plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/CE/07/39/CE07391FFF9E245AFF7BBCDBFCF6FD81.xml
maintenance db52bacdd6 added CE
2024-06-21 12:52:15 +02:00

490 lines
111 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="C59E276E6F04454AE04473DB1294D75A" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629711042571" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Takaoka, Hiroyuki &amp; Shrestha, Suchitra" docDate="2010" docId="CE07391FFF9E245AFF7BBCDBFCF6FD81" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02731p062.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2731" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Simulium (Simulium) tulshii Takaoka &amp; Shrestha 2010, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="56" masterDocId="323E4167FFAE246DFFECBC3BFFFEFFA6" masterDocTitle="New species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Nepal 2731" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1699099897232" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="704E6F79FE918CDF464912339176047C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="68D806EE9EC98B3128A8F5E88E2FF149">
<mods:title id="557B43F5F37CA33B03F5AC982A6AA2A7">New species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Nepal 2731</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="B1150B11DEC8217B2B4E92851EA417B1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="292D5504B8F872E0B59D2732AD937A6A">
<mods:roleTerm id="E97DE8A453C4BBB3CC93E1E871FA9398">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A42B0716B24E05DA97296AB8EBDA9C31">Takaoka, Hiroyuki</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="054C5735708316028CF44EEF9749A312" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C774732ECDA0977EBA9881FFA45E21F4">
<mods:roleTerm id="CE6619832F0FB6F663193E651CEE08C3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="84172906B9EC742F74E9240C62197ADB">Shrestha, Suchitra</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="33B03D8C52C1EB877CDFC42470DAB5D9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="453AF94EEC6A97EC1C8124884A191DDE" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="0C10C549902616688C5027182FF6379A">
<mods:title id="515C1917F23B44985DF82B9C274A6C6C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="E3262902B7BFAB918590B52E5196D168">
<mods:date id="37C52F5DCB6A0914AC60562A40D7CE19">2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="A4B764514084711AF2BEA8235C046C4F" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="BF2C1DBB4C44F21092079F70C81F4E4C">2010-12-24</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="3BCF7EC1CF4CDE5042CB1C360F20C51A" type="volume">
<mods:number id="0A949539C202DDAAE69F350FEB3844F3">2731</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="7A97C11397FEB213B84059BD320D81E6" unit="page">
<mods:start id="E958C84B57C92AC82FE51670D910D33A">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="DFD8082EB59E1976DCFFF2A470FB1839">62</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="876CCAE8F8FB3D3EB1B8A095441B3D49">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="0F3EE6A6D622FFA39FF374CA77FFACA5" type="ISSN">1175­5334</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="CE07391FFF9E245AFF7BBCDBFCF6FD81" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5294985" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5294985" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE07391FFF9E245AFF7BBCDBFCF6FD81" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE07391FFF9E245AFF7BBCDBFCF6FD81" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FF9E245DFF7BBCDBFC9FFF5C" box="[151,865,224,250]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="46118809FF9E245DFF7BBCDBFC9FFF5C" blockId="48.[151,865,224,250]" box="[151,865,224,250]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<heading id="1D593F65FF9E245DFF7BBCDBFC9FFF5C" bold="true" box="[151,865,224,250]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="1">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFF7BBCDBFC9FFF5C" bold="true" box="[151,865,224,250]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF9E245DFF7BBCDBFD02FF5C" ID-CoL="8DZ24" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,764,224,250]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tulshii" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFF7BBCDBFEF0FF5C" bold="true" box="[151,270,224,250]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFEF3BCDBFE68FF5C" bold="true" box="[287,406,224,250]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFE4BBCDBFE0AFF5C" bold="true" box="[423,500,224,250]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">tulshii</emphasis>
Takaoka &amp; Shrestha
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FF9E245DFCEFBCDBFC9FFF5C" box="[771,865,224,250]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FF9E2458FF7BBD12FC81F8C1" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="46118809FF9E245CFF7BBD12FB5CFE5D" blockId="48.[151,1436,297,2007]" lastBlockId="49.[151,1437,152,2004]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFF7BBD12FE6FFEE5" bold="true" box="[151,401,297,323]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Description. Female</emphasis>
. Body length
<quantity id="815625ECFF9E245DFDDBBD11FD39FEE2" box="[567,711,298,324]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="3.15" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.5 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFD3FBD11FCE4FEE2" bold="true" box="[723,794,298,324]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Head.</emphasis>
Narrower than thorax. Frons brownish-black, whitishgray pruinose, very slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angle of light, and covered with several whitishyellow and dark brown hairs along each lateral margin and with several whitish-yellow hairs above antennal base; frontal ratio 1.22–1.24:1.00:1.07–1.24; frons-head ratio 1.00:4.14–4.59. Fronto-ocular area (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFACBBDACFA6DFE17" box="[1319,1427,407,433]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26A</figureCitation>
) well developed, short, directed laterally. Clypeus brownish-black, whitish-gray pruinose, moderately covered with whitish-yellow hairs though small area along dorsal margin bare. Labrum 0.71–0.72 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, medium brown except scape, pedicel and base of 1st flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFD3DBE11FCC7FDE2" box="[721,825,554,580]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26B</figureCitation>
) composed of 5 segments, dark brown to brownishblack, proportional lengths of 3rd, 4th and 5th segments 1.00:1.04–1.05:2.45–2.62 (left palp showing abnormality that 5th segment is connected with middle portion of 4th segment as shown in
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFB03BE49FAA3FD2A" box="[1263,1373,626,652]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26C</figureCitation>
); 3rd segment (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFEE6BEACFE88FD17" box="[266,374,663,689]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26D</figureCitation>
) somewhat widened apically; sensory vesicle (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFC4FBEACFBEEFD17" box="[931,1040,663,689]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26D</figureCitation>
) oblong, 0.38–0.43 times as long as 3rd segment, with medium-sized opening. Lacinia with 12–14 inner and 15 or 16 outer teeth. Mandible with 32 inner and 16 outer teeth. Cibarium (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFD4DBEDBFCF4FD5C" box="[673,778,736,762]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26E</figureCitation>
) with small median projection directed posterodorsally, and with numerous sharply pointed processes along posterodorsal margin and even on median projection; similar processes scattered on transparent membrane near posterodorsal margin.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFBAEBF12FB65FCE5" bold="true" box="[1090,1179,809,835]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Thorax</emphasis>
. Scutum black, shiny, with whitish-gray pruinose patterns (variable depending of direction of illumination), densely covered with whitish-yellow fine hairs interspersed with dark brown upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum dark brown, with whitish-yellow hairs and dark brown upright hairs. Postnotum dark brown, shiny, whitish-gray pruinose, bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, blackish, whitish-gray pruinose, shiny when illuminated at certain angle of light, bare.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFCC2BFDBFC96FC5C" bold="true" box="[814,872,992,1018]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Legs</emphasis>
. Foreleg: coxa and trochanter whitish-yellow; femur whitish-yellow except apical cap dark yellow to light brown and posterior surface dark yellow; tibia yellowish-white except apical 1/4 dark brown, and with white large sheen on outer surface; tarsus brownishblack, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 6.67 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter whitish-yellow with posterior surface partially dark yellow; femur yellow except apical cap dark yellow to light brown; tibia yellowish-white to yellow except apical cap medium brown and mediolongitudial portion of apical 1/2 to 3/4 of outer surface dark yellow; tibia with white large sheen on posterior surface; tarsus medium brown except little less than basal 1/2 of basitarsus and base of 2nd tarsomere whitish-yellow. Hind leg: coxa dark brown to brownish-black; trochanter yellowish-white; femur medium to dark yellow except base yellowish-white and apical cap medium to dark brown; tibia yellowish-white to yellow except apical cap dark brown and most of outer surface from middle to base of apical cap dark yellow to light brown; tibia with white large sheen on posterior surface; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal 2/3 of basitarsus and little less than basal 1/2 of 2nd tarsomere yellowish-white (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFACAB9ADFA70FA16" box="[1318,1422,1430,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26F</figureCitation>
); basitarsus (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFEF3B980FE76FA73" box="[287,392,1467,1493]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26F</figureCitation>
) nearly parallel-sided, 6.18 times as long as wide, and 0.68 and 0.57 times as wide as greatest width of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFC94B9E4FC20FA5F" box="[888,990,1503,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26F</figureCitation>
) developed, small, 0.67 times as long as its basal width, and 0.35 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFB99BA3FFB25F9B8" box="[1141,1243,1540,1566]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26F</figureCitation>
) well developed at basal 1/3 of 2nd tarsal segment. Claw with small subbasal tooth (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFC21BA12FBC0F9E5" box="[973,1086,1577,1603]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26G</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFBB8BA13FB6BF9E4" bold="true" box="[1108,1173,1576,1602]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Wing</emphasis>
. Length
<quantity id="815625ECFF9E245DFAEFBA12FA66F9E5" box="[1283,1432,1577,1603]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="2.8" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="2.7">2.7–2.9 mm</quantity>
.
<collectingRegion id="846A46EBFF9E245DFF7BBA76FF24F9C1" box="[151,218,1613,1639]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Costa</collectingRegion>
with dark spinules and light brown hairs except basal patch of hairs yellow; subcosta with hairs except apical 1/3 to 1/2 bare; basal section of radial vein bare; R
<subScript id="DA2A8A4CFF9E245DFCDEBAB9FCC4F936" attach="left" box="[818,826,1666,1680]" fontSize="6" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">1</subScript>
with dark spinules and hairs; R
<subScript id="DA2A8A4CFF9E245DFB40BAB9FB4AF936" attach="left" box="[1196,1204,1666,1680]" fontSize="6" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">2</subScript>
with hairs; hair tuft on stem vein yellow; basal cell absent.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFD95BAA2FD11F915" bold="true" box="[633,751,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Basal scale medium to dark brown, with fringe of pale hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish-black except basal 1/2 to 3/5 of 2nd segment dark yellow, moderately covered with yellow fine short hairs intermixed with short to medium-long dark brown hairs; tergite 2 shiny, white iridescent when illuminated, and tergites 6–8 shiny. Ventral surface of segment 7 with pair of round weakly sclerotized sternal plates.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9E245DFCF7BB10FC70F8E3" bold="true" box="[795,910,1835,1861]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Genitalia</emphasis>
. Sternite 8 (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFBCABB10FB6BF8E3" box="[1062,1173,1835,1861]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26H</figureCitation>
) with 18–27 whitishyellow medium-long to long stout hairs on each lateral surface. Ovipositor valves (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9E245DFB86BB6BFB2BF8CC" box="[1130,1237,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 26H</figureCitation>
) large, produced posteromedially, with rounded apices, membranous, covered with numerous microsetae and 14–22 whitishyellow medium-long hairs per side, except apical 1/3 or more bare; inner margins widely concave; narrow portion along inner margin moderately sclerotized and central portion of apical bare portion weakly sclerotized. Genital fork (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFE2ABCA3FDD9FF14" box="[454,551,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 26I</figureCitation>
) of inverted-Y form, with narrow well-sclerotized stem; arms of moderate width, each with distinct projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFB7FBC87FB0BFF70" box="[1171,1269,188,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 26J</figureCitation>
) with shallow groove medially on ventral surface nearly along anteromedial margin, with moderately sclerotized anteromedial surface bearing 9 or 10 sensilla, with numerous short to medium-long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces; paraproct in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFDDDBD11FD62FEE2" box="[561,668,298,324]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 26K</figureCitation>
) nearly triangular, moderately protruding ventrally beyond cecus, with shallow groove along ventral margin, and with numerous short to medium-long hairs on posterior 1/2. Cercus in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFE42BD48FDE5FE2B" box="[430,539,371,397]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 26K</figureCitation>
) rounded posteriorly, 0.60 times as long as wide, with numerous short and medium-long hairs. Spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFDC5BDACFD6EFE17" box="[553,656,407,433]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 26L</figureCitation>
) nearly ovoid, well sclerotized except portion at junction with duct unsclerotized, without distinct reticulate pattern on its surface, and with internal setae; accessory ducts subequal in thickness to each other, and subequal to, or slightly thicker than, major duct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FF9F245CFF2ABE3EFA62FC5C" blockId="49.[151,1437,152,2004]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9F245CFF2ABE3EFEFBFDB9" bold="true" box="[198,261,517,543]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Male</emphasis>
. Body length
<quantity id="815625ECFF9F245CFE5BBE3EFDB5FDB9" box="[439,587,517,543]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="3.15" valueMax="3.6" valueMin="2.7">2.7–3.6 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9F245CFDB6BE3EFD65FDB9" bold="true" box="[602,667,517,543]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Head</emphasis>
. Wider than thorax. Upper eye consisting of large facets in 21 vertical columns and in 23 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose, covered with whitishyellow hairs along and near lateral margins (most of central portion bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, medium brown except scape and pedicel dark yellow and base of 1st flagellomere whitish-yellow; 1st flagellomere elongate, 1.9 times as long as 2nd one. Maxillary palp dark brown, composed of 5 segments with proportional lengths of 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments 1.00:1.17:2.73; 3rd segment (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFEE0BEDBFE84FD5C" box="[268,378,736,762]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
) of normal size; sensory vesicle (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFCFDBEDBFC81FD5C" box="[785,895,736,762]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
) small, ellipsoidal, 0.24 times as long as 3rd segment, and with small opening.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9F245CFDC9BF3EFD80FCB9" bold="true" box="[549,638,773,799]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Thorax</emphasis>
. Scutum black, with whitish-gray pruinose pattern, i.e., anterior pair of large spots on shoulders extending posteriorly along lateral margins and connected to large transverse spot entirely covering prescutellar area; either anterior or posterior 1/2 of large pruinose spot on each shoulder disappearing depending on angle of light; some pruinose areas shiny when illuminated at certain angle of light; scutum uniformly and moderately covered with whitish-yellow recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum medium brown, with several dark long upright hairs as well as whitish-yellow short hairs. Postnotum, pleural membrane and katepisternum as in female.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FF9F245CFF7BB83FFD2DF872" blockId="49.[151,1437,152,2004]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9F245CFF7BB83FFF2EFBB8" bold="true" box="[151,208,1028,1054]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Legs</emphasis>
. Color nearly as in female except hind basitarsus whitish-yellow on little more than basal 1/2 (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFACEB83FFA73FBB8" box="[1314,1421,1028,1054]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27B</figureCitation>
); fore basitarsus moderately dilated, 7.62 times as long as its greatest width; hind basitarsus (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFB26B812FACDFBE5" box="[1226,1331,1065,1091]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27B</figureCitation>
) slightly enlarged, nearly parallel-sided (though apical 1/4 somewhat tapered apically), 5.16 times as long as its greatest width, and 0.73 and 0.76 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFEFDB8ACFE82FB17" box="[273,380,1175,1201]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27B</figureCitation>
) small, 0.67 times as long as its basal width and 0.32 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFE48B880FDF2FB73" box="[420,524,1211,1237]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27B</figureCitation>
) well marked.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9F245CFD57B880FD05FB73" bold="true" box="[699,763,1211,1237]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Wing</emphasis>
. Length
<quantity id="815625ECFF9F245CFC8FB880FC3EFB73" box="[867,960,1211,1237]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
; other characteristics as in female except subcosta bare.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9F245CFEAFB8E4FE48FB5F" bold="true" box="[323,438,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Basal scale brownish-black, with fringe of whitish-yellow long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish-black, moderately covered with whitish-yellow fine short hairs intermixed with dark brown short to medium-long hairs; segments 2 and 4–7 each with pair of whitish-gray pruinose spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 connected broadly to each other in middle; ventral surface of abdomen medium to dark brown.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9F245CFDC4B949FD66FA2A" bold="true" box="[552,664,1394,1420]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Genitalia</emphasis>
. Coxite in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFC2CB949FBD4FA2A" box="[960,1066,1394,1420]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27C</figureCitation>
) nearly quadrate, 1.20 times as long as wide; coxite in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFDA3B9ADFD42FA16" box="[591,700,1430,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27D</figureCitation>
) 0.79 times as long as wide. Style in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFAC4B9ADFA6DFA16" box="[1320,1427,1430,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27C</figureCitation>
) elongate, slightly sinuous, nearly parallel-sided, 1.83 times as long as coxite, with subapical spine; style in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFED8B9E4FE5FFA5F" box="[308,417,1503,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27D</figureCitation>
) spatulate dorsoventrally, tapered from apical 1/4 to apex; style in ventrolateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFF73BA3FFEF9F9B8" box="[159,263,1540,1566]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27E</figureCitation>
) widest little beyond middle, 0.36 times as wide as long; style in medial view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFB43BA3FFAEBF9B8" box="[1199,1301,1540,1566]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27F</figureCitation>
) with short subbasal bulge directed dorsally, bearing no spinule on its surface. Ventral plate in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFAE9BA12FA8EF9E5" box="[1285,1392,1577,1603]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27G</figureCitation>
) Yshaped, covered with setae densely on anterior surface and moderately on posterior surface of ventrally produced process which bearing 2 vertical rows of spines on posterior surface; arms diverged basally from each other at angle of 60 to 90 degrees, then directed forward; ventral plate in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFB05BAADFAA8F916" box="[1257,1366,1686,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27H</figureCitation>
) with distinct serrated posterior margin and densely covered with minute setae on ventrally produced process; ventral plate in end view (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFE23BAE4FDD1F95F" box="[463,559,1759,1785]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27I</figureCitation>
) having 2 vertical rows of 7–9 teeth on posterior surface, and moderately covered with minute setae on ventrally produced elliptical process. Median sclerite (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFB81BB3FFB30F8B8" box="[1133,1230,1796,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27J</figureCitation>
) well sclerotized, plate-like, wide except near base narrow, with several fissures near apex forming sharply pointed apical tips. Paramere (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFEF2BB76FE6EF8C1" box="[286,400,1869,1895]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27K</figureCitation>
) wide basally, with several short to long hooks. Aedeagal membrane very densely covered with minute setae; dorsal plate (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFD98BB4AFD25F82D" box="[628,731,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27L</figureCitation>
) small, well sclerotized except medial portion incompletely sclerotized. Abdominal segment 10 (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFDB9BBADFD1BF816" box="[597,741,1942,1968]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27M,N</figureCitation>
) with 0 or 1 distinct hair on ventral surface. Cercus (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9F245CFA87BBADFF12F872" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 27M,N</figureCitation>
) small, rounded, with 9–11 distinct hairs.
</paragraph>
<caption id="12D1D881FF9C245FFF7BBA94FD30F820" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" startId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" targetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" targetPageId="50">
<paragraph id="46118809FF9C245FFF7BBA94FD30F820" blockId="50.[151,1436,1711,1926]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9C245FFF7BBA94FED5F961" bold="true" box="[151,299,1711,1735]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
Female of
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF9C245FFE47BA94FD1CF960" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[427,738,1711,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tulshii" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9C245FFE47BA94FDEDF960" box="[427,531,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9C245FFDC8BA94FD75F960" box="[548,651,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9C245FFD71BA94FD1CF960" box="[669,738,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">tulshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9C245FFD07BA94FCBAF961" bold="true" box="[747,836,1711,1735]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FF9C245FFD07BA94FCBAF961" box="[747,836,1711,1735]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="12D1D881FF9D245EFF7BBA9BFE6FF8D1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" startId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" targetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" targetPageId="51">
<paragraph id="46118809FF9D245EFF7BBA9BFE6FF8D1" blockId="51.[151,1436,1696,1911]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9D245EFF7BBA9BFED8F91E" bold="true" box="[151,294,1696,1720]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
Male of
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF9D245EFE6BBA9AFD4CF91E" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[391,690,1696,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tulshii" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9D245EFE6BBA9AFE15F91E" box="[391,491,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9D245EFE17BA9AFD9EF91E" box="[507,608,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9D245EFD83BA9AFD4CF91E" box="[623,690,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">tulshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9D245EFD54BA9BFCF0F91E" bold="true" box="[696,782,1696,1720]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FF9D245EFD54BA9BFCF0F91E" box="[696,782,1696,1720]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="12D1D881FF9A2459FF7BB9ACFD79F989" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" startId="52.[151,255,1431,1455]" targetBox="[159,1424,197,1408]" targetPageId="52">
<paragraph id="46118809FF9A2459FF7BB9ACFD79F989" blockId="52.[151,1436,1431,1583]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9A2459FF7BB9ACFED9FA09" bold="true" box="[151,295,1431,1455]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
Pupa of
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF9A2459FE6BB9A3FD4DFA09" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[391,691,1432,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tulshii" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9A2459FE6BB9A3FE12FA09" box="[391,492,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9A2459FE10B9A3FD9FFA09" box="[508,609,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9A2459FD9CB9A3FD4DFA09" box="[624,691,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">tulshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9A2459FD56B9ACFCF1FA09" bold="true" box="[698,783,1431,1455]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FF9A2459FD56B9ACFCF1FA09" box="[698,783,1431,1455]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, tubercles with pointed apices on frons; B, facial trichome with 4 branches; C &amp; D, anterior parts of thorax showing trichomes and gill with inflated filaments (right side; C, dorsal view; D, outer view); E, fine spinous processes on inflated portion of filaments; F, abdominal segment 9 showing distinct spines and pair of blunt terminal hooks (dorsal view); G, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for G; 0.1 mm for C &amp; D; 0.02 mm for B &amp; F; 0.01 mm for A &amp; E.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="46118809FF9A2458FF2ABA66FB10FC41" blockId="52.[151,1437,1629,2028]" lastBlockId="53.[151,1436,152,2036]" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9A2459FF2ABA66FEF9F9D1" bold="true" box="[198,263,1629,1655]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pupa</emphasis>
. Body length 3.0–
<quantity id="815625ECFF9A2459FE01BA66FDB3F9D1" box="[493,589,1629,1655]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9A2459FDB0BA66FD63F9D1" bold="true" box="[604,669,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Head</emphasis>
. Integument including antennal sheaths yellow to dark yellow, densely and elaborately covered with small round tubercles except most tubercles on frons with pointed apices (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9A2459FF1EBA93FE9CF964" box="[242,354,1704,1730]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="52.[151,255,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,197,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-301@52.[150,1436,178,1430]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 28. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, tubercles with pointed apices on frons; B, facial trichome with 4 branches; C &amp; D, anterior parts of thorax showing trichomes and gill with inflated filaments (right side; C, dorsal view; D, outer view); E, fine spinous processes on inflated portion of filaments; F, abdominal segment 9 showing distinct spines and pair of blunt terminal hooks (dorsal view); G, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for G; 0.1 mm for C &amp; D; 0.02 mm for B &amp; F; 0.01 mm for A &amp; E." pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 28A</figureCitation>
); frons with 2 pairs of simple or bifid long stout trichomes somewhat separated from each other in some pupae; face with pair of bifid, trifid or quadrifid long stout trichomes (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9A2459FB5CBAF6FADFF941" box="[1200,1313,1741,1767]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="52.[151,255,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,197,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-301@52.[150,1436,178,1430]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 28. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, tubercles with pointed apices on frons; B, facial trichome with 4 branches; C &amp; D, anterior parts of thorax showing trichomes and gill with inflated filaments (right side; C, dorsal view; D, outer view); E, fine spinous processes on inflated portion of filaments; F, abdominal segment 9 showing distinct spines and pair of blunt terminal hooks (dorsal view); G, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for G; 0.1 mm for C &amp; D; 0.02 mm for B &amp; F; 0.01 mm for A &amp; E." pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 28B</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9A2459FAD4BAF6FA6AF941" bold="true" box="[1336,1428,1741,1767]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Thorax</emphasis>
. Integument yellow to dark yellow, densely and elaborately covered with small round or cone-shaped tubercles except most tubercles on dorsal and dorolateral surfaces bearing pointed apices similar to those on frons; thorax on each side with 2 simple, bifid or trifid, long stout trichomes anterodorsally, 2 simple, bifid or trifid stout trichomes (1 long, 1 medium-long) anterolaterally, 1 simple long stout trichome mediolaterally, and 3 simple or bifid stout trichomes (1 short or medium-long, 2 long) ventrolaterally. Gill (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9A2459FB91BBB3FAFCF804" box="[1149,1282,1928,1954]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="52.[151,255,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,197,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-301@52.[150,1436,178,1430]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 28. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, tubercles with pointed apices on frons; B, facial trichome with 4 branches; C &amp; D, anterior parts of thorax showing trichomes and gill with inflated filaments (right side; C, dorsal view; D, outer view); E, fine spinous processes on inflated portion of filaments; F, abdominal segment 9 showing distinct spines and pair of blunt terminal hooks (dorsal view); G, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for G; 0.1 mm for C &amp; D; 0.02 mm for B &amp; F; 0.01 mm for A &amp; E." pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 28C,D</figureCitation>
) with 6 short inflated filaments arranged as 2+1+1+2 from dorsal to ventral; dorsal and ventral pairs each with short stalk; 2 filaments of dorsal pair directed upward, abruptly turned outward and downward, then directed posteriorly (extending up to abdominal segment
<quantity id="815625ECFF9B2458FD8EBCA3FD6EFF14" box="[610,656,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
<specimenCount id="50A84380FF9B2458FD76BCA3FD11FF14" box="[666,751,152,178]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="pupa">1 pupa</specimenCount>
) or inwardly or laterally, and tapered toward apex after curving downward; outer filament of 2 individual filaments directed forward and gradually tapered toward apex, inner filament directed downward and forward, and tapered from basal 1/3 toward apex; dorsal filament of ventral pair directed forward, and gradually tapered toward apex, ventral filament of ventral pair directed downward, inward and forward, and first widened to varying extent from base, then tapered from middle or apical 2/3 to apex (length of apical slender portion variable among individual pupae); all filaments variable in length (
<quantity id="815625ECFF9B2458FF1EBD43FE79FE34" box="[242,391,376,402]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.4 mm</quantity>
), nearly transparent to light ocherous, moderately covered with minute slender spinous processes on inflated portion and parts of slender portion (though spinous processes becoming shorter and fewer on slender portions) (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FE36BDF9FDBDFE7A" box="[474,579,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="52.[151,255,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,197,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-301@52.[150,1436,178,1430]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 28. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, tubercles with pointed apices on frons; B, facial trichome with 4 branches; C &amp; D, anterior parts of thorax showing trichomes and gill with inflated filaments (right side; C, dorsal view; D, outer view); E, fine spinous processes on inflated portion of filaments; F, abdominal segment 9 showing distinct spines and pair of blunt terminal hooks (dorsal view); G, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for G; 0.1 mm for C &amp; D; 0.02 mm for B &amp; F; 0.01 mm for A &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 28E</figureCitation>
), and densely covered with minute tubercles on entire surface.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9B2458FACDBDF9FA6AFE7A" bold="true" box="[1313,1428,450,476]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Dorsally, segment 1 weakly sclerotized, light ocherous, moderately covered with minute spines, with 1 simple or bifid medium-long seta on each side; segment 2 transparent or somewhat light ocherous, moderately covered with minute spines, with 1 simple medium-long seta and 5 simple short stout spines on each side; segments 3 and 4 transparent, each with 4 distinct simple hooks and 1 short simple seta on each side; segments 5 and 6 transparent, lacking spine-combs (though segment 6 with spine-combs in
<specimenCount id="50A84380FF9B2458FBBABE46FB54FD31" box="[1110,1194,637,663]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="pupa">1 pupa</specimenCount>
); segments 7–9 each with distinct spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segment 9 much smaller in
<specimenCount id="50A84380FF9B2458FB21BE99FADDFD1A" box="[1229,1315,674,700]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="pupa">1 pupa</specimenCount>
), and also comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of terminal hooks of irregular form (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FA80BEF3FF36FCA1" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="52.[151,255,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,197,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-301@52.[150,1436,178,1430]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 28. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, tubercles with pointed apices on frons; B, facial trichome with 4 branches; C &amp; D, anterior parts of thorax showing trichomes and gill with inflated filaments (right side; C, dorsal view; D, outer view); E, fine spinous processes on inflated portion of filaments; F, abdominal segment 9 showing distinct spines and pair of blunt terminal hooks (dorsal view); G, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for G; 0.1 mm for C &amp; D; 0.02 mm for B &amp; F; 0.01 mm for A &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 28F</figureCitation>
). Ventrally, segments 3–8 transparent, each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 4 with few short to medium-long somewhat stout setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of simple and/or bifid stout hooks submedially and few simple short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and simple outer stout hooks somewhat separated from each other and few simple short setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9.
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9B2458FCA1BFB9FC54FC3A" bold="true" box="[845,938,898,924]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Cocoon</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FC55BFB9FBDBFC3A" box="[953,1061,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="52.[151,255,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,197,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-301@52.[150,1436,178,1430]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 28. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, tubercles with pointed apices on frons; B, facial trichome with 4 branches; C &amp; D, anterior parts of thorax showing trichomes and gill with inflated filaments (right side; C, dorsal view; D, outer view); E, fine spinous processes on inflated portion of filaments; F, abdominal segment 9 showing distinct spines and pair of blunt terminal hooks (dorsal view); G, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for G; 0.1 mm for C &amp; D; 0.02 mm for B &amp; F; 0.01 mm for A &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 28G</figureCitation>
). Shoe-shaped, with very low to low anterior collar, soft, roughly woven, with many small open spaces anteriorly, and not extending ventrolaterally; individual threads visible; light yellow;
<quantity id="815625ECFF9B2458FCC8BFF6FC4CFC41" box="[804,946,973,999]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.8" valueMin="4.2">4.2–6.8 mm</quantity>
long by 1.6–2.0 mm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FF9B2458FF2ABFC9FC81F8C1" blockId="53.[151,1436,152,2036]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9B2458FF2ABFC9FE8FFBAA" bold="true" box="[198,369,1010,1036]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Mature larva</emphasis>
. Body length 9.0 mm. Body grayish. Abdomen gradually widened from segment 1 to segment 7, then narrowed to segment 9. Cephalic apotome (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FCBBB823FC3FFB94" box="[855,961,1048,1074]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="54.[151,256,1671,1695]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,431,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-257@54.[151,1436,410,1650]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 29. Mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A &amp; B, head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, antenna showing darkly pigmented areas and light unpigmented ones (lateral view); D &amp; E, apical portions of mandibles of the same larva (D, left side; E, right side, with additional small tooth near main mandibular tooth); F, hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A &amp; B; 0.04 mm for C &amp; F; 0.01 mm for D &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 29A</figureCitation>
) yellow except anterior area and narrow areas along lateral and posterior magins, in particular, near mediolateral head spots, light to medium brown; head spots moderately positive though anterior spot of mediolongitudinal spots indistinct; lateral surface of head capsule dark brown except eyes-pot region yellowish, area below eye-spot region to varying extent light brown, and eyebrow area somewhat lighter; ventral surface of head capsule (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FBD1B896FB54FB61" box="[1085,1194,1197,1223]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="54.[151,256,1671,1695]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,431,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-257@54.[151,1436,410,1650]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 29. Mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A &amp; B, head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, antenna showing darkly pigmented areas and light unpigmented ones (lateral view); D &amp; E, apical portions of mandibles of the same larva (D, left side; E, right side, with additional small tooth near main mandibular tooth); F, hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A &amp; B; 0.04 mm for C &amp; F; 0.01 mm for D &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 29B</figureCitation>
) dark brown except most area of hypostoma and parts of postgenal bridge yellow to light brown. Antenna (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FB62B8E9FB08FB4A" box="[1166,1270,1234,1260]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="54.[151,256,1671,1695]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,431,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-257@54.[151,1436,410,1650]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 29. Mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A &amp; B, head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, antenna showing darkly pigmented areas and light unpigmented ones (lateral view); D &amp; E, apical portions of mandibles of the same larva (D, left side; E, right side, with additional small tooth near main mandibular tooth); F, hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A &amp; B; 0.04 mm for C &amp; F; 0.01 mm for D &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 29C</figureCitation>
) composed of 3 segments and apical sensillum, slightly longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of 3 segments (from base to tip) 1.0:1.4:0.7; antenna dark brown except base and ventral surface of segment 1, 4 areas (including apex) of segment 2 and apical sensillum unpigmented. Labral fan with 38 main rays. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FB0AB979FAABFAFA" box="[1254,1365,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="54.[151,256,1671,1695]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,431,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-257@54.[151,1436,410,1650]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 29. Mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A &amp; B, head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, antenna showing darkly pigmented areas and light unpigmented ones (lateral view); D &amp; E, apical portions of mandibles of the same larva (D, left side; E, right side, with additional small tooth near main mandibular tooth); F, hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A &amp; B; 0.04 mm for C &amp; F; 0.01 mm for D &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 29D</figureCitation>
) with mandibular serrations composed of 2 teeth (1 large and 1 medium-sized) (though another small tooth at base of main tooth in right mandible—
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FDD1B9B6FD56FA01" box="[573,680,1421,1447]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="54.[151,256,1671,1695]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,431,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-257@54.[151,1436,410,1650]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 29. Mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A &amp; B, head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, antenna showing darkly pigmented areas and light unpigmented ones (lateral view); D &amp; E, apical portions of mandibles of the same larva (D, left side; E, right side, with additional small tooth near main mandibular tooth); F, hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A &amp; B; 0.04 mm for C &amp; F; 0.01 mm for D &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 29E</figureCitation>
); main tooth at obtuse angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent; comb-teeth composed of 4 or 5 teeth, of which 1st tooth longest and others subequal in length to one another (though comb-teeth decreasing in length from 1st to 3rd in right mandible—
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FF7BB9C6FEFFF9B1" box="[151,257,1533,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="54.[151,256,1671,1695]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,431,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-257@54.[151,1436,410,1650]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 29. Mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A &amp; B, head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, antenna showing darkly pigmented areas and light unpigmented ones (lateral view); D &amp; E, apical portions of mandibles of the same larva (D, left side; E, right side, with additional small tooth near main mandibular tooth); F, hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A &amp; B; 0.04 mm for C &amp; F; 0.01 mm for D &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 29E</figureCitation>
). Hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FE42B9C6FDEBF9B1" box="[430,533,1533,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="54.[151,256,1671,1695]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,431,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-257@54.[151,1436,410,1650]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 29. Mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A &amp; B, head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, antenna showing darkly pigmented areas and light unpigmented ones (lateral view); D &amp; E, apical portions of mandibles of the same larva (D, left side; E, right side, with additional small tooth near main mandibular tooth); F, hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A &amp; B; 0.04 mm for C &amp; F; 0.01 mm for D &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 29F</figureCitation>
) with 9 anterior teeth, of which median tooth longest of all; inner tooth of 3 intermediate teeth on each side longer than 2 others though little shorter than each corner tooth; lateral margins weakly serrate apically; 9 hypostomal bristles divergent posteriorly from lateral border on each side. Postgenal cleft (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF9B2458FEB4BA56FE3BF921" box="[344,453,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="54.[151,256,1671,1695]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,431,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-257@54.[151,1436,410,1650]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="FIGURE 29. Mature larva of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A &amp; B, head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, antenna showing darkly pigmented areas and light unpigmented ones (lateral view); D &amp; E, apical portions of mandibles of the same larva (D, left side; E, right side, with additional small tooth near main mandibular tooth); F, hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A &amp; B; 0.04 mm for C &amp; F; 0.01 mm for D &amp; E." pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 29B</figureCitation>
), of medium-size, 1.21 times as long as postgenal bridge; subesophageal ganglion well pigmented, wine-glass shaped. Histoblast of pharate pupal gill with 6 inflated filaments. Thoracic and abdominal cuticle bare except abdominal segments 8 and 9 moderately to densely covered with short colorless setae on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ of 3 simple large lobes, without secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with short broad anterior arms 0.73 times as long as posterior ones and with forked apices. Last abdominal segment not bulged laterally and lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 94 rows of hooklets with up to 22 hooklets per row.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FF9B245BFF2ABB49FDA8FEC4" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="46118809FF9B245BFF2ABB49FC0EFEBC" blockId="53.[151,1436,152,2036]" lastBlockId="54.[151,1436,152,354]" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF9B2458FF2ABB49FE66F82A" bold="true" box="[198,408,1906,1932]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Type specimens.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="F6C68254FF9B2458FE4BBB49FA69F874" collectingDate="2009-09-23" country="Nepal" elevation="2745" location="Jomsom" municipality="Mustang" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="991536ABFF9B2458FE4BBB49FDEAF82A" box="[423,532,1906,1932]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female (with associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) (preserved in 80% ethanol), reared from pupa collected from a small moderately-flowing water canal (water temperature 15.5˚C, exposed to the sun, altitude
<quantity id="815625ECFF9B2458FE09BB83FDB7F874" box="[485,585,1976,2002]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.745" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="2745.0">
<elevation id="CD836F3AFF9B2458FE09BB83FDB7F874" box="[485,585,1976,2002]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.745" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" unit="m" value="2745.0">2,745 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 28˚78’67.3” N, 83˚73’38.7” E)
<location id="4371DED2FF9B2458FC22BB83FBCDF874" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE07391FFF9E245AFF7BBCDBFCF6FD81:4371DED2FF9B2458FC22BB83FBCDF874" box="[974,1075,1976,2002]" country="Nepal" municipality="Mustang" name="Jomsom" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Jomsom</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="A6751273FF9B2458FBACBB83FB54F874" box="[1088,1194,1976,2002]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Mustang</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FF9B2458FB5BBB83FAFFF874" box="[1207,1281,1976,2002]" name="Nepal" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="3210AEC9FF9B2458FAE2BB83FA69F874" box="[1294,1431,1976,2002]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" value="2009-09-23">
<collectingDate id="22545721FF9B2458FAE2BB83FA69F874" box="[1294,1431,1976,2002]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" value="2009-09-23">23.IX.2009</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="F6C68254FF9B2458FF7BBBE1FA69F852" box="[151,1431,2010,2036]" collectingDate="2009-09-23" country="Nepal" elevation="2745" location="Jomsom" municipality="Mustang" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="991536ABFF9B2458FF7BBBE1FEF0F852" box="[151,270,2010,2036]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="50A84380FF9B2458FEF4BBE1FE72F852" box="[280,396,2010,2036]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="50A84380FF9B2458FE74BBE1FE0BF852" box="[408,501,2010,2036]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
, all with associated pupal exuviae and cocoons, same data as those of
<typeStatus id="991536ABFF9B2458FAC1BBE1FA69F852" box="[1325,1431,2010,2036]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="F6C68254FF98245BFF7BBCA3FB26FF72" collectingDate="2009-09-21" country="Nepal" elevation="3448" location="Jharkot" municipality="Mustang" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-pupa="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="50A84380FF98245BFF7BBCA3FF0BFF14" box="[151,245,152,178]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="pupa">2 pupae</specimenCount>
collected from a moderately-flowing very small stream (water temperature 15.0˚C, exposed to the sun, altitude
<quantity id="815625ECFF98245BFEC3BC81FE6CFF72" box="[303,402,186,212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.448" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="3448.0">
<elevation id="CD836F3AFF98245BFEC3BC81FE6CFF72" box="[303,402,186,212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.448" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="3448.0">3,448 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 28˚81’80.3” N, 83˚84’34.1” E),
<location id="4371DED2FF98245BFCF1BC81FC88FF72" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE07391FFF9E245AFF7BBCDBFCF6FD81:4371DED2FF98245BFCF1BC81FC88FF72" box="[797,886,186,212]" country="Nepal" municipality="Mustang" name="Jharkot" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Jharkot</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="A6751273FF98245BFC6EBC81FC12FF72" box="[898,1004,186,212]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Mustang</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FF98245BFC15BC81FBBCFF72" box="[1017,1090,186,212]" name="Nepal" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="3210AEC9FF98245BFBA2BC81FB26FF72" box="[1102,1240,186,212]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2009-09-21">
<collectingDate id="22545721FF98245BFBA2BC81FB26FF72" box="[1102,1240,186,212]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2009-09-21">21.IX.2009</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="F6C68254FF98245BFB08BC81FC12FEBC" collectingDate="2009-09-21" country="Nepal" elevation="3743" location="Muktinath" municipality="Mustang" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
3 mature larvae collected from a rapidly-flowing small stream (water temperature 8.0˚C, exposed to the sun, altitude
<quantity id="815625ECFF98245BFAD8BCE6FA68FF51" box="[1332,1430,221,247]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.743" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="3743.0">
<elevation id="CD836F3AFF98245BFAD8BCE6FA68FF51" box="[1332,1430,221,247]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.743" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="3743.0">3,743 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 28˚81’69.7” N, 83˚87’14.0” E),
<location id="4371DED2FF98245BFDFCBD3BFD73FEBC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE07391FFF9E245AFF7BBCDBFCF6FD81:4371DED2FF98245BFDFCBD3BFD73FEBC" box="[528,653,256,282]" country="Nepal" municipality="Mustang" name="Muktinath" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Muktinath</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="A6751273FF98245BFD75BD3BFCFCFEBC" box="[665,770,256,282]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Mustang</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FF98245BFCE2BD3BFCA9FEBC" box="[782,855,256,282]" name="Nepal" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="3210AEC9FF98245BFC8FBD3BFC12FEBC" box="[867,1004,256,282]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2009-09-21">
<collectingDate id="22545721FF98245BFC8FBD3BFC12FEBC" box="[867,1004,256,282]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2009-09-21">21.IX.2009</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FF98245BFF2ABD19FDA8FEC4" blockId="54.[151,1436,152,354]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFF2ABD19FE6FFE9A" bold="true" box="[198,401,290,316]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Biological notes.</emphasis>
The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from grass leaves trailing in the water. No other species was collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="12D1D881FF98245BFF7BBABCFBDEF958" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" startId="54.[151,256,1671,1695]" targetBox="[160,1430,431,1635]" targetPageId="54">
<paragraph id="46118809FF98245BFF7BBABCFBDEF958" blockId="54.[151,1436,1671,1790]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFF7BBABCFED7F939" bold="true" box="[151,297,1671,1695]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
Mature larva of
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF98245BFE0EBAB3FCEAF939" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[482,788,1671,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tulshii" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFE0EBAB3FDB6F939" box="[482,584,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFDB5BAB3FD41F939" box="[601,703,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFD3CBAB3FCEAF939" box="[720,788,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">tulshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFCF0BABCFC8DF939" bold="true" box="[796,883,1671,1695]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FF98245BFCF0BABCFC8DF939" box="[796,883,1671,1695]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A &amp; B, head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, antenna showing darkly pigmented areas and light unpigmented ones (lateral view); D &amp; E, apical portions of mandibles of the same larva (D, left side; E, right side, with additional small tooth near main mandibular tooth); F, hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A &amp; B; 0.04 mm for C &amp; F; 0.01 mm for D &amp; E.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FF98245BFF2ABB17FC93F8CA" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="46118809FF98245BFF2ABB17FC93F8CA" blockId="54.[151,1436,1836,2012]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFF2ABB17FEADF8E0" bold="true" box="[198,339,1836,1862]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF98245BFDAABB16FD71F8E0" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[582,655,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tulshii">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFDAABB16FD71F8E0" box="[582,655,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">tulshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in honor of Mr. Tulshi Krishna Shrestha, father of the junior author, who kindly accompanied and assisted in field surveys.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0EB4DB82FF98245AFF2ABB4CFCF6FD81" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="46118809FF98245AFF2ABB4CFA6BFF71" blockId="54.[151,1436,1836,2012]" lastBlockId="55.[151,1436,152,551]" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFF2ABB4CFEC1F837" bold="true" box="[198,319,1911,1937]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF98245BFEA7BB43FE44F837" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[331,442,1912,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFEA7BB43FE44F837" box="[331,442,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Simulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF98245BFE29BB4CFDBDF837" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" box="[453,579,1911,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tulshii" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFE23BB43FE20F837" box="[463,478,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFE16BB43FDBDF837" box="[506,579,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">tulshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFDA3BB4CFD4EF837" bold="true" box="[591,688,1911,1937]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FF98245BFDA3BB4CFD4EF837" box="[591,688,1911,1937]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is assigned to the
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF98245BFC70BB43FBDFF837" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[924,1057,1912,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variegatum">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFC70BB43FBDFF837" box="[924,1057,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">variegatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF98245BFF7BBBA6FE51F811" authority="(Simulium)" box="[151,431,1949,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFF7BBBA6FEECF810" box="[151,274,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF98245BFEC5BBA6FE5DF810" box="[297,419,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Simulium</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
redefined by
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FF98245BFD81BBA6FCC2F811" author="Takaoka, H." box="[621,828,1949,1975]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refId="ref38142" refString="Takaoka, H. (2003) The Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Sulawesi, Maluku and Irian Jaya. Kyushu University Press, Fukuoka, xxii + 581 pp." type="book" year="2003">Takaoka (2003)</bibRefCitation>
in that it has a combination of the following characteristics: claw with a small subbasal tooth (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF98245BFD00BBF9FCA2F87A" box="[748,860,1986,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 26G</figureCitation>
), ovipositor valves rounded, with inner margins widely concave (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF99245AFE8FBCA3FE2FFF14" box="[355,465,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 26H</figureCitation>
) in the female, ventral plate with toothed posterolateral margins (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF99245AFB05BCA3FAB3FF14" box="[1257,1357,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 27I</figureCitation>
), style elongate, without a basal protuberance (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF99245AFD86BC86FD31FF71" box="[618,719,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="51.[151,255,1696,1720]" captionTargetBox="[157,1423,186,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-148@51.[151,1436,170,1681]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (right side; front view); B, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); C, coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite and style (right side; lateral view); E &amp; F, styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, ventral plate (anteroventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); I, ventral plate (end view); J, median sclerite (end view); K, paramere with several hooks (right side; end view); L, dorsal plate (ventral view); M &amp; N, 10th abdominal segment with cercus (right side; M, lateral view; N, end view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A &amp; C–N." pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 27F</figureCitation>
) in the male, and six gill filaments (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF99245AFB9ABC86FB02FF71" box="[1142,1276,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="52.[151,255,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,197,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-301@52.[150,1436,178,1430]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 28. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, tubercles with pointed apices on frons; B, facial trichome with 4 branches; C &amp; D, anterior parts of thorax showing trichomes and gill with inflated filaments (right side; C, dorsal view; D, outer view); E, fine spinous processes on inflated portion of filaments; F, abdominal segment 9 showing distinct spines and pair of blunt terminal hooks (dorsal view); G, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for G; 0.1 mm for C &amp; D; 0.02 mm for B &amp; F; 0.01 mm for A &amp; E." pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 28C,D</figureCitation>
) in the pupa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FF99245AFF2ABCD9FB46FE84" blockId="55.[151,1436,152,551]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
This new species is characterized by the female cibarium with numerous spinous processes on and near the posterodorsal margin (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF99245AFE26BD33FDCAFE84" box="[458,564,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="50.[151,257,1711,1735]" captionTargetBox="[183,1406,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-158@50.[180,1408,178,1708]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURE 26. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, fronto-ocular area (right side; front view); B &amp; C, maxillary palps (lateral view; B, normal; C, abnormal in connection of 4th segment with 5th one); D, 3rd segment of maxillary palp with medium-long sensory vesicle (right side; front view); E, upper part of cibarium with numerous pointed processes; F, basitarsus and 2nd tarsomere of hind leg (left side; outer view); G, claw with small basal tooth (lateral view); H, 8th sternite and ovipositor valves (ventral view); I, genital fork (ventral view); J &amp; K, paraproct and cercus (right side; J, ventral view; K, lateral view); L, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B, C &amp; F; 0.04 mm for A; 0.02 mm for D, E &amp; H–L; 0.01 mm for G." pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 26E</figureCitation>
), and the six inflated pupal gill filaments (
<figureCitation id="DE95948CFF99245AFBCFBD33FB55FE84" box="[1059,1195,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="52.[151,255,1431,1455]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,197,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-301@52.[150,1436,178,1430]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="FIGURE 28. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tulshii sp. nov. A, tubercles with pointed apices on frons; B, facial trichome with 4 branches; C &amp; D, anterior parts of thorax showing trichomes and gill with inflated filaments (right side; C, dorsal view; D, outer view); E, fine spinous processes on inflated portion of filaments; F, abdominal segment 9 showing distinct spines and pair of blunt terminal hooks (dorsal view); G, cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for G; 0.1 mm for C &amp; D; 0.02 mm for B &amp; F; 0.01 mm for A &amp; E." pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 28C,D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46118809FF99245AFF2ABD16FCF6FD81" blockId="55.[151,1436,152,551]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
Interestingly, the similar arrangement of six inflated gill filaments has been reported for
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFB14BD16FAF9FEE0" box="[1272,1287,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF99245AFAF4BD16FEDDFECA" authority="Takaoka, S." authorityName="Takaoka, S." class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavum" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFACEBD16FACFFEE0" box="[1314,1329,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFAA0BD16FA62FEE0" box="[1356,1436,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">flavum</emphasis>
Takaoka,
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFEE0BD69FEE5FECD" box="[268,283,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">S</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF99245AFEC0BD69FDDBFECA" authority="Takaoka" authorityName="Takaoka" authorityYear="2003" box="[300,549,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lorense" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFEDABD69FEBBFECD" box="[310,325,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFEB3BD69FE48FECD" box="[351,438,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">lorense</emphasis>
Takaoka
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFD8EBD69FD8FFECD" box="[610,625,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF99245AFD6DBD69FC51FECA" authority="Takaoka" authorityName="Takaoka" authorityYear="2003" box="[641,943,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malinoense" subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFD67BD69FD64FECD" box="[651,666,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFD58BD69FCC3FECD" box="[692,829,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">malinoense</emphasis>
Takaoka
</taxonomicName>
, all described from
<collectingRegion id="846A46EBFF99245AFB4EBD69FAECFECA" box="[1186,1298,338,364]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="3EB9C899FF99245AFAF3BD69FA69FECA" box="[1311,1431,338,364]" name="Indonesia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, although two filaments directed upward are not curved downward apically in the latter three known species (
<bibRefCitation id="223FF5F8FF99245AFF72BDA6FEB3FE11" author="Takaoka, H." box="[158,333,413,439]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref38142" refString="Takaoka, H. (2003) The Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Sulawesi, Maluku and Irian Jaya. Kyushu University Press, Fukuoka, xxii + 581 pp." type="book" year="2003">Takaoka 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Apart from the pupal gill filaments, all these three known species are different from
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFAB8BDA6FA9DFE10" box="[1364,1379,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">S</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="81AEF38AFF99245AFA9EBDA6FF1CFE7D" authority="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha, 2010" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Shrestha" authorityYear="2010" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tulshii" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
(
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFA90BDA6FA75FE10" box="[1404,1419,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFF7BBDF9FF1CFE7D" box="[151,226,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">tulshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="74DA541BFF99245AFF06BDF9FEB4FE7A" bold="true" box="[234,330,450,476]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="6FE9E960FF99245AFF06BDF9FEB4FE7A" box="[234,330,450,476]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
by many characteristics including the cibarium with few to several minute processes, short ovipositor valves in the female, narrow ventral plate in the male, wall-pocket shaped cocoon, and rectal organ compound, each lobe with several secondary lobules.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink