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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-94-13" ID-Pensoft-UUID="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" ID-ZooBank="6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F" ModsDocID="1314-2607-94-13" checkinTime="1671601504499" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Burks, Roger, Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan, Fusu, Lucian, Heraty, John M., Jansta, Petr, Heydon, Steve, Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey, Peters, Ralph S., Tselikh, Ekaterina V., Woolley, James B., van Noort, Simon, Baur, Hannes, Cruaud, Astrid, Darling, Christopher, Haas, Michael, Hanson, Paul, Krogmann, Lars &amp; Rasplus, Jean-Yves" docDate="2022" docId="30B309C8A6A1520A8C0FE9CB66AA270C" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 94: 13-88" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 94" docPubDate="2022-12-20" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263" docTitle="Pteromalidae Dalman 1820" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE" masterDocTitle="From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1671601504499" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Burks, Roger</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-7939</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">burks.roger@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Fusu, Lucian</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-026X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Heraty, John M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-5651</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jansta, Petr</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-3603</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic &amp; Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Heydon, Steve</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-0386</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Peters, Ralph S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tselikh, Ekaterina V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-043X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Woolley, James B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station, TX, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>van Noort, Simon</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000 South Africa &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Baur, Hannes</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3487</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cruaud, Astrid</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-4199</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Darling, Christopher</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada &amp; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 1 A 1, Canada</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Haas, Michael</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-6698</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hanson, Paul</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501 - 2060, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Krogmann, Lars</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-1735</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany &amp; Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rasplus, Jean-Yves</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6665</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-12-20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>94</mods:number>
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<mods:start>13</mods:start>
<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-94-13</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:30B309C8A6A1520A8C0FE9CB66AA270C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/30B309C8A6A1520A8C0FE9CB66AA270C" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName LSID="30B309C8-A6A1-520A-8C0F-E9CB66AA270C" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dalman" baseAuthorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Pteromalini">Pteromalini</taxonomicName>
Dalman, 1820. Type genus:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Swederus" authorityYear="1795" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pteromalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteromalus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pteromalus</taxonomicName>
Swederus, 1795. Treated as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Magazine" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="286 - 309" refId="B55" refString="Walker, F, 1834. Monographia chalciditum (continued). Entomological Magazine 2: 286 - 309" title="Monographia chalciditum (continued)." volume="2" year="1834">Walker (1834)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
Antenna with 12 flagellomeres in nearly all cases (except in some fig associates,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dzhanokmen" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Amphidocius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphidocius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Amphidocius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1993" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Andersena" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andersena anomala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomala">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Andersena anomala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Erdos" authorityYear="1946" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Bugacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bugacia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Bugacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Trigonoderopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonoderopsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Trigonoderopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and possibly
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Termolampa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Termolampa pinicola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Termolampa pinicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), including a small 4th clavomere; with at least 5 funiculars, and if with 5 then with 2 or more anelli. Eyes not ventrally divergent (although some genera have modified eyes that are difficult to evaluate). Clypeus subquadrate and without ventral transverse groove (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 79–84" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figures 79 - 84. 79 Parasaphodes afer Mitroiu (Parasaphodinae, incertae sedis) 79 a antenna b venation 80 P. iceryae (Ashmead) (Parasaphodinae): head frontal view 81, 82 Storeyia sp. (Storeyinae, incertae sedis) 81 head lateral view and antenna 82 venation 83 Caenocrepis sp. (Pteromalidae, Pteromalinae): lower face 84 Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Pteromalinae): head dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures79-84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781077" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">83</figureCitation>
). Labrum flexible (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/z88-409" author="Darling, DC" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="2811 - 2835" refId="B12" refString="Darling, DC, 1988. Comparative morphology of the labrum in Hymenoptera: the digitate labrum of Perilampidae and Eucharitidae (Chalcidoidea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 2811 - 2835, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z88-409" title="Comparative morphology of the labrum in Hymenoptera: the digitate labrum of Perilampidae and Eucharitidae (Chalcidoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/z88-409" volume="66" year="1988">Darling 1988</bibRefCitation>
) and hidden behind clypeus. Mandibles with 3 or 4 teeth each (except in some fig associates (1-3 teeth) and in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" genus="Austroterobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austroterobia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Austroterobia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Girault where the left mandible has 2 teeth but is falcate). Subforaminal bridge with postgena separated by lower tentorial bridge; posterior surface of the head without postgenal lamina or postgenal groove (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 79–84" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figures 79 - 84. 79 Parasaphodes afer Mitroiu (Parasaphodinae, incertae sedis) 79 a antenna b venation 80 P. iceryae (Ashmead) (Parasaphodinae): head frontal view 81, 82 Storeyia sp. (Storeyinae, incertae sedis) 81 head lateral view and antenna 82 venation 83 Caenocrepis sp. (Pteromalidae, Pteromalinae): lower face 84 Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Pteromalinae): head dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures79-84" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781077" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">84</figureCitation>
). Mesoscutellum with frenum indicated at least laterally, with axillular sulcus (except in some fig associates and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Nikolskayana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nikolskayana mirabilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Nikolskayana mirabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Mesopleural area without an enlarged acropleuron. All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal. Gaster, while sometimes rigidly convex, not strongly sclerotized; metasomal apex in most species with a syntergum and therefore without an epipygium (except in some fig associates).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agaonidae</taxonomicName>
are similar to fig-associated
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
, differing from all in having a mandibular appendage bearing rows of spurs or lamellae in females (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterston" authorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Seres" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seres" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Seres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Waterston, which may appear especially similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agaonidae</taxonomicName>
, have an enlarged plate-like mandible, see figs 14-16 in van Noort and van Arten 2006, but do not have a mandibular appendage), and in more or less fused anelli, the last one mostly spine-like (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 85–90" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figures 85 - 90. 85 Blastophaga psenes (L.) (Agaonidae): antenna part 86 Bofuria sp. (Pteromalidae, Colotrechninae): mesosoma dorsal view 87 Yrka sp. (Pteromalidae, Colotrechninae, Amerostenini): antenna 88 Divna hirsuta Boucek (Pteromalidae, Colotrechninae, Divnini): mesosoma dorsal view 89 Bugacia sp. (Pteromalidae, Colotrechninae, Trigonoderopsini) 89 mesosoma dorsal view 90 Erixestus sp. (Pteromalidae: Erixestinae): antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures85-90" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781078" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">85</figureCitation>
). Male
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agaonidae</taxonomicName>
differ from male pteromalid fig wasps in that the metasomal apex is telescoped in a U-shaped arrangement under the body.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eucharitidae</taxonomicName>
differ from most
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
in that the pronotum is not visible from dorsal view, but also in the flattened marginally digitate labrum. Likewise, most of the members of the Planidial Clade (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12533" author="Zhang, J" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="329 - 353" refId="B57" refString="Zhang, J, Heraty, JM, Darling, DC, Kresslein, RL, Baker, AJ, Torrens, J, Rasplus, J-Y, Lemmon, AR, Lemmon, EM, 2022. Anchored phylogenomics and a revised classification of the planidial larva clade of jewel wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Systematic Entomology 47 (2): 329 - 353, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12533" title="Anchored phylogenomics and a revised classification of the planidial larva clade of jewel wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12533" volume="47" year="2022">Zhang et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
) such as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalla Torre" authorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Chrysolampidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chrysolampidae</taxonomicName>
(digits sometimes absent in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalla Torre" authorityYear="1898" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chrysolampinae">Chrysolampinae</taxonomicName>
and labrum plate-like in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Philomidinae">Philomidinae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eutrichosomatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eutrichosomatidae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Perilampidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perilampidae</taxonomicName>
have a digitate labrum.
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
differ in having 4-segmented tarsi and a short, straight protibial spur. Some
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eurytomidae</taxonomicName>
, such as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rileyinae">Rileyinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1969" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Buresium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Buresium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Buresium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
can be similar to a few
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
, even though nearly all
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
have a much smaller pronotum; in a few cases where the pronotum is long, e.g.
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trigonoderinae">Trigonoderinae</taxonomicName>
, it is not subrectangular in dorsal view, but instead is gradually narrowing anteriorly.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rileyinae">Rileyinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1969" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Buresium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Buresium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Buresium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
in having a postgenal groove and a strongly sclerotized gaster. In practice,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rileyinae">Rileyinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1969" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Buresium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Buresium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Buresium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easily recognized once they are familiar, and no
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
have the combination of a long pronotum with a rigidly convex gaster.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1856" family="Ormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Ormyridae</taxonomicName>
also differ from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
in having a carapace-like gaster. Other members of the Gall Clade, such as
<taxonomicName family="Epichrysomallidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Epichrysomallidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Melanosomellidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Melanosomellidae</taxonomicName>
, can be very similar to those pteromalids with complete notauli, but they differ in having either no indication of an axillular sulcus or carina, or in having a reduced and incomplete one.
<taxonomicName family="Pirenidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pirenidae</taxonomicName>
differ in having fewer flagellomeres: most especially if they have 5 funiculars, then they only have 1 anellus.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Torymidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" family="Megastigmidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Megastigmidae</taxonomicName>
differ from most
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
in having an epipygium in females (except in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Metapelmatidae" genus="Keirana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keirana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Keirana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
which has a transverse sulcus across its syntergum immediately anterior to the cerci), but some pteromalid fig associates have a separate epipygium and a long, exserted ovipositor, therefore strongly resembling both of these families.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Torymidae</taxonomicName>
differ from all
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
in the form of their postgenal bridge, which occurs in the form of postgenal lobes meeting each other over the hypostoma (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2014.12.003" author="Burks, RA" journalOrPublisher="Arthropod Structure &amp; Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="173 - 194" refId="B8" refString="Burks, RA, Heraty, JM, 2015. Subforaminal bridges in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a focus on Chalcidoidea). Arthropod Structure &amp; Development 44: 173 - 194, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2014.12.003" title="Subforaminal bridges in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a focus on Chalcidoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2014.12.003" volume="44" year="2015">Burks and Heraty 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Most fig-associated
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
have the postgena separated by the lower tentorial bridge (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0764-4469(98)80784-1" author="Rasplus, JY" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris (III) (Sciences de la Vie)" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" pagination="517 - 527" refId="B51" refString="Rasplus, JY, Kerdelhue, C, Clainche, I, Mondor, G, 1998. Molecular phylogeny of fig wasps. Agaonidae are not monophyletic. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris (III) (Sciences de la Vie) 321 (6): 517 - 527, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0764-4469(98)80784-1" title="Molecular phylogeny of fig wasps. Agaonidae are not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0764-4469(98)80784-1" volume="321" year="1998">Rasplus et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
), additionally differing in ways described by
<bibRefCitation author="Grissell, EE" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on Entomology, International 2" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" refId="B26" refString="Grissell, EE, 1995. Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae): a redefinition, generic classification and annotated world catalogue of species. Memoirs on Entomology, International 2" title="Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae): a redefinition, generic classification and annotated world catalogue of species." year="1995">Grissell (1995)</bibRefCitation>
. Those with an elongate head, such as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterston" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" genus="Sycoecus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sycoecus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Sycoecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Waterston, have rederived a true postgenal bridge but differ from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Torymidae</taxonomicName>
in the shape of the highly modified head itself and in the vast number of other unusual features of their highly modified bodies.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/jhr.94.94263.figures85-90" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/781078" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" start="Figures 85–90" startId="F15">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Figures 85-90.</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">85</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Blastophaga" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Blastophaga psenes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="psenes">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Blastophaga psenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agaonidae</taxonomicName>
): antenna part
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">86</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hedqvist" authorityYear="1978" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Bofuria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bofuria" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Bofuria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Colotrechninae">Colotrechninae</taxonomicName>
): mesosoma dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">87</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Yrka" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Yrka" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Yrka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Colotrechninae">Colotrechninae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Amerostenini">Amerostenini</taxonomicName>
): antenna
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">88</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Divna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Divna hirsuta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsuta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Divna hirsuta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Colotrechninae">Colotrechninae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Divnini">Divnini</taxonomicName>
): mesosoma dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">89</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Erdos" authorityYear="1946" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Bugacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bugacia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Bugacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Colotrechninae">Colotrechninae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="tribe" tribe="Trigonoderopsini">Trigonoderopsini</taxonomicName>
)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">89</emphasis>
mesosoma dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">90</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crawford" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Erixestus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Erixestus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Erixestus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Erixestinae">Erixestinae</taxonomicName>
): antenna.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
From the new families diagnosed above,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished using the given diagnoses. Species with 2 mandibular teeth differ in this count from nearly all
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
except for in the left mandible of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" genus="Austroterobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austroterobia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Austroterobia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" genus="Austroterobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austroterobia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Austroterobia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the mandibles are additionally very different in that they are falcate, whereas the bidentate mandibles of other families, such as
<taxonomicName family="Ceidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Ceidae</taxonomicName>
, are small and narrow. A partial exception to this is
<taxonomicName family="Neodiparidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Neodiparidae</taxonomicName>
, where the mandibles are relatively large but still not the same shape as in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Pachyneuridae" genus="Austroterobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austroterobia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Austroterobia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and are not falcate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kocak &amp; Kemal" authorityYear="2008" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Yusufia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Yusufia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Yusufia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Koçak">Kocak</normalizedToken>
&amp; Kemal and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Ksenoplata" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ksenoplata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="13">Ksenoplata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouček">Boucek</normalizedToken>
are kept as unplaced to subfamily in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
new placement, because of uncertainty over their molecular placement and difficulty in assigning them to a subfamily morphologically. They would render any other subfamily more difficult to diagnose, although they bear some similarity to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1833" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Miscogastrinae">Miscogastrinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Trigonoderinae">Trigonoderinae</taxonomicName>
in having a clypeal margin with a single median tooth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="13" type="subfamilies and tribes of pteromalidae">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="13">
Subfamilies and tribes of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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