" box="[601,816,841,866]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF385421FCFDB47B" box="[601,816,841,866]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have genital forks that are similar in overall form to those of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFEEFFF7AC495406FE0CB49F" box="[296,449,878,902]" name="New Zealand" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7ACAA5405FDB6B49F" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[459,635,877,902]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ACAA5405FDB6B49F" box="[459,635,877,902]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although expression in the latter is rather varied (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEEFFF7A9A55406FA5CB49F" author="Craig, D. A. & Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K." box="[1220,1425,877,902]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of New Zealand" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" pagination="1 - 336" part="68" publicationUrl="https://biotaxa.org/fnz/article/view/1840/3116" refString="Craig, D. A., Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K. (2012) Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 68, 1 - 336. Available from: https: // biotaxa. org / fnz / article / view / 1840 / 3116 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A86E5407FA8EB49F" box="[1295,1347,877,902]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other aspects of the genital fork, such as broad anterior arm, short broad lateral arms with variously expressed 'knee bends', small apodeme, and enlarged posterolateral lobes are similar to those of the
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A91754DDFB23B4D7" box="[1142,1262,949,974]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">ungulatum</emphasis>
|
||
–species group. Such also occurs in the
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ACC154B1FDDEB4EB" box="[416,531,985,1010]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7ACC154B1FDC8B4EB" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[416,517,985,1010]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bancrofti">bancrofti</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
species group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AFB354B1FC61B4EB" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1972" box="[722,940,985,1010]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Novaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AFB354B1FC61B4EB" box="[722,940,985,1010]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—but less so in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A9EB54B2FB23B4EB" baseAuthorityName="Skuse" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1162,1262,986,1010]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furiosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A9EB54B2FB23B4EB" box="[1162,1262,986,1010]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">furiosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–species group. These variations notwithstanding, the genital fork of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AF925495FC6EB30F" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[755,931,1021,1046]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF925495FC6EB30F" box="[755,931,1021,1046]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AEBD5495FB7EB30F" box="[988,1203,1021,1046]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AEBD5495FB7EB30F" box="[988,1203,1021,1046]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of all other simuliids by the combination of a lack of intense pigment and the comparatively short and wide anterior- and lateral arms. In contrast, the genital forks of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AFAE532DFCE3B347" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[719,814,1093,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AFAE532DFCE3B347" box="[719,814,1093,1118]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE22532DFC5EB347" box="[835,915,1093,1118]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AEAD532EFB02B344" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[972,1231,1094,1117]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atroparva">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AEAD532EFB02B344" box="[972,1231,1094,1117]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Cnesiamima atroparva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more distinctly pigmented and proportions of the anterior- and lateral arms are typical of other simuliids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEEFFF7ADA653E5FE62B2DF" blockId="28.[151,1438,151,1991]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADA653E5FE94B3BF" box="[199,345,1165,1190]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Spermatheca</emphasis>
|
||
: None of the three species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AFDB53E5FC5CB3BF" box="[698,913,1165,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AFDB53E5FC5CB3BF" box="[698,913,1165,1190]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have patterning on the spermathecal surface, and all have sparse internal acanthae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AF2053D9FC49B3D3" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[577,900,1201,1226]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF2053D9FC49B3D3" box="[577,900,1201,1226]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Paraustrosimulium obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has considerable pigmentation down the sperm duct, but no sculpting at the junction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEEFFF7AF3353BEFD67B3F7" box="[594,682,1237,1262]" captionStart="FIGURES 56 – 59" captionStartId="18.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[164,1428,193,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[164,1428,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURES 56 – 59. Paraustrosimulium obcidens female. FIGURES 60, 61. Paraustrosimulium obcidens male. (56) Hypopygial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (57) Genital fork (partially reconstructed). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (58) Spermatheca (flattened). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (59) Cercus and anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (60) Habitus of male. ETOH. (Styx River). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (61) Head. Frontal view. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051858/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AFA153BDFC2AB3F7" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[704,999,1237,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AFA153BDFC2AB3F7" box="[704,999,1237,1262]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Paraustrosimulium colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has pigmentation for a short distance along the spermathecal duct and minor sculpting of the junction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEEFFF7AEEF5392FC28B20B" box="[910,997,1273,1298]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[206,1379,193,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (12) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (13) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (14) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (15) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (16) Spermatheca (flattened) Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051842/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AE9D5391FAA1B20B" box="[1020,1388,1273,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE9D5391FAA1B20B" box="[1020,1388,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has neither pigmentation extended along the duct nor sculpting or clear area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEEFFF7AEBC5276FBF9B22F" box="[989,1076,1310,1334]" captionStart="FIGURES 97 – 101" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[203,1392,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 97 – 101. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum female. FIGURES 102. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum male. (97) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (98) Hypopygial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (99) Genital fork. Lightly stained with Chlorazol Black. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (100) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (101) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (102) Male habitus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051874/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig. 97</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most species of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFEEFFF7A8655276FA51B22F" box="[1284,1436,1310,1334]" name="New Zealand" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7ADF65229FE8AB243" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,327,1345,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADF65229FE8AB243" box="[151,327,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a clear area at the duct junction, the only exception being
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A95E522AFA80B243" authority="Dumbleton" authorityName="Dumbleton" box="[1087,1357,1346,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicorne">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A95E522AFB08B240" box="[1087,1221,1346,1369]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">A. unicorne</emphasis>
|
||
Dumbleton
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADF6520DFEC2B267" box="[151,271,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">ungulatum</emphasis>
|
||
–species group. For all Australian
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AFF1520DFC85B267" box="[656,840,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AFF1520DFC8EB267" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[656,835,1381,1406]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austrosimulium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
for which material is available, the spermathecae are smooth externally, lack acanthae, and have a large clear area at the duct junction with sculpting at the pigmented edge of the spermatheca.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEEFFF7ADA652BAFED4B14F" blockId="28.[151,1438,151,1991]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADA652BAFE0FB2F3" box="[199,450,1489,1514]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Cercus and anal lobe</emphasis>
|
||
: The cercus of all three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AF8A52B9FC0FB2F3" box="[747,962,1489,1514]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF8A52B9FC0FB2F3" box="[747,962,1489,1514]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is rounded apically—a common condition in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AC2C529EFE06B117" box="[333,459,1526,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The anal lobe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AF12529FFD19B117" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[627,724,1525,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF12529FFD19B117" box="[627,724,1525,1550]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AE6B529FFC44B117" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[778,905,1525,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE6B529FFC44B117" box="[778,905,1525,1550]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is angulate proximally, similar in form to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7ADD65171FEF1B12B" baseAuthorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[183,316,1561,1586]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gigantodax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADD65171FEF1B12B" box="[183,316,1561,1586]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Gigantodax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEEFFF7ACC45172FCD7B12B" author="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S." box="[421,794,1562,1586]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" pagination="1 - 269" part="189" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/935" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S. (1989) Revision of the black fly genus Gigantodax (Diptera: Simuliidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 189, 1 - 269. Available from: http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 935 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Revision of the black fly genus Gigantodax (Diptera: Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="1989">Wygodzinsky & Coscarón 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, the anal lobe of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A9165172FAE9B12B" box="[1143,1316,1561,1586]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A9165172FAE9B12B" box="[1143,1316,1561,1586]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is tapered proximally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEEFFF7ADA65109FDF0B0DE" blockId="28.[151,1438,151,1991]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADA65109FEB9B163" box="[199,372,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
: In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFEEFFF7ACD2510AFD9FB163" box="[435,594,1634,1658]" name="New Zealand" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AF035109FC28B163" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[610,997,1633,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF035109FCDFB163" box="[610,786,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE4D5109FC11B163" box="[812,988,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the parameres are either absent or represented at most by a slender twisted rod of cuticle. Further, parameral spines are entirely lacking from such species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEEFFF7AD9451CDFE71B1A4" author="Craig, D. A. & Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K." box="[245,444,1700,1725]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of New Zealand" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" pagination="1 - 336" part="68" publicationUrl="https://biotaxa.org/fnz/article/view/1840/3116" refString="Craig, D. A., Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K. (2012) Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 68, 1 - 336. Available from: https: // biotaxa. org / fnz / article / view / 1840 / 3116 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AC5F51CDFEBDB1A4" box="[318,368,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is little or no mention of these character states by Dumbleton or the Mackerras'; however, examination of Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AF5451ADFC7DB1C7" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[565,944,1733,1758]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF5451ADFD28B1C7" box="[565,741,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AF9651ADFC6AB1C7" box="[759,935,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A90351AFFB0FB1C7" box="[1122,1218,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">per. obs.</emphasis>
|
||
2014) reveals they are similar to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFEEFFF7AC5E5180FE17B1E6" box="[319,474,1767,1791]" name="New Zealand" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
species, as described above. The subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AE82518EFB70B1E6" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1972" box="[995,1213,1766,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Novaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE82518EFB70B1E6" box="[995,1213,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has a weakly expressed paramere, but small spines are present in members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AEEC5060FC3CB039" baseAuthorityName="Skuse" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[909,1009,1800,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furiosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AEEC5060FC3CB039" box="[909,1009,1800,1824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">furiosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–species group. These were illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFEEFFF7ADDA5042FCBDB05B" author="Mackerras, I. M. & Mackerras, M. J." box="[187,880,1834,1858]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" pagination="372 - 405" part="73" publicationUrl="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35069387" refString="Mackerras, I. M. & Mackerras, M. J. (1949) Revisional notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 73, 372 - 405. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35069387 # page / 454 / mode / 1 up (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Revisional notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1949" yearSuffix="c">
|
||
Mackerras & Mackerras (1949: 393. their
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFEEFFF7AFF95042FD39B05B" box="[664,756,1834,1858]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[206,1379,193,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (12) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (13) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (14) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (15) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (16) Spermatheca (flattened) Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051842/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig. 13c</figureCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AE455042FCBDB05B" authorityName="Tonnoir" authorityYear="1925" box="[804,880,1834,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassipes" subGenus="N.">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE455042FCF0B058" box="[804,829,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE2C5042FCADB058" box="[845,864,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">N</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE195042FC2DB058" box="[888,992,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">crassipes</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AE995042FBB0B05B" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[1016,1149,1833,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bancrofti">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AE995042FBB0B05B" box="[1016,1149,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">A. bancrofti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has small parameres, but lacks spines (DAC pers. obs.). The ventral plate of members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AEE55023FC25B07A" baseAuthorityName="Skuse" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[900,1000,1867,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furiosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AEE55023FC25B07A" box="[900,1000,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">furiosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–species group possess a keel, and thus resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AC075004FDF0B09C" box="[358,573,1900,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AC075004FDF0B09C" box="[358,573,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the angulate gonostyli are also shared between members of these two taxa. In contrast, the gonostyli of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7AC8950E5FCABB0BF" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[488,870,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AC8950E5FD55B0BF" box="[488,664,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7AFCC50E5FC90B0BF" box="[685,861,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7A90950E5FB03B0BF" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[1128,1230,1933,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bancrofti">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7A90950E5FB03B0BF" box="[1128,1230,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">bancrofti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–species group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEEFFF7ADF650C6FEBCB0DE" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,369,1966,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Novaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEEFFF7ADF650C6FEBCB0DE" box="[151,369,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more tapered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="41976654FFEFFFF6ADF650E4FCB4B0F9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051870/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="480" targetBox="[175,1433,195,1911]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEFFFF6ADF650E4FCB4B0F9" blockId="29.[151,1436,1932,2016]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEFFFF6ADF650E4FE9BB0B8" bold="true" box="[151,342,1932,1955]" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">FIGURES 86–91.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEFFFF6AC3F50E4FD67B0BB" box="[350,682,1932,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="480" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEFFFF6AC3F50E4FD67B0BB" box="[350,682,1932,1954]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="480">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female. (86) Habitus. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (87) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (88) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (89) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (90) Mandible apex, lacinia. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (91) Cibarium. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="41976654FFECFFF5ADF650F8FD0DB0FE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051872/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" targetBox="[211,1386,193,1921]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFECFFF5ADF650F8FD0DB0FE" blockId="30.[151,1436,1936,2023]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFECFFF5ADF650F8FE99B0BF" bold="true" box="[151,340,1936,1959]" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">FIGURES 92–96.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFECFFF5AC3B50F9FD68B0BE" box="[346,677,1937,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="481" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFECFFF5AC3B50F9FD68B0BE" box="[346,677,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="481">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female. (92) Wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (93) Wing veins. Arrow indicates spiniform setae on R1. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (94) Metathoracic furcasternum. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (95) Basitarsus & calcipala. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (96) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="41976654FFEDFFF4ADF6501EFDA8B0F0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051874/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" targetBox="[203,1392,193,1894]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFEDFFF4ADF6501EFDA8B0F0" blockId="31.[151,1436,1910,2025]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEDFFF4ADF6501EFEA8B095" bold="true" box="[151,357,1910,1933]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">FIGURES 97–101.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEDFFF4AC11501FFD72B094" box="[368,703,1911,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEDFFF4AC11501FFD72B094" box="[368,703,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEDFFF4AE40501EFC07B095" bold="true" box="[801,970,1910,1933]" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">FIGURES 102.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFEDFFF4AEB5501FFAEEB094" box="[980,1315,1911,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="482" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFEDFFF4AEB5501FFAEEB094" box="[980,1315,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="482">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male. (97) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (98) Hypopygial valves. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (99) Genital fork. Lightly stained with Chlorazol Black. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (100) Spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (101) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (102) Male habitus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="41976654FFD2FFCBADF652DEFA51B2F5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051876/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" targetBox="[151,1436,215,1442]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD2FFCBADF652DEFA51B2F5" blockId="32.[151,1436,1462,1516]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBADF652DEFEA2B2D5" bold="true" box="[151,367,1462,1485]" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">FIGURES 103–106.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBAC1952DFFD09B2D4" box="[376,708,1463,1485]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAC1952DFFD09B2D4" box="[376,708,1463,1485]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male. (103) Frontal view of head. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (104) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (105) Maxillary palp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (106) Calcipala and pedisulcus. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD2FFCAADA65171FC2BB67D" blockId="32.[151,1437,1560,2017]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1437,152,501]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="484" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">
|
||
Pupa.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAC6C5170FE8EB128" box="[269,323,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Gills</emphasis>
|
||
: The gills of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBACBC5171FDF2B128" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[477,575,1560,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBACBC5171FDF2B128" box="[477,575,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBAF165171FD3AB128" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[631,759,1560,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAF165171FD3AB128" box="[631,759,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 26, 70) are inflated, tubular, structures that are similar in form to those of
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAC1A5155FD4AB14C" box="[379,647,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBAC1A5155FD4EB14C" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[379,643,1597,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atroparva">Cnesiamima atroparva</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
except for the presence of sparse fine filaments in the latter species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD2FFCBADFD5109FDEDB160" author="Coscaron S." box="[156,544,1633,1657]" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Diptera, Fauna de agua dulce de la Republica Argentina" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" pagination="1 - 304" part="38" refString="Coscaron S. (1991) Simuliidae. Insecta Diptera, Fauna de agua dulce de la Republica Argentina, 38, 1 - 304." title="Simuliidae" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Coscarón 1991: 74, his
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD2FFCBACD15109FDEDB160" box="[432,544,1633,1657]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 17" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[206,1379,193,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 17. Paraustrosimulium colboi female. (12) Claw. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (13) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (14) Hypogynial valves. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (15) Genital fork. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (16) Spermatheca (flattened) Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Cercus & anal lobe. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051842/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Fig. 14 C</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The gill of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBAFA55108FCEEB160" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[708,803,1632,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAFA55108FCEEB160" box="[708,803,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAE595108FC45B160" box="[824,904,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
is also an inflated, tubular, structure, although consisting of 6 filaments (as opposed to a single, large, cornuate structure, as in the previously mentioned species). The gills of
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAC2951C1FDC9B1D8" box="[328,516,1704,1729]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBAC2951C1FDCCB1D8" box="[328,513,1704,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">P. anthracinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
while superficially similar in appearance to the other two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBADF651A4FEA3B1FC" box="[151,366,1740,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBADF651A4FEA3B1FC" box="[151,366,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are actually not tubular in form. Rather, they consist of flattened elongated curled laminae. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBADF65199FE8FB010" box="[151,322,1776,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBADF65199FE8FB010" box="[151,322,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gill appear to be more similar in form to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBAE0F5198FB35B010" authorityName="Hearle" authorityYear="1932" box="[878,1272,1776,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadense" subGenus="Hemicnetha">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAE0F5198FC15B010" box="[878,984,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAE885198FBBDB010" box="[1001,1136,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBA9E35198FB35B010" box="[1154,1272,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">canadense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD2FFCBA8645199FA55B010" author="Hearle, E." box="[1285,1432,1776,1801]" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" pagination="15 - 18" part="67" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent6715-1" refString="Hearle, E. (1935) Notes on Simulium canadense Hearle and Simulium virgatum Coquillett and its varieties. The Canadian Entomologist, 67, 15 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 6715 - 1" title="Notes on Simulium canadense Hearle and Simulium virgatum Coquillett and its varieties" type="journal article" year="1935">Hearle 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 14–15;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD2FFCBAD91507DFE0DB034" author="Adler, P. H. & Currie, D. C. & Wood, D. M." bookContentInfo="941 pp." box="[240,448,1812,1837]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Ontario Museum and Comstock University Press, Ithaca" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. & Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies of (Simuliidae) of North America. Royal Ontario Museum and Comstock University Press, Ithaca, 941 pp." title="The Black Flies of (Simuliidae) of North America" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Adler
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAC5A507EFEBDB034" box="[315,368,1812,1837]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 538) or to those of certain members of the
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAEB4507DFBF0B035" box="[981,1085,1813,1836]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">cormonsi</emphasis>
|
||
–species group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBA879507CFDFAB048" authority="(Wygodzinsky & Coscaron 1989)" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1989" baseAuthorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gigantodax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBA879507CFA51B034" box="[1304,1436,1812,1837]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Gigantodax</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD2FFCBADFD5051FDE2B048" author="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S." box="[156,559,1849,1873]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" pagination="1 - 269" part="189" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/935" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S. (1989) Revision of the black fly genus Gigantodax (Diptera: Simuliidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 189, 1 - 269. Available from: http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 935 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Revision of the black fly genus Gigantodax (Diptera: Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="1989">Wygodzinsky & Coscarón 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While the external structure of gills seems to be rather varied in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBADF65034FEA3B06C" box="[151,366,1884,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBADF65034FEA3B06C" box="[151,366,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the way they are packaged within the gill histoblast of the last instar larva appears to be similar. When fully inflated, the pupal gill of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD2FFCBAFC150E9FCECB080" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[672,801,1920,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAFC150E9FCECB080" box="[672,801,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAE2550E9FC93B081" box="[836,862,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFD2FFCBAE0E50E9FC19B081" box="[879,980,1921,1945]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.90 mm</quantity>
|
||
long with a maximum diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFD2FFCBA80A50E9FF0EB0A5" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" unit="mm" value="0.09">0.09 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD2FFCBADB050CDFEEBB0A4" box="[209,294,1957,1981]" captionStart="FIGURES 68 – 73" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[215,1372,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[215,1372,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 68 – 73. Paraustrosimulium obcidens pupa. (68) Pupal exuviae & cocoon on grass leaf. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (69) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (71) Gill surface structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (72) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (73) Abdominal segment IX, showing terminal spines (arrows) and grapnel hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051862/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">Fig. 70</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dimensions of the same gill when contained within the histoblast of a late last-instar larva is
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBA81B50CEFA59B0A4" box="[1402,1428,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFD2FFCBADF650A0FF37B0F9" box="[151,250,1992,2017]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" unit="mm" value="0.58">0.58 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="D2109B39FFD2FFCBACF950A1FE31B0F9" box="[408,508,1993,2017]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="32" pageNumber="483" unit="mm" value="0.21">0.21 mm</quantity>
|
||
maximum breadth—a packaging ratio of
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD2FFCBAEAF50A2FC25B0F8" box="[974,1000,1994,2017]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="483">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 1:2 for the length. This is achieved by each distal annulation being concertinaed sequentially into a larger more proximal annulation. The packaging of gills is further enhanced because each annulation is pleated laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD3FFCAAEF957D4FC21B7CD" box="[920,1004,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 80 – 84" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[224,1372,212,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[224,1372,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 80 – 84. Paraustrosimulium obcidens larva. (80) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (81) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Pharate pupal gill. Slightly expanded. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (83) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviation: i s—interarm struts. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (84) Deeside Coastal Road stream, WA. P. obcidens habitat, S 34.4380 ° E 116.3863 °, 183 mabs, 2 - ix- 2014,." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051866/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
|
||
), further reducing the diameter of each annulation—an elegant piece of biological engineering. Similar packaging is seen to the gill histoplast of pharate pupal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD3FFCAAD80566DFE5DB604" box="[225,400,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAAD80566DFE5DB604" box="[225,400,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD3FFCAACC2566CFD82B605" box="[419,591,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 111 – 115" captionStartId="34.[151,264,1930,1953]" captionTargetBox="[177,1421,258,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[177,1421,193,1908]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURES 111 – 115. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum pupa. (111) Right lateral view of male pupae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (112) Dorsal view of pupal gills. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (113) Frontal view of female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (114) Frontal view of male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (115) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051880/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Figs. 111, 112</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD3FFCAAF3E566CFD46B604" box="[607,651,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">126</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD3FFCAAFFD566CFD07B605" box="[668,714,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 127, 128" captionStartId="37.[151,264,805,828]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,183,793]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[174,1418,183,794]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 127, 128. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (127) Pupal gill histoblast, showing pleating. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (128) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviations: r c—rectal scales, i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051886/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">127</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although the packaging of pupal gills has not been widely surveyed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD3FFCAAC2C5640FE07B659" box="[333,458,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it seems possible that the mechanism described above is synapomorphic—at least for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD3FFCAADF65624FEA3B67C" box="[151,366,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAADF65624FEA3B67C" box="[151,366,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and perhaps also for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD3FFCAAF3F5624FCF8B67C" box="[606,821,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAAF3F5624FCF8B67C" box="[606,821,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD3FFCAAE325625FC12B67D" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[851,991,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAAE325625FC12B67D" box="[851,991,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD3FFCAADA65607FEBBB6EC" blockId="33.[151,1437,152,501]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAADA65607FEA6B691" box="[199,363,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Cephalic plate</emphasis>
|
||
: A character of considerable taxonomic utility for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD3FFCAAEC15607FB9DB691" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[928,1104,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAAEC15607FB9DB691" box="[928,1104,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a marked depression of the vertex in the cephalic plate of the pupa.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD3FFCAAF1256FCFC81B6B5" author="Craig, D. A. & Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K." box="[627,844,404,429]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of New Zealand" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" pagination="1 - 336" part="68" publicationUrl="https://biotaxa.org/fnz/article/view/1840/3116" refString="Craig, D. A., Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K. (2012) Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 68, 1 - 336. Available from: https: // biotaxa. org / fnz / article / view / 1840 / 3116 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAAFDD56FDFD3AB6B4" box="[700,759,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered this state to be a synapomorphy of the
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAADF656DFFED5B6C9" box="[151,280,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">australense</emphasis>
|
||
–species group. It is absent from both members of the
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAAE1256DFFC26B6C9" box="[883,1003,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">ungulatum</emphasis>
|
||
–species group and the three species of
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAADF656B4FEBBB6EC" box="[151,374,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD3FFCAADF656B4FEBFB6EC" box="[151,370,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraustrosimulium</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="41976654FFD3FFCAADF65003FDC5B0C4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051878/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" targetBox="[151,1436,575,1833]" targetPageId="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD3FFCAADF65003FDC5B0C4" blockId="33.[151,1437,1899,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAADF65003FEA1B098" bold="true" box="[151,364,1899,1922]" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">FIGURES 107–110.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD3FFCAAC105004FD76B09B" box="[369,699,1900,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD3FFCAAC105004FD76B09B" box="[369,699,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="484">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male. (107) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (108) Ventral view of genitalia. Cleared, in glycerine. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (109) Ventral plate, parameres & spines. Slide mounted. Abbreviations: b a—basal arm, p—paramere, s—spines, v p—ventral plate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (110) Lateral view, gonocoxa—gc, gonostylus gs. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="41976654FFD0FFC9ADF650E2FBF1B0C7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051880/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="485" targetBox="[177,1421,258,1906]" targetPageId="34">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD0FFC9ADF650E2FBF1B0C7" blockId="34.[151,1435,1930,2014]" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD0FFC9ADF650E2FEA5B0B9" bold="true" box="[151,360,1930,1953]" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">FIGURES 111–115.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD0FFC9AC0E50E3FD77B0B8" box="[367,698,1931,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD0FFC9AC0E50E3FD77B0B8" box="[367,698,1931,1953]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="485">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupa. (111) Right lateral view of male pupae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (112) Dorsal view of pupal gills. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (113) Frontal view of female head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (114) Frontal view of male head capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (115) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="41976654FFD1FFC8ADF650FDFB40B0F0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051882/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="486" targetBox="[199,1428,193,1920]" targetPageId="35">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD1FFC8ADF650FDFB40B0F0" blockId="35.[151,1436,1941,2025]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD1FFC8ADF650FDFEA7B0B2" bold="true" box="[151,362,1941,1964]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">FIGURES 116, 117.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD1FFC8AC0E50FEFD74B0B5" box="[367,697,1942,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD1FFC8AC0E50FEFD74B0B5" box="[367,697,1942,1964]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupa.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD1FFC8AF9C50FDFC06B0B2" bold="true" box="[765,971,1941,1964]" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">FIGURES 118–120</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD1FFC8AEB650FEFAECB0B5" box="[983,1313,1942,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD1FFC8AEB650FEFAECB0B5" box="[983,1313,1942,1964]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="486">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva. (116) Abdominal armature. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (117) Terminal segments. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (118) Habitus, last instar larva. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (119) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (120) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="41976654FFD6FFCFADF650E5FB4CB0F8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="487" targetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD6FFCFADF650E5FB4CB0F8" blockId="36.[151,1436,1933,2017]" pageId="36" pageNumber="487">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD6FFCFADF650E5FEA0B0BA" bold="true" box="[151,365,1933,1956]" pageId="36" pageNumber="487">FIGURES 121–126.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD6FFCFAC1550E5FD73B0BA" box="[372,702,1933,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD6FFCFAC1550E5FD73B0BA" box="[372,702,1933,1955]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="487">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="41976654FFD7FFCEADF6544DFAC7B443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051886/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" targetBox="[174,1418,183,793]" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD7FFCEADF6544DFAC7B443" blockId="37.[151,1437,805,858]" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEADF6544DFEA0B422" bold="true" box="[151,365,805,828]" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">FIGURES 127, 128.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAC12544DFD70B422" box="[371,701,805,827]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAC12544DFD70B422" box="[371,701,805,827]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Paraustrosimulium anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva. (127) Pupal gill histoblast, showing pleating. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (128) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviations: r c—rectal scales, i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD7FFCEADA654E9FED9B23F" blockId="37.[151,1438,897,2038]" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEADA654E9FE7CB483" box="[199,433,897,922]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Abdominal armature</emphasis>
|
||
: Pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAF4F54E9FD13B483" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[558,734,897,922]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAF4F54E9FD13B483" box="[558,734,897,922]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAE7654E9FC23B483" box="[791,1006,897,922]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAE7654E9FC23B483" box="[791,1006,897,922]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have reduced abdominal armature, in particular ventral hooks which are absent in certain species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAE0154CDFBDDB4A7" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[864,1040,933,958]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAE0154CDFBDDB4A7" box="[864,1040,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEA92B54CEFB60B4A7" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[1098,1197,933,958]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA92B54CEFB60B4A7" box="[1098,1197,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The terminal spines are also markedly reduced in members of those two genera, as well as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAEBE54A2FBA6B4F8" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[991,1131,970,993]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAEBE54A2FBA6B4F8" box="[991,1131,970,993]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEA9D054A1FADDB4FB" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[1201,1296,969,994]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA9D054A1FADDB4FB" box="[1201,1296,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA84454A1FAB8B4FB" box="[1317,1397,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEADF65485FEA3B31F" box="[151,366,1005,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEADF65485FEA3B31F" box="[151,366,1005,1030]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEACC65486FDFEB31C" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[423,563,1006,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEACC65486FDFEB31C" box="[423,563,1006,1029]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the role of holding onto cocoon silk has evidently been assumed by a series of terminal grapnel hooks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD7FFCEACAC537AFDE3B333" box="[461,558,1042,1066]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 31" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1903,1926]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[191,1396,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 31. Paraustrosimulium colboi pupa. FIGURES 32 – 34. Paraustrosimulium colboi larva. (30) Thoracic cuticle. Arrowhead indicates basal fenestra. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (31) Abdominal terminal spines & grapnel hooks. NB: cocoon silk entangled in grapnel hooks & small terminal spines (arrows). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Last instar larva, habitus. Scale bar = 1. 0 mm. (33) Head. Dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (34) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051848/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Figs. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD7FFCEAF5D537AFD96B333" box="[572,603,1042,1066]" captionStart="FIGURES 68 – 73" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[215,1372,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[215,1372,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 68 – 73. Paraustrosimulium obcidens pupa. (68) Pupal exuviae & cocoon on grass leaf. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (69) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (71) Gill surface structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (72) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (73) Abdominal segment IX, showing terminal spines (arrows) and grapnel hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051862/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">73</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar grapnel hooks are present in the pleura of abdominal segments VIII and IX of pupal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEACE2535DFD44B357" authority="Crosskey" authorityName="Crosskey" authorityYear="1969" box="[387,649,1077,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Metacnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEACE2535DFDD8B357" box="[387,533,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Metacnephia</emphasis>
|
||
Crosskey
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, this is almost certainly an independently derived state based on the relatively derived phylogenetic position of that genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD7FFCEAE1F5332FB93B36B" author="Adler, P. H. & Currie, D. C. & Wood, D. M." bookContentInfo="941 pp." box="[894,1118,1113,1138]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Ontario Museum and Comstock University Press, Ithaca" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. & Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies of (Simuliidae) of North America. Royal Ontario Museum and Comstock University Press, Ithaca, 941 pp." title="The Black Flies of (Simuliidae) of North America" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Adler
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAEAF5333FBC8B36B" box="[974,1029,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The stiff apically curved dorsocentral setae of the thorax (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAF6C5317FDE3B38F" box="[525,558,1151,1174]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD7FFCEAF5F5316FD44B38F" box="[574,649,1149,1174]" captionStart="FIGURES 68 – 73" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[215,1372,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[215,1372,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 68 – 73. Paraustrosimulium obcidens pupa. (68) Pupal exuviae & cocoon on grass leaf. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (69) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (71) Gill surface structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (72) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (73) Abdominal segment IX, showing terminal spines (arrows) and grapnel hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051862/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Fig 69</figureCitation>
|
||
) perhaps serve a similar role in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAE985315FB1DB38F" box="[1017,1232,1149,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAE985315FB1DB38F" box="[1017,1232,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEA8685316FA58B38C" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[1289,1429,1150,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA8685316FA58B38C" box="[1289,1429,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but are comparatively less-well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAFC053C9FC9CB3A3" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[673,849,1185,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAFC053C9FC9CB3A3" box="[673,849,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Spine combs on tergite IX of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEA9DB53C9FAA7B3A3" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[1210,1386,1185,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA9DB53C9FAA7B3A3" box="[1210,1386,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEADF653AEFEE9B3C4" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,292,1222,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEADF653AEFEE9B3C4" box="[151,292,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are absent, and only weakly expressed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAE6E53ADFC2BB3C7" box="[783,998,1221,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAE6E53ADFC2BB3C7" box="[783,998,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD7FFCEAE9653AEFB95B3C7" box="[1015,1112,1222,1246]" captionStart="FIGURES 30 – 31" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1903,1926]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[191,1396,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 30 – 31. Paraustrosimulium colboi pupa. FIGURES 32 – 34. Paraustrosimulium colboi larva. (30) Thoracic cuticle. Arrowhead indicates basal fenestra. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (31) Abdominal terminal spines & grapnel hooks. NB: cocoon silk entangled in grapnel hooks & small terminal spines (arrows). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (32) Last instar larva, habitus. Scale bar = 1. 0 mm. (33) Head. Dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (34) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051848/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Figs. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD7FFCEA90653AEFBB3B3C7" box="[1127,1150,1222,1246]" captionStart="FIGURES 68 – 73" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[215,1372,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[215,1372,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 68 – 73. Paraustrosimulium obcidens pupa. (68) Pupal exuviae & cocoon on grass leaf. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (69) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (71) Gill surface structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (72) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (73) Abdominal segment IX, showing terminal spines (arrows) and grapnel hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051862/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">73</figureCitation>
|
||
)—an unusual character- state that, in combination with the reduced size of the terminal spines, is considered synapomorphic for these three segregates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD7FFCEADA6525AFB11B2C3" blockId="37.[151,1438,897,2038]" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEADA6525AFED3B250" box="[199,286,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cocoon</emphasis>
|
||
: The three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEACD15259FD4AB253" box="[432,647,1329,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEACD15259FD4AB253" box="[432,647,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species all possess a more–or–less similar slipper-shaped cocoon. Those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAC66523FFE78B277" box="[263,437,1365,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAC66523FFE78B277" box="[263,437,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAC92523FFDBBB277" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[499,630,1365,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAC92523FFDBBB277" box="[499,630,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD7FFCEAFE6523EFD10B277" box="[647,733,1365,1390]" captionStart="FIGURES 68 – 73" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[215,1372,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[215,1372,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 68 – 73. Paraustrosimulium obcidens pupa. (68) Pupal exuviae & cocoon on grass leaf. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (69) Thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (70) Pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (71) Gill surface structure. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (72) Female cephalic capsule. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (73) Abdominal segment IX, showing terminal spines (arrows) and grapnel hooks. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051862/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Fig. 68</figureCitation>
|
||
) have a well-defined anterior opening, no floor, and a well- defined ventral edge on the substrate. That of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAFF65213FD39B28B" authorityName=", Davies & Gyorkos" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Davies & Gyorkos" box="[663,756,1401,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colboi">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAFF65213FD39B28B" box="[663,756,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">P. colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more substantial (Fig. 26) and has a distinct floor. Similar cocoon shapes can be seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAC8F52F5FD53B2AF" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[494,670,1437,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAC8F52F5FD53B2AF" box="[494,670,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAFB952F6FCA9B2AC" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[728,868,1438,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAFB952F6FCA9B2AC" box="[728,868,1438,1461]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. That of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAEBD52F5FBF6B2AF" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[988,1083,1437,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAEBD52F5FBF6B2AF" box="[988,1083,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA92E52F5FB52B2AF" box="[1103,1183,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
differs in that it has a raised anteroventral collar, giving the cocoon a distinctive shoe-shape (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD7FFCEAED152AAFB02B2C3" author="Davies, D. M. & Gyorkos, H." box="[944,1231,1474,1498]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" pagination="105 - 115" part="27" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1988.tb01156.x" refString="Davies, D. M. & Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" title="Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies & Györkös, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD7FFCEADA6528EFDEBB093" blockId="37.[151,1438,897,2038]" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">
|
||
Larva.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAC79528EFEB8B2E4" box="[280,373,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
: Larval antennal proportions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAF8C528DFC09B2E7" box="[749,964,1509,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAF8C528DFC09B2E7" box="[749,964,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are all similar, with the ratios of basal, median and distal antennomeres 1.0:0.6:2.0. (Figs. 34, 76, 120). Antennae of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFD7FFCEA92C5162FB29B13B" box="[1101,1252,1546,1570]" name="New Zealand" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEA98D5161FA51B13B" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[1260,1436,1545,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA98D5161FA51B13B" box="[1260,1436,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have somewhat variable proportions for the basal two antennomeres; but all have an elongated distal antennomere that is conspicuously longer than the combined length of the proximal antennomeres (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD7FFCEA874513AFF19B197" author="Craig, D. A. & Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K." journalOrPublisher="Fauna of New Zealand" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" pagination="1 - 336" part="68" publicationUrl="https://biotaxa.org/fnz/article/view/1840/3116" refString="Craig, D. A., Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K. (2012) Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 68, 1 - 336. Available from: https: // biotaxa. org / fnz / article / view / 1840 / 3116 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA800513BFA59B173" box="[1377,1428,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: their Figs. 367–383). The only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAF27511DFD3BB197" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[582,758,1653,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAF27511DFD3BB197" box="[582,758,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in which the distal antennomere is shorter than the combined length of the proximal antennomeres are members of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAE9451F1FB02B1AB" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1972" box="[1013,1231,1689,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Novaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAE9451F1FB02B1AB" box="[1013,1231,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In that segregate, the two proximal antennomeres are of approximately equal length and the distal antennomere is shorter than as described above, with ratios ranging from 1.0:1.1:1.5 to 1.0:0.8:1.1. The elongate condition of the distal antennomere is clearly derived within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAFF9506EFCDBB007" box="[664,790,1798,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The only other austral simuliids exhibiting a similar condition is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAC515042FE71B058" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[304,444,1834,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAC515042FE71B058" box="[304,444,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAF6C5041FDA1B05B" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[525,620,1833,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAF6C5041FDA1B05B" box="[525,620,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAFE65041FD1AB05B" box="[647,727,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
. It seems possible that an elongate distal article could be synapomorphic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAC185025FD9DB07F" box="[377,592,1869,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAC185025FD9DB07F" box="[377,592,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAF005025FCDCB07F" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[609,785,1869,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAF005025FCDCB07F" box="[609,785,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAE425026FC62B07C" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[803,943,1870,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAE425026FC62B07C" box="[803,943,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAE985025FB95B07F" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[1017,1112,1869,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAE985025FB95B07F" box="[1017,1112,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA90F5025FB73B07F" box="[1134,1214,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
; albeit, implying a reversal in
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAC72501AFEE1B090" box="[275,300,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAC5D5019FDDBB093" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1972" box="[316,534,1905,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Novaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAC5D5019FDDBB093" box="[316,534,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFD7FFCDADA650FDFC30B7CD" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="489" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD7FFCDADA650FDFC30B7CD" blockId="37.[151,1438,897,2038]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1438,151,1832]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="489" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEADA650FDFEFFB0B7" box="[199,306,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Mandible</emphasis>
|
||
: Mandibles of Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAF3E50FDFCFBB0B7" ID-CoL="63LFG" ID-ENA="61061" box="[607,822,1941,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAF3E50FDFCFBB0B7" box="[607,822,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have apical teeth that are finely expressed and narrowly projected apically (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEACBF50D3FE32B0CB" box="[478,511,1979,2002]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD7FFCEAF7450D2FDA7B0CB" box="[533,618,1977,2002]" captionStart="FIGURES 35 – 40" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1892,1915]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[191,1396,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 35 – 40. Paraustrosimulium colboi larva. (35) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (36) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (37) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (38) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (39) Lateral view of pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviation: i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0. 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051850/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
). Such is also expressed in the Australasian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEA90150D1FADDB0CB" authority="Craig & Moulton & Currie, 2017" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[1120,1296,1977,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA90150D1FADDB0CB" box="[1120,1296,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3CAF57B5FFD7FFCEA87950D2FA80B0CB" box="[1304,1357,1978,2002]" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" sensu="stricto">s.str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEA8E550D2FA51B0C8" box="[1412,1436,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEADC150B5FEB7B0EF" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1972" box="[160,378,2013,2038]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Novaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEADC150B5FEB7B0EF" box="[160,378,2013,2038]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The apical teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD7FFCEAF1C50B6FCE1B0EF" box="[637,812,2013,2038]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="488" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD7FFCEAF1C50B6FCE1B0EF" box="[637,812,2013,2038]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="488">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are comparatively more substantive. The mandibular sensillum and serration (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDACD257F0FDF5B7A9" author="Craig, D. A." box="[435,568,152,176]" journalOrPublisher="Quaestiones Entomologicae" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="195 - 218" part="13" refString="Craig, D. A. (1977) Mouthparts and feeding behaviour of Tahitian larval Simuliidae (Diptera: Nematocera). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 13, 195 - 218." title="Mouthparts and feeding behaviour of Tahitian larval Simuliidae (Diptera: Nematocera)" type="journal article" year="1977">Craig 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAFF257FFFC8EB7A9" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[659,835,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAFF257FFFC8EB7A9" box="[659,835,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae are complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDA95A57F0FADFB7A9" author="Craig, D. A. & Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K." box="[1083,1298,151,176]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of New Zealand" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="1 - 336" part="68" publicationUrl="https://biotaxa.org/fnz/article/view/1840/3116" refString="Craig, D. A., Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K. (2012) Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 68, 1 - 336. Available from: https: // biotaxa. org / fnz / article / view / 1840 / 3116 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA9E957F1FB70B7A9" box="[1160,1213,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), unlike the simple projections in the three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAC9057D4FD05B7CC" box="[497,712,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAC9057D4FD05B7CC" box="[497,712,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDAE4F57D4FC41B7CC" box="[814,908,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 35 – 40" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1892,1915]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[191,1396,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 35 – 40. Paraustrosimulium colboi larva. (35) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (36) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (37) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (38) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (39) Lateral view of pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviation: i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0. 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051850/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Figs. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDAEF957D4FC7AB7CD" box="[920,951,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 79" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,272,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,218,1861]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 79. Paraustrosimulium obcidens larva. (74) Habitus, last instar. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (75) Head. Dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (76) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (77) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (78) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (79) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051864/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">78</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDAEA357D4FC3DB7CD" box="[962,1008,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">122</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5DF26557FFD4FFCDADA65789FF3FB031" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD4FFCDADA65789FCE1B6C9" blockId="38.[151,1438,151,1832]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADA65789FE8AB7E1" box="[199,327,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Hypostoma</emphasis>
|
||
: All three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAF3C57B7FCF9B7E1" box="[605,820,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAF3C57B7FCF9B7E1" box="[605,820,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the ventral wall of the hypostoma extended anteriorly such that it obscures the hypostomal teeth, which in turn are not grouped in a distinctive fashion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDA803566CFF78B659" captionStart="FIGURES 35 – 40" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1892,1915]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[191,1396,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 35 – 40. Paraustrosimulium colboi larva. (35) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (36) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (37) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (38) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (39) Lateral view of pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviation: i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0. 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051850/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Figs. 38</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDADA05640FF12B659" box="[193,223,296,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 80 – 84" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[224,1372,212,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[224,1372,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 80 – 84. Paraustrosimulium obcidens larva. (80) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (81) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Pharate pupal gill. Slightly expanded. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (83) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviation: i s—interarm struts. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (84) Deeside Coastal Road stream, WA. P. obcidens habitat, S 34.4380 ° E 116.3863 °, 183 mabs, 2 - ix- 2014,." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051866/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">81</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDAD8D564FFED7B659" box="[236,282,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">125</figureCitation>
|
||
). In this respect, the hypostoma of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAFC4564FFCB1B659" box="[677,892,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAFC4564FFCB1B659" box="[677,892,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is virtually identical to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDA98D564FFA51B659" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[1260,1436,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA98D564FFA51B659" box="[1260,1436,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDADB35624FEFCB67C" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[210,305,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADB35624FEFCB67C" box="[210,305,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAC255624FE59B67C" box="[324,404,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
. The hypostomal teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAFD65625FC75B67D" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[695,952,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atroparva">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAFD65625FC75B67D" box="[695,952,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Cnesiamima atroparva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also obscured by the ventral wall of the hypostoma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDAC7E5618FE31B691" author="Coscaron, S." box="[287,508,367,392]" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="67 - 70" part="56" refString="Coscaron, S. (1985) Sobre la larva de Cnesiamima atroparva (Edwards) y su significardo para interpretar las relaciones filogeneticas de los simulidos notogeicos (Insecta, Diptera, Simuliidae). Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepcion, 56, 67 - 70." title="Sobre la larva de Cnesiamima atroparva (Edwards) y su significardo para interpretar las relaciones filogeneticas de los simulidos notogeicos (Insecta, Diptera, Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="1985">Coscarón 1985: 69</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, unlike the previously mentioned taxa, the outermost sublateral, lateral, and paralateral teeth are clustered onto a prominent lobe. The relatively extended ventral hypostomal wall might constitute evidence of common ancestry among these taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD4FFCDADA656B4FEA1B59D" blockId="38.[151,1438,151,1832]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADA656B4FEA3B6EC" box="[199,366,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Postgenal cleft</emphasis>
|
||
: The cleft is essentially absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAF8E56B5FC56B6EC" box="[751,923,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAF8E56B5FD30B6ED" box="[751,765,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAE6D56B4FC56B6EC" box="[780,923,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDAEC856B4FBC7B6ED" box="[937,1034,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURES 121 – 126" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1933,1956]" captionTargetBox="[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[183,1407,193,1918]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 121 – 126. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (121) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (122) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (123) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (124) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (125) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (126) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051884/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Fig. 124</figureCitation>
|
||
) but relatively well developed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDA80B56B5FF10B501" pageId="38" pageNumber="478" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="colboi">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA8E656B5FA58B6ED" box="[1415,1429,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADF65697FF10B501" box="[151,221,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDAD8D5568FEF2B501" box="[236,319,512,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 35 – 40" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1892,1915]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[191,1396,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 35 – 40. Paraustrosimulium colboi larva. (35) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (36) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (37) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (38) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (39) Lateral view of pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviation: i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0. 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051850/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAC1E5569FDCDB501" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[383,512,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAC1E5569FE40B501" box="[383,397,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDACFD5697FDCDB501" box="[412,512,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDAF6F5568FD94B501" box="[526,601,512,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 80 – 84" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[224,1372,212,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[224,1372,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 80 – 84. Paraustrosimulium obcidens larva. (80) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (81) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Pharate pupal gill. Slightly expanded. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (83) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviation: i s—interarm struts. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (84) Deeside Coastal Road stream, WA. P. obcidens habitat, S 34.4380 ° E 116.3863 °, 183 mabs, 2 - ix- 2014,." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051866/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Fig. 80</figureCitation>
|
||
)—similar in expression to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6DFF764CFFD4FFCDAEDE5568FB9BB501" box="[959,1110,512,536]" name="New Zealand" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDA93C5697FAC0B501" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[1117,1293,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA93C5697FAC0B501" box="[1117,1293,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The cleft is of variable expression in the Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAF3C554CFCC0B524" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[605,781,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAF3C554CFCC0B524" box="[605,781,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for example ranging from absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDA9D4554CFAB3B525" box="[1205,1406,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanum" subGenus="Austrosimulium">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA9D4554CFB00B522" box="[1205,1229,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA9BF554CFB3AB522" box="[1246,1271,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">A.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA869554DFAB3B525" box="[1288,1406,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">montanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAC06552FFD8CB579" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1972" box="[359,577,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Novaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAC06552FFD8CB579" box="[359,577,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The postgenal cleft is absent from both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDA9085520FAA1B579" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1129,1388,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atroparva">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA9085520FAA1B579" box="[1129,1388,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Cnesiamima atroparva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDADC25504FECFB59C" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[163,258,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADC25504FECFB59C" box="[163,258,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAC745504FEA8B59C" box="[277,357,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD4FFCDADA655E7FB1AB24D" blockId="38.[151,1438,151,1832]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADA655E7FE36B5B1" box="[199,507,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Anal sclerite interarm strut</emphasis>
|
||
: This character-state is clearly derived within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDA95555F8FB60B5B1" box="[1076,1197,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on its absence from members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDACEB55DCFDFDB5D5" authorityName="Smart" authorityYear="1945" box="[394,560,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Parasimuliinae">Parasimuliinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAF0655DCFD3BB5D5" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[615,758,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prosimuliini">Prosimuliini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDAF9E55DCFC64B5D4" author="Tonnoir, A. L." box="[767,937,692,717]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="213 - 255" part="15" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300046198" refString="Tonnoir, A. L. (1925) Australasian Simuliidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 213 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300046198" title="Australasian Simuliidae" type="journal article" year="1925">Tonnoir (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used the presence of interarm struts, in part, to characterize members of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAF3C55BFFCC0B5E9" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[605,781,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAF3C55BFFCC0B5E9" box="[605,781,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, that state is now known to be more widely distributed among simuliine genera, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAFD05594FC45B40C" box="[689,904,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAFD05594FC45B40C" box="[689,904,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAEA45594FB84B40C" baseAuthorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[965,1097,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gigantodax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAEA45594FB84B40C" box="[965,1097,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Gigantodax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDA98D5594FA51B40C" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[1260,1436,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA98D5594FA51B40C" box="[1260,1436,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDADAB5449FEB5B421" box="[202,376,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADAB5449FEB5B421" box="[202,376,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDACE85448FE20B421" box="[393,493,800,824]" captionStart="FIGURES 127, 128" captionStartId="37.[151,264,805,828]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,183,793]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[174,1418,183,794]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 127, 128. Paraustrosimulium anthracinum larva. (127) Pupal gill histoblast, showing pleating. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (128) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviations: r c—rectal scales, i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051886/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Fig. 128</figureCitation>
|
||
) the interarm struts appear to be the lateral strengthened edge of a broad medial region that bridges the dorsal and ventral arms; in most examples, the cuticle between the struts is pigmented. The condition
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAC685400FE47B499" box="[265,394,871,896]" pageId="38" pageNumber="478" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="colboi">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAC465401FEF8B499" box="[295,309,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAC25540FFE47B499" box="[324,394,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDACFB5400FE22B499" box="[410,495,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 35 – 40" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1892,1915]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1871]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[191,1396,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 35 – 40. Paraustrosimulium colboi larva. (35) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (36) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (37) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (38) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (39) Lateral view of pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (40) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviation: i s—interarm strut. Scale bar = 0. 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051850/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAF4E5401FD7DB499" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[559,688,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAF4E5401FD7DB499" box="[559,688,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDAFDE5400FCDEB499" box="[703,787,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 80 – 84" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[224,1372,212,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[224,1372,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 80 – 84. Paraustrosimulium obcidens larva. (80) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (81) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Pharate pupal gill. Slightly expanded. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (83) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviation: i s—interarm struts. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (84) Deeside Coastal Road stream, WA. P. obcidens habitat, S 34.4380 ° E 116.3863 °, 183 mabs, 2 - ix- 2014,." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051866/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Fig. 83</figureCitation>
|
||
) is similar except the interarm struts are somewhat more closely approximated (giving the sclerite a more distinctive X–shaped appearance), and the cuticle between the interarm struts is sparsely pigmented. Superficially, therefore, the laterally strengthened edges appear more definitely as independent struts, as opposed to being part of a more integrated medial sclerotized area between the dorsal and ventral arms. In this respect, the interarm struts
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAE525490FC7EB309" box="[819,947,1015,1040]" pageId="38" pageNumber="478" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="colboi">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAE315491FC93B309" box="[848,862,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAE0C549FFC7EB309" box="[877,947,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">colboi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAE8D5491FBA1B309" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[1004,1132,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obcidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAE8D5491FBA1B309" box="[1004,1132,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">P. obcidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
more closely resemble the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAC4C5374FE7CB32C" baseAuthorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[301,433,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gigantodax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAC4C5374FE7CB32C" box="[301,433,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Gigantodax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAF795375FD0AB32C" box="[536,711,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAF795375FD0AB32C" box="[536,711,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">P. anthracinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAE675374FC7BB32C" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[774,950,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAE675374FC7BB32C" box="[774,950,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, phylogenetic studies based on morphological (Gil–Azevedo & Maia–Herzog 2007: 60) and molecular (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDAE955328FB6BB341" author="Moulton, J. K." box="[1012,1190,1088,1112]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="45 - 57" part="27" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00397-4" refString="Moulton, J. K. (2003) Can the current molecular arsenal adequately track rapid divergence events within Simuliidae (Diptera)? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 27, 45 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1055 - 7903 (02) 00397 - 4" title="Can the current molecular arsenal adequately track rapid divergence events within Simuliidae (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2003">Moulton, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) datasets reveal that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDADF6530CFED6B364" baseAuthorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[151,283,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gigantodax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADF6530CFED6B364" box="[151,283,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Gigantodax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distantly related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAF76530CFD23B364" box="[535,750,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAF76530CFD23B364" box="[535,750,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAE47530CFC1BB364" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[806,982,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAE47530CFC1BB364" box="[806,982,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Accordingly, interarm struts must have evolved independently at least twice within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAFD553E0FCFFB3B9" box="[692,818,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Coscarón & Coscarón Arias (2007: 94) remarked that the anal sclerite of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAC1953C5FDC9B3DD" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" box="[376,516,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnesiamima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAC1953C5FDC9B3DD" box="[376,516,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Cnesiamima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was without or with “only faint” interarm struts (
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA92A53C4FB92B3DD" box="[1099,1119,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">cf</emphasis>
|
||
. their
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDA9CC53C4FAE3B3DD" box="[1197,1326,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURES 18 – 23" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1942,1965]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,208,1916]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[206,1381,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 18 – 23. Paraustrosimulium colboi male. (18) Habitus. Reared. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (19) Head, frontal view. ETOH. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (20) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (21) Claw. Arrow indicates grappling hooks. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (22) Abdominal tergites. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (23) Genitalia, ventral view, cleared, in glycerine. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051844/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">figure 22N</figureCitation>
|
||
), perhaps suggesting a close relationship with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAF5853A7FD24B3F1" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[569,745,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAF5853A7FD24B3F1" box="[569,745,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAE4553A7FC36B3F1" box="[804,1019,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paraustrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAE4553A7FC36B3F1" box="[804,1019,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Paraustrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDA96A53B8FAF8B3F1" author="Davies, D. M. & Gyorkos, H." box="[1035,1333,1232,1256]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="105 - 115" part="27" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1988.tb01156.x" refString="Davies, D. M. & Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" title="Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera)" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies & Györkös (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that interarm struts were absent from the anal sclerite of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAE5D539CFC56B214" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" box="[828,923,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAE5D539CFC56B214" box="[828,923,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Cnephia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAED3539CFBCFB214" box="[946,1026,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
; however, their material was badly bleached so it is conceivable the arms are actually present but weakly expressed. Examination of more freshly collected material is needed to confirm the presence or absence of interarm struts in “
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA9325255FBA0B24D" box="[1107,1133,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">C.</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA9E15254FB1DB24C" box="[1152,1232,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">pilfreyi</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="155736DCFFD4FFCDADA65237FF3FB031" blockId="38.[151,1438,151,1832]" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADA65237FE78B261" box="[199,437,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Semicircular sclerite</emphasis>
|
||
: Homologies of the semicircular sclerite that surrounds the circlet of hooks in many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDADF652ECFE8AB284" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,327,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADF652ECFE8AB284" box="[151,327,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is of similar concern to the interarm struts. While the presence of this sclerite appears to be of considerable taxonomic value in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAF2252CFFD3EB2D9" authorityName="Craig & Moulton & Currie" authorityYear="2017" box="[579,755,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAF2252CFFD3EB2D9" box="[579,755,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, similar structures occur in larvae of other taxa, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDADF652A4FD40B2FD" authority="Malloch (Adler et al., 2004)" authorityName="Malloch (Adler et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[151,653,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Parasimulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDADF652A4FEFBB2FC" box="[151,310,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Parasimulium</emphasis>
|
||
Malloch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDACCC52A4FD48B2FD" author="Adler, P. H. & Currie, D. C. & Wood, D. M." bookContentInfo="941 pp." box="[429,645,1484,1509]" journalOrPublisher="Royal Ontario Museum and Comstock University Press, Ithaca" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. & Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies of (Simuliidae) of North America. Royal Ontario Museum and Comstock University Press, Ithaca, 941 pp." title="The Black Flies of (Simuliidae) of North America" type="book" year="2004">
|
||
Adler
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAC9D52A5FDFCB2FC" box="[508,561,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDAFFD52A5FBF7B2FD" authority="Davies (Craig et al. 2003)" authorityName="Davies (Craig et al." authorityYear="2003" box="[668,1082,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Crozetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAFFD52A5FD36B2FD" box="[668,763,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Crozetia</emphasis>
|
||
Davies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDAE0552A4FBFFB2FD" author="Craig, D. A. & Currie, D. C. & Vernon, P." box="[868,1074,1484,1509]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="1 - 39" part="259" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.259.1.1" refString="Craig, D. A., Currie, D. C. & Vernon, P. (2003) Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography. Zootaxa, 259 (1), 1 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 259.1.1" title="Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Craig
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAED152A5FC28B2FC" box="[944,997,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDA92B52A4FE9DB111" authority="(Wygodzinsky & Coscaron, 1973)" authorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" authorityYear="1973" baseAuthorityName="Wygodzinsky & Coscaron" baseAuthorityYear="1973" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gigantodax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDA92B52A4FB03B2FC" box="[1098,1230,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Gigantodax</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDA9BF52A4FE8AB111" author="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="129 - 200" part="151" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/598" refString="Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscaron, S. (1973) A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 151, 129 - 200. Available from: http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 598 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the Tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae)" type="journal article" year="1973">Wygodzinsky & Coscarón, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E84D5FFFD4FFCDACE75287FB44B111" authority="Stone (Takaoka & Craig 1999)" authorityName="Stone (Takaoka & Craig" authorityYear="1999" box="[390,1161,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palauense" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDACE75287FE3DB111" box="[390,496,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Simulium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAF615287FD6BB111" box="[512,678,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Gomphostilbia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDAFD75287FCE5B111" box="[694,808,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">palauense</emphasis>
|
||
Stone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDAE1B5298FB4CB111" author="Takaoka, H. & Craig, D. A." box="[890,1153,1520,1544]" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="195 - 201" part="27" publicationUrl="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tmh1973/27" refString="Takaoka, H. & Craig, D. A. (1999) Taxonomic and ecological notes on Simulium (Gomphostilbia) palauense (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Palau, Micronesia, with redescriptions of adults and descriptions of the pupa and mature larva. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 27, 195 - 201. Available from: https: // www. jstage. jst. go. jp / article / tmh 1973 / 27 / 2 / 27 _ 2 _ 195 / _ pdf (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Taxonomic and ecological notes on Simulium (Gomphostilbia) palauense (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Palau, Micronesia, with redescriptions of adults and descriptions of the pupa and mature larva" type="journal article" year="1999">Takaoka & Craig 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDA9F55298FA51B111" author="Dumbleton, L. J." box="[1172,1436,1519,1544]" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Science" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="480 - 548" part="15" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1973) The genus Austrosimulium Tonnoir (Diptera: Simuliidae) with particular reference to the New Zealand fauna. New Zealand Journal of Science, 15, 480 - 548. [December 1972]" title="The genus Austrosimulium Tonnoir (Diptera: Simuliidae) with particular reference to the New Zealand fauna" type="journal article" year="1973">Dumbleton (1973: 563)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided examples of the varied forms of semicircular sclerite known at that time. Reasons for not considering these structures to be homologous, in all instances, include: (1) differences in expression of the junction of the semicircular sclerite to the ventral arm of the anal sclerite and, (2) semicircular sclerite expression is merely a product of the degree of sclerotization and pigmentation of the ring of cuticle that surrounds and supports the outer edge of the circlet of hooks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8DD32A59FFD4FFCDACBF51CCFDF9B1A5" box="[478,564,1700,1724]" captionStart="FIGURES 80 – 84" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1908,1931]" captionTargetBox="[224,1372,212,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[224,1372,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 80 – 84. Paraustrosimulium obcidens larva. (80) Genae, hypostoma, postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (81) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (82) Pharate pupal gill. Slightly expanded. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (83) Anal sclerite & circlet of hooks. Abbreviation: i s—interarm struts. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (84) Deeside Coastal Road stream, WA. P. obcidens habitat, S 34.4380 ° E 116.3863 °, 183 mabs, 2 - ix- 2014,." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1051866/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">Fig. 83</figureCitation>
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). Apparently, such a ring (whether darkly sclerotized or not) is present in all simuliid larvae (
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<bibRefCitation id="71794B2DFFD4FFCDAC3151A0FDD6B1F9" author="Craig, D. A. & Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K." box="[336,539,1735,1760]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of New Zealand" pageId="38" pageNumber="489" pagination="1 - 336" part="68" publicationUrl="https://biotaxa.org/fnz/article/view/1840/3116" refString="Craig, D. A., Craig, R. E. G. & Crosby, T. K. (2012) Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand, 68, 1 - 336. Available from: https: // biotaxa. org / fnz / article / view / 1840 / 3116 (accessed 5 September 2017)" title="Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera)" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Craig
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<emphasis id="279CEACEFFD4FFCDACFA51A1FE02B1F9" box="[411,463,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="489">et al</emphasis>
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. 2012
|
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 48). Accordingly, while the presence of a particularly expressed semicircular sclerite may prove to be synapomorphic for a given lineage, interpretations of homology must be made with caution.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |