179 lines
22 KiB
XML
179 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F09E1C6860B70B1DAC860C5B7816E98F">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D0BB13DC2449A686F7BE4526F5866E32">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F49721470959FAF5037512EFD4FECB5A">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="981371CF99F9BFF20FC436B3A7613C6E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="5A1ACA4BF1CE54A75A9DDA2845E2941A">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="117D51D6A63CB6DDA4AF9A5C28D33740">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="808E5A9AE57AF634C651BD1A6DC16803">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FF99FF9CFF9A6007F8CDFC68" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863382" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824735" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863382" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF99FF9CFF9A6007F8CDFC68" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF99FF9CFF9A6007F8CDFC68" lastPageNumber="716" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFF9A6007FEA4FAB9" blockId="88.[190,1353,1303,1469]" box="[195,275,1303,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF99FF9CFF9A6007FEA4FAB9" box="[195,275,1303,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF99FF9CFF9A6007FEA4FAB9" box="[195,275,1303,1349]" captionStart="Plate 47: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="87.[100,130,3411,3432]" captionTargetBox="[13,2745,15,3644]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="5. 5- 6 kg ( females ). The Sabah Grizzled Languris gray above and below, except white belly and inner surfaces of limbs, contrasting with black on hands and feet. Crown is gray, with a tall black crest on back of head and two frontal whorls. Facial skin is red- dish, with bluish lips and a pair of distinct black spots on each side of the face, between eyes and mouth — a pattern sometimes seen in more contrastingly colored individuals of Hose’s Langur ( Presbytis hoset (null), 6. [MISSING], 7. [MISSING], 8. [MISSING], 9. [MISSING], 10. [MISSING], 11. [MISSING], 12. [MISSING], 13. [MISSING], 14. [MISSING], 15. [MISSING], 16. [MISSING], 17. [MISSING], 18. [MISSING], 19. [MISSING], 20. [MISSING], 21. [MISSING], 22. [MISSING], 23. [MISSING], 24. [MISSING], 25. [MISSING], 26. [MISSING], 27. [MISSING], 28. [MISSING], 29. [MISSING], 30. [MISSING], 31. [MISSING], 32. [MISSING], 33. [MISSING], 34. [MISSING], 35. [MISSING], 36. [MISSING], 37. [MISSING], 38. [MISSING], 39. [MISSING], 40. [MISSING], 41. [MISSING], 42. [MISSING], 43. [MISSING], 44. [MISSING], 45. [MISSING], 46. [MISSING], 47. [MISSING], 48. [MISSING], 49. [MISSING], 50. [MISSING], 51. [MISSING], 52. [MISSING], 53. [MISSING], 54. [MISSING], 55. [MISSING], 56. [MISSING], 57. [MISSING], 58. [MISSING], 59. [MISSING], 60. [MISSING], 61. [MISSING], 62. [MISSING], 63. [MISSING], 64. [MISSING], 65. [MISSING], 66. [MISSING], 67. [MISSING], 68. [MISSING], 69. [MISSING], 70. [MISSING], 71. [MISSING], 72. [MISSING], 73. [MISSING], 74. [MISSING], 75. [MISSING], 76. [MISSING], 77. [MISSING], 78. [MISSING], 79. [MISSING], 80. [MISSING], 81. [MISSING], 82. [MISSING], 83. [MISSING], 84. [MISSING], 85. [MISSING], 86. [MISSING], 87. [MISSING], 88. [MISSING], 89. [MISSING], 90. [MISSING], 91. [MISSING], 92. [MISSING], 93. [MISSING], 94. [MISSING], 95. [MISSING], 96. [MISSING], 97. [MISSING], 98. [MISSING], 99. [MISSING], 100. [MISSING], 101. [MISSING], 102. [MISSING], 103. [MISSING], 105. Javan Langur (Presbytis comata), 106. Banded Langur (Presbytis femoralis), 107. Cross-marked Langur (Presbytis chrysomelas), 108. White-fronted Langur (Presbytis frontata), 109. Hose’s Langur (Presbytis hosei), 110. Miller’s Langur (Presbytis canicrus), 111. Sabah Grizzled Langur (Presbytis sabana), 112. Black-crested Sumatran Langur (Presbytis melalophos), 113. Black-and-white Langur (Presbytis bicolor), 114. Black Sumatran Langur (Presbytis sumatrana), 115. Mitered Langur (Presbytis mitrata)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867463/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">107.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFE7C6007FD5EFAB9" box="[293,745,1303,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFE7C6007FD5EFAB9" blockId="88.[190,1353,1303,1469]" box="[293,745,1303,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF99FF9CFE7C6007FD5EFAB9" box="[293,745,1303,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF99FF9CFE7C6007FD5EFAB9" box="[293,745,1303,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Cross-marked Langur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFC736007FB29FAB9" box="[810,1182,1303,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFC736007FB29FAB9" blockId="88.[190,1353,1303,1469]" box="[810,1182,1303,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF99FF9CFC736007FB29FAB9" box="[810,1182,1303,1349]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF99FF9CFC736007FB29FAB9" ID-CoL="788XP" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[810,1182,1303,1349]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysomelas">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFC736007FB29FAB9" box="[810,1182,1303,1349]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Presbytis chrysomelas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFF996047FEADFA41" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFF996047FBABFA90" blockId="88.[190,1353,1303,1469]" box="[192,1052,1367,1388]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF99FF9CFF996047FBABFA90" box="[192,1052,1367,1388]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFF996047FEBAFA90" bold="true" box="[192,269,1367,1388]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF99FF9CFE4E6047FE7DFA90" box="[279,458,1367,1388]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Langur de Bornéo</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFE876047FD8EFA90" bold="true" box="[478,569,1367,1388]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF99FF9CFD1A6047FD54FA90" box="[579,739,1367,1388]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Sarawak-Langur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFDAE6047FCE4FA90" bold="true" box="[759,851,1367,1388]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF99FF9CFC046047FBABFA90" box="[861,1052,1367,1388]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Langur de Sarawak</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFF99606FFEADFA41" blockId="88.[190,1353,1303,1469]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF99FF9CFF99606FFEADFA41" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFF99606FFE01FA68" bold="true" box="[192,438,1407,1428]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF99FF9CFE99606FFDE8FA68" box="[448,607,1407,1428]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Sarawak Langur</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF99FF9CFD34606FFB39FA68" box="[621,1166,1407,1428]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Sarawak Surili; Bornean Banded Langur (chrysomelas)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF99FF9CFBC2606FFEADFA41" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Tricolored Langur (crucigen</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFC7060FDFC55F9CE" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFC7060FDFC55F9CE" blockId="88.[808,1396,1517,1940]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFC7060FDFC73F9F6" bold="true" box="[809,964,1517,1546]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF99FF9CFCB860FDFC6AF9CE" authority="S. Muller, 1838" authorityName="S. Muller" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysomelas">Semnopithecus chrysomelas S. Muller, 1838</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFCA96309FC2FF9A5" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFCA96309FC2FF9A5" blockId="88.[808,1396,1517,1940]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF99FF9CFCA96309FC2FF9A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421308" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Indonesia, Pontianak, West Borneo.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFC716343FB82F890" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFC716343FB82F890" blockId="88.[808,1396,1517,1940]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">An isolated population is found in southeastern Sarawak State (Betong, Saribas, Nimong, Batang Lupar) that probably represents an undescribed subspecies superficially; oo similar to the “ “cross-bearing3 of morph of the subspecies cruciger. Two subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFC706263FE5CF7CD" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FF99FF9CFC706263FE5CF7CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867317" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867317/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" targetBox="[195,776,1523,1931]" targetPageId="88">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFC706263FB0EF868" blockId="88.[808,1396,1517,1940]" box="[809,1209,1907,1940]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFC706263FB0EF868" bold="true" box="[809,1209,1907,1940]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFF9962B2FD40F81E" blockId="88.[189,1396,1954,3475]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF99FF9CFF9962B2FD40F81E" authority="S. Miller, 1838" authorityName="S. Miller" authorityYear="1838" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysomelas" subSpecies="chrysomelas">P.c.chrysomelasS.Miller,1838—WBorneo,fromtheIVDivisioninWSarawak,StotheKapuasRiverinWKalimantanProvince.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFF9962F9FE5CF7CD" blockId="88.[189,1396,1954,3475]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF99FF9CFF9962F9FD8DF7F6" authority="Thomas, 1892" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1892" box="[192,570,2025,2058]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="chrysomelas" subSpecies="cruciger">P. c. cruciger Thomas, 1892</taxonomicName>
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— N Borneo, from Melalap in Sabah State to the Baram District in N Sarawak.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFFE66D28FE3BF4E2" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFFE66D28FE3BF4E2" blockId="88.[189,1396,1954,3475]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFFE66D28FE0EF7A5" bold="true" box="[191,441,2104,2137]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 43-61 cm, tail 61-84 cm; weight 5.9-8.2 kg. Forehead whorls of the Cross-marked Langur, of which there is nearly always a pair, are very small and nearer the brow than in other langur species. Crest is high, upstanding, and narrow, and there is no defined fringe over eyes. There is a U-shaped parting on nape rather than a restricted whorl. Chest hairs are directed backward, meeting forward-directed belly hairs in a ridge. The “Bornean Banded Langur” (P. c.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF99FF9CFB3F6DEDFB4FF6E2" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1126,1272,2301,2334]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysomelas">chrysomelas</taxonomicName>
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) is quite variable but generally jet-black above (sometimes with a few brown hairs on back). Underside is pale whitish or fawn, the tone extending to cheeks, chin, wrists, lower thighs, and ventral surface of tail. Cheeks are brown-gray to white. The “Tricolored Langur” (P. c. cruciger) is mainly brown, with a white or creamy-fawn underside (latter tone extending to wrists, ankles, and tail tip). Forehead whorls are relatively elongated, and crest is low. There is also a strikingly different and fairly common “crossbearing” morph, in which the characteristic black cross pattern of infants is retained into adulthood. Legs, flanks, and crown are bright red. The isolated population found in south-eastern Sarawak has a less sharp dividing line between the black dorsum and red flanks, a dull creamy underside rather than white, and the chest is a more pronounced red. Black patches on knees are also more conspicuous and there is always black patching on shanks. There are two small whorls on the forehead, with a tall crest between them.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFFE76E3CFCE1F4B9" box="[190,854,2860,2885]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFFE76E3CFCE1F4B9" blockId="88.[189,1396,1954,3475]" box="[190,854,2860,2885]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFFE76E3CFE9AF4B9" bold="true" box="[190,301,2860,2885]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Swamp, lowland, and mangrove forest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFFE76E5CFBD3F491" box="[190,1124,2892,2925]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFFE76E5CFBD3F491" blockId="88.[189,1396,1954,3475]" box="[190,1124,2892,2925]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
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||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFFE76E5CFE73F491" bold="true" box="[190,452,2892,2925]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Cross-marked Langur eats leaves and fruit.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFFE76E63FD5FF447" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFFE76E63FD5FF447" blockId="88.[189,1396,1954,3475]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFFE76E63FEF2F468" bold="true" box="[190,325,2931,2964]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Infant Cross-marked Langurs are whitish-gray with a distinctive, dark cross pattern along their back and shoulders.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFFE46ED2FBC1F41F" box="[189,1142,3010,3043]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFFE46ED2FBC1F41F" blockId="88.[189,1396,1954,3475]" box="[189,1142,3010,3043]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFFE46ED2FE1FF41F" bold="true" box="[189,424,3010,3043]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Cross-marked Langur is diurnal and arboreal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFFE76EFDFD6DF3A4" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFFE76EFDFD6DF3A4" blockId="88.[189,1396,1954,3475]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFFE76EFDFCCCF3F6" bold="true" box="[190,891,3053,3082]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Cross-marked Langur has never been studied in the wild. It generally lives in groups of 3-7 individuals, with one male, 1-3 females, and their offspring.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFFE66973F688FCE1" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFFE66973F688FCE1" blockId="88.[189,1396,1954,3475]" lastBlockId="88.[1466,2672,291,918]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFFE66973FDA3F37C" bold="true" box="[191,532,3171,3200]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red Last, including both subspecies. The Cross-marked Languris legally protected in Sarawak. According to the published distributions, the Tricolored Langur occurs in Maludam, Similajau, and Tanjung Datu national parks and Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary. It is also present in the Lingga area of Sarawak, which has been proposed as a protected area, and it may be found in Betung Kerihun National Park in Indonesia. A recent survey by K. Aken and J. W. Duckworth and colleagues has, however, reported that the Bornean Banded Langur, not the Tricolored Langur, occurs in Similajau National Park, so the respective distributions of the two subspecies (and perhaps their validity as distinct taxa) require further studies. According to its known and supposed distribution, the Bornean Banded Langur may occur in Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary in southwestern Sarawak near the border with West Kalimantan. The majority of the remaining populations are found in these areas, and the combined estimates for their numbers are very low, c. 200-500 individuals. Known populations of Cross-marked Langurs are believed to have been reduced by ¢.80% over the past 30 years, and certainly the area of occupancy has been reduced dramatically. It was once considered common, but now, after 100 years of intense persecution and habitat loss, it is among the rarest primates in the region, and among the rarest in the world. It occurs in less than 5% ofits historical distribution. In recent years,it has been particularly affected by expanding plantations, particularly oil palm. Additional conservation measures are urgently needed. The Crossmarked Langur could soon go extinct if current trends continue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF99FF9CFAE5663CF8CDFC68" pageId="88" pageNumber="716" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF99FF9CFAE5663CF8CDFC68" blockId="88.[1466,2672,291,918]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF99FF9CFAE5663CF9E1FCB9" bold="true" box="[1468,1622,812,837]" pageId="88" pageNumber="716">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aken (1982), Bennett & Davies (1994), Bennett et al. (1987), Brandon-Jones (1999, 2011b), Brandon-Jones et al. (2004), Duckworth (1997), Groves (2001), Meyer et al. (2011), Nijman (2001), Nijman, Hon & Richardson (2008), Payne et al. (1985).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |