221 lines
28 KiB
XML
221 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="4122D8A3A686FBFB96D23DD5EAE200DD" ID-CLB-Dataset="100956" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6867065" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3d520847-5163-4b5c-87bf-2cdceb781098" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-89-7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867065" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1658256599114" checkinUser="jonas" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="CE199B17FF8FFF8BFAE06082FAAFF892" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Cercopithecidae_0550.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Piliocolobus kirku" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="707" masterDocId="3220E36FFFC1FFC4FF596510FFB7FFFC" masterDocTitle="Cercopithecidae" masterLastPageNumber="755" masterPageNumber="550" pageNumber="706" updateTime="1699359875441" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="B6A789C038034B49FD4BC7237BBDB11E">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A54B9C5914DC958C461D01FB634CE69B">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6F18BA736930691404248ABA9EF788B5">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="25BE6E4EF78528CA9E199B5769A3A543">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="67078284A056B0EFE0C51FC9F707D4B8">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="5C2439814A29904EFE4F7E7A0FA67125">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="4B605B664966810513A20B013E20D8B3">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="5AEDF03A8AF87D8BF0B4CEB79316F647">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FF8FFF8BFAE06082FAAFF892" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863339" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824646" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863339" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF8FFF8BFAE06082FAAFF892" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF8FFF8BFAE06082FAAFF892" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="707" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFAE06082FA44FA40" box="[1465,1523,1426,1468]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFAE06082FA44FA40" blockId="78.[1463,2441,1426,1547]" box="[1465,1523,1426,1468]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8FFF8AFAE06082FA44FA40" box="[1465,1523,1426,1468]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF8FFF8AFAE06082FA44FA40" box="[1465,1523,1426,1468]" captionStart="Plate 46: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="77.[99,129,3331,3356]" captionTargetBox="[14,2746,16,3643]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="87. Upper Guinea Red Colobus (Piliocolobus badius), 88. Temminck’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus temmincki), 89. Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus waldronae), 90. Zanzibar Red Colobus (Piliocolobus kirku), 91. Udzungwa Red Colobus (Piliocolobus gordonorum), 92. Pennant’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus pennantii), 93. Bouvier’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus bouvieri), 94. Niger Delta Red Colobus (Piliocolobus epieni), 95. Preuss’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus preussi), 96. Tana River Red Colobus (Piliocolobus rufomitratus), 97. Semliki Red Colobus (Piliocolobus semlikiensis), 98. Foa’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus foai), 99. Lang’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus langi), 100. Oustalet’s Red Colobus (Piliocolobus oustaleti), 101. Lomami Red Colobus (Piliocolobus parmentieri), 102. Ashy Red Colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles), 103. Tshuapa Red Colobus (Piliocolobus tholloni), 104. Olive Colobus (Procolobus verus)" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">90.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AF95D6082F864FA40" box="[1540,2003,1426,1468]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AF95D6082F864FA40" blockId="78.[1463,2441,1426,1547]" box="[1540,2003,1426,1468]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8FFF8AF95D6082F864FA40" box="[1540,2003,1426,1468]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8FFF8AF95D6082F864FA40" box="[1540,2003,1426,1468]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Zanzibar Red Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AF74E6082F6E6FA40" box="[2071,2385,1426,1468]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AF74E6082F6E6FA40" blockId="78.[1463,2441,1426,1547]" box="[2071,2385,1426,1468]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8FFF8AF74E6082F6E6FA40" box="[2071,2385,1426,1468]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF74E6082F6E6FA40" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[2071,2385,1426,1468]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirku">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AF74E6082F6E6FA40" box="[2071,2385,1426,1468]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Piliocolobus kirku</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFAE060DEF8C3F9F7" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFAE060DEF63EFA1F" blockId="78.[1463,2441,1426,1547]" box="[1465,2441,1486,1507]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8FFF8AFAE060DEF63EFA1F" box="[1465,2441,1486,1507]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFAE060DEF9B1FA1F" bold="true" box="[1465,1542,1486,1507]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8FFF8AF95660DEF979FA1F" box="[1551,1742,1486,1507]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Colobe de Zanzibar</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AF9BB60DEF889FA1F" bold="true" box="[1762,1854,1486,1507]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8FFF8AF81E60DEF793FA1F" box="[1863,2084,1486,1507]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Sansibar-Stummelaffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AF76060DEF723FA1F" bold="true" box="[2105,2196,1486,1507]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8FFF8AF7C460DEF63EFA1F" box="[2205,2441,1486,1507]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Colobo rojo de Zanzibar</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFAE160E6F8C3F9F7" blockId="78.[1463,2441,1426,1547]" box="[1464,1908,1526,1547]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF8FFF8AFAE160E6F8C3F9F7" box="[1464,1908,1526,1547]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFAE160E6F918F9F7" bold="true" box="[1464,1711,1526,1547]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF8FFF8AF9E360E6F8C3F9F7" box="[1722,1908,1526,1547]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Kirk's Red Colobus</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AF77B6327F595F9A4" box="[2082,2594,1591,1624]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AF77B6327F595F9A4" blockId="78.[2082,2671,1591,2018]" box="[2082,2594,1591,1624]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AF77B6327F70AF9A4" bold="true" box="[2082,2237,1591,1624]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF7976327F5AAF9A4" authority="Gray, 1868" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[2254,2589,1591,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkii">Colobus kirkii Gray, 1868</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AF5696327F74CF97C" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AF5696327F74CF97C" blockId="78.[2082,2671,1591,2018]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF8FFF8AF5696327F74CF97C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421406" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Tanzania, Zanzibar.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AF77A639AF9E1F7CF" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AF77A639AF9E1F7CF" blockId="78.[2082,2671,1591,2018]" lastBlockId="78.[1465,2673,2029,3476]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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Modern taxonomic arrangements of the colobus monkeys either divide the red colobus and the Olive
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF62C63C5F650F90A" box="[2421,2535,1749,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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into two genera,
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF7CE63ECF69BF8E1" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[2199,2348,1788,1821]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF62C63ECF64DF8E1" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[2421,2554,1788,1821]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procolobus</taxonomicName>
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, respectively, or consider them to belong to one genus,
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF7DF6243F6BCF890" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[2182,2315,1875,1900]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procolobus</taxonomicName>
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, with two subgenera (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF5606243F7C9F86F" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Procolobus</taxonomicName>
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for the Olive
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF61B6262F602F86F" box="[2370,2485,1906,1939]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF6A76262F7F8F847" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
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for the red colobus). We follow here C. P. Groves in his publications of 2001 and 2007 in using two genera.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF83662FDF864F7F6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[1903,2003,2029,2058]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkii">P. kirkii</taxonomicName>
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is the easternmost representative of the genus. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFAE06D28F8C4F77D" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FF8FFF8AFAE06D28F8C4F77D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867281" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867281/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" targetBox="[1468,2050,1605,2012]" targetPageId="78">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFAE06D28F8C4F77D" blockId="78.[1465,2673,2029,3476]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFAE06D28F9DEF7A5" bold="true" box="[1465,1641,2104,2137]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Zanzibar I (mainly in the SE) and Muyuni and Uzi Is, off E Tanzania. Introduced on nearby Pemba I.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFAE36D9FF96AF57E" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFAE36D9FF96AF57E" blockId="78.[1465,2673,2029,3476]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFAE36D9FF900F754" bold="true" box="[1466,1719,2191,2216]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 45-50 cm, tail 42-55 cm; weight 7-9 kg. It is possible that female Zanzibar Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF86B6DBEF812F733" box="[1842,1957,2222,2255]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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are larger than males. It is the smallest and most distinctive species of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF9BD6DC6F8CCF70B" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" box="[1764,1915,2262,2295]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
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. Hindlimbs are elongated. It is an essentially tricolored
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AFABE6C15F999F6E2" box="[1511,1582,2309,2334]" pageId="78" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
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; arms, shoulders, and forepart of the back are black, with the remainder of the back, crown, and base of the tail brick-red. Shaggy hair surrounds the face like a halo. Underside (including inner surfaces of forelimbs and all of hindlimbs) and terminal part of the tail are creamy-white. Hands and feet are black and fringed with white hairs. Face is black with a pink zone around the mouth and lower part of the nose; this pattern occurs in juveniles of many other red colobus, but it is retained for life only in Zanzibar Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF87D6CF9F82DF5F6" box="[1828,1946,2537,2570]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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. Eyes are ruby-red. Skull has a short facial skeleton but a long palate. A mtDNA places the Zanzibar Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF7E56F01F698F5CE" box="[2236,2351,2577,2610]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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in a distinct East African clade with the Udzungwa Red
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF8F56F28F7A8F5A5" box="[1964,2079,2616,2649]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF76F6F28F74DF5A5" baseAuthorityName="Matschie" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[2102,2298,2616,2649]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gordonorum">P. gordonorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with which it shares very similar vocalizations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFAE26F97F877F4BA" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFAE26F97F877F4BA" blockId="78.[1465,2673,2029,3476]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFAE26F97F99DF554" bold="true" box="[1467,1578,2695,2728]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Secondary forest patches, swamp forest, mangrove, fallow bush, and agricultural land, from sea level to 110 m. The Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF7936FBEF68BF533" box="[2250,2364,2734,2767]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found primarily in areas of groundwater forest and scrub forest on coral rag on the southern and eastern side of the island. It originally inhabited tropical evergreen forest (now largely destroyed). It prefers the forest canopy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFAE26E5CF958F37E" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFAE26E5CF958F37E" blockId="78.[1465,2673,2029,3476]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFAE26E5CF976F491" bold="true" box="[1467,1729,2892,2925]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Young leaves and leaf buds account for more than 50% of the diet of the Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF9BC6E63F8EEF468" box="[1765,1881,2931,2964]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In forest-dwelling groups, unripe fruit accounts for an additional 25% of the diet, whereas in groups living in agricultural areas, leaves from herbaceous species are the second-most consumed item (c.15% of the annual diet). Some groups frequently feed on mangrove leaves, and groups living on coral rag appear to subsist on a drier, coarser diet than any recorded for red colobus monkeys. Individual Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF8426928F83AF3A5" box="[1819,1933,3128,3161]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
occasionally eat soil or insect clay, and also charcoal from a burned stump.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFAE56997F6BAF2E3" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFAE56997F6BAF2E3" blockId="78.[1465,2673,2029,3476]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFAE56997F9F4F354" bold="true" box="[1468,1603,3207,3240]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF8D96997F845F354" box="[1920,2034,3207,3240]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
display a substantial pink sexual swelling during the periovulatory period. Births take place throughout the year, and a single young is born after a gestation of ¢.5 months. The interbirth interval is 26-55 months. The neonatal coat is white (not blackish as in other red colobus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8FFF8AFAE26834F5E8F268" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8FFF8AFAE26834F5E8F268" blockId="78.[1465,2673,2029,3476]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8FFF8AFAE26834F911F2B9" bold="true" box="[1467,1702,3364,3397]" pageId="78" pageNumber="706">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8FFF8AF8E36834F79BF2B9" box="[1978,2092,3364,3397]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="78" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diurnal and arboreal. Studying groups at two differentsites, K. Siex found they spent 44-47% of their time resting, 29% feeding, 6-12% traveling, 7-15% engaging social activities, and 7-15% in other activities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8EFF8BFFD86433FB31FE6F" pageId="79" pageNumber="707" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8EFF8BFFD86433FB31FE6F" blockId="79.[127,1339,291,1903]" pageId="79" pageNumber="707">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8EFF8BFFD86433FCD7FEB8" bold="true" box="[129,864,291,324]" pageId="79" pageNumber="707">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily movements average 310-565 m, and home ranges are 13-25 ha (home ranges overlap). The Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8EFF8BFFDB6462FF42FE6F" box="[130,245,370,403]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="79" pageNumber="707" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
lives in multimale-multifemale groups, averaging 30 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8EFF8BFFDB648AFD3EF90A" pageId="79" pageNumber="707" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8EFF8BFFDB648AFD3EF90A" blockId="79.[127,1339,291,1903]" pageId="79" pageNumber="707">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8EFF8BFFDB648AFE54FE47" bold="true" box="[130,483,410,443]" pageId="79" pageNumber="707">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8EFF8BFE7E64D5FE4AFE1E" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[295,509,453,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="79" pageNumber="707" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kirkii">Procolobus kirkii</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The Zanzibar Red Colobusis listed as Class A in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. It is nominally protected in Tanzania under the Forest Resource Management and Conservation Act of 1996. These beautiful monkeys are threatened by hunting and land clearance. Two specimens of the Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8EFF8BFD10674FFD0CFD7C" box="[585,699,607,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="79" pageNumber="707" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
obtained in the mid-19" century reportedly came from the Pangani River, on mainland Tanzania, but it is certainly extirpated there now. Vast tracts of Zanzibar’s native forest have been destroyed for timber, charcoal production, cultivation, and bush-burning. Local people tolerate the Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8EFF8BFF9D6615FE81FCE2" box="[196,310,773,798]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="79" pageNumber="707" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and seem to appreciate its importance as a tourist attraction; however, it is occasionally shot for food or sport, or as a crop pest. On Zanzibar, it is found mainly in the south-eastern part of the island in Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park, adjacent agricultural areas to the south, and the coral thickets and mangrove swamps of Uzi Island, 10 km to the south-west. It is also found at low densities in isolated populations in coral thickets along Zanzibar’s eastern coast from Kiwengwa in the north to Mnyambiji in the south. On the western coast, there is a small isolated group in mangrove swamps of Maji Mekundu. While the Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8EFF8BFC1F6100FC0EFBCD" box="[838,953,1040,1073]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="79" pageNumber="707" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has adapted well to human encroachment, its extent of occurrence is less than 5000 km* and probably less than 760 km?, and there is severe fragmentation and continuing declines in area of occupancy, habitat, and numbers of mature individuals. Less than 50% of the population is legally protected and reasonably secure in the small Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park (c.60 km®). There are occasional deaths due to road kills south of the park, but the installation of speed bumps at Jozani has reduced these incidences. The highest densities occur in ¢.40 ha of agricultural land adjacent to the southern border ofJozani Chwaka Bay National Park (784 ind/km? in 1999), but they are due to population compression following the destruction of adjacent habitat rather than intrinsic growth of the population. The density in coral thickets adjacent to Jozani Forest is probably less than 50 ind/km? The Jozani subpopulation was thought to contain ¢.500 individuals, and in 2008, the total population was estimated at less than 2000 individuals. A small translocated population (c.56 individuals) also occurs in the Masingini Forest Reserve. Creation of a new protected area at Kiwengwa, for the protection of remaining patches of coral thicket in the south and corridors between remaining habitat patches, is urgently needed for survival of the Zanzibar Red
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF8EFF8BFCBB6397FBE0F954" box="[994,1111,1671,1704]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="79" pageNumber="707" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. About 14 individuals were introduced to Ngezi Forest Reserve, Pemba Island, around 1974, and a small population persists there today.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF8EFF8BFFD86216FAAFF892" pageId="79" pageNumber="707" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF8EFF8BFFD86216FAAFF892" blockId="79.[127,1339,291,1903]" pageId="79" pageNumber="707">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF8EFF8BFFD86216FEACF8E3" bold="true" box="[129,283,1798,1823]" pageId="79" pageNumber="707">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Camperio Ciani et al. (2001), Cooney & Struhsaker (1997), Gijzen et al. (1966), Groves (2001, 2007b), Grubb et al. (2003), Rodgers (1981), Siex (2003), Siex & Struhsaker (1999), Silkiluwasha (1981), Struhsaker (2005), Struhsaker & Leland (1980), Struhsaker & Siex (1996, 1998a, 1998b), Struhsaker et al. (1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |