261 lines
35 KiB
XML
261 lines
35 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="BE3A5352DEB6B8DDD3F86468561B8DAA">
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<mods:title id="D13700DCB3E5DED4155AD330139FA38E">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="23F5A34EE7DE5C9557FBE0C589E7007C" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E339FB90D3217C22DF02D21A8348F422">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D99A41BCC8DC0D21C1B13844CA44A03D">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="CC7F544BFFCC9942E370612B2AAB5269">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1BA548D5C89BCCB8BB170A38F9E6DB28">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="408D15CA7ABA49F8B350CAF5C93BBB2B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="D8E76D4755D8D2B9A68A93CD0F448C90">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="C2DCC06CD0B334A2DA9D67F1764AC5C5" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="BDC7D3E86AE2D747E75068B45F68A8CD">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="1736B54F16D4834CE9293EA1E1260C8C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A53F16F2BB323EF5F05C1FDAFD4D3BF4">
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<mods:title id="3E0E01151D68BB2550799810DDEF82FC">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FFF5FFF1FA27669AFE2DF7AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863269" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824632" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863269" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FFF5FFF1FA27669AFE2DF7AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FFF5FFF1FA27669AFE2DF7AA" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="680" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0FA27669AFA00FC44" box="[1406,1463,906,952]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0FA27669AFA00FC44" blockId="52.[1404,2324,906,1030]" box="[1406,1463,906,952]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFF5FFF0FA27669AFA00FC44" box="[1406,1463,906,952]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FFF5FFF0FA27669AFA00FC44" box="[1406,1463,906,952]" captionStart="Plate 42: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="52.[132,162,3408,3433]" captionTargetBox="[12,2749,15,3643]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="59. Dryas Monkey (Cercopithecus dryas), 60. Diana Monkey (Cercopithecus diana), 61. Roloway Monkey (Cercopithecus roloway), 62. De Brazza’s Monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus), 63. Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona), 64. Campbell's Monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli), 65. Lowe's Monkey (Cercopithecus lowei), 66. Crowned Monkey (Cercopithecus pogonias), 67. Wolf's Monkey (Cercopithecus wolf), 68. Dent's Monkey (Cercopithecus dent)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867447/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">60.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0FA91669AF94EFC44" box="[1480,1785,906,952]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0FA91669AF94EFC44" blockId="52.[1404,2324,906,1030]" box="[1480,1785,906,952]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFF5FFF0FA91669AF94EFC44" box="[1480,1785,906,952]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFF5FFF0FA91669AF94EFC44" box="[1480,1785,906,952]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Diana Monkey</vernacularName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0F876669AF715FC44" box="[1839,2210,906,952]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0F876669AF715FC44" blockId="52.[1404,2324,906,1030]" box="[1839,2210,906,952]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFF5FFF0F876669AF715FC44" box="[1839,2210,906,952]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F876669AF715FC44" ID-CoL="5XKC5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1839,2210,906,952]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diana">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0F876669AF715FC44" box="[1839,2210,906,952]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Cercopithecus diana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0FA2466DAF8BDFBFA" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0FA2466DAF6A3FC23" blockId="52.[1404,2324,906,1030]" box="[1405,2324,970,991]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFF5FFF0FA2466DAF6A3FC23" box="[1405,2324,970,991]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0FA2466DAFA7DFC23" bold="true" box="[1405,1482,970,991]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFF5FFF0FA8A66DAF915FC23" box="[1491,1698,970,991]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Cercopitheque diane</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0F9EE66DAF8A4FC23" bold="true" box="[1719,1811,970,991]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFF5FFF0F84566DAF873FC23" box="[1820,1988,970,991]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Diana-Meerkatze</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0F88066DAF783FC23" bold="true" box="[2009,2100,970,991]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFF5FFF0F76766DAF6A3FC23" box="[2110,2324,970,991]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Cercopiteco de Diana</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0FA2466E1F8BDFBFA" blockId="52.[1404,2324,906,1030]" box="[1405,1802,1009,1030]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFF5FFF0FA2466E1F8BDFBFA" box="[1405,1802,1009,1030]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0FA2466E1F9C3FBFA" bold="true" box="[1405,1652,1009,1030]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFF5FFF0F92766E1F8BDFBFA" box="[1662,1802,1009,1030]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Diana Guenon</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0F8BC6128F599FBA9" box="[2021,2606,1080,1109]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0F8BC6128F599FBA9" blockId="52.[2021,2610,1080,1503]" box="[2021,2606,1080,1109]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0F8BC6128F736FBA9" bold="true" box="[2021,2177,1080,1109]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F7CF6128F59DFBA9" ID-CoL="446Z" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2198,2602,1080,1109]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Simia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diana">Simia diana Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0F8BE6170F6D5FB81" box="[2023,2402,1120,1149]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0F8BE6170F6D5FB81" blockId="52.[2021,2610,1080,1503]" box="[2023,2402,1120,1149]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFFF5FFF0F8BE6170F6D5FB81" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421386" box="[2023,2402,1120,1149]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Guinea (probably Liberia).</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0F8B06197F6E3FB37" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0F8B06197F6E3FB37" blockId="52.[2021,2610,1080,1503]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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C.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F7546197F7E0FB58" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2061,2135,1159,1188]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diana">diana</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F7C76197F6A8FB58" box="[2206,2335,1159,1188]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roloway">C. roloway</taxonomicName>
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comprise the
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F6BE6197F585FB58" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2535,2610,1159,1188]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diana">diana</taxonomicName>
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species group. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0F8BF61C6F60CFABE" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FFF5FFF0F8BF61C6F60CFABE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867217" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867217" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867217/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" targetBox="[1408,1989,1088,1495]" targetPageId="52">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0F8BF61C6F60CFABE" blockId="52.[2021,2610,1080,1503]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0F8BF61C6F721FB0F" bold="true" box="[2022,2198,1238,1267]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Distribution.</emphasis>
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S Guinea (Forécariah Priovince), Sierra Leone, Liberia, and SW Ivory Coast (W of the Sassandra River).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0F8BF6058F9F7F894" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0F8BF6058F9F7F894" blockId="52.[2021,2610,1080,1503]" lastBlockId="52.[1403,2610,1513,3314]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0F8BF6058F754FA95" bold="true" box="[2022,2275,1352,1385]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 50-60 cm (males) and 42-45 cm (females), tail 85 cm (males) and 70 cm (females); weight 5-2 kg (males) and 3-9 kg (females). Together with
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F9E060F9F86BF9FA" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[1721,2012,1513,1542]" genus="The" pageId="52" pageNumber="680" rank="species" species="roloway">the Roloway Monkey</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F8A860F9F7C9F9FA" box="[2033,2174,1513,1542]" genus="The" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" rank="species" species="roloway">C. roloway</taxonomicName>
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), the
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F79560F9F62FF9FA" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[2252,2456,1513,1542]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkey</taxonomicName>
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is the largest of the forest guenons. Individuals are brightly colored, with strikingly patterned coats.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FA8F6324F9B0F9A9" box="[1494,1543,1588,1621]" genus="The" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" rank="species" species="fur">Fur</taxonomicName>
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is speckled purple and gray, with a broad chestnut-brown saddle on lower back. Throat, chest, and anterior surfaces of upper arms are white, sharply demarcated from the dark color on other surfaces. Lower legs, belly, and tail are black, and buttocks and inner surfaces of thighs are a deep orange-red. An oblique white stripe runs along each outer thigh. Faceis black, and forehead is framed by a thin whitish crescent (with some reddish hairs intermixed). A short, square “goatee” hangs from the chin; it is white, fringed with black. Individuals raise their long tails in a high arching curve when moving.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0FA25627FF8C5F7FA" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0FA25627FF8C5F7FA" blockId="52.[1403,2610,1513,3314]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0FA25627FFA5BF86C" bold="true" box="[1404,1516,1903,1936]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary and old secondary lowland moist forest, gallery forest, and semideciduous forest near rivers.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F87C6286F7B6F84B" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[1829,2049,1942,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
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travel and forage mainly in the forest canopy. They are rarely found in degraded forest, but they are able to survive in lightly logged forest if the canopy remains.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0FA256D1CF762F6BD" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0FA256D1CF762F6BD" blockId="52.[1403,2610,1513,3314]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0FA256D1CF936F7D1" bold="true" box="[1404,1665,2060,2093]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F9976D1CF82DF7D1" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[1742,1946,2060,2093]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkey</taxonomicName>
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is highly frugivorous; individuals studied in Tai Forest National Park spent 59% oftheir time feeding on fruits. Commonly eaten fruits are those of the canopy trees
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F8456D4BF829F780" box="[1820,1950,2139,2172]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Humiriaceae" genus="Sacoglottis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sacoglottis</taxonomicName>
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gabonensis (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F71B6D4BF74DF780" box="[2114,2298,2139,2172]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Humiriaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Humiriaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F6096D4BF60CF780" box="[2384,2491,2139,2172]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Dialium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dialium</taxonomicName>
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aubrevillev (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FAEB6D93F98DF758" box="[1458,1594,2179,2212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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), besides those of the liana
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F88E6D93F7DCF758" box="[2007,2155,2179,2212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Landolphia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Landolphia</taxonomicName>
|
||
hirsuta (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F7B26D93F611F758" box="[2283,2470,2179,2212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the stilt-rooted tree Uapaca guineensis (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F83F6DBAF7F4F737" box="[1894,2115,2218,2251]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Flowers and leaves are seasonally important as a standby when fruits are scarce. Insects are also an important component of the diet, more so than in many other guenons, and they spend long periods carefully searching the foliage of canopy trees for insect prey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0FA256C57F834F558" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0FA256C57F834F558" blockId="52.[1403,2610,1513,3314]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0FA256C57F9B4F694" bold="true" box="[1404,1539,2375,2408]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Although reproductive patterns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F75A6C57F76CF694" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[2051,2267,2375,2408]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
have not been comprehensively studied, young infants (light brown to gray in color) have been observed most frequently in the dry months ofJanuary-February on Tiwai Island in Sierra Leone, suggesting that they have a December—February birth peak. The gestation period is 5—6 months. Mothers usually give birth to a single infant and carry it ventrally, at first supported by hand. Females become sexually receptive about once a month and do not exhibit a genital swelling. Sexual maturity is most likely reached at 3-5 years for females and 4-5-6 years for males. Individuals may live more than 30 years; one captive individual lived forjust over 35 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF0FA226FBAF7F9F3D1" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0FA226FBAF7F9F3D1" blockId="52.[1403,2610,1513,3314]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0FA226FBAF9D3F537" bold="true" box="[1403,1636,2730,2763]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F9296FBAF8F1F537" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[1648,1862,2730,2763]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
are active, arboreal primates that spend most of their time in the middle and upper forest canopy. Forms of locomotion include walking and running (¢.70%), climbing quadrupedally (c.20%) through the forest canopy and leaping between canopy gaps (c.10%). Although the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F73B6E34F69AF4BD" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[2146,2349,2852,2881]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkey</taxonomicName>
|
||
usesall forest strata and occasionally moves on the ground, individuals spend most of their time above ground and use large boughs, especially for traveling, more than do the smaller guenons. As diurnal animals, groups spend the night in the topmost layer of the canopy, descending to the middle canopy by day to feed. Forty to 45% of their active time is spent feeding and foraging and 25% moving, although there is considerable variation in time allocation across groups, seasons, and years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF5FFF1FA256928FAE2FA95" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="680" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF1FA256928FAE2FA95" blockId="52.[1403,2610,1513,3314]" lastBlockId="53.[163,1373,288,2135]" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="680" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF5FFF0FA256928F798F3A9" bold="true" box="[1404,2095,3128,3157]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Movements,traveling distances, and home ranges of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F9F0694BF8CDF380" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[1705,1914,3163,3196]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkey</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported to be highly variable and depend on factors such as group size, habitat features, and resource availability. The average distance traveled in a day is reported to be 1-1-5 km, and home ranges are 29-93 ha. Females and young chase their opponents in neighboring groups at territorial boundaries. Females also emit a “chatter-scream” that incites louder calls and displays by males in the group. Social groups tend to be relatively large, with 15-30 individuals. Typically, groups contain just one adult male, 5-13 adult females, and young. Solitary males that have not succeeded in joining a group move around on their own, occasionally joining groups of other species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FD6564ADFCA2FE22" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[572,789,445,478]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
are notably less affiliative with members of their group compared with other guenons. Males, in particular, exhibit low levels of integration into their group; females groom other females and young, but males are reported to never receive any grooming. Higher levels of agonistic interactions are also ascribed to the level of competition for food within groups. The main predators of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FE506792FE57FD5F" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[265,480,642,675]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
are Leopards (Panthera pardus), Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), eagles, and humans. Research by K. Zuberbtuihler and colleagues, using playbacks of vocalizations of Leopards and crowned hawk-eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus), showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FFBD67E9FE0EFCE6" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[228,441,761,794]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
gave alarm calls that were specific for Leopards and different from those for eagles. They would often approach the source of the calls, letting other group members know of the danger and which predator had been seen. Leopards and eagles hunt by surprise, and alarm calls result in them calling off a hunt. The approach of humans and a playback of social screams of Chimpanzees, however, generally did not result in alarm calling. Both are pursuit predators, and the monkeys’ alarm calls would evidently draw their attention.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FDF266F5FCC8FBFA" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[683,895,997,1030]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
instead keep quiet and try to hide and slip away unnoticed. Leopards are also predators of Chimpanzees, and Chimpanzee leopard-alarm screams (as opposed to social screams) stimulate bouts of Leopard alarm-calling by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FED1614FFDD4FB80" authority="Monkeys." authorityName="Monkeys." box="[392,611,1119,1148]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys.</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FD34614FFCF4FB80" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[621,835,1119,1148]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
travel with groups of Campbell's Monkeys (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FFAF6193FE22FB58" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1838" box="[246,405,1155,1188]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="53" pageNumber="682" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">C. campbelli</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and respond to their alarm calls, which are also predator specific. Although evidently serving as alarm calls for predators, the loud calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FBDA61BAFAE0FB37" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[1155,1367,1194,1227]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ between sexes, and males show a peak in loud calling in the early evening that is not related to predators. They have a slightly different structure (a different number ofsyllables), group members do not respond with their own calls, and loud calling in this situation is believed to play a role in the male’s defense of his females and territory.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="12CF7A89FFF5FFF0FFDD6840F827F26C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867447" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867447/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" startId="52.[132,162,3408,3433]" targetBox="[12,2749,15,3643]" targetPageId="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF5FFF0FFDD6840F827F26C" blockId="52.[130,2602,3408,3476]" pageId="52" pageNumber="679">
|
||
On following pages: 61.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FECB6840FDF8F295" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[402,591,3408,3433]" genus="The" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" rank="species" species="roloway">Roloway Monkey</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FD066840FCEDF295" box="[607,858,3408,3433]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roloway">Cercopithecus roloway</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 62. De Brazza's Monkey (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FBD16840FA92F295" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1160,1317,3408,3433]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cercopithecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FA776840FF6CF26C" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neglectus">neglectus Monkey</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FFB56867FE3EF26C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[236,393,3447,3472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cercopithecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
lowe); 66. Crowned Monkey (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FD876867FC52F26C" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1833" box="[734,997,3447,3472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="683" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pogonias">Cercopithecus pogonias</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 67. Wolf's Monkey (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FB806867FAC1F26C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1241,1398,3447,3472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cercopithecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 63.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FA816840F9C1F295" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[1496,1654,3408,3433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Montiaceae" genus="Mona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Mona Monkey</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F9DF6840F8DEF295" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[1670,1897,3408,3433]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="712" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mona">Cercopithecus mona</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 64. Campbell's Monkey (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F7D66840F69BF295" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2191,2348,3408,3433]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cercopithecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
campbell); 65. Lowe's
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0FAD96867FA03F26C" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1891" box="[1408,1460,3447,3472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="679" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wolfi">wolfi</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 68. Dent's Monkey (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF5FFF0F9F06867F833F26C" authorityName=": Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[1705,1924,3447,3472]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="52" pageNumber="684" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dent">Cercopithecus dent</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF4FFF1FFFC607FFD7DF86C" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF4FFF1FFFC607FFD7DF86C" blockId="53.[163,1373,288,2135]" pageId="53" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF4FFF1FFFC607FFDBEFA6C" bold="true" box="[165,521,1391,1424]" pageId="53" pageNumber="680">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FE396086FD9AFA4B" authority="Monkey" authorityName="Monkey" box="[352,557,1430,1463]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkey</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed as Class A in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Habitat loss and hunting have led to a 30% decline in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FED460F9FDDEF9FA" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[397,617,1513,1542]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
over the past 30 years (three generations). Habitat loss 1s driven mainly by logging and clearing land for agriculture and charcoal production. Such deforestation continues to reduce habitat availability for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FB2C6324FF5CF980" authority="Monkeys. They" authorityName="Monkeys. They" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys. They</taxonomicName>
|
||
are dependent on tall mature forest that is becoming increasingly degraded and fragmented.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FE026397FD85F958" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[347,562,1671,1700]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also more vulnerable to hunting than other guenons because of their larger size, noisy vocalizations, and bright colors. They occur in a number of protected areas: Ta Forest National Park in Ivory Coast; Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary and the proposed Gola and Loma national parks in Sierra Leone; and Sapo National Park in Liberia. Despite the protected status of these areas and official prohibition of hunting,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFF4FFF1FEA6625CFD6EF895" authority="Monkeys" authorityName="Monkeys" box="[511,729,1868,1897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Luvaridae" genus="Diana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Diana Monkeys</taxonomicName>
|
||
are continuing to lose their habitat and are being harvested at unsustainable levels.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFF4FFF1FFFF62B4FE2DF7AA" pageId="53" pageNumber="680" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFF4FFF1FFFF62B4FE2DF7AA" blockId="53.[163,1373,288,2135]" pageId="53" pageNumber="680">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFF4FFF1FFFF62B4FE88F845" bold="true" box="[166,319,1956,1977]" pageId="53" pageNumber="680">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Noé & Bshary (1997), Buzzard (2004, 2006), Buzzard & Eckardt (2007), Byrne et al. (1983), Groves (2001, 2005b), Grubb et al. (2003), Hill (1991, 1994), Holenweg et al. (1996), Honer et al. (1997), Kingdon (1997), McGraw (1996a, 1998a, 1998b, 2002, 2007), McGraw & Oates (2007), Napier (1981), Oates (1988b, 2011), Oates & Whitesides (1990), Oates, Gippoliti & Groves (2008b), Zuberbuhler (2000, 2002), Zuberbuhler et al. (1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |